
khelfʷѸ˥եˤΥСǤꡤѸֻˤȤ߷顤ʤȤФƶä٤˥塼Ϥޤ
ǯ51餴ȤΥ֥ȤǸƤϢܴ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡĤ˥ե٥åȤκǽʸǤ A ιܤ٤ɤ߽̤ȤΤȤǤޤϻ߷A ΥץȡǤȤޤ
δ褬ɤۤɴ̵ͭšʡˤʤΤǤ뤫ϡ hellog ΥȡˤǤ⼨Ƥޤ䤬αѸ츻ŵפȸƿ䤷˿䤷ƤرѸ츻ŵ (kdee) 1ڡܤɤ褦ȻߡֻŪ˶̣ȥԥå夲Ʋ⤹Ȥޤ˶ԤȤ⤤Ǥ
ͽǤ3ǯۤɤɤܻؤƤȤΤȤǤƤߤ A 1ǯפȤ¤ˡμŵαȡ߷γصŪʼǰħƤޤȤ415դ note 1ǯơرѸ츻ŵ٤AǻϤޤɤƤߤǤƻΤ֤äƤޤA 307 εѤ߾夲ƤȤΤϡ˶äǤ
䤫߷ǿ note ˴ȤǤⶦͭȻפޤ
1ǯä A ΥץȡǤȤޤhelοʿۤ줿Ȥ˴Ǥ⡤ĤҤȤĤ꤬⤷Ǥ͡ɽֻפˤ⡤ĤܤƤޤ˥뤴Ȥ͡ʤڤߤǤ줫ΥȥԥåڤߤˤƤޤ
߷β̥Ϥϡñʤ뼭ŵˤȤɤޤ餺ȤȤƤλäˤ褯Ƥ륹ڥѤˤޤ¬뤫餳ĤҤȤĤε˽ŤߤФΤȻפޤ
hellog ɼԤγˤϡҤεͭϢܤɤƤФȻפޤ٤⤤ǤɤिӤ˿ȯϤǤ߷Ϣܥ RSS եƤФȻפޤޤ߷ note 碌ƥå
رѸ츻ŵɤȤСheldio/helwa ΥꥹʡǤ lacolaco ˤ ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡ ܤǤŪֻˤò߷ȡŪʤ⤷ɵ᤹ lacolaco Τ2ͤζˤäơߡرѸ츻ŵ٤ᤰhelϡĤƤʤ夬Ƥޤ2̲ͤȤơ#1718. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤƤ뤢2ͤ --- helwa ǯ⡤ҤİѸθ礭ѤȻפޤ
ŵϡְפΤǤϤʤɤפΤȤʸۤɺդƤ륳ߥ˥ƥȻפޤǸθҤ⡤äդαʤԽǴǤäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
khelf helwa ̤helؤɤɤäƤޤɼԤγ⡤Ҥγư礷ꡤ뤤ϼ黲äꤷơѸˤȤ夲Ƥޤ礦
߷ϡ B ΰƤޤ͡B ν308. B, b ʸǤޤǡǤ줫ڤߤǤ
ʲϢ뵭碌Ƥɤߤ
߷ note helwaϤޤˡֱѸˤءפä~helwaղ~2025ǯ518
߷ note 1ǯơرѸ츻ŵ٤AǻϤޤɤƤߤ2026ǯ415
hellog #5861. khelf ߷֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡץϤƤޤ ([2025-05-14-1])
hellog #6034. khelf ߷Ρ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡפϤȾǯ ([2025-11-03-1])
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
١#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) Ǽ夲ǵ10˿Ԥ櫓ǤϤʤCarney ɤǤʬäȤɲûब롥ޤ Carney ϢսѤ (42)
Empty letters are naturally a target for the spelling reformers, but one should not rush in with the scissors too hastily. A favourite target is final <-e>. The instances of <-e> at the end of copse, bottle, file, giraffe, are often referred to as 'silent' letters, but they are very different. The <-e> of copse marks the word as different from the plural cops. The word bottle cannot sensibly be spelt as *<bottl>, since syllabic consonants are always spelt with a vowel letter and a consonant letter, except for <sm> in sarcasm, prism. Similarly it might be thought that file could be spelt *<fil>. It would still be different from fill, as it is in filing, filling. However, some degree of redundancy is essential to human language and that justifies taking the unit of correspondence to be <i..e>/aɪ/. Even the <-e> at the end of giraffe has something to be said in its favour. It can be said to mark the unusual final stress of the noun as in the <-CCe> of brunette, cassette, corvette, largesse, bagatelle, gazelle.
bottle ˴ؤ⤬ˤȤäƤܿΤäñβ粻 l ˤĤơ粻ŪҲѤȤˤϡɬ <e> տ魯Ȥ㳰Ȥ <-sm> Ƥ뤬ʳϤɤ <e> ɬܤΤ褦
⤦1Ķ̣Τ giraffe θ <e> Ǥ롥brunette, cassette, corvette ʤɤ㤫狼̤ꡤ <-VCCe> ֻȤʤˤϡ<V> ޤ˶롥ϡ<e> ǤȤ <CCe> ΤǼȤ٤Τΰ˻ͿƤȤǡ <e> 1ĤȲ᤹뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥
ۤˤ eye θ <e> Τ褦ˡ3ʸ§ (three-letter_rule) 뤿Υߡ <e> ⡤1ĤȤƥꥹȤ˲äƤ褤
ͤ³Ƥȡ<e> ϤäȵäƤܵƱݤǡ330 heldio ˤ#1765. Ѹֻˤ <e> ۿƤΤǡ⤪İС
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
ε#6163. ȯteach ˡ§ --- a ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught Ȥʤ ([2026-03-12-1]) ˤĤơ塤Ѹֻˤδ鿼ꤷƤȹͤƤ뤬Ϥˡưβ˸¤餺<ough(t)> <augh(t)> ֻˤĤơȯбȤȤ˸Ƥ
ޤ<ought> ˤĤ Carney (345--46) ꡥ
O.15 <ought>/ɔː/ | <t>
Examples: bought, brought, fought, nought, ought, sought, thought, wrought.
Exceptions with /aʊ/ --- doughty, drought. Names such as Boughton, Broughton, Houghton, Oughton, Oughtred, Stoughton have /ɔː/ --- /aʊ/ variation and occasionally /u;ː/ or /əʊ/. Some are only given with one variant by EPD --- Loughton /aʊ/, Moughton /əʊ/, but with the pronunciation of a name one can never be fully certain.
³ Carney (285) ꡤ<augh(t)> ˤĤɤǤߤ褦
A.9 <augh>/ɔː/
Examples: aught, caught, daughter, distraught, fraught, haughty, naught, naughty, slaught, slaughter, taught; Baugh, Bradlaugh, Connaught, Haughtn, Laughton, McNaught, Shaughnessy, Waugh. The names Baughan, Maugham, Vaughan are single syllables (/bɔːn/, etc.). This correspondence is one straightforward part of the name Featherstonehaugh, pronounced /ˈfænʃɔː/.
Exceptions: with /ɑːf/ (AmE /æf/) in draught, laugh and derived forms.
Efficiency: in words 89 per cent; in names 77 per cent; a marginal rule with very strong bias toward high TF words and strong bias towards shorter words.
ñ֤餫ѤƯƤȵ졤ֻȯδطεҤϰǤϤʤ̸Τߤʤ餺̾ˤ褯Ƥ뤳Ȥˤդ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
37 heldio ˤ #1742. ۵ --- teach/taught ˴ؤŷŪŦᤰäơۿޤѸ춵˷Ȥ4Ԥˤ̲Ǥ
夲ϡѸ˸ȤˤȤäƤ礭ʾǤȯüϡعDZѸƤΥ饹Ρ̤ˤȯǤ
Ѹؽˤơ -ought Ե§ѲưϳؽԤǺߤμǤthink --- thoughtbuy --- bought, bring --- brought, fight -- fought ʤɡ¿ o ޤֻȤʤޤteach --- taught catch --- caught Τ褦ˡa ޤ -aught ֻˤʤΤ⤢ޤۤȤɤαѸؽԤϡ֤ΤפȤƴݰŵƤȤǤ礦ޤ̤4ԤƱͤǤ
ȤϥΡȤǡμݤζä٤ŦΤǤ teach a ޤޤƤ뤫顤 taught o ǤϤʤ a ˤʤΤǤϤʤȡ
λŦðŪʤΤϡñʤϤ碌䵭ѤμĶơѸֻ˸˻ǽˤޤѸˤδ餳 -aught ƸƤƤߤȡä٤¤⤭Ħˤʤޤtaught caught ʤɤθ¸ưǤʤˤβǵ§Ƥư굯ƤߤȡΡteach ˡ§פƤϤޤ㤬ĤĤΤǤ
ȤСߤϵ§ѲưȤʤäƤ reach ǤĤƤԵ§Ѳ raught Ȥ֤äƤޤ⸶ a ޤߡ -aught Ǥޤlatch ˤ⤫Ĥ laught Ȥ¸ߤޤ
ˡreck ȤưФƤ raught Ȥޤ a ޤޤƤޤe a Ʊ첻ǤϤޤˡ§ơָ a 뤤 e ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught ȤʤפȤлޤ
ŪˤߤСֻκϡĸ첻 (gradation) 䡤ޥΥ饦 (i-mutation)θ (analogy) ʣ߹ä̤ȹͤޤμ⤿ʤʴѻˤäƤΡˡ§פФȤϡƶä٤ȤǤ
ζ۵̤ǤϡλŦ˿ѸֻȤˤο¤ʹӤƤǽ뤫ޤޤǡͤΤۤ˶ʳ礭ʥͥ륮뤳ȤǤޤ
Ѹ˸ԤȤơĹǯȻפǸᤴƤˡۤɤޤǤ䤫ˡ§ƤȤ˲Фޤʾˡĥեåʻº˵դ졤˲Ǥ餢ޤteach ˡ§פŪդˤĤƤϡ夵ʤĴɬפǤƥʻߤˤʤȻפޤ
ѸؽԤγȶʱѸΡ֤ʤפñʤŵǺѤޤʬʤβΩƤƴѻƤߤƤˤϡȤäˡ§Ƥ뤫⤷ޤ
ʳ̤ƤϡҾ嵭 Voicy ꤪİ
29ʷˤˡ֤Τۤإͥפκǿޤ#403. ѸüԤñʹƥڥ狼ʤȤϤɤ롩ꤷơ֥ڥҲ𤷤ޤ
Ҳ𤹤뤳Ȥˤʤääϡǯ1228˲䡦ӥ mond ǤΤȤ XʵTwitterˤ礭ȿƤӡ365ץåȤðŪܤȤˤޤϡܸǤϴ狼ʤв̾ǽ뤬ѸǤ֤Τʤ硤ͥƥ֤ϤɤƤΤפȤΤǤʸδ⡤Ƥ⤷Ǥ
ϤͤƤꡤѸΥڥϡεǽˤƴ˶ᤤȤ֥ڥƤޤѸΥե٥åʸϡɽʸǤꡤȤ櫓1ʸ1§ȤñʸȤޤ줬1ʸʾȤ߹蘆äڥȤñ̤ˤʤɽʸεǽӤӻϤޤ㤨Сdoubt ΥڥϳΤñʸȤ߹碌ǤǤƤޤb Τ褦˲βˤбʤʸޤޤƤޤdoubt ȤڥΤǹͤȡ1ĤλŪʡֿפǤꡤοֵפ̣ñɽ路ƤޤĤޤꡤڥΤȤɽʸŪʵǽӤӤƤΤǤ
ܸǡֵפȤѡĤʬѥβȤǧ褦ˡѸüԤ doubt Ȥ5ʸ¤Ӥ1ĤλŪñ̤ȤǧƤ롥ĤޤꡤȤǸХե٥åȤȤɽʸȤ߹碌ǤڥȤñ̤ˤʤȡǽŪˤϡִ⡼ɡפȤƱѤƤȤäƤ褤ΤǤ
Ǥϡˤä褦ˡֻ狼ʤȤϤɤΤDZѸˤֲ̾⡼ɡפо줷ޤ줬ե˥å䡤Ȥꤢ̤ŪʥڥǤѸˤִ⡼ɡפȡֲ̾⡼ɡפȤ2ĤΥ⡼ɤڤؤ¸ߤȤΤθΩƤǤ
ưǤϡʸŪʤä˲äڥδְ㤤ҲŪʵϤΥץå㡼ȤǤ⡤ȥڥƤȤ¦̤ˤĤưʼȵƤޤҤİ
֥ڥˤĤƤϡheldio ǤʲۿǤäƤޤΤǡҹ碌ƤİС
#606. ѸΥڥϴǤ2023ǯ127
#1689. ֥ڥ⤷ޤ --- ϼδ2026ǯ112ۿ
#1688. ֥ڥ⤷ޤ --- ǽŪ2026ǯ113ۿ

ε#6128. 1 mond 10䤤˲ޤ ([2026-02-05-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤ mond ǤϤֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؤ꤬¿夲줿Τʤlanguage gu [gw] ȯޤե gu ϸΥƥμѸ [g] Ǥ often եȥƱפ֤ȯȤȤǤפȤ䤤ä
μФ127˲ƤΤΤˤĤĴ٤ȤΤǡ˷ǺܤƤޤ MED θФǧƤ
langāǧe (n.) Also langag, langaige, longage, language, languege, langwache, (errors) lanquage, langegage.
ֻȤ <u> <w> ޤΤ⤢ä褦
OED Notes εҤꡥ
Both in Anglo-Norman (where they are much more frequent than in continental French) and in English, spellings with insertion of u or w after g are due to the influence of classical Latin lingua, as is the standard pronunciation of the English word. In Middle English the word was usually pronounced without /w/ ; the 16th-cent. orthoepists Hart and Bullokar still record this pronunciation as the usual one, and it survives in Scots and Irish English, as shown e.g. by the spellings langidge, langige. See further E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500--1700 (ed. 2, 1968) vol. II. §421 note 7.
ǸڤƤ Dobson (Vol. 2, §421, n. 7) äƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
Note 7: Language, being an adoption of OF langage, normally lacks [w] in ME; so Hart and Bullokar (normally). But it is early affected, in spelling and pronunciation, by Latin lingua (cf. the fourteenth-century spelling langwag recorded by OED); hence [gw] in Bullokar (as a rarer variant), Mulcaster, Gil (who actually gives u), Butler, Hodges, The English Schole-master, Strong, Young, Cooper, and Brown. Similarly banquet (OF banc + et) should have [k], as in Levins, Laneham, Hodges, Strong, and Young; but Coles gives the 'phonetic' spelling bang-quet (contrast blang-ket 'blanket'), which shows the beginning of the PresE spelling-pronunciation. Cooper says that the word is spelt either banquet or banket.
Ǥ language Ȥ banquet Ƥ롥mond βǤ banquet ˤϿʤäθŪʿĴ٤Ƥߤȶ̣
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
#4384. goodbye ȡ֤褦ʤס ([2021-04-28-1]) ǡɽ goodbye θ츻夲ĤޤߤɽǤ뤳Ȥߤֻδϡʤ e դƤΤˤʤ롥
Carney (153) Ǥϡe 켫ΤȤ ye ȤȤ߹碌ܤĤġΤ褦ʲ⤬ä
Final <-ye> occurs irregularly in a few §Basic words. Dye, lye ('soda'), rye, compared with sky, dry, wry, etc. are bulked up with <e> to three letters (the 'short word rule', p. 131). Similarly lexical bye is differentiated from the function word by. Dye and lye are differentiated from the much more common die and lie in present-day spelling, but in earlier centuries there was some free variation between the <ie> and <ye> spellings.
Carney θˤȡbye θ e ղäϡѸˡˤ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1]) ȤƸϺ3ʸ֤ʤФʤʤȤ롼ɽˤ bye ñȤǤθ츻̣ǤȤ⡤good ȤƻθƤǤˤ̾餷ʤƸ餷Ʊ۵ by ֻǤꡤǽǤ롥κФˤ⡤ԤˤĤ3ʸ§ʤˤ⡤Ԥ˥ߡ e դΤŬڤʲȤʤ롥
뤤ϡΰɽθȤ God be with you/ye. ye ˴ bye ˱ƤĤޤƤߤǤΤϼͳdzڤǤ͡
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
ܥ֥Ǥ doubt <b> sign <g> ʤɤˤȤۻ (silent_letter) ȤѸΤ褦˻ȤäƤʬ䤹ѸǤ롥ŬʤΤѸǤȤơѤʤֻԤ⤤롥
ѸΤɤ꤬ΤõäƤȻפΤޤ Carney "2.6.5 Auxiliary, inert and empty letters" ꤹƬȤϤ (40)
All letters are 'silent', but some are more silent than others
Opinions are sharply divided on whether to allow the use of 'silent letters' in a description of English orthography so as to cater for spellings such as the <b> in debt, doubt. If we are to find our way in this controversy, we clearly need to clarify our terminology. The term 'silent letters' is an extension of a metaphor commonly used in the teaching of reading, where letters are often supposed to 'speak' to the reader. When a simple vowel letter, as the <a> in latent has its long value /eɪ/, 'the vowel says its name'. A commonly-used classroom rule for reading vowel digraphs, such as <oa>, <ea>, is: 'when two vowels go walking, it's the first that does the talking' --- a comment on the greater phonetic transparency of the first element in a complex graphic unit. But, as Albrow (1972: 11) pints out, all letters are silent: 'the sounds are not written and the symbols are not sounded; the two media are presented as parallel to each other'. He suggests the term 'dummy letters' for letters with no direct phonetic counterpart but, as far as possible, tries to do without them in his analysis.
Albrow θʬϡʸȯʤ椨ˤ٤ƤʸۻפȤȤϤΥ硼Τ褦ˤʹ뤬ΡʸȯפȤǰեɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤȤʸȤԤο˿߹ޤƤ뤳ȤƤȤϡ¤϶ˤƽפǤ롥ȤΤϡʸֻεäƤϡȯʸäդȽդ§ȤưۤʤǥǤ뤳ȤǧƤɬפ뤫ξǥϡѼԤ͡ˡǸߤϢ礪ȤƤΤϻ¤ܼŪ˰ۤʤ2ĤΥǥؤ餻褦ȤĤߤʤΤǤꡤˤޤԤ櫓ǤϤʤषбطޤԤʤΤȤΩ줫饹ȤƤߤۤͭפ⤷ʤΤ
silent letter ȤѸˤĤƤϡͤ³Ƥ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Albrow, K.H. The English Writing System: Notes toward a Description. London: Longman, 1972.

1228Τˡμͭץåȥե mond ƤX 礭ȿƤǤޤդǥץå100ĶīޤǤ358ãƤޤѸʸκ˴ؤʸǡ츫̣ʥơޤǤ夬äƤޤäȤȤˡʬؤŪʴؿι⤵Ƽ´Ƥޤ
ȤʤäƤΤϡmond ˴줿1ĤμǤܸǤϡʹƲʬäɽʬʤ硤Ȥꤢ̾ǽȤˡȤ뤳ȤǤޤѸǤ֤꤬ʬʤȤ⤽ƻĤȤǤޤʬ뤬֤꤬ʬʤȤϡɤн褷ƤΤǤȤ䤤Ǥ
Фǡϡ֥ե٥åȤ̾Τ褦˻ȤФפȤȡֱѸΥڥϴΤ褦ʤΤפȤŸޤ
βФ X Υץ饤̤˳ȯʵ蘆ƤޤȿƤƵŤ줿ΤϡΡ䤤Τ˹¿ŪǤȤǤʸǤϡŪˤɤξ̤ꤷƤΤ1ޤޤ餳ּʬʤ餳פȤ¿ͤʰոФƤ櫓Ǥ
ΡֱѸ˲̾ϤʤΤᤰƤΤǡǸȻפޤΰտޤʤ٤դ뤿ˡʤȤʲ6ĤۤɤΥѥθɬפȸǤϹͤƤޤ
1. ïнˡҤͤƤΤ
A. ѸüԡʤϤɤн褷Ƥޤ
B. ܸüԤDZѸؽԤγʤϤɤн褷Ƥޤ
2. ֻӤϡ
A. ¾ͤȶͭʤǤΥեޥʥΤ
B. ¾ͤȶͭǤΥեޥʸΤ
3. ɤޤˡˤ뤫Ϥ˽Ȥפ뤤ϤȤꤢãǤнʬ
A. §ȤƤñƥȡعΥݡȡʸʤɡ
B. ۤɤʤʥ⡤ƤǤʤɡ
4. ֻΤꤿñμϡ
A. ̸̾
B. ̾
5. ñȯֻˤɤ夯ˡϡ
6. ñΰ̣ʬäƤ롤뤤Ϥٿ¬Ǥ뤫
ʸȤϲȤϲεǮ䤵³ƤФȻפޤ
Ϣơ29θˡʶꤹ heldio ˤۿ֡152Ķmond ΡֱѸ˲̾ϤʤΤޤޤ
ޤ30Τˤϡ³ԤȤʤ mond ؤβƤƤΤǡ⤴

khelf ߷Ϣܴ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ111˸줿160. anemone ȯ/ənéməni/äơϤȾǯޤޤʤǤȤˡɮ۩
ǡ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡϢܤȾǯФޤθޤޡʻ٤ߤĤġƻ³ƤޤȾǯǿʤΤϤʤ44ڡܤޤǡ1ǯвᤷȤAǻϤޤɤ߽ƤΤȤΩߤޤꤹAޤȴФƤʤΤɤĹˤڤߤ
ޤ A ιܤȴФƤʤݤҤ٤ƤޤǤ160ۤñ츻åƤꡤϢܤȤư괶ФƤޤѸŪˤΤ⤷Ǥñθ츻Ȥ櫓ֻ˴ؿΤɬɤǤɤΤ RSS եѰդƤޤ
ϢܤؽŪʲͤäƤΤϡΤرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤפˤ뤫ȤȤ⤢ޤԤȤƤλ߷γصŪƤ뤫Ǥ OED ϤȤƼŪʸȤפꡤӸƤꤹΤϡ켫ΤؽѳưǤ
ϢܳϤ1ۤɷФä34. <c><cc>줬<acc->ĸˤĤơˡդ꤫ϡͷӿ꤬դ褦ˤʤäƤޤñФɮԤδؿκ߽褬狼ꡤɤߤ䤹ʤäƤޤ
ǶεǤȤƤٶˤʤäΤ158. and anǤan = "(and) if" ѸѸ줫㤬ƤꡤդʧäƤʤɤȤɤ߰㤨ꤹǽ⤤Ȼפޤˤ148. ampersand &̾ؤλȤ⤢ꡤA ιˤȤɤޤȤϤΤ褦ʥե⽼¤ƤƤޤ
߷Ϣܡ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡפˤĤƤϡˤ hellog heldio ǿƤޤҤ⤴Ȥ
hellog #5861. khelf ߷֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡץϤƤޤ ([2025-05-14-1])
heldio #1443. ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ by khelf ߷
heldio #1556. khelf ߷Ρ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡפĴǤ --- RSS ѰդƤޤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲Ƥ3ʸ§ (three-letter_rule) ˤĤƥݥȤޤȤޤäȤܤȤʤ뵭ϡ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1])Ǥ
ñįƤȡû2ʸʤΤĤ뤳Ȥ˵Ťޤan, is, of ʤɤǤΤ褦ûϡʸˡŪӤӤֵǽ (function word) ǤꡤŪʰ̣̾ưɽƸ (content word) ǤϤޤѸˤϡǽ2ʸʲû뤱ɤ⡤ƸˤĤƤɬ3ʸʾ֤ʤФʤʤȤ3ʸ§ (three-letter_rule) ʤ̯ʥ롼뤬ޤ
֤ޤ3ʸ§פŬѤΤϡƸˤĤƤΤߤǤǽ졤ʤ̾졤ư졤ֻ졤³ʤɤɽʸˡǽôǡŵŪ٤ƹ⤤ˤĤƤϡε§ŬѤޤȤСŻҥʤɤˤ˻Ȥ2ʸñ re (= about) ϡ٤⤤ΤΡǽǤ뤿3ʸ§פ㳰ȤϤߤʤޤ
ǤϡʤƸ3ʸ¤ȤΤǤ礦ε§ϡñ쵡ǽθΨȤŪʼ٤ؤäƤȹͤޤŪˡ褯ɤ߽ñֻûۤΨŪǤŪˤ褯Ȥ櫓Ǥ顤֤¿ȤƤû˱ۤȤϤޤŪ˹ͤƤŪȸޤ
ֵ§פˤ㳰դΤǤax , ox ͺˤΤ褦ʰŪ㳰˵äƤޤۤˤŪ㳰Ȥ Od ʥɥĤβʳؼ K. von Reichenbach 1845ǯʪŪϡˤ⤢ޤ¾ΥåʸȤ aa, ai, ba, bo, bu ʤɡۤȤΤƤʤ㳰ޤθʤ㳰ष§ΰդƤȤޤ
3ʸ§פΥѥǥȸΤˡ̾˸4ʸ§פʤΤޤֻ̾ˤϡ̾αñˡ˾Ȥ餻;ʬȸʤʸޤޤ뤳ȤФޤAnne, Kidd, Locke, Smythe, Webb Τ褦ʻǤϡ̾ǥƥƥ¸ߴμʤǤꡤŪˡ뤿ȹͤޤ
嵭Τ褦ˡѸΡ3ʸ§פϡƸֻβ¤롤ŪˡΥ롼ȸޤ̾ˤƤϡǥƥƥĴŪ¸ߴˡֻĹ4ʸ§פΤ褦Ūʴ¸ߤޤ
2Ĥε§ϡѸֻñʤ벻εϿǤϤʤ١ΨƼҲŪǥƥƥȤä¿ͤװȤ߹Ǥ뤳ȤƤΤǤ
ܥ֥ǤϡѸˤˤֻ¿ˤĤޤ˿Ƽ夲Ƥäˡ#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])#5738. 516ܤ through Ĥޤ ([2025-01-11-1]) Ǽ夲 through ϡɸಽ줿ˡ˴줿䤿ˤȤäƾŪǤ餢롥
ơ through ˾ȤʤǤȶñŪ۷¿Ҳ𤷤1;ñ̾ I Ǥ롥ѸǤϥե٥å1ʸɽ蘆뤳̾줬˾塤뤤ˤơɤۤ˭ʻѤƤȤOED I (PRONOUN & NOUN2) ιܤ˷ǺܤƤ variant forms Υ1Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦
ʲˡϰθ˽줿 I ΰ۷ǼΰŪʿ˶ä뤫⤷ʤ
ich (Northumbrian), ih (Northumbrian)
ig (rare)
ic
hic, icc
yc
Hic, Hit (transmission error), hyc, Ic, Icc, ick (northern), Iic, Ik (east midlands and northern), it (transmission error), yg
ik (chiefly east midlands and northern), ike (east midlands and northern), yk
ic, ik
i
Hi, hi, Hy, ij, yi, yj
y
I
a (Yorkshire and Norfolk), e, hij, hy, j, Y
a (regional)
ah (regional), oi (regional)
ah, uh
Ah, Hi, Oy, oy, u
a (chiefly northern and north midlands)
ai (Devon), au (northern and north midlands), aye (Yorkshire), ee (northern), eh (Lancashire), eigh (Yorkshire), ha (Yorkshire), O (Yorkshire)
Aa (northern), aa (northern), Ah (northern and north midlands), ah (northern and north midlands), aw (northern and north midlands), hah (Yorkshire), Oi, oi
A (chiefly northern and north midlands), hi (Worcestershire)
i, y
a, I
Aw, aw
A, Aa, Ah, ah, Eh (Dundee), eh (Dundee), ey (Dundee)
a' (northern)
a (northern), Oi (southern), oi (southern)
A (northern), Ah (northern), ah (northern)
Oi, O'i, oi
ich
ch (probably transmission error), Hich, hich, icche, ichc, ichs, icht, ics, Ih, ih, Ihc, ihc, ihic (probably transmission error), iho (transmission error), Iich, iich, yh
ych
Ich, jch, yche
iche
ich
iche (Somerset), ichy (Dorset), ish (Devon), uch, utch, utchy (Somerset)
ich
his, is
ees (Devon), es, Iss (Devon)
ise, us (Somerset)
Ice (Somerset), is (Cornwall), ize
chee
che
ưʲ98ֻ줿A, a, a', Aa, aa, ah, Ah, ai, au, aw, Aw, aye, ch, che, chee, e, ee, ees, eh, Eh, eigh, es, ey, ha, hah, hi, Hi, Hic, hic, Hich, hich, hij, his, Hit, hy, Hy, hyc, i, I, ic, Ic, icc, Icc, icche, Ice, Ich, ich, ichc, iche, ichs, icht, ichy, ick, ics, ig, Ih, ih, Ihc, ihc, ihic, iho, Iic, Iich, iich, ij, ik, Ik, ike, is, ise, ish, Iss, it, ize, j, jch, O, O'i, Oi, oi, Oy, oy, u, uch, uh, us, utch, utchy, y, Y, yc, ych, yche, yg, yh, yi, yj, yk
ʤOED Ǥϡΰľ˼âĤƤ롥"(Capitalization in Middle English examples frequently reflects the editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the manuscripts.)"
ܤˤºݤʸʸλȤʬޤǹθС۷οϤ˿줿 through 516̤ˤϵڤФʤ⤷ʤǤ⡤ä1Ĥεǽ줬Ƥ¿˶äؤʤ;̾ (personal_pronoun) Τ褦ʴܸǤ顤ܸ餳ˤ˭Ǥ롥

1ī㡼ɶDZѸ˹ֺ¤Ƥޤǯ٤Υϡ˾äȤԻĤʱñפǤѸŪ˸ߤȴߤΤñ1ӡ⤭ơرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡλͿεҤȤʤ顤αñˡҤƤϱѸΤˤޤ
轵1025ڡˤιֺ¤ϽνȤʤޤϡѸˤơǤûȶñ1ĤǤʤ顤ˤʪ1;ñ̾ I ܤޤï⤬Τ褦˻ȤäƤ뤳ñǤΩߤޤäƹͤƤߤȡ¤¿Ƥ뤳Ȥ˵ŤޤʲI ˤĤƻפĤĤƤߤޤ
űѸǤ ic ֥åפȯƤޤ줬ˤƸΡ֥פȤȯѲΤǤ礦⤽ˤä c λҲϤɤؾäƤޤäΤǤ礦
ʤ I ϡʸǤʸǽΤǤ礦
ʤ I ʤΤˡŪˤϤޤäΰۤʤ me ѤΤǤ礦
It's me. It's I. ϡɤ餬פΤǤ礦ʸˡȼѤδͤƤߤȻפޤ
ǯˤ뤳Ȥ between you and I ȤɽʸˡŪˤɤǤΤǤ礦
ݤäܸˤϡֻס͡סֲפʤɡʤۤ¿1;̾줬ΤǤ礦ѸˤӤ뤳ȤǸƤΤꤽǤ
Τ褦ˡä1ʸñ I ظˤϡѲֻδʸˡ§ƸŪʻȤʬȤäѸuνץơޤŽ̤Ƥޤֺ¤Ǥϡ֤ε¤ʤ٤¿äƤȻפޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡꥪ饤äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤޤֻ֤ޤǤȰۤʤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤΤǡդֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
٤ιֺ¤ΤҲϡ heldio Ǥ#1602. 1025īֺ¤ I --- 1;ñ̾ܡȤƤäޤΤǡ⤪İ
ʤΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤ǤǡֱѸˤνפڤߤޤ礦
- 71025ڡ 15:30?17:00I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪ
- 81129ڡ 15:30?17:00take --- ⤿餷Ķܸ
- 91220ڡ 15:30?17:00one --- ñʤ͡ˡعä
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
New Zealand Christchurch 夤2ּ夬вᤷäˤʤäƤ뤤ĤΥѡޡåȤ1Ĥ"NZ's Lowest Food Prices" NZΥѡ PAK'n'SAVE Ҹ˷ε祹ѡǡ·į⤯Ǥ֤˺롥NZŪڡϤܿޤᥢΤΤ롥ŪʥΤۤɱѸǤɽФƤʤΤʤΤǡŹ⤭Τñ˱Ѹؽˤ褤
ܿêįƤȤظêˤץ륷åפ볦äʲμ̤̿Υ٥ɤǤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롧"PAMS FINEST / MPLE SYRP / CNDIAN A GRD / 250ML"

٥εΤǡֻάʤDzά뤫ȤСŵŪ첻Ǥ롥Ҳϲιʤ뤿ᡤ줵ĤɤˤȤäƽʬʥҥȤˤʤ뤫ºݤ˱ѸμСʤΤΤ⤽ˤ뤿ᡤƬŸΤѰդեŸ "PAMS FINEST / MAPLE SYRUP /CANADIAN A GRADE / 250ML" Ȥʤ롥
ѡαѸֻˤ뤳Τ褦ʾάϡե٥åʸǤϹΤ٤ߤгƸβṽ¤ֻηϤ˰¸ΤȻפ뤬ҲĤΤܤǤ롥
ηϡʸȤ櫓ɽʸȯŸηаޤϢưƤ̣ĹʸȯŸɽʸϡʤʸʸˤơɽʸؤȯŸɽʸϡޤʸϤޤΤ̤㤨 /ka/ Ȥ֤פȲ̾1ʸǽ褦ȯۤΤ褦ʲʸϡФ첻̵뤷ƻҲΤߤɸˡȯã֤פȽƤʤ顤 /k/ ȤñȤλҲȤɤޤ첻ΡɤΤơפǤ롥
ʤߤˡե٥åȯãˤįƤ⡤ҲŻ뤹ӤƤ롥ˤϡե٥åȤȤñʸҲŻβṽ¤ĥե²ˤȯȯã¤طƤŪ첻Ϸڻ뤵ƤΤǤ롥ե٥åȻˤǤ褯ΤƤ褦ˡ첻ѶŪˡֽߤưФΤϡե˥ʸ饮ꥷʸȤäʹߡŸФơʸǤ⡤§Ȥ첻ɽֻդ
ץ륷åפΤ褦ˡɽڡʤȤȤʤ𤬤ˡҲĤ첻ΤƤȤΤϡ̣ʸˤ̤äƤ뤫Τ褦ʸݤʤΤǤ롥֤äץ륷åפêǡ鷺ˡ˥ե٥åȻ3700ǯ֤ä补
crocodile θֻ --- ˥˥ѥ˥å --- ϡheldio/helwa ꥹʡ lacolaco ФĤǤ롥ϢϢϡʲɤȤǤ롥
lacolaco ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡ C (crew-crocodile)2025ǯ727
lacolaco ֡helwaƥ2025 crocodileθѲˤĤƤĴ~˥˥ѥ˥å~2025ǯ821
hellog #5948. crocodile αѸ --- lacolaco Υԥ졼 ([2025-08-09-1])
hellog #5951. crocodile αѸ --- OED Ǹ츻ֻǧ ([2025-08-12-1])
hellog #5952. crocodile αѸ --- MED ֻǧ ([2025-08-13-1])
heldio #1527. crocodile β --- lacolaco ȸ츻ؤʥץѸ˥饤 from ͡2025ǯ84
heldio #1583. alligator ǥ˥˥ѥ˥å --- khelf ߷ȸ2025ǯ929
Ȥ櫓 crocodile ΰ۷Ȥ cocodril ȤֻäȤˤʤäƤʤȤˡإåץѸ츻ŵ٤Ǥդ crocodile ƤߤȤcocodril ФҥȤȤʤ뵭ҤĤϡѤơͿƤ
crocodile [krάkədàil] 롤ˡ
θϥꥷ krokodeilos ʥˡ̸ͺ㪤ȥˤ츻Ǥ롥Υꥷϡإɥȥ (Herodotus, 484?--425?B.C.) 衤ʥ˻Ȥ褦ˤʤä Historiaeˡ (II, 69) ˤϡгδ֤ˤȥ˻ƤȤ饤˥ͤ̾ŤȤ롥crocodile ˤϤ֤꤬ꡤΰ cockadrill ϡˤũȤ줿ȥꥹ (cockatrice) ȺƱ줿Ȥ⤢롥
ȤǡˤĤäȥꥹʪ郎हȤȣ˻䤨cockatrice ϡꥷ ikhnos ߡסˤư ikhneuein פ롤פɤˤФΩ ikhneumon ʥץȥޥ --- ichneumon ̥ץȥޥͤȤƱѸ˼ ---ˤȤƤΥƥ calcatrix 츻ǤꡤϡּļԡסԡפǤäưʪϺΥˤõФƿ٤ȥץȿͤ˿Ƥƥ calcatrix calx, calc- ˤư calcare פˤ¤Ǥά͡ԥץ˥ (Gaius Pliny, 23--79) Ρʪ (VIII, 37) ǤϡˤɤƿƤ֤˥ȥꥹϤΤɤʢӹߡ¡Ȥ롥
ޤȥꥹϥʥɥ (trochilus) ȺƱ줿θ츻 trekhein ˤꥷ trokhilos ʾˤƥ첽դǡϡΡפǤά͡crocodile bird ʥ˥ɥˤȤƤФ뤳Ļˤϡˤλδ֤Ҥ俩ʪΤͤȤ롥ȥꥹ (cockatrice) ǤĻáƺǸˤȤ졤ߥإӤȤݤˤϡѸ cock ʥ˥ȥˤȤ䤫˥ȥޤ줿ʪХꥹ (basilisk) άͤƱȸʤ줿ϥ˥ȥΤȤΤˡإӤǤ©ҤȤˤߤǿͤȤ줿
ҤȤˤߤǻȤХꥹ (basilisk) ϡɽǤϡäⵤʽ˻Ȥ졤ΤȤ cockatrice ˤƱɽޤ줿㤨Сꥹηȥǥå (Thomas Dekker, 1572?--1632) The Guls HornebookeؤԤ١1609ǯˤˤϡַˤ»Τοפˡ֡ĤΩƤ˼뤿ˤ⡤ī (cockatrice) ֤ˤפäʿդβȤᡤȤ롥ơʪ֤Ȥˤʤ뤬νϤ (crocodile tearsˤޡˤήΡ֤ޡפˤۤȡֱ¿פˤʤäƤޤȤ⤢롥
ᤷߤɽ crocodile tears ϡˤ¿Ͷ뤿ᤷȤ¿߹ߤʤޤήȹͤ줿Ȥޤ줿ɽǤ롥
о줷Τưʪ cockatrice ʥȥꥹˤإӤȥ˥ȥ꤬ΤưʪȤ⡤ˤ©ǤƿͤإӤȤ롥줬 cocodril θֻ˴طƤȤΤϡꤽä
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
ε ([2025-08-12-1]) ³ crocodile ͤ뵭ϡƱνФѸʤΤ MED Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥MED Ǥ cocodril (n.) ȤƸФΩƤƤcrocodile ǤϤʤȤաˡʲƤ뤹٤ƤƸ롥
(a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.109 : A cokedrille..is comounliche twenty cubite long.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)154b/a : Emdros is a litil beste..yif þis litil beste fynde a cocodrill slepyng, he..comeþ in atte þe mowthe in to þe cocodrill and in his wombe, and alto renteþ his guttes inward and sleeþ him, and dyeþ so.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)179a/a : In Egipt ben ful many cokedrilles.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)281a/b : Cocodrillus haþ þat name of ȝolow colour, as ysidir seiþ..and woneþ boþe in water and in londe..and is y armed wiþ grete teeþ and clawes..and resteþ in water by night and by day in londe, and leiþ eyren..among bestes oonliche þe cocodrille moeueþ þe ouer iowe.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)324a/b : The Cokodrille eiren beþ more þan gees eiren, and þe male and female sitteþ þeron on broode..now þe male and now þe female..and þese eiren beþ venemous..and beþ horrible bothe to smelle and to taste.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5711 : Two heuedes it had..To a cokedrille þat on was liche.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6544 : He sleþ ypotames and kokedrille.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/11 : Þat lond..is full of serpentes, of dragouns & of Cokadrilles.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/12 : Cocodrilles ben serpentes ȝalowe & rayed abouen, & han iiij feet & schorte thyes..þere ben somme þat han v fadme in lengthe & summe..of x.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)192/17 : Cokodrilles..slen men & þei eten hem wepynge.
(?a1390) Daniel *Herbal (Add 27329)f.87ra : In þe lond of Egipt also groweth bene, but it is ful of prikelles & therfore cocodrilles shonye it, for dred of prikelyng her eyne.
?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)142/13 : Thurgh oute all Inde es grete plentee of cocodrilles.
(?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.960 : A cocodrillis hide.
c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)70/28 : Þaire bakkes ware harder þan cocadrillez.
˴ؤ¤ꡤ٤Ƥֻ cocodril ϤǤꡤcrocodile ϤϸƤʤ
ֻˤäѤܤƤȤϤѸ줫ʸįƤȡΥ˴Ѥ碌̣臘ȤǤƤʤʤڤ
#5948. crocodile αѸ --- lacolaco Υԥ졼 ([2025-08-09-1]) ³crocodile θֻܤ롥ޤ OED crocodile (n.)θ츻ΤƤߤ롥
Middle English cocodrille, cokadrill, etc. < Old French cocodrille (13--17th cent.) = Provençal cocodrilh, Spanish cocodrilo, Italian coccodrillo, medieval Latin cocodrillus, corruption of Latin crocodīlus (also corcodilus), < Greek κροκόδειλος, found from Herodotus downward. The original form after Greek and Latin was restored in most of the modern languages in the 16--17th cent.: French crocodile (in Paré), Italian crocodillo (in Florio), Spanish crocodilo (in Percival).
ŵΥꥷƥˤƤ crocodīlus ϤθäƥˤƸ cocodrillus ϤȤʤꡤ줬ޥˤƤ夷ѸؤեͳƤηθäƤȤζȾˤơ16--17θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δˤꡤcrocodile ϤزȤΤޤήǤ롥
ñȤƤ crocodile νиϡľܤˤϥե cocodrille Ѹ˼ѤȤ̤롥OED ν1300ǯȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ4
c1300 What best is the cokadrille. (Kyng Alisaunder 6597)
1382 A cokedril..that is a beest of foure feete, hauynge the nether cheke lap vnmeuable, and meuynge the ouere. (Bible (Wycliffite, early version) Leviticus xi. 29)
c1400 In that contre..ben gret plentee of Cokadrilles..Theise Serpentes slen men, and thei eten hem wepynge. (Mandeville's Travels (1839) xxviii. 288)
1483 The cockadrylle is so stronge and so grete a serpent. (W. Caxton, translation of Caton E viii b)
θ塤16ȾʹߤǤϡ٤ crocodile ֻѤƤ
heldio/helwa Υꥹʡ lacolaco ˤ롤note ΥֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡǿƤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤ crew crocodile ޤǤζ̣츻꤬夲Ƥ롥
Τʤ crocodile ܤƤ뵭Ҥθȥڥδˤ⤭ĦˤƤꡤؤ̣줿1ľ lacolaco ȡ֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡פˤƤ̤뵡Τǡheldio ۿΥǤheldio ΥۿȤƸƤΤǡcrocodile β --- lacolaco ȸ츻ؤꤪİС
ۿǤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡcrocodile طʤˤϡꥷ졤ƥ졤ե졤ꥢ졤ڥʤɤؤäƤ롥Ѹ˾ֻȤƤϸɸŪ crocodile ϤΤۤcocodril Ϥ̤˻Ȥ줿夬äѸǤ16ʹߤ˥ƥֻαƶ crocodile Ϥˡפ줿Ȥаޤꡤޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥r ΰ֤ͤȡˤž (metathesis) हⵯäƤ뤫Τ褦˸롥r ΰư2ȤĹΥ˵ڤǤꡤñʤ벻žȸˤΤΤǤꡤָ̤̱츻 (folk_etymology) ˴ؤȤƵ뤳ȤǤcf. #5840. --- Υߡ*ĥޥᡤĥХᡤĥХ ([2025-04-23-1])ˡ
ˤ衤crocodile θȥڥϡʤʤޤߤǤꡤ˱Ѹ˸太⤷ȥԥåȤʤäƤȸäƤ褤lacolaco ˸ŪȤ˴դĤġʤ KDEE ɼԡˡꤷƤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
1620俷ʹīˤơ֥ϥإܥ礦ʸģ֤ǤספȤǺܤƤˤȡʸģϡܸΥɽˤĤƽΡַἰפѸȯ˶ᤤ֥إܥפܤȤˤžǰƤޤȤ1954ǯչ衤70ǯ֤礭ʸθľȤʤ롥
žطʤˤϡҲˤإܥιϤʿƩȤ֤롥ѥݡȤ̾ƻϩɸʤɡŪʾ̤ˤƥإܥѤƤǡعǤչ˴Ťἰ˻ƳƤꡤΡ֤ͤפĹǯβȤʤäƤ
ξԤμʰ㤤ϡἰ֤פ si֤פ ti֤ġפ tu֤աפ hu ɽΤФإܥǤϤ줾 shi, chi, tsu, fu ȡܸüԤǤϤʤѸ¾ΡüԤˤȤäȯ䤹ֻѤƤˤ롥ǰƤϡμҲŪ֤ǧɽ뤳ȤŪȤƤȤ
Ĺ餯ξʻ¸ƤȤˤĤƲƻפᤰ餻ƤΤ褤ȤΤϡDZѸˤˤֻɸಽ (standardisation) ĹפФ뤫Ѹˤϡ¿δΰ㤤顤1Ĥñ¿ֻthrough 516̤ΰֻäȤϡܥ֥Ǥ⤷Фм夲Ƥ̤Ǥcf. through) θ塤Ѥڤ伭ʸˡԻФơֻ경ɸಽƤäβǤϡ츻Ż뤹ΩȯŻ뤹Ωδ֤ǶĥطäΥɽθľ⡤ܸβηϤ¤ʷἰȡŪŻ뤹إܥȤδ֤ΡĹǯˤ錄ĥط1Ĥεȸ뤳ȤǤ
ʤǰƤǤϡĿͤΤĹǯѤƤɽºŤ졤ľѹΤǤϤʤȤƤ롥Ū˿ʤƤˤܤ
hellog ǤϡޤǤɽᤰϷ֤夲Ƥcf. romaji)) ʸģžǡʲβ⻲ͤˤ줿
#1612. ƻϩɸѸɽء ([2013-09-25-1])
#1879. ܸˤˡ ([2014-06-19-1])
#1892. ֥ΤĤŤס ([2014-07-02-1])
#1893. إܥ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1])
#3427. ἰܼإܥΥĤŤоɽ ([2018-09-14-1])
#4905. ְΡפ Aichi Aiti ([2022-10-01-1])
#4925. ɽɤȱѸ쥹ڥ ([2022-10-21-1])
#5034. إܥɽ˱ѸǤƤ롩 ([2023-02-07-1])

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơkhelfʷѸ˥եˤ߷̤߷ǶϤ줿֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡȤҲ𤷤ƤޤεǤ⡤δˤĤƲƤ⤷ޤ
߷Ϥ줿Τϡ䤬αѸ츻ŵפȤƸڤƤɽǡҤǤƤرѸ츻ŵ (kdee) ɤʤ顤ѸֻŪ˶̣ܤƥIJƾҲ𤷤ƤȤǤ߷ȤHPǡ֥Τ褦ʷȯƤޤ
˻衤ɤʹȤޤ͡heldio/helwa Υꥹʡ lacolaco 1ǯʾֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡδϤƤꡤhel (helkatsu) ǤɾȽȤʤäƤޤ߷δϡήǤ2ƤȤޤ
lacolaco Ūʴ餪⤷츻ԥååפƤΤФ߷ϤȤǤѸֻˤδ˹ʤäƶ̣ȥԥåФƤޤֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ϱѸˤ֤Ǥǡ߷ɥϱѸˤ濴ŪơޤȤߤȤʤޤ
߷51餳δϤƤꡤϤȤΥڡŪ³ƤȤΤȤǤˤΡرѸ츻ŵ٤ɤƤߤ褦ȻߤȤΤǤǽΥڡǿꤷƤޤ̵ޤʬŵǽ餫Ǹޤɤ̤ȤΤϡޤ̵ŤȤפߤǤ餳ºݤ˻ϤƤ߷ lacolaco Ǯդˤæ˹ޤ
ơŪˤɤΤ褦ʵƤΤǤ礦㤨Сδ֤ζˤ ab(h)ominable ιܤҲ𤵤ƤޤθϸѸǤ abominable ֤ޤĤƤ abhominable Τ褦 h ä¸ߤޤرѸ츻ŵ٤Ǥϡ h ΤȤʤΤ̡ιܤȤΩƤƤꡤŪƤޤϤޤ˻߷Ū˸椷Ƥ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ǥ߷ϡرѸ츻ŵ٤εҤ١ˤĤġɬפ˱ OED ʤɤ⻲Ȥʤ顤äƤޤ
رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤ־ǸȤˡʼȤߤϡlacolaco ³߷Ϥ줿ȤǡäȤ֡ʡˤˤʤĤĤޤ͡Ū˼ϰΤǤäɤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤȻפޤΤǡǸäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ܥ֥ɼԤγ⡤һ߷ˤ뿷֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡʤ礷ƤޤȹǤδϤäޤ߷Ȥ heldio ̤ˤĤơ#1443. ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ by khelf ߷ꤪİ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
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