եؽγ顤ʼեǤ actif, effectif ʤɸ -if ĸŪ˷ƻˤ¿ꡤǤϸФΤȤ -if Ǥ -ive θե줫ѤѸǤ -ive §Ǥ롥ʤѸϥե줫餳θǼѤΤ
餤С -ive ϥեб -ive ľܤȿǤΤǤϤʤѸϼȤѸ˥ե줫餢ޤǸФˤ -if ηǼѤΤǤꡤ˱ѸǤβѲˤ̵ [f] [v] ͭȯ˹碌 -<ive> Ȥֻ̲ȤȤǤ롥
ѸǤϤΥեѸФֻͥ -<if> Ǥ롥Ǥͭ -<ive> 褷ƾʤʤġñˤäξԤδ֤ǤɤۤʤȻפ뤬Ūˤ -<if> ήǤȹͤ롥ˡ#1178. MED Spelling Search ([2012-07-18-1]) ǡ"if\b.*adj\." "ive\b.*adj\." ʤɤȸФ측ƤߤȡȤƤ -<if> äƤ롥Ѹ٤ι⤤ effective, positive, active, extensive, attractive, relative, massive, negative, alternative, conservative Ĵ٤ƤߤȡMED Ǥ -<if> ФȤƺǽ˵äƤ롥
Ǥ˸ѸˤϤֻɽ蘆ȯ [ɪf] ˤơҲ [f] [v] ͭĤĤäˤ϶֤꤬Ϳ롥ޤեǤΤ˶ƤꡤѸǤƱͤ˶äȤѸǤ϶֤촴ذư뷹ä (cf. #200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥϤ ([2009-11-13-1])#718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1])#861. Ѹθ춯ΰ֤˴ؤ3ס ([2011-09-05-1])#1473. Germanic Stress Rule ([2013-05-09-1])) ˶ʤʤȡ [f] Verner's Law ʤΰ̲ˤ˽ͭ [v] Ȥʤäverners_law ȻҲͭˤĤƤϡäˡ#104. hundred ͥˡ§ ([2009-08-09-1]) ȡ#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1]) Ȥ줿
嵭βĶˤ [f] ޤͭΤϡ (378) ˤС14ȾNǤϤˡפȤ롥褽Ʊˡ[s] > [z], [θ] > [ð] ͭⵯä (ex. is, was, has, washes; with)
˽Ҥ٤аޤǡեѸ -if ϸ˸¤ -ive ؤѲΤ㳰Ū -if ˤȤɤޤäΤ롥bailiff ʼ, caitiff ܶԡ, mastiff ʥޥա, plaintiff ʸˤʤɤϡŤ [f] [v] δ֤ɤƤǽŪ [f] βɸಽǤ롥
ʾJespersen (200--01) Ƥ餪
The F ending -if was in ME -if, but is in Mod -ive: active, captive, etc. Caxton still has pensyf, etc. The sound-change was here aided by the F fem. in -ive and by the Latin form, but these could not prevail after a strong vowel: brief. The law-term plaintiff has kept /f/, while the ordinary adj. has become plaintive. The earlier forms in -ive of bailiff, caitif, and mastiff, have now disappeared.
Ƭμ˲СѸ -ive ľܥեΡʤ뤤ϥƥͳ褹˽ -ive ڤꤿΤǤϤʤե줫Ѥ -if λҲѸβѲˤͭΤɽ魯αѸüԤեν -ive ˤٸƤȤαƶʬϤ뤫⤷ʤޤǤδͿϴŪȤߤʤƤΤ
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
ɸθΤ褦˸Ѹ -<ow> ĸϡѸǤ -<we> ֤Τ̤Ǥ롥űѸǤϸФ folgian, sceadu, sorg Τ褦͡ѸˤƸ촴ȾҲ /w/ ȯã (cf. #194. shadow shade ([2009-11-07-1])) Ѹ -<we> ʹߤֻȯȯãˤĤƴؿäΤǡĴ٤Ƥߤ
ޤ Jespersen (192) ˤȡ -<we> ɽ蘆ȾҲ /w/ /u/ ؤ첻벻ѲФ /u/ ϤȤĹ /uː/ ȤʤꡤĹûδ֤ǤФ餯ɤ餯Ĺɽ魯Τ <ow> ֻѤ줿ΤǤϤʤȤǡ/o/ /oʊ/ İ۷⸽Ƥ褦ǡ<ow> ϤθԤľܤΤȤͤ롥Ʊˡ첻岽 /ə/ ⸽졤ѸɸŪȯȤƤϰѤƤ롥
. . . /wə/ became syllabic /w/, that is /u/, thus ME folwe, shadwe, sorwe, medwe, etc. became /folu, ʃadu/, etc. This pronunciation is often found in the old orthoepists; thus H 1569 has /felu/ and /feluˑ/ by the side of /felo/, /folu/ by the side of /folo/, and /halu/, for fellow, follow, hallow.
M 1582 says that -ow in the ending of bellow, mellow, yallow is = "u quick". H 1662 likewise -ow = u: hollow hollu, tallow tallu, etc.; J 1701 has "oo" in follow. This pronunciation is continued in vg [ə]:[fɔlə, gæləs], and the spelling -ow adopted in all these words was probably at first intended for the sound /u/ or possibly /uˑ/. But we soon find another pronunciation cropping up; H 1569, besides /u/ as mentioned, has also /boro/ and /borou/ borrow. G 1621 does not seem to know /u/, but has /oˑu/ in follow, shadow, bellow, hollow. J 1764 says that -ow in follow, etc. = "o", but if another vowel follows, it is "ow". Now [o(ˑ)u] is the established pronunciation.
Dobson Vol. 2 (866--67) äƤߤȡ /w/ ˤ錄겻 (glide) Ȥ /o/ ȯãΤǤϤʤȤDobson Jespersen ʣѰۤꤷƤ褦ȾҲ /w/ Ϳ벻ˤϡ¿ variants ȯã뤫ǤϤʤ
(2) Variation between late ME ou and ŭ from ME -we
§295. In words such as folwe(n) 'follow' there were variant developments in ME: either a glide-vowel o developed before the w, which then vocalized to [u], giving the diphthong ou; or the w, after final ĕ had become silent in late ME, vocalized to [u], which was identified with ME ŭ. PresE has regularly [o(:)] < ME ou, but formerly [ʊ] (or, by reduction, [ə]) < ME ŭ was common in follow, narrow, sparrow, borrow, morrow, yellow, &c. ME ou (or sounds developed from it) is shown by Hart (who has boro, &c. with [o] < [o:] < ou and felō with [o:] < ou; in all six forms < ME ou, against more than twice as many < ME ŭ), Laneham (folo, &c., but also ŭ), Bullokar, Robinson, Gil (who has both [ou] and [o:] < ME ou), Butler, Hodges, Newton, Lye, Lodwick, Cocker, Brown, and the shorthand-writers T. Shelton, Everardt, Bridges, Heath, and Hopkins. The pronunciations [ʊ] and [u:] (by lengthening of [ʊ]) < ME ŭ are shown by Salesbury, Hart (commonly), Laneham (yelloo 'yellow'), Mulcaster, Jonson (apparently; he says o loses its sound in willow and billow), Howell (1662), Price, Richardson, and WSC-RS. Gil gives fula, in which the a must represent [ə] (probably < ME ŭ) as a Northern form of follow. In the seventeenth century these words also had pronunciations with [ə] and perhaps with [ɪ] . . ., which are likely to be derived from the ME ŭ rather than the ME ou variant.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
ḽѸ <nation> ֤ϡѸǤϼȤ <nacio(u)n> ֤Ƥ<nacio(u)> <nation> ѲϡŪˤϤʤġɤΤ褦ΤǤ첻 <ou> <o> ѲȡҲ <c> <t> Ѳʬƹͤɬפ롥
ޤ첻ѲˤĤƹͤ褦 (331) ˤȡ¯ƥˤ /o/ + ɡǽIJϡб Norman French η֤Ǥɡ첻û첻 /ʊ/ 뤤Ĺ첻 /uː/ βĸ줬ѸؼѤȡround, troumpe, count, nombre, countrefeten, countour, cuntree, counseil, commissioun, condicioun, nacioun, resoun, sesoun, religioun ʤɤ֤줿-<sioun> -<tioun> ȯϡб븽 -<sion> -<tion> ȯ /ʃ(ə)n/ ȤϰۤʤꡤޤƱ岽⤷Ƥ餺ʲ /siuːn/ ݤäƤȹͤ롥Ѹ줫ѸˤƤβ˶ʤʤäƤȡƱ岽Ϥޤꡤߤ /ʃ(ə)n/ ˶ŤƤäβĹ첻ֻ -<ioun> Ϥդ路ʤȴ졤1ʸȤ -<ion> ȤΤ̲롥
<ou> <o> Ѳñȯֻפ٤ΤǤȤɤϸڤ;Ϥ롥ˤ¿ʤȤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) κѤäΤǤϤʤȤΤϡME nacioun nation ѲȤѲΤ첻ǤϤʤԤҲ <c> <t> ؤѲȤäǤ롥Upward and Davidson (97) ˤȡ
The letter C with the value /s/ before E and I in OFr had two main sources. One was Lat C: Lat certanus > certain. The other was Lat T, which before unstressed E, I acquired the same value, /ts/, as C had in LLat. Medieval Lat commonly alternated T and C in such cases: nacionem or nationem, whence the widespread use of forms such as nacion in OFr and ME. The C adopted in LLat, OFr and ME for classical Lat T has sometimes survived into ModE: Lat spatium > space; platea > place. Elsewhere, a later preference for classical Lat etymology has led to the restoration of T in place of C, as in the -TION endings: ModE nation.
Ĥޤꡤ<nacio(u)n> <nation> ˤ첻ѲҲѲ⡤ŵƥֻ˰פ٤ΤǤϤʤ
ֻѲġɤΤ褦ˤĤơ˥ѥѤĴƤߤޤ Helsinki Corpus äơη̤ʰʲθǤϡʣΤĤֻʤɤ˽äƤˡϾʤΤΡ16ѲλäȤ롥
| <nacion> (<nacioon>) | <nation> | |
|---|---|---|
| M2 (1250--1350) | 0 (1) | 0 |
| M3 (1350--1420) | 7 (1) | 0 |
| M4 (1420--1500) | 2 (0) | 0 |
| E1 (1500--1569) | 2 (0) | 2 |
| E2 (1570--1639) | 0 (0) | 13 |
| E3 (1640--1710) | 0 (0) | 14 |
| <nacion> | <nation> | |
|---|---|---|
| CEECS1 (1418--1638) | 2 | 12 |
| CEECS2 (1580--1680) | 1 | 27 |
| <nacion> | <nacioun> | <nation> | <natioun> | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1451--1500 (123,537 words) | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1501--1550 (1,825,565 words) | 90 | 0 | 82 | 0 |
| 1551--1600 (6,648,588 words) | 64 | 0 | 947 | 13 |
| 1601--1650 (21,296,378 words) | 18 | 0 | 6,451 | 0 |
| 1651--1700 (38,545,254 words) | 11 | 0 | 22,350 | 1 |
| 1701--1750 (33,741 words) | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
դˤϡformality Υ٥뤬¸ߤ롥ܸȤˤ⡤줬ǽŪ˸ŪʰʪդͽǤС㤨д˴ְ㤤Τʤ褦ĤʤɡʤդʧΤ̤Ǥ롥ŻҥʸϤʤɤǤϡʪϳʼ٤뤳Ȥ¿ӥͥʤŪŪʤζʸϤǤäƤæʤɤϷ褷ƾʤʤŪʥʸϤǤСʤæʤɤΩĤȤϡïиƤȤǤ롥ˡʬɤळȤΤʤ˺ϿʤɤǤϡʸˡƤꡤŬ˻Ȥäꤹ롥⤷ͤ˸졤äƤȻŦ줿ȤƤ⡤䤿ϤϸǤϤʤάʽˤʤȿʤդˤϡˡδȤ̤μȤơformality δγʼάȤ롥ϸѸǤƱǤ롥
Ѹˤֻɸಽȸ경塹ȿʹԤƤ17--18ˤ⡤ƱäֻˤϡȤ̤μȤ formality μ¸ߤƤAddison, Dryden, Swift, Johnson ʤʸͤϡ1ĤθꤷֻDZѸȤĥˡεϤΩ褦ȤϤޤǸŪʸϤ˸ꤵƤȤΤϡ修ʤɤǤϡɤ줿ֻˤѤƤǤ롥Swift ¾ͤμˤֻˤϸäˤ⤫餺 jail/gaol, hear/here/heer, college/colledge ʤɤɤƤJohnson ϼǤֻθ경ˤäŪʽʪǤ complete/compleet, pamphlet/pamflet, dos/do's/does ѰۤJohnson Ǥ顤修ˤƤä˸ˡɬפƤʤäΤǤ롥Horobin (157) ϡ17--18ˤ뤳ξˤĤơʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Rather being a marker of literacy or education, non-standard spellings in private letters seem to have been considered a marker of relative formality. These private spellings do not appear in printed works, which follow the accepted standard spelling conventions.
ξϡ¿쾯ʤ19ʹߡߤޤ³ƤȤäƤǤϤʤդˤĤƤϡˡ formality ꡤ뤤ϸȤƱƤϤʤʤȤȤ
ȤȤǤСԥ塼ǤΤȤ¿ʤäƤŪʥƤȤǤ顤ȾмưŪ˥ڥåѴʸʤɤΥåǽư褦ˤʤäƤĤƤϿǡȼԤäƤŪʥåǽߡԥ塼ˤäƻŪʽʪΰˤƤƤȤˡл뤹뵬ϼŪΩοͤˤȤäƤϡΤ褦ʼưåǽ¸ߤ˾ޤפΤ⤷ʤˡθȤ⤤뤫 Swift Johnson Ǥ顤ΤεϤβĤˤפΤǤϤʤפȤɬפˤʤΤϸŪʸ̮ˤƤǤꡤŪʸ̮ǤפⶵΤ©줷롥ȾưǺư륹ڥåѴظ˹Ƥ뼭βʤΤϤΤȾХ֥åܥåȤʤäƤǡˡפפƤȤȤϡͤƤߤ©줷Ф꤫鴶롥Swift Johnson θζ̤ϡƳQŪäƤΤ⤷ʤ
դؤοβȤˤĤƤϡ#1844. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä (2) ([2014-05-15-1]) Ȥ줿
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) #1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ16ˤֻ͡װƤФơֻθ경ϳ趷褷Mulcaster ɽȤϩǽŪ˼褦ˤʤȡ1617ˤơֻפǮƤä͡ϡ褷ƤۤӤξʤʤŪֻηϤȾζϤǼ뤳Ȥӡष˸Ψ褯餷ƤȤºŪؤȴؿܤƤäΤǤ롥Τ褦ʶԤΤʤˡEdmund Coote (fl. 1597; see Edmund Coote's English School-maister (1596)) Richard Hodges (fl. 1643--49) Ȥ֤줬ä
Hodges ˤĤƤϡ#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡֻˤؤδͿΤۤˤ⡤ȯ˴ؤ뵮ŤʻƤƤȤӤ롥㤨 Hodges ΥꥹȤˤϡcox, cocks, cocketh; clause, claweth, claws; Mr Knox, he knocketh, many knocks ʤɤȤꡤ-eth -s ƱͤȯƤȤ (Horobin 129) ޤ͡ȯʹ (diacritical mark) ֻղäȤˤꡤHodges ϻ¾ȯɽƤ줿ΤǤ롥㤨Сgäte, grëat Τ褦첻˥饦ȵդȤˤĹ첻ɽ魯䡤garde, knôwn Τ褦ۻǤ뤳ȤƳ (The English Primrose (1644)) Τ褦ˡHodges Τ줿ؼԤȤäƤ褯Shakespeare λȯ1λƤ줿
Hodges ϡʤȯΤ餷뤳ȤǤϤʤäϡޤֻˤäηϤȤƤɬŪȤϤʤŪֻҶ˸Ū˶餹뤿ˡζϤȤơҤΤ褦ȯղäƤΤǤ롥̣ΤϡƤȤϡ1ɽֻ William Bullokar (fl. 1586) ƤΤȤۤƱݤäȤǤ롥Bullokar 쥢ե٥åȤ˿εղä뤳ȤˤꡤɽܻؤΤäHodges ƤΤۤʰפǰӤƤꡤŪֻפǤϤʤֻˤäǡʤߤäϤǤֻפֻؤȰܤѤäƤꡤ˼褿٤ֻ§ ("Spelling Regularizers") νиͽʳؤȿʤǤΤǤ롥
λΰܤѤˤĤơ (96) ϡBullokar ƱפäŪΤˤʤƤȤˡĤޤ17դֻ꤬Ρ֥ӿפ˻ϤˤʤäƤˡĬѲǧᤶʤפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Hodges ȯӿˤʤ館ΤǤ롥ӤʸΰǤϤʤŪθޤǤ롥äơȤƤϤۤƱΤǤäȤƤ⡤ʸΰԲķǤȤ Bullokar Ƥϡ褷ƥӤȤϸƤ٤ʤӿȤˤꡤBullokar η Hodges ν餫ŪǤ褦ʵƤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
Ѹθ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ˤĤơܥ֥ǤȵƤΤʤ1ġ#1942. 츻Ūֻνᤰäơ ([2014-08-21-1]) ǡ츻ŪֻȽŪäҤ1ͤȤ John Hart (c. 1501--74) ̾Hart ɽֻԤ1ͤ An Orthographie (1569) ǤȤΤ뤬ޤ˵ŪʲװƤΤ˼줺ֻ˱ƶڤܤȤϤۤȤɤʤäºݡHart ϸ츻Ūֻ˴ؤƤȽäΤΡǽŪˤϤȽ϶Mulcaster ʤβɤ˼ƳϤȤˤʤä
Hart θ츻ŪֻФȽϡαѸֻŪλŦΤʤ˸롥Hart ϡѸֻ "the divers vices and corruptions which use (or better abuse) mainteneth in our writing" ȤƤȤȤ diminution, superfluite, usurpation of power, misplacing 4Ƥ롥diminution Ϥ٤Ȥʸ礱Ƥ뤳ȤؤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥꡤޤη٤ȤǤ롥Ĥ3ĤϼºŪʤΤǡޤ superfluite Ϥ٤ǤϤʤȤʸȤǤ롥<doubt> <b> ŵǤꡤ츻ŪֻϡHart ˸碌 superfluite 1ȤȤˤʤ롥usurpation ϡ<g> /g/ ˤ /ʤ/ ˤб褦ˡ1ĤʸʣβƤƤꡥǸ misplacing ϡ㤨 /feɪbəl/ бֻȤƤ *<fabel> Ȥʤ٤Ȥ <fable> ǤȤʸؤ
嵭Τ褦ˡ츻ŪֻؤäƤΤϡ٤ǤʤȤʸƤ superfluite ˤƤǤ롥Hart (121--22) θʸꡤϢսѤ褦
Then secondli a writing is corrupted, when yt hath more letters than the pronunciation neadeth of voices: for by souch a disordre a writing can not be but fals: and cause that voice to be pronunced in reading therof, which is not in the word in commune speaking. This abuse is great, partly without profit or necessite, and but oneli to fill up the paper, or make the word thorow furnysshed with letters, to satisfie our fantasies . . . . As breifli for example of our superfluite, first for derivations, as the b in doubt, the g in eight, h in authorite, l in souldiours, o in people, p in condempned, s in baptisme, and divers lyke.
Hart superfluite Ȥ eight people ʤɤƤ뤬̾盧ϱѸˤˤƽѸŵŪʤ츻ŪֻȤƸڤΤǤϤʤäơָ츻Ūֻ superfluite פȤطƤΤŬڤ
Hart, John. MS British Museum Royal 17. C. VII. The Opening of the Unreasonable Writing of Our Inglish Toung. 1551. In John Hart's Works on English Orthography and Pronunciation [1551, 1569, 1570]: Part I. Ed. Bror Danielsson. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1955. 109--64.
ε#1982. -ick or -ic (2) ([2014-09-30-1]) ˰³ѸǤ -ic(k) ΰ֤ʬۡʿܡˤĴ롥Ѥ륳ѥϻΤΤΤǤϤʤĿŪ EEBO (Early English Books Online) ɤѤƥȽǤ롥ޤѥƤ餺ɽѹդݤƤʤñʤƥȤνȤΤʤΤǡĴ̤ϲΤΤȤƲᤷƤʬ1617绨Ĥʬ줾쥳ѥ923,115졤9,637,954Ǥʥѥ10ܰʾγԶѹդʼ֤աˡʲǤϡ100 (wpm) ǼƤ롥
| Spelling pair | Period 1 (1501--1600) (in wpm) | Period 2 (1601--1700) (in wpm) |
|---|---|---|
| angelick / angelic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.45 / 0.21 |
| antick / antic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 2.49 / 0.10 |
| apoplectick / apoplectic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| aquatick / aquatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.00 |
| arabick / arabic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.52 / 0.10 |
| archbishoprick / archbishopric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.00 |
| arctick / arctic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.42 / 0.00 |
| arithmetick / arithmetic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 3.22 / 0.31 |
| aromatick / aromatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.83 / 0.10 |
| asiatick / asiatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.00 |
| attick / attic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.21 |
| authentick / authentic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 3.94 / 0.42 |
| balsamick / balsamic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.73 / 0.10 |
| baltick / baltic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| bishoprick / bishopric | 1.08 / 0.00 | 4.25 / 0.00 |
| bombastick / bombastic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.00 |
| catholick / catholic | 5.42 / 0.00 | 38.39 / 1.97 |
| caustick / caustic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| characteristick / characteristic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.10 |
| cholick / cholic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| comick / comic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 1.45 / 0.10 |
| critick / critic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.76 / 1.87 |
| despotick / despotic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.62 / 0.21 |
| domestick / domestic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 8.09 / 0.21 |
| dominick / dominic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 0.62 / 0.42 |
| dramatick / dramatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.83 / 0.10 |
| emetick / emetic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.00 |
| epick / epic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.10 |
| ethick / ethic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.00 / 0.10 |
| exotick / exotic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.73 / 0.10 |
| fabrick / fabric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 8.72 / 0.31 |
| fantastick / fantastic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 3.42 / 0.10 |
| frantick / frantic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 3.94 / 0.00 |
| frolick / frolic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 3.32 / 0.00 |
| gallick / gallic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 3.32 / 0.52 |
| garlick / garlic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 2.28 / 0.00 |
| heretick / heretic | 2.17 / 0.00 | 6.02 / 0.00 |
| heroick / heroic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 16.91 / 1.35 |
| hieroglyphick / hieroglyphic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.00 |
| lethargick / lethargic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.52 / 0.10 |
| logick / logic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 7.06 / 1.04 |
| lunatick / lunatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.66 / 0.00 |
| lyrick / lyric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.42 / 0.10 |
| magick / magic | 2.17 / 0.00 | 3.32 / 0.10 |
| majestick / majestic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 4.88 / 0.42 |
| mechanick / mechanic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 4.15 / 0.00 |
| metallick / metallic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| metaphysick / metaphysic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.21 |
| mimick / mimic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.42 / 0.00 |
| musick / music | 7.58 / 627.22 | 40.98 / 251.40 |
| mystick / mystic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.45 / 0.10 |
| panegyrick / panegyric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 4.46 / 0.10 |
| panick / panic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.35 / 0.10 |
| paralytick / paralytic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.00 |
| pedantick / pedantic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| philosophick / philosophic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.00 / 0.21 |
| physick / physic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 27.39 / 1.56 |
| plastick / plastic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| platonick / platonic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| politick / politic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 15.98 / 1.14 |
| prognostick / prognostic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.52 / 0.00 |
| publick / public | 5.42 / 3.25 | 237.39 / 5.71 |
| relick / relic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.52 / 0.00 |
| republick / republic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 3.01 / 0.31 |
| rhetorick / rhetoric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 5.71 / 0.21 |
| rheumatick / rheumatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| romantick / romantic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.83 / 0.00 |
| rustick / rustic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.66 / 0.00 |
| sceptick / sceptic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.10 |
| scholastick / scholastic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.42 |
| stoick / stoic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| sympathetick / sympathetic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| topick / topic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.45 / 0.00 |
| traffick / traffic | 3.25 / 0.00 | 8.61 / 0.42 |
| tragick / tragic | 3.25 / 0.00 | 2.91 / 0.00 |
| tropick / tropic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.04 / 0.00 |
#872. -ick or -ic ([2011-09-16-1]) εǡ<public> <publick> ֻʬ̻ۤŪѲˤĤơGoogle Books Ngram Viewer Google Books: American English ѤƴʰĴ-ic -ick ˾ѰۤˤĤƤϡJohnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ǤԤޤƤWebster The American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) ǤϸԤؤɤڤäƤȰҤ٤ΰϾɬפΤ褦
#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 CLMET3.0 ѤơѸμ礿 -ic(k) ֻĴƤߤ1710--1920ǯδ֤3ʬơ줾ֻ٤Ȥä̤ʲ˷Ǥ褦
| Spelling pair | Period 1 (1710--1780) | Period 2 (1780--1850) | Period 3 (1850--1920) |
|---|---|---|---|
| angelick / angelic | 6 / 50 | 0 / 68 | 0 / 50 |
| antick / antic | 4 / 10 | 1 / 6 | 0 / 3 |
| apoplectick / apoplectic | 0 / 10 | 1 / 19 | 0 / 14 |
| aquatick / aquatic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 35 | 0 / 56 |
| arabick / arabic | 2 / 101 | 0 / 45 | 0 / 115 |
| archbishoprick / archbishopric | 4 / 7 | 2 / 2 | 0 / 8 |
| arctick / arctic | 1 / 5 | 0 / 20 | 0 / 93 |
| arithmetick / arithmetic | 9 / 32 | 0 / 77 | 0 / 98 |
| aromatick / aromatic | 4 / 14 | 0 / 29 | 0 / 36 |
| asiatick / asiatic | 1 / 101 | 0 / 48 | 0 / 76 |
| attick / attic | 1 / 32 | 0 / 34 | 0 / 71 |
| authentick / authentic | 4 / 160 | 0 / 79 | 0 / 68 |
| balsamick / balsamic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 1 |
| baltick / baltic | 4 / 50 | 0 / 33 | 0 / 43 |
| bishoprick / bishopric | 3 / 28 | 2 / 9 | 0 / 19 |
| bombastick / bombastic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 4 |
| cathartick / cathartic | 0 / 1 | 1 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| catholick / catholic | 7 / 291 | 0 / 342 | 0 / 296 |
| caustick / caustic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 20 |
| characteristick / characteristic | 8 / 92 | 0 / 354 | 0 / 687 |
| cholick / cholic | 1 / 13 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 1 |
| comick / comic | 1 / 68 | 0 / 67 | 0 / 165 |
| coptick / coptic | 1 / 11 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 35 |
| critick / critic | 12 / 153 | 0 / 168 | 0 / 155 |
| despotick / despotic | 9 / 66 | 0 / 51 | 0 / 65 |
| dialectick / dialectic | 1 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 6 |
| didactick / didactic | 0 / 10 | 1 / 20 | 0 / 23 |
| domestick / domestic | 46 / 733 | 0 / 736 | 0 / 488 |
| dominick / dominic | 4 / 11 | 0 / 14 | 1 / 3 |
| dramatick / dramatic | 8 / 214 | 0 / 206 | 0 / 216 |
| elliptick / elliptic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 8 | 0 / 2 |
| emetick / emetic | 4 / 5 | 0 / 7 | 0 / 5 |
| epick / epic | 1 / 68 | 0 / 83 | 1 / 38 |
| ethick / ethic | 1 / 6 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 3 |
| exotick / exotic | 2 / 7 | 0 / 20 | 0 / 38 |
| fabrick / fabric | 15 / 116 | 1 / 84 | 0 / 111 |
| fantastick / fantastic | 9 / 45 | 0 / 157 | 0 / 198 |
| frantick / frantic | 5 / 88 | 2 / 163 | 0 / 124 |
| frolick / frolic | 19 / 44 | 0 / 46 | 0 / 32 |
| gaelick / gaelic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 64 |
| gallick / gallic | 1 / 75 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 10 |
| gothick / gothic | 2 / 498 | 0 / 131 | 0 / 66 |
| heretick / heretic | 2 / 31 | 0 / 37 | 0 / 24 |
| heroick / heroic | 17 / 201 | 2 / 224 | 0 / 211 |
| hieroglyphick / hieroglyphic | 2 / 4 | 0 / 7 | 0 / 8 |
| hysterick / hysteric | 1 / 9 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 6 |
| laconick / laconic | 2 / 13 | 0 / 14 | 0 / 7 |
| lethargick / lethargic | 1 / 12 | 0 / 8 | 0 / 14 |
| logick / logic | 4 / 62 | 0 / 361 | 0 / 367 |
| lunatick / lunatic | 2 / 32 | 0 / 34 | 0 / 77 |
| lyrick / lyric | 3 / 15 | 0 / 26 | 0 / 37 |
| magick / magic | 9 / 110 | 0 / 296 | 0 / 292 |
| majestick / majestic | 4 / 73 | 0 / 149 | 1 / 115 |
| mechanick / mechanic | 6 / 79 | 0 / 47 | 0 / 58 |
| metallick / metallic | 1 / 9 | 0 / 79 | 0 / 137 |
| metaphysick / metaphysic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 9 |
| mimick / mimic | 2 / 25 | 1 / 46 | 0 / 23 |
| musick / music | 87 / 549 | 3 / 1220 | 3 / 1684 |
| mystick / mystic | 1 / 39 | 0 / 92 | 0 / 167 |
| obstetrick / obstetric | 1 / 2 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 0 |
| panegyrick / panegyric | 19 / 121 | 0 / 43 | 0 / 16 |
| panick / panic | 14 / 58 | 1 / 90 | 0 / 314 |
| paralytick / paralytic | 1 / 15 | 0 / 41 | 0 / 14 |
| pedantick / pedantic | 3 / 31 | 0 / 28 | 0 / 29 |
| philippick / philippic | 2 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 2 |
| philosophick / philosophic | 1 / 140 | 0 / 80 | 0 / 155 |
| physick / physic | 35 / 157 | 4 / 51 | 3 / 38 |
| plastick / plastic | 1 / 4 | 0 / 19 | 0 / 32 |
| platonick / platonic | 5 / 48 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 22 |
| politick / politic | 8 / 40 | 2 / 37 | 0 / 51 |
| prognostick / prognostic | 2 / 18 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 1 |
| publick / public | 767 / 3350 | 1 / 3171 | 2 / 2606 |
| relick / relic | 1 / 26 | 4 / 56 | 0 / 65 |
| republick / republic | 12 / 515 | 0 / 185 | 0 / 171 |
| rhetorick / rhetoric | 26 / 109 | 2 / 40 | 0 / 65 |
| rheumatick / rheumatic | 1 / 7 | 0 / 33 | 0 / 30 |
| romantick / romantic | 32 / 191 | 0 / 346 | 0 / 322 |
| rustick / rustic | 3 / 102 | 0 / 157 | 0 / 80 |
| sarcastick / sarcastic | 1 / 37 | 0 / 66 | 0 / 60 |
| sceptick / sceptic | 3 / 26 | 0 / 19 | 0 / 26 |
| scholastick / scholastic | 2 / 24 | 0 / 42 | 0 / 46 |
| sciatick / sciatic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 3 |
| scientifick / scientific | 2 / 16 | 0 / 451 | 0 / 814 |
| stoick / stoic | 5 / 34 | 1 / 15 | 0 / 26 |
| sympathetick / sympathetic | 3 / 26 | 0 / 70 | 0 / 248 |
| systematick / systematic | 1 / 13 | 0 / 64 | 0 / 104 |
| topick / topic | 12 / 128 | 0 / 177 | 0 / 176 |
| traffick / traffic | 80 / 67 | 1 / 164 | 0 / 203 |
| tragick / tragic | 4 / 65 | 0 / 65 | 0 / 209 |
| tropick / tropic | 12 / 37 | 0 / 7 | 0 / 23 |
ε#1941. macaronic code-switching ȤƤθ츻Ūֻ ([2014-08-20-1]) ˰³etymological_respelling ꡥѸˤǤϸ츻Ūֻϼ16--17ȤǧƤcf. #1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1])ˡᤤ14--15ǧƤ뤷#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])#1790. եǤ16ĺޤ츻ֻ֤ ([2014-03-22-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ٥եǤ褯ݤ13ȾƤºݤ˥եǤ츻Ūֻ16˥ԡޤΤǡθݤˤĤơʩϤ褽Ĵ碌ƤȤˤʤ롥
ե¦Ǥθ츻ŪֻˤĤƾܤĴƤʤMiller (211) 14꤫ȤƤ롥
Around the end of C14, French orthography began to be influenced by etymology. For instance, doute 'doubt' was written doubte. Around the same time, such etymologically adaptive spellings are found in English . . . ., especially by C16. ME doute [?a1200] was altered to doubt by confrontation with L dubitō and/or contemporaneous F doubte, and the spelling remained despite protests by orthoepists including John Hart (1551) that the word contains an unnecessary letter . . . .
եǤϰ <doubte> ³17ˤϺƤ <b> æǤ doute äƤ롥
ǤϡѸ¦ǤϤɤdoubt ؤ <b> Ĵ٤ƤߤȡMED ʸˤС15¿㤬ۤ14 Gower 롥
ƱͤˡOED Ǥ <doubt> ȰʸƤߤȡ15㤬ʤ餺ۤ14ˤ1300ǯ Cursor Mundi 줿رѸ츻ŵ٤Ǥϡdoubt ˤ <b> αѸǤ15ȤʤäƤ뤬ºݤˤϤä㤬äȤˤʤ롥
a1300 Cursor M. (Edinb.) 22604 Saint peter sal be domb þat dai,.. For doubt of demsteris wrek [Cott. wreke].
1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 230 First ben enformed for to lere A craft, which cleped is facrere. For if facrere come about, Than afterward hem stant no doubt.
1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) xvi. xlvii. 569 No man shal wene that it is doubt or fals that god hath sette vertue in precyous stones.
˽Ѹ쥳ѥ LAEME <b> ޤֻϸĤʤä
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Miller, D. Gary. External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance. Oxford: OUP, 2012.
ε#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) ǡֻ̾Ԥ̾礭ɽεɤβɤʬ롥16ȾФ鼡ؤϢʤ뤽η (64) ˤäƼ

εǽФƤƤʤ̾⤢롥Cheke Smith ϵȴطäȤ顤طԤǤ Waad Laneham ˤɽؤδؿܤä褦ǡ Cheke οֻˡ¹ԤHart Bullokar Waad ˱ƶͿϩȤƤϡMulcaster Edmund Coote (fl. 1597; see Edmund Coote's English School-maister (1596)) 16˱ƶϤ17ˤ Francis Bacon (1561--1626) Ben Jonson (c. 1573--1637) Фơ18 Dr. Johnson (1709--84) ޤϢʤäơϩϡɤΤȤˤޤǻɤƤΤǤ롥
̤ȤƤߤСʤɽ̤ɽʸɸ֤ ޥե٥å (Roman alphabet) ѤѸˤˤơʤɽषȤȤϡʸδϽפʰ̣Ĥ褦˻פ롥ʸˤȤäƺǤפŪȤϡɽ졤뤤ϸȤ鷺Ȥⲿ餫θñ̤ɽ魯ȤǤꡤե٥åȤŵŪäƤɽǽϤŪã뤿μʤˤʤΤǤϤʤɽǽ켫ΤͭѤǤꡤΤƵɬפϤʤɽȤǽŪΤɬפȤ¿ϵˤǤۤɤεǽʤΤǤϤʤ
Τ褦˹ͻǡ#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1]) εƶ̣
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
16ˤˡ (orthography) ꡤMulcaster Ȥ "right writing" ꤬줿cf. #1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])ˡѸֻϡˤƱͤˤǤ˺𤷤ƤޤƤβѲˤȯֻЪΥꡤޤޤɽŪǤʤʤäĿͥ٥ǤϤֻηϤռƤĿͤĶ٥ǤϤޤ경ƤʤäĤϥƥˡäδ줿ãˤϡ⤦1ۤɤλ֤ߤɬפäʲȤ Baugh and Cable (208--14) εҤ˰͵16ˡᤰ⤹롥
Ŀͥ٥ǤϰӤֻηϤܻؤ줿ȽҤ٤ΤʤˤϻŪˤȤɤޤΤ⤢СǤƸˤΤ⤢äŪȤƤϡŵؼԤǤä John Cheke (1514--57) ϡĹ첻첻2Ĥ֤뽬 (ex. taak, haat, maad, mijn, thijn) <e> 뽬 (ex. giv, belev) <y> <i> Ѥ뽬 (ex. mighti, dai) ޤRichard Stanyhurst Virgil (1582) ˺ݤơĹΤɽ魯ֻηϤФ㤨 thee, too, mee, neere, coonning, woorde, yeet ʤɤ֤ä
Ūˤ줿Τϡ1558ǯ˽Ǥ줿ƿ̾ An A. B. C. for Children Ǥ롥Ǥ첻Ĺ <e> (ex. made, ride, hope) ʤɤƤ뤬ۤοǤΤߤԽʬʰäŪʻߤȤƺǽ˵Τϡŵؼ Thomas Smith (1513--77) ˤ1568ǯ Dialogue concerning the Correct and Emended Writing of the English Language Smith ϥե٥åȤ34ʸ䤷Ĺ첻դʤɤϥƥǽ줿ᡤڤ뤳ȤϤʤä
ǯ1569ǯ³1570ǯJohn Hart (c. 1501--74) An Orthographie A Method or Comfortable Beginning for All Unlearned, Whereby They May Bee Taught to Read English ǤHart ϡ<ch>, <sh>, <th> ʤɤŻ ((digraph)) ФüʸƤʤɤSmith λߤƱ͡ŪˤˡޤȤ˼뤳ȤϤʤä
1580ǯWilliam Bullokar (fl. 1586) Booke at large, for the Amendment of Orthographie for English Speech ˽ФSmith Hart οʸƳԤ˽äȤȿ̶դȤΥե٥åȤΤߤֻפܻؤ˥ȵ桤ݥȥեʤɤˤߤʤʸղäᡤ̤Ȥ Smith Hart Ʊʾɤߤˤ٤ˡǤäƤޤä
Smith, Hart, Bullokar ϩϡ17ˤ³1634ǯCharles Butler (c. 1560--1647) The English Grammar, or The Institution of Letters, Syllables, and Woords in the English Tung Ǥ <e> ˵դΥݥȥեѤꡤ<th> <t> դˤʸȤäꤷʾ塤Smith Butler ޤǤεŪɽֻפϤ⼺Ԥ˽ä
嵭εɤФơݼɡɡ뤤Ťֻ경δĤФȤ븽¨ɤȤǤƤ֤٤ϩͼԤϡRichard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ǤʤαѸ˾νʪˤĤƤϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) mulcaster γƵǰäƤˡֻФϡֻȯΤˤɽ路ʤפäܼŪʲˡϤʤΤ顤δŪֻˤƤ⤦褤ΤˤǽŪʵϤϿ͡뤳ȤȤ٤Ǥ롥 The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) ˤơĤƤФƤ롥<fetch> <scratch> <t> ¸ٻ<glasse> <confesse> θ <e> ¸ٻ <e> ˤĤƤϡ#1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1]) Ǥߤ褦ʵ§Ƥ
#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡMulcaster Ƥɬɸಽ줿ֻȿǤƤ餺ȾʾȿǤƤˡʬŪɾܸꤹ뤫⤷ʤǤֻפϩɤ鲺ɤإեȤӤǧƤ褤βϩ English Schoole-Master (1596) Edmund Coote (fl. 1597) The English Grammar (1640) Ben Jonson (c. 1573--1637) ˰Ѥ졤Edward Phillips ˤ The New World of English Words (1658) ˽Ф17ȾФޤǤˤϡֻθ경ܴۤλ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
˴ؤƤ (40--64) ܤؤͭѤǤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
#1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ ([2014-07-05-1]) εǡűѸΥƥѸϡѸ첽ֻǤϤʤƥΤޤޤֻǼ뤳ȤŦΥƥѸϱѸ첽ֻǼ뷹äȤͤȡѤδ餤СűѸ˸ä substitution ٹ礤礭ʤäɽǤΤǤϤʤȡ
ơѸȡѸֻηϤ̤Ÿ̤ΥեѸ줬ήˤĤ졤ȤȤ˥ե켰ֻƶϤαѸ˾νǶ̣Τϡե켰ֻ˽äΤϥեѸΤߤǤϤʤäȤ;äˤޤDZƶڤܤűѸ켰ֻ֤ƤäפʤΤƤ⡤űѸ <c> (= /ʧ/) ϥե켰 <ch> ִ줿<cw> <qw> , <s> ΰ <ce> ء<u> <ou> ؤִ줿椨ˡǤ⸽Ѹˤ <chin>, <choose>, <queen>, <quick>, <ice>, <mice>, <about>, <house> ʤɤ֤褦ˤʤäƤ롥ֻηϾΥΥޥȤȤǤ⤤٤ΤǤꡤξܤˤСűѸΥƥ켰ֻˤ٤ substitution ʤɡ襤Ƥۤɤϡե켰ֻѸ˵ڤȤǡ#1793. -<ce> 꽤 ([2014-03-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡβ꽤 (hypercorrection) ȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤʤۤˡ#81. once twice -ce Ȥϲ ([2009-07-18-1]) ӡ#1153. ̾ adviceư advise ([2012-06-23-1]) ⻲ȡˡ̾ hypercorrection ññ̤ñȯ˺ѤؤȤ¿嵭ξˤϹϤ˱ƶεڤǤΤħŪǤ롥ե켰ֻηŪ substitution Ȥ
Horobin (89) "rather than adjust the spelling of the French loans to fit the native pattern, existing English words were respelled according to the French practices" ȽҤ٤ȤϡѸ줬եѸ첽褦ȤΤǤϤʤѸ켫餬ե첽褦ȤƤħؤƤΤǤ롥
#1208. եαʸˡؤαƶɾ ([2012-08-17-1]) #1222. ե줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1]) ˤ褦ˡեαѸؤαƶϡäСֻˤǤ⸲ˡηŪ˸Ƥ롥̾ñȯλѤ substitution hypercorrection ȤѸΤ褦ηŪʸѲŬѤȿƶΤǤϤʤȤ뤬
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ѸˤǤϡդɸಽδäϡ14Ⱦ15ˤƤΥɥۤ줿ȹͤƤ롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#306. Samuels ѸȯãȤɸ4ס ([2010-02-27-1])#929. ѸɸδפȤʤäͳ ([2011-11-12-1])#1228. ѸˤˤɸѸȯŸȳΩäơ ([2012-09-06-1])#1245. ʣŪβȤƤνȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
λθ塤ѸˤưѤƳȯŸȤ⡤ֻɸಽή˴ŪʱƶڤܤȹͤƤ롥#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1]) #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1]) #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡǶϤΰոФưФƤ뤬ʤȤѸ˾ΥߥȤƤϡѤоλֻɸಽˤ䤫˿ʤǤȤϤ褽ŤʤäƤ롥
Ѹ줫ѸˤƤΤλˡäդǤѲ¿äƤ첻 (Great Vowel Shift; [2009-11-18-1]) ɮƬˡ#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1]) ǵ褦ʼλҲξüʹԤƤäդѲƤˤ⤫餺դɸಽƤȤȤϡ˾ȸ虜ʤǡḽѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) Ƥޤä
Τ褦ήؤơѸֻɸಽϡ˾塤ʥߥƤޤäȤ롥Ѳդ®ȤֺϡʬŪˤϡȤֺбƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤΰ̣ǤϤˤƤ뤳ȤϡˤǤȤȤǤ⤢Τ⤷ʤΤСѸˤˤֻɸಽϡδä14--15ۤ줿Ȥ¤ǤʤȤ°ɥϤۤ줿Ȥ¤ˤطƤ롥Horobin (84--85) ŦƤ褦ˡƱ椷ƤäݼŪäΥɥֻɸಽδפ˿줿Ȥΰ̣礭
㤨СǤϡ<gh> ʤɤֻɽ蘆Ƥ /ç, x/ ϤǤ̵ȤʤäƤꡤ"knight" <nit>, "doughter" <datter> ʤɤ֤ƤǤϤλҲϤޤƤ餺ä <gh> ֻ¸졤ḽɸŪֻ <knight>, <doughter> Τʤ˸경뤳Ȥˤʤä /ç, x/ ξüȤѲϸؤڤΤǡɡɸŪֻ <nit> Ȥʤ뤫 <knight> Ȥʤ뤫κϡֺǤȤȤǤȤͤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ɸಽ <wh> ֻˤĤƤƱȤ롥ĤǤǤ /h/ ƤݼŪʥɥȯˤƤ /h/ ݤƤˡɸŪֻΤʤˤ <h> ȤƸ경뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäŪɾСȯˤĤƤϿŪŪʤΤ¿ɸδפȤʤꡤֻˤĤƤݼŪŪʤΤ¿ɸδפȤʤäȤϢơѸθѲΡ̤ءפȾŤˤĤơ#941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ ([2011-11-24-1]) ӡ#1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1]) Ȥ줿
ʤ /x/ ˴ؤơǤ /f/ ؤȯŸdough ʴˤб duff ʥաʴθǤץǥˤؼѤ줿㤬ʡ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) ⻲ȡˡΤ褦ȯֻȤδط̩Ǥ㤬ä¿äʤСḽɸŪֻäľʤΤˤʤäȤϤꡤѸֻɸಽˤϡ֤Ǥʤ֤⺮äƤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) ʤɤ˰³Ƥꡥ
ε#1898. ƥˤ⤢ä h-dropping ؤ ([2014-07-08-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡƥˤ /h/ æƤ꽤 (hypercorrection) ⤷Феǡæϻߤ褦ʤη̤ϸΥޥˤȿǤ뤳Ȥˤʤäʤŵƥˡ <h> бҲϡեޤޥ̵ȤƷѾ졤եͳƱѸؤѤ줿Ȥƥˡֻ <h> ΤΤĹϼˤꡤ˼뤳ȤϤʤ衼åѤνؤä̤ȤơˤơβѲη̤ȤƤ̵ȿŪʵϼθֻ <h> ȤĹ餯礦Ȥˤʤä
ѸǤ⡤ƥͳ褹ˤ <h> ݻѸռƤä#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡϽѸˤߤ뤳Ȥˤʤ츻Ū֤ (etymological_respelling) ȤơѸ˾ɾ٤ݤˤĤƤ Horobin (80--81) ʲΤ褦ˤäȸڤƤΤߤϤäɾ⤯ä٤Ȼפ
Because of the loss of initial /h/ in French, numerous French loanwords were borrowed into Middle English without an initial /h/ sound, and were consequently spelled without an initial <h>; thus we find the Middle English spellings erbe 'herb', and ost 'host'. But, because writers of Middle English were aware of the Latin origins of these words, they frequently 'corrected' these spellings to reflect their Classical spelling. As a consequence, there is considerable variation and confusion about the spelling of such words, and we regularly find pairs of spellings like heir, eyr, here, ayre, ost, host. The importance accorded to etymology in determining the spelling of such words led ultimately to the spellings with initial <h> becoming adopted; in some cases the initial /h/ has subsequently been restored in the pronunciation, so that we now say hotel and history, while the <h> remains silent in French hôtel and histoire.
ḽѸʤ餺Ȥ˱Ѹˤ h-dropping ϰˤ̤˹ͤƤᤤʳǸ츻Ū֤Ϥ˴ͿƤȤơѸ˾塤겼յΤȥԥåǤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ѸˤˤҲ /h/ ˤĤơ#214. ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1]) #459. ʻҲ /h/ (2) ([2010-07-30-1]) #494. hypercorrection ˤ h ([2010-09-03-1])#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) ۤh h-dropping ʤɤε¿夲Ƥ
Ѹʸ塤ҲŪʴؿŪȤʤäƤѸѼ h-dropping εˤĤƤϽ⤢뤬Ѹˡ<h> ֻΤη褷 /h/ ȤȯʤեѸ줬̤˱ѸήǤȤľܡܤαƶͿƤȤȤϡǧƤ褤եΤߤʤ餺ڥ䥤ꥢʤɤΥޥ /h/ ȯʤΤϡƥʳƱæǤ롥äơѸ h-dropping ʥϡȸĶơǽŪˤϥƥ1ĤβѲ˵뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
⤷ȤˡƥǤ /h/ æ褦ˤʤäƤȡޤζܿͤϡæ¯ŪȯȤ褦ˤʤäΤȤϡˡȤ <h> ֤٤ǤϤʤȤ <h> Ƥ뤳ȤФĤäƤ뤳ȤΤ롥λ h-dropping Ф꽤 (hypercorrection) äΤǤꡤۤɤޤǤ h-dropping ŪäȤڵȤߤʤȤǤ롥λϡޤٳ Gaius Valerius Catullus (84?--54? B.C.) ˤΤǤ롥ʲCatullus Poem 84 ±Ǥ롥
1 CHOMMODA dicebat, si quando commoda uellet ARRIUS, if he wanted to say "winnings " used to say "whinnings", 2 dicere, et insidias Arrius hinsidias, and for "ambush" "hambush"; 3 et tum mirifice sperabat se esse locutum, and thought he had spoken marvellous well, 4 cum quantum poterat dixerat hinsidias. whenever he said "hambush" with as much emphasis as possible. 5 credo, sic mater, sic liber auunculus eius. So, no doubt, his mother had said, so his uncle the freedman, 6 sic maternus auus dixerat atque auia. so his grandfather and grandmother on the mother's side. 7 hoc misso in Syriam requierant omnibus aures When he was sent into Syria, all our ears had a holiday; 8 audibant eadem haec leniter et leuiter, they heard the same syllables pronounced quietly and lightly, 9 nec sibi postilla metuebant talia uerba, and had no fear of such words for the future: 10 cum subito affertur nuntius horribilis, when on a sudden a dreadful message arrives, 11 Ionios fluctus, postquam illuc Arrius isset, that the Ionian waves, ever since Arrius went there, 12 iam non Ionios esse sed Hionios are henceforth not "Ionian," but "Hionian."
Ȥʤսϡ1ܤ <commoda> vs <chommoda>2ܤ <insidias> vs <hinsidias>, 12ܤ <Ionios> vs <Hionios> Ǥ롥<h> ɬפΤʤȤ <h> ֤Ƥ꽤ȤޤäƤ롥θǤ뤫ˤϡοǤ롥λ˴ؤ Harrison ɾˤС12ܤ <Inoios> <Hionios> ȡʵϼŪʴ鸫ơ˸äֻǽȤˤꡤˤߤɽФƤȤHarrison ". . . the last word of the poem should be χιoνέoυς. When Arrius crossed, his aspirates blew up a blizzard, and the sea has been snow-swept ever since." (198--99) ȽҤ٤Ƥꡤä <Hionios> ꥷ χιoνέoυς (snowy) ȰäƤΤȲᤷƤ롥ơ10ܤ nuntius horribilis ͽ𤷤ƤȤ⤤Arrius β꽤ˤ /h/ 7ܤ nuntius horribilis ͽ𤵤Ƥ褦ˡ٤Ȥ硼
Harrison (199) ϡϤޤơCatullus Τ褦ʥޤζܿͤˤ h ˴ؤκϡ¿ Venetic ¤Фиʤظαƶ (substratum_theory) ˤ뼪ʥƥѼФŪɾˤΤǤʤȤƱͤ Etruscan ¤ФиȤԤ⤤褦θϤˤ speculation ΰФΤǤϤʤḽѸ h-dropping ؤ stigmatisation ȽŤ碌ƹͤȶ̣
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Harrison, E. "Catullus, LXXXIV." The Classical Review 29.7 (1915): 198--99.
ꥹȶȥƥñμѤδطˤĤơ#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1]) #1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲ƤѤ˴ؤȤơ#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1])#902. Ѥ䤹ܡ ([2011-10-16-1])#903. Ѥ¿Ⱦʤ ([2011-10-17-1])#1619. ʤ deus Ѥ줺 God ݤ줿Τ ([2013-10-02-1])#1778. Ѹ츦 to-do list ([2014-03-10-1]) ʤɤεƤϡűѸΥƥѸֻȤ𤷤ơѤͻƤߤ
űѸˤϡꥹȶȤȤˡ¿νѸѸ줬ƥ줫ѸνդؤȤ⤿餵줿apostol (L apostulus), abbod (L abbadem), fenix (L phoenix), biscop (L episcopus) ʤɤǤ롥դ٤ϡѤκݤˡȯˤֻˤ衤ƥη֤ΤޤѤΤǤϤʤ¿ʬ˱Ѹ첽ƼǤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ȥ10˥ƥѤΤ⤦1ĤȤäȤˤϡƥñϱѸ첽줺ۤܤΤޤޤη֤ǼѤƤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸΥƥѤ2ĤȤδ֤ˤϡŪʺäȤˤʤ롥κHorobin (64--65) ϼΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥
What is striking about these loanwords is that their pronunciation and spelling has been assimilated to Old English practices, so that the spelling-sound correspondences were not disturbed. Note, for instance, the spelling mynster, which shows the Old English front rounded vowel /y/, the <æ> in Old English mæsse, indicating the Old English front vowel. The Old English spelling of fenix with initial <f> shows that the word was pronounced the same way as in Latin, but that the spelling was changed to reflect Old English practices. While the spelling of Old English biscop appears similar to that of Latin episcopus, the pronunciation was altered to the /ʃ/ sound, still heard today in bishop, and so the <sc> spelling retained its Old English usage. This process of assimilation can be contrasted with the fate of the later loanword, episcopal, borrowed from the same Latin root in the fifteenth century but which has retained its Latin spelling and pronunciation. However, during the third state of Latin borrowing in the tenth century, a number of words from Classical Latin were borrowed which were not integrated into the native language in the same way. The foreign status of these technical words was emphasized by the preservation of their Latinate spellings and structure, as we can see from a comparison of the tenth-century Old English word magister (Latin magister), with the earlier loan mægester, derived from the same Latin word. Where the earlier borrowing has been respelled according to Old English practices, the later adoption has retained its classical Latin spelling.
ѤμȤƤϡƥη֤˴ŤƤȤ substitution ǤϤʤ importation Ǥ롥Ʊ importation ȤäƤ⡤ϥǥ뤫æֻˤϥǥ¤ֻˤǤꡤimportation ȤǤٺ롥 substitution ǤϤʤΤԤϸԤ substitution ˰ᤤ importation Ǥ롤ɽ뤳ȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤäդǤȤСԤϥƥñѸŪȯǼ뤳ȤˡԤϸǤƥȯǼ뤳Ȥ롥äݤȤСñܸؼѤȤ˥ʽ뤫ѸƱ褦˥ե٥åȤ֤뤫ȤƱȤűѸǤϡˡ뤫ˤäưۤʤäƤȤΤ̣
ѸΥǥؤζ٤ȤݤˡƤŪ˼ѤͻݤˡֻκȤѥͿȤΤϡȯäϢơ줬ѤȤ importation Ǥ٤ȡѤ줿˽˼Ʊ٤Ȥζ̤Τˤɬפ뤫⤷ʤ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ѸˤϡѸ move prove Ф <meven> <preven> Τ褦˸촴첻 <e> θֻŪ˹ԤƤ줬 <o> ˼ä뤳ȤˤʤΤطʤõäƤߤ
move prove ϥեѸǤꡤեǤϤ줾 mouvoir prouver б롥prouver ľˡߤο;Ѳ̤Ƹ촴첻Ѥʤmouvoir Ͽ;Τ˱첻 <eu> ȸ첻 <ou> δ֤Ѱۤ롥ƱѰۤ mourir, vouloir ȤȤ˳ɽǤ褦
| mouvoir ư | mourir ʻ̡ | vouloir ˾ | |
| 1st sg. | je meus | je meurs | je veux |
| 2nd sg. | tu meus | tu meurs | tu veux |
| 3rd sg. | il meut | il meurt | il veut |
| 1st pl. | nous mouvons | nous mourons | nous voulons |
| 2nd pl. | vous mouvez | vous mourez | vous voulez |
| 3rd pl. | ils meuvent | ils meurent | ils veulent |
ε#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1]) ǻȤ Kytö (115) ϡ17ɾԤľܰѤʤ顤17Ⱦˤ -eth ֤줿Ǥ -s ȤȯƤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Contemporary commentators' statements, and verse rhymes, indicate that the -S and -TH endings were pronounced identically from the early 17th century on. Richard Hodges (1643) listed different spellings given for the same pronunciation: for example, clause, claweth, claws; Hodges also pointed out in 1649 that "howesoever wee write them thus, leadeth it, maketh it, noteth it, we say lead's it, make's it, note's it" (cited in Jespersen, 1942: 19--20).
Kytö (132 fn. 10) ǤϡHodges θǤǤȯҲ𤵤Ƥ롥
In the third (and final) edition of his guide (1653: 63--64), Hodges elaborated on his statement: "howsoever wee write many words as if they were two syllables, yet wee doo commonly pronounce them as if they were but one, as for example, these three words, leadeth, noteth, taketh, we doo commonly pronounce them thus, leads, notes, takes, and so all other words of this kind."
17ˤϰŪ <-eth> /-s/ ȤȯƤȤϡ/θ/ /s/ Ȥϰۤʤ벻ǤǤȤĤޤƤ䤿ˤȤäƤϡ츫ۤ˻פ뤫⤷ʤϡäդǤѲԤդǤѲɤĤƤʤȤѲΤդ줿1Ĥˤʤ˽դäդ˹碌 <-s> ֤褦ˤʤäֻȯɤĤˤ¿ʤȤֺäȤȤǤ롥ܸɽ줫ʤŤ鸽夫ʤŤؤȲޤǤƻΤ٤С<-eth> <-s> ؤֻѲϤष®äȸۤɤǤ롥
ʤJespersen (20) ˤȡĶ٤ư hath, doth, saith ˤĤƤϡ<-th> 18ȾФޤ̤˸줿Ȥ
ɽʸȯȤЪΥˤĤƤ spelling_pronunciation_gap ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ? ([2009-05-13-1]) ȡ#62. ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯Τ ([2009-06-28-2]) εȤ줿
Kytö, Merja. "Third-Person Present Singular Verb Inflection in Early British and American English." Language Variation and Change 5 (1993): 113--39.
Hodges, Richard. A Special Help to Orthographie; Or, the True Writing of English. London: Printed for Richard Cotes, 1643.
Hodges, Richard. The Plainest Directions for the True-Writing of English, That Ever was Hitherto Publisht. London: Printed by Wm. Du-gard, 1649.
Hodges, Richard. Most Plain Directions for True-Writing: In Particular for Such English Words as are Alike in Sound, and Unlike Both in Their Signification and Writing. London: Printed by W. D. for Rich. Hodges., 1653. (Reprinted in R. C. Alston, ed. English Linguistics 1500--1800. nr 118. Menston: Scholar Press, 1968; Microfiche ed. 1991)
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]) εκǸǡ<j> (= <i>) = /ʤ/ бطޤ줿طʤˤĤƿ줿ƥ줫ťեؤȯŸˡͭŸܶ [j] ͭ˻ [ʤ] ѲȤβѲȡ#1651. j g ([2013-11-03-1]) εƤ˴Ϣơ (138--39) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäҤäΤǡѤOED εҤۤƱơˡ
6ˡƥˤơҤ [j] ϤФȯ尵̤졤̤ [j] ΰ֤ꤵ˹뤳ȤˤäƤ d ȯ iūstus > d-iūstus, māior > mā-d-ior, [dj] Ф [ʤ] assibilate 줿 g θŤ첻Ǹ [ʤ] ѤäƤǡconsonantal i 'soft' g ϥޥǤƱβĤ褦ˤʤä
ꥢǤϡconsonantal i ȯŸ [ʤ] e, i ˤ g a, o, u ˤ gi- ˤäƽѤ뤳Ȥˤʤäơj ֤ϼΤƤ줿ά
եǤ i ʸȯŸäƤΤޤ¸졤ä consonantal i 'soft' g ͵ǤꡤκۤϸεˤǤ롥
L OF It. ModE iūstus iuste giusto just iūdic-cem iuge giudice judge Iēsus Iesu Gesù Jesus māior maire maggiore major gesta geste gesto gest (jest)
Norman Conquest 塤consonantal i Ϥθեβ [ʤ] äƱѸ͢줿եǤϤθ [ʤ] ϤǤä [ʒ] ñ㲽줿ѸϺ˻ޤǥեθˤƤθ¸Ƥ롥
äơե٥å <J> θƾ /ʤeɪ/ ˤĤơ (141) εҤѤƤ
J ϸŤ jy [ʤai] ȸƤФƺɤʤƱ²ʸ I [ai] Ȳƥե̾ ji ȸƱθƤ̾ϺǤ⥹åȥɤ¾ˤ̤Ǥ롥奤ꥹ̾17ja 뤤 jay [ʤei] ϡ a [ei] ɤʤ k 餦 (O. Jespersen, B. L. Ullman) ɥ̾ jot [jɔt] ϡ16 j i ʬ̾ yōd 줿
סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ
ε#1826. 첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1]) ǸڤѸˡˤĤƤ褯Τ줿§1Ĥˡ#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) 롥take, mete, side, rose, cube ʤ¿ <-VCe> ıñˤơ첻 V Ĺ첻뤤첻ɤޤ뤳ȤŪ˼ <e> ƤΤǤ롥ġ㳰ϤȤƤ⡤褽§ȾΤƺ٤ʤ
<-ve> ǽñ˴ؤơdove, glove, shove, ƻ -ive ĸ췲ʤɡ㳰¿ˤʤ롥⡤above, give, have, live (v.), love ʤɹٸ¿θǤϡ <ve> Ԥ첻û첻Ȥɤޤ롥gave, eve, drive, grove ʤɵ§ŪʤΤ¿ȤǧĤĤ⡤ΩԵ§ϤɤΤ褦
¤ϡ<-ve> ˤ magic <e> ε§ƤϤޤʤ¿Τϡ <e> ⤽ magic <e> ǤϤʤǤ롥 <e> ϡmagic <e> Ȥ̵ط̤ŪаޤˤȯŸƤΤطʤˤϡѸˤˤ /v/ βDz٤ä¡ڤ <v> ʸǤȤƤΩ٤ä¤ʤβǤʸǤȯŸξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1222. ե줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])#1230. over offer ϺǾФǤϤʤ ([2012-09-08-1]) Ȥ줿ˡꤷƤС<v> ñȤǸˤ뤳ȤǤ<e> ΥݡȤ <-ve> ȤƤˤ뤳ȤǤʤäơ <e> ϥݡȤ <e> ˤԤ첻̤ɸ뵡ǽôäƤ櫓ǤϤʤʲˡ2ŪͿ桤pp. 166--70 ⻲ȡˡ
(1) űѸǤϡ[v] ϤޤΩǤǤϤʤ /f/ ΰ۲ˤʤäŵŪˤ ofer (over) ʤ첻˶ޤ줿Ķ [v] 줿ľ첻ϼ岽뷹äȤ⤢ꡤѸˤƤ <e> ֤뤳Ȥ¿ʤäΤ褦ˤơ[v] β <ve> ֻ̩ܤ˴ϢŤ褦ˤʤä<e> ΤΤ̵ǤꡤޤǴǤ롥
(2) ҤΤ褦ˡѸȽѸ̤ơ<u> <v> ʸȤƤʬƤǤϤʤä첻ȤƤ <u>ҲȤƤ <v> ȤʬôΤˤǤƤʤäǤ⡤ؤϤä褦Ǥ롥㤨С̤ʬξǤСlove low ϤȤ <lou> Ȥֻ˹줷ƤޤǡȤꤢˡȤơҲ [v] Τˡ̵ <e> ź <-ue> Ȥ3Ĥ첻³ȤϾʤᡤ<loue> ֤С֤ <u> ϻҲɽ魯ϤȤˤʤ롥Ǥ <e> ΤΤ̵Ǥꡤľ <u> ҲǤ뤳ȤôäƤˤʤ䤬ơҲȤƤ <v> ̲ȡΰ֤ <u> Τޤ <v> ؤž줿<v> ҲȤƳΩΤǤ <e> ΥݡȤȤƤפȤʤ뤬 <e> ˤ긽ߤޤǻĤäƤ롥
ơ [v] <-ve> Ȥ֤뽬Ω<-v> ñΤǽϡAsimov, eruv, guv, lav, Slav ʤɡ¯졦ά졤ʤɤμѸ˸ꤵ졤ŪʱѸˡˤƤ⤤Ƥ롥
Noah Webster 䡤Cut Speling μ羧 Christopher Upward ʤɤϡgive <giv> Ȥ֤뤳ȤƤ϶ŪˤϹŪǡ嵭Τ褦Ūطʤܤ뤳ȤפǤ롥
סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ
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