ʣΥѥѤʬϤϡⲿ٤ԤʤäȤ (cf. keyword) ΥѥħŪ˸륭ɤ̤ΰŪʥѥȤˤäŪȴФƤˡǡޤȸʸŪʴ餪⤷̤Ф롥
ϡPolzenhagen and Wolf ͤɤǤơICE (International Corpus of English) 륫롼ѸΥѥ饭ɤȴФĴҲ𤵤ƤΤĤΤǡҲ𤷤ΤλȥѥȤơꥹѸ FLOB ȥꥫѸ FROWN ѤƤ롥
ơĴη̤롼ѸΥɤȤưʲñ췲̤⤫Ӿ夬äƤȤ (161)
community
communal
family
relative
kin / kinship / kinsman / kinspeople
brotherhood
marriage
marry
marital
husband
wife
parent / parental / parenting
maternity / maternal
Birth
child / childhood / childless
Offspring
̣ξȤƶ̹ФСֿ²פȡֶƱΡפȤäȤ롼Ҳθ餫ˤʤäƤȤäƤ褤̱²ǧοؤˤƶͿƤ붽̣̤Ȥ롥ΤλȥݥȤѼʸˤǤ뤳ȡĤޤ̤ŪʤΤǤ뤳Ȥϡ˰ռƤɬפ
Polzenhagen, Frank and Hans-Georg Wolf, "World Englishes and Cognitive Linguistics." Chapter 8 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 147--72.
Ϣ World Englishes ˴ؤ夲Ƥ롥ŪʬǤȤϤʬǤΥѥѤˤϾʤȤǯۤɤμӤ롥ϡ1960ǯʹߡˤƽѤƤȤƱѼ˾Ƥ100줫ʤ륳ѥ "The Brown family of corpora" äȤäƤ褤 (cf. #428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1]))
"Brown family" ϡʤ緿ץȤˤ⥤ԥ졼Ϳ#517. ICE 7ϰѼ拾ѥ ([2010-09-26-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 International Corpus of English Ǥ롥1990ǯ Sydney Greenbaum ײȯɽư衤ꥹѸȥꥫѸϤߤޤǤ˥ʥѸ졤쥢եꥫѸ졤Ѹ졤ɱѸ졤ɱѸ졤ޥѸ졤˥塼ɱѸ졤ʥꥢѸ졤եԥѸ졤ݡѸ졤Ѹʤ͡ʱѸѼ100쵬ϤΥѥԻƤʰΤΤϥɲǽˡߤӲǽʷǥǥƤꡤICECUP ȤեȥѰդƤ롥ܥ֥ ice ε⻲ȡ
³ơ2013ǯˤʬˤǯκ̤Ǥ GloWbE (= Corpus of Global Web-Based English) 饤줿#4169. GloWbE --- Corpus of Global Web-Based English ([2020-09-25-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤ20αѸѼ礷19줫ʤѸѼ拾ѥǤ롥ߡΥѥѸ˴ؤ븦Ǥ褯ѤƤ롥
Τ褦 World Englishes 륳ѥԻȻѤ¥ʤƤ塤̤ǤϤɤΤ褦ŸͽۤMair (118--19) ϺŸʤ뤤ϴ˾ˤȤ3Ƥ롥
(1) ѼˤνʳΥѥԻԤ
(2) Ѽμ֤ˤĤƥ־ΥǡѤ뤳ȤޤޤͭѤȤʤäƤ
(3) Ѽ¿ˤĤƥޥʾǻѤƤΤ֤Ǥʾ塤αѸΥΥ롦ѥȤȤߤǤϤʤѸޤޥ롦ѥȤĤԻƤ٤Ǥ
Ȥ櫓 (3) ϡŪʡֱѸءפؤǤΤ褦ʼԤˤȤäƤϡåʡܤڤ褦̤Ǥ⤢롥World Englishes ϡǤ˱ѸؤȤϤ߽Ф"sociolinguistics of globalisation" (Mair 119) Ȥ٤ɸؤƧ߽ФƤ뤳Ȥ롥ơֱѸˡפθ⡤Ѹθʾ塤ưϢươޤޤ줿ΤˤʤäƤΤ
Mair, Christian. "World Englishes and Corpora." Chapter 6 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 103--22.
#4166. ѸˤγƻΥѥӤбѸˤ狼ʤˡ ([2020-09-22-1]) ǿ줿 World Englishes Υѥ GloWbE (= Corpus of Global Web-Based English) ƤߤζѸ˸ˤܥѥƳƤޤءˤˤϡƴդޤ
Υѥ20αѸѼ礷19줫ʤ祳ѥǡѼ֤Ӥưפ˹ԤʤͤȤʤäƤ롥ѼӤˤĤƤСϤޤǡ#517. ICE 7ϰѼ拾ѥ ([2010-09-26-1])#1743. ICE Frequency Comparer ([2014-02-03-1]) ʤɤǼ夲褦 ICE (International Corpus of English) ΤʤäΤѥϵ®˿ʲƤ褦GloWbE ΥեϡCOCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) COHA (Corpus of Historical American English) ʤɤȶ̤ʤΤǡ˴줿桼ǤСȤäĤ䤹Ϥ
ñʻȤǤϤ뤬GloWbE κǤѼӤ color colour Υڥ˴ؤƹԤʤäƤߤ̤ color ϥꥫcolour ϥꥹΥڥȤ뤬2Ѽ֤Ӥ20Ѽ֤٤Ƥߤ褦Ȥߤեñ Chart ϵǽơΥڥǸ֤줿ɽįʤΤǤ⽽ʬˤ⤷ޤϡꥫ color οɽ顥

ˡꥹ colour οɽ褦

դιޤäƤꡤŪˤϥꥹ¿ͽۤϰʤ櫓¤ϥꥫڥΤۤͥΤ褦ǯαѸΥꥫ (americanisation) αƶ褦¦ˤϡƹ˥ϽޤäƤꡤǤͽ̤˥ꥹͥǤ롥¦˽ޤäƤ륢եꥫǤϡξڥκϤۤ礭ʤ
color vs colour ƱѴ֤ȤϲĤĤ롥ġ뤬ФƤΤǤ롥
#735. ʤư used to ˸߷ʤ ([2011-05-02-1]) εǡ?Τäפ̣ used to Ȥνư줬ʤ顤ʤ֡ʸߡ?뽬פۤɤ̣븽ߤνư use to ʤΤˤĤƹͤǤϡuse to ϼºݤΤȤŪˤʸڤΤߤޤǤѤȤʤäȽҤ٤
Milroy and Milroy (89) ˼Τ褦ʸڤĤؤȴ
One syntactic feature which is very characteristic of Singaporean English and appears to be gaining currency, even in written varieties, is the expression use to as a mark of habitual aspect. Thus, all Europeans use to go there is glossed as 'Europeans commonly go there'.
ȤȤǡ#518. Singapore English ΥɤС ([2010-09-27-1]) Ѥ Singapore English Υѥ (ICE-SIN) Ĵ٤Ƥߤ顤2ΤߤǤϤ뤬طʸĤä1ĤϡSinglish λѤˤĤʣüԤƤƤʸ̮Ǥ롥ɤΤ褦ʾ̤ Singlish Ѥ뤫ȤΤʤǡü B ֡Singlish äΤ̤ȤȾ꤬ȻפפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
C: There are many informal situations in the home where Singlish is used. You see I feel very much that this discussion is kind of passe really is uh we're we're being a bit old-fashioned here in discussing discussing Singlish in the first place
B: No I think there's a time and place where I use to speak
D: There is a time and place precisely
⤦1Ĥʸϡ"Fortunately for me, nice and satisfied clients use to write me complimentary letters." Ǥ롥ʸ̮ߡɽ魯ΤǤ뤳ȤϳǧѤߤǤꡤ used to ȯֻѤȤƤ use to ǤϤʤ
ʤƱѥǤϡΤȤʤ used to ¿ҥåȤ롥
Milroy, Lesley and James Milroy. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. 4th ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.
#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1]), #1739. AmE-BrE Diachronic Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-30-1]) ǡthe Brown family of corpora [2010-06-29-1]ε#428. The Brown family of corpora ѾաפȡˤѤѼ֤뤤̻ŪӥġäBrown family ȤС褦߷פԤޤ줿 ICE (International Corpus of English) ۵[2010-09-26-1]ε#517. ICE 7ϰѼ拾ѥפȡˡ1990ǯʹߤνդäդǼ줿100쵬ϤΥѥǡߤӲǽȤʤ褦˺Ƥ롥
ǡ긵ˤ ICE ΤCanada, Jamaica, India, Singapore, the Philippines, Hong Kong αѸѼ拾ѥ6оݤˡƱ褦ɽꡤǡ١ӤǽȤʤġȤˤĤƤϡ#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1]) Ȥ줿
ε[2010-09-26-1] ICE ( International Corpus of English ) 餤ĤαѸϰѼ拾ѥݤҲ𤷤Τʤ Singapore English Υѥ ( ICE-SIN ) äƤߤ
[2010-03-10-1]ε WordSmith KeyWords еǽαʸǻ ICE-SIN Ʊͤ˻ƤߤȤɤʤȻפäǺ⡤1990ǯƬΥꥹѸоݤԻ줿Ӳǽ FLOB corpus ( see [2010-06-29-1] ) ȥѥȤBritish English ˾Ȥ餷 Singapore English ħŪʸʡᥭɡˤФƤߤι⤤20ˤĤơWordSmith ˽Ϥ줿ɽǤ褦ʾ100ޤǤΥꥹȤϤΥڡHTMLȡˡ
| n | word | ice-sin.freq. | ice-sin.lst % | flob.freq. | flob.lst % | keyness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | uh | 8,230 | 0.74 | 8 | 19,246.0 | |
| 2 | you | 18,175 | 1.64 | 7,258 | 0.29 | 17,768.5 |
| 3 | uhm | 3,838 | 0.35 | 0 | 9,021.1 | |
| 4 | ya | 3,580 | 0.32 | 10 | 8,283.9 | |
| 5 | i | 15,166 | 1.37 | 12,230 | 0.49 | 7,051.3 |
| 6 | singapore | 3,041 | 0.27 | 64 | 6,570.0 | |
| 7 | word | 3,490 | 0.32 | 482 | 0.02 | 5,621.8 |
| 8 | know | 4,768 | 0.43 | 1,534 | 0.06 | 5,345.5 |
| 9 | okay | 2,296 | 0.21 | 28 | 5,112.0 | |
| 10 | so | 6,759 | 0.61 | 4,452 | 0.18 | 4,113.8 |
| 11 | lah | 1,747 | 0.16 | 2 | 4,074.4 | |
| 12 | it's | 3,585 | 0.32 | 1,186 | 0.05 | 3,949.9 |
| 13 | your | 3,485 | 0.31 | 1,642 | 0.07 | 2,972.2 |
| 14 | oh | 1,952 | 0.18 | 344 | 0.01 | 2,900.2 |
| 15 | think | 2,761 | 0.25 | 1,208 | 0.05 | 2,501.5 |
| 16 | ah | 1,288 | 0.12 | 142 | 2,204.9 | |
| 17 | we | 5,884 | 0.53 | 5,406 | 0.22 | 2,190.7 |
| 18 | is | 15,022 | 1.36 | 20,588 | 0.83 | 2,027.9 |
| 19 | don't | 2,372 | 0.21 | 1,196 | 0.05 | 1,904.9 |
| 20 | what | 4,635 | 0.42 | 4,072 | 0.16 | 1,865.8 |
adverb INFORMAL
used by people in Malaysia and Singapore for making something they are saying sound more friendly and informal
ʸˤϡICE-SIN ľܽäƤᤤʸǤϤΤȡΤ褦ʿƤʸǤȤƤ롥
Anyway, life is getting colder here. Hottest degree - 16 degrees celcius, coldest so far is 8oc. Brr..rr!! I'm wearing 3 to 4 layers now, like I did in England. So heavy one lah! Get back ache, you know!
ۤˤϡSingapore 6̤äƤꡤdollar(s), Chinese, Singaporeans, Malay ʤɤ100äƤ롥
(2) lah ٤ι⤵Ȥط뤬ι⤤졤äѽФȹͤ줬Ωġľɽ魯;̾졤ޤĴ¤餲 ( hedge ) ä¿Ūʵǽĸ췲ȤƤޤȤƤ褤⤷ʤäȤäդȷӤĤ륭ɤ¿Ȥͽۤ줿ȤǤϤ롥դɸ˽䤹ϰѼ֤κʤΤ̤Ǥ롥Ȥ櫓äդϰѼκФ䤹ȤȤΥФdzΤ줿ȤȤ
Τ褦ʥФϡ¾ϰѼˤѤǤ롥ȥѥꥹѸʳưŪ˳ѼħߤȤΤ⤪⤷
International Corpus of English @ ICE-corpora.net ϡ7αѸϰѼ拾ѥɤǤ롥ɤ̥ե˥ѥɤäƤꡤӥѥɤFAXˤ̵ˤʤФʤʤ
Canada (ICE-CAN): http://ice-corpora.net/ice/icecan.htm
East Africa (Kenya & Tanzania) (ICE-EA): http://ice-corpora.net/ice/iceea.htm
Hong Kong (ICE-HK): http://ice-corpora.net/ice/icehk.htm
India (ICE-IND): http://ice-corpora.net/ice/iceind.htm
Jamaica (ICE-JA): http://ice-corpora.net/ice/icejam.htm
Philippines (ICE-PHI): http://ice-corpora.net/ice/icephi.htm
Singapore (ICE-SIN): http://ice-corpora.net/ice/icesin.htm
ICEǤϡ¾ˤӲǽϰѼ拾ѥԻƤǤꡤˤϤǤͭǼΤ⤢롥1990ǯʹߤνդäդǼ줿100쵬ϤΥѥǤ롥Ի乽[2010-06-29-1]εǾҲ𤷤 The Brown family of corpora ˽सƤꡤ500ƥȡ2000ȤʤäƤ롥corpus design annotation scheme ξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡICEȥåץڡξ˥塼黲ȤǤ롥ĤϰѼˤäդץ벻⤢ͭѡ
μαѸϰѼ拾ѥǤӲǽʤΤϺΤȤ¾˽ФƤʤ顤ŪθˤϽ
߸ϰѼäƤä˸ƤƤ
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