hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ڡ / page 17 (22)

spelling - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2014-11-19 Wed

#2032. ƻ -ive [etymology][suffix][french][loan_word][spelling][pronunciation][verners_law][consonant][stress][gsr][adjective]

ե󥹸ؽγ顤ʼե󥹸Ǥ actif, effectif ʤɸ -if ĸŪ˷ƻˤ¿ꡤǤϸФΤȤ -if 򼨤Ǥ -ive 򼨤θե󥹸줫ѤѸǤ -ive §Ǥ롥ʤѸϥե󥹸줫餳θǼѤΤ
餤С -ive ϥե󥹸б -ive ľܤȿǤΤǤϤʤѸϼȤѸ˥ե󥹸줫餢ޤǸФˤ -if ηǼѤΤǤꡤ˱ѸǤβѲˤ̵ [f] [v] ͭȯ˹碌 -<ive> Ȥֻ̲ȤȤǤ롥
ѸǤϤΥե󥹼ѸФֻͥ -<if> Ǥ롥Ǥͭ -<ive> 褷ƾʤʤġñˤäξԤδ֤ǤɤۤʤȻפ뤬Ūˤ -<if> ήǤȹͤ롥ˡ#1178. MED Spelling Search ([2012-07-18-1]) ǡ"if\b.*adj\." "ive\b.*adj\." ʤɤȸФ측򤫤ƤߤȡȤƤ -<if> äƤ롥Ѹ٤ι⤤ effective, positive, active, extensive, attractive, relative, massive, negative, alternative, conservative Ĵ٤ƤߤȡMED Ǥ -<if> ФȤƺǽ˵󤬤äƤ롥
Ǥ˸ѸˤϤֻɽ蘆ȯ [ɪf] ˤơҲ [f] [v] ͭĤĤäˤ϶֤꤬Ϳ롥ޤե󥹸ǤΤ˶ƤꡤѸǤƱͤ˶äȤѸǤ϶֤촴ذư뷹ä (cf. #200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ ([2009-11-13-1])#718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1])#861. Ѹθ춯ΰ֤˴ؤ3ס ([2011-09-05-1])#1473. Germanic Stress Rule ([2013-05-09-1])) ˶ʤʤȡ [f] Verner's Law ʤΰ̲ˤ˽ͭ [v] Ȥʤäverners_law ȻҲͭˤĤƤϡäˡ#104. hundred ͥˡ§ ([2009-08-09-1]) ȡ#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
嵭βĶˤ [f] ޤ໤ͭΤϡ (378) ˤС14ȾNǤϤ᤯ˡפȤ롥褽Ʊˡ[s] > [z], [θ] > [ð] ͭⵯä (ex. is, was, has, washes; with)
˽Ҥ٤аޤǡե󥹼Ѹ -if ϸ˸¤ -ive ؤѲΤ㳰Ū -if ˤȤɤޤäΤ롥bailiff ʼ, caitiff ܶԡ, mastiff ʥޥա, plaintiff ʸˤʤɤϡŤ [f] [v] δ֤ɤ򼨤ƤǽŪ [f] βɸಽǤ롥
ʾJespersen (200--01) 󤷤Ƥ餪

The F ending -if was in ME -if, but is in Mod -ive: active, captive, etc. Caxton still has pensyf, etc. The sound-change was here aided by the F fem. in -ive and by the Latin form, but these could not prevail after a strong vowel: brief. The law-term plaintiff has kept /f/, while the ordinary adj. has become plaintive. The earlier forms in -ive of bailiff, caitif, and mastiff, have now disappeared.


Ƭμ˲СѸ -ive ľܥե󥹸Ρʤ뤤ϥƥͳ褹˽ -ive ڤꤿΤǤϤʤե󥹸줫Ѥ -if λҲѸβѲˤͭΤɽ魯αѸüԤե󥹸ν -ive ˤٸƤȤαƶʬϤ뤫⤷ʤޤǤδͿϴŪȤߤʤƤΤ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-05-22-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-11-18 Tue

#2031. follow, shadow, sorrow <ow> [spelling][pronunciation][phonetics][vowel][diphthong]

ɸθΤ褦˸Ѹ -<ow> ĸϡѸǤ -<we> ֤Τ̤Ǥ롥űѸǤϸФ folgian, sceadu, sorg Τ褦͡ѸˤƸ촴ȾҲ /w/ ȯã (cf. #194. shadow shade ([2009-11-07-1])) Ѹ -<we> ʹߤֻȯȯãˤĤƴؿäΤǡĴ٤Ƥߤ
ޤ Jespersen (192) ˤȡ -<we> ɽ蘆ȾҲ /w/ /u/ ؤ첻벻ѲФ /u/ ϤȤĹ /uː/ ȤʤꡤĹûδ֤ǤФ餯ɤ򼨤餯Ĺɽ魯Τ <ow> ֻѤ줿ΤǤϤʤȤǡ/o/ /oʊ/ İ۷⸽Ƥ褦ǡ<ow> ϤθԤľܤΤȤͤ롥Ʊˡ첻岽 /ə/ ⸽졤ѸɸŪȯȤƤϰѤƤ롥

. . . /wə/ became syllabic /w/, that is /u/, thus ME folwe, shadwe, sorwe, medwe, etc. became /folu, ʃadu/, etc. This pronunciation is often found in the old orthoepists; thus H 1569 has /felu/ and /feluˑ/ by the side of /felo/, /folu/ by the side of /folo/, and /halu/, for fellow, follow, hallow.
   M 1582 says that -ow in the ending of bellow, mellow, yallow is = "u quick". H 1662 likewise -ow = u: hollow hollu, tallow tallu, etc.; J 1701 has "oo" in follow. This pronunciation is continued in vg [ə]:[fɔlə, gæləs], and the spelling -ow adopted in all these words was probably at first intended for the sound /u/ or possibly /uˑ/. But we soon find another pronunciation cropping up; H 1569, besides /u/ as mentioned, has also /boro/ and /borou/ borrow. G 1621 does not seem to know /u/, but has /oˑu/ in follow, shadow, bellow, hollow. J 1764 says that -ow in follow, etc. = "o", but if another vowel follows, it is "ow". Now [o(ˑ)u] is the established pronunciation.


Dobson Vol. 2 (866--67) äƤߤȡ /w/ ˤ錄겻 (glide) Ȥ /o/ ȯãΤǤϤʤȤDobson Jespersen ʣѰۤꤷƤ褦ȾҲ /w/ Ϳ벻ˤϡ¿ variants ȯã뤫򼨤ǤϤʤ

     (2) Variation between late ME ou andfrom ME -we
   §295. In words such as folwe(n) 'follow' there were variant developments in ME: either a glide-vowel o developed before the w, which then vocalized to [u], giving the diphthong ou; or the w, after final had become silent in late ME, vocalized to [u], which was identified with ME . PresE has regularly [o(:)] < ME ou, but formerly [ʊ] (or, by reduction, [ə]) < ME was common in follow, narrow, sparrow, borrow, morrow, yellow, &c. ME ou (or sounds developed from it) is shown by Hart (who has boro, &c. with [o] < [o:] < ou and felō with [o:] < ou; in all six forms < ME ou, against more than twice as many < ME ), Laneham (folo, &c., but also ŭ), Bullokar, Robinson, Gil (who has both [ou] and [o:] < ME ou), Butler, Hodges, Newton, Lye, Lodwick, Cocker, Brown, and the shorthand-writers T. Shelton, Everardt, Bridges, Heath, and Hopkins. The pronunciations [ʊ] and [u:] (by lengthening of [ʊ]) < ME are shown by Salesbury, Hart (commonly), Laneham (yelloo 'yellow'), Mulcaster, Jonson (apparently; he says o loses its sound in willow and billow), Howell (1662), Price, Richardson, and WSC-RS. Gil gives fula, in which the a must represent [ə] (probably < ME ) as a Northern form of follow. In the seventeenth century these words also had pronunciations with [ə] and perhaps with [ɪ] . . ., which are likely to be derived from the ME rather than the ME ou variant.


Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-09-25-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-11-05 Wed

#2018. <nacio(u)n> <nation> ֻѲ [spelling][latin][etymological_respelling][corpus][hc][eebo]

ḽѸ <nation> ֤ϡѸǤϼȤ <nacio(u)n> ֤Ƥ<nacio(u)> <nation> ѲϡŪˤϤʤġɤΤ褦ΤǤ첻 <ou> <o> ѲȡҲ <c> <t> Ѳʬƹͤɬפ롥
ޤ첻ѲˤĤƹͤ褦 (331) ˤȡ¯ƥˤ /o/ + ɡǽIJϡб Norman French η֤Ǥɡ첻û첻 /ʊ/ 뤤Ĺ첻 /uː/ 򼨤βĸ줬ѸؼѤȡround, troumpe, count, nombre, countrefeten, countour, cuntree, counseil, commissioun, condicioun, nacioun, resoun, sesoun, religioun ʤɤ֤줿-<sioun> -<tioun> ȯϡб븽 -<sion> -<tion> ȯ /ʃ(ə)n/ ȤϰۤʤꡤޤƱ岽⤷Ƥ餺ʲ /siuːn/ ݤäƤȹͤ롥Ѹ줫ѸˤƤβ˶ʤʤäƤȡƱ岽Ϥޤꡤߤ /ʃ(ə)n/ ˶ŤƤäβĹ첻򼨺ֻ -<ioun> Ϥդ路ʤȴ졤1ʸȤ -<ion> ȤΤ̲롥
<ou> <o> Ѳñȯֻפ٤ΤǤȤɤϸڤ;Ϥ롥ˤ¿ʤȤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) κѤäΤǤϤʤȤΤϡME nacioun nation ѲȤѲΤ첻ǤϤʤԤҲ <c> <t> ؤѲȤäǤ롥Upward and Davidson (97) ˤȡ

The letter C with the value /s/ before E and I in OFr had two main sources. One was Lat C: Lat certanus > certain. The other was Lat T, which before unstressed E, I acquired the same value, /ts/, as C had in LLat. Medieval Lat commonly alternated T and C in such cases: nacionem or nationem, whence the widespread use of forms such as nacion in OFr and ME. The C adopted in LLat, OFr and ME for classical Lat T has sometimes survived into ModE: Lat spatium > space; platea > place. Elsewhere, a later preference for classical Lat etymology has led to the restoration of T in place of C, as in the -TION endings: ModE nation.


Ĥޤꡤ<nacio(u)n> <nation> ˤ첻ѲҲѲ⡤ŵƥֻ˰פ٤ΤǤϤʤ
ֻѲġɤΤ褦ˤĤơ˥ѥѤĴƤߤޤ Helsinki Corpus äơη̤ʰʲθǤϡʣΤĤֻʤɤ˽äƤˡϾʤΤΡ16ѲλäȤ롥


<nacion> (<nacioon>)<nation>
M2 (1250--1350) 0 (1)0
M3 (1350--1420)7 (1)0
M4 (1420--1500)2 (0)0
E1 (1500--1569)2 (0)2
E2 (1570--1639)0 (0)13
E3 (1640--1710)0 (0)14


Ʊ͡Ѹ (1418--1680) 45줫ʤʥѥΥץ CEECS (The Corpus of Early English Correspondence Ǥ⸡Ƥߤ绨Ĥǯʬǻʬ¤ꡤΤʷ̤β񤷤


<nacion><nation>
CEECS1 (1418--1638)212
CEECS2 (1580--1680)127


ͭѤʷ̤뤳ȤǤΤϡEEBO (Early English Books Online) ΥƥȤѤƸĿŪ˺äƤʥǡ١θˤäƤǤ롥ȾȤ˶ʬƥ֥ѥεϤϤ줾ۤʤΤǡ̻ŪʿͤñӤϤǤʤ줾λˤֻŪʬۤϰ


<nacion><nacioun><nation><natioun>
1451--1500 (123,537 words)4000
1501--1550 (1,825,565 words)900820
1551--1600 (6,648,588 words)64094713
1601--1650 (21,296,378 words)1806,4510
1651--1700 (38,545,254 words)11022,3501
1701--1750 (33,741 words)00120


첻ˤĤƤϡѸޤǤˤǤ <-ioun> ϤۤѤƤ褦Ǥ롥ơҲˤĤƤϡ16˰쵤 <t> <c> ֤ƤäͻҤ狼롥ʤȤ⤳λҲѲΥߥ󥰤ˤĤƤϡ̤˸츻ŪֻκȤ16˰פƤ뤳ȤϻŦƤƤ褤첻ѲˤĤƤϡ츻Ūֻˤӽ櫓ǤϤʤŪᤫäȤ顤ҤΤȤȯֻפ褦ȤưŤ˴ŤƤǽ⤤ΤǤϤʤ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-11-26-1] [2014-12-06-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-11-03 Mon

#2016. ŪֻȻŪֻ [spelling][standardisation][orthography][johnson][printing][writing]

񤭸դˤϡformality Υ٥뤬¸ߤ롥ܸ񤯤Ȥˤ⡤줬ǽŪ˸ŪʰʪդͽǤС㤨д˴ְ㤤Τʤ褦ĤʤɡʤդʧΤ̤Ǥ롥Żҥ᡼ʸϤʤɤǤϡʪϳʼ٤뤳Ȥ¿ӥͥʤŪŪʤζʸϤǤäƤæʤɤϷ褷ƾʤʤŪʥ᡼ʸϤǤСʤæʤɤΩĤȤϡïиƤȤǤ롥ˡʬɤळȤΤʤ˺ϿʤɤǤϡʸˡƤꡤŬ˻Ȥäꤹ롥⤷ͤ˸졤äƤȻŦ줿ȤƤ⡤䤿ϤϸǤϤʤάʽˤʤȿʤ񤭸դˤϡˡδȤ̤μȤơformality δγʼάȤ롥ϸѸǤƱǤ롥
Ѹˤֻɸಽȸ경塹ȿʹԤƤ17--18ˤ⡤ƱäֻˤϡȤ̤μȤ formality μ¸ߤƤAddison, Dryden, Swift, Johnson ʤʸͤϡ1ĤθꤷֻDZѸ񤯤ȤĥˡεϤΩ褦ȤϤޤǸŪʸϤ񤯾˸ꤵƤȤΤϡ修ʤɤǤϡɤ줿ֻˤѤƤǤ롥Swift ¾ͤμˤֻˤϸäˤ⤫餺 jail/gaol, hear/here/heer, college/colledge ʤɤɤƤJohnson ϼ񤤤Ǥֻθ경ˤäŪʽʪǤ complete/compleet, pamphlet/pamflet, dos/do's/does Ѱۤ򼨤Johnson Ǥ顤修ˤƤä˸ˡɬפ򴶤ƤʤäΤǤ롥Horobin (157) ϡ17--18ˤ뤳ξˤĤơʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Rather being a marker of literacy or education, non-standard spellings in private letters seem to have been considered a marker of relative formality. These private spellings do not appear in printed works, which follow the accepted standard spelling conventions.


ξϡ¿쾯ʤ19ʹߡߤޤ³ƤȤäƤǤϤʤ񤭸դˤĤƤϡˡ formality ꡤ뤤ϸȤƱƤϤʤʤȤȤ
ȤȤǤСԥ塼ǤΤ񤯤Ȥ¿ʤäƤ򺣡Ūʥ񤤤ƤȤǤ顤ȾмưŪ˥ڥåѴʸʤɤΥåǽư褦ˤʤäƤĤƤϿǡȼԤäƤŪʥåǽߡԥ塼ˤäƻŪʽʪΰˤ⿯ƤƤȤˡл뤹뵬ϼŪΩοͤˤȤäƤϡΤ褦ʼưåǽ¸ߤ˾ޤפΤ⤷ʤˡθȤ⤤뤫 Swift Johnson Ǥ顤ΤεϤβĤˤפΤǤϤʤפȤɬפˤʤΤϸŪʸ̮ˤƤǤꡤŪʸ̮ǤפⶵΤ©줷롥ȾưǺư륹ڥåѴظ˹Ƥ뼭񤬰βʤΤϤΤȾХ֥åܥåȤʤäƤǡˡפפƤȤȤϡͤƤߤ©줷Ф꤫鴶롥Swift Johnson θζ̤ϡƳQŪ򤤤äƤΤ⤷ʤ
񤭸դؤοβȤˤĤƤϡ#1844. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä (2) ([2014-05-15-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-10-20 Mon

#2002. Richard Hodges ֻפʤֻ [spelling_reform][spelling][orthography][alphabet][emode][final_e][silent_letter][mulcaster][diacritical_mark]

#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) #1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ16ˤֻ͡װƤФơֻθ경ϳ趷褷Mulcaster ɽȤϩǽŪ˼褦ˤʤȡ1617ˤơֻפǮƤä͡ϡ褷ƤۤӤξʤʤŪֻηϤȾζϤǼ뤳Ȥӡष򤤤˸Ψ褯餷ƤȤºŪؤȴؿܤƤäΤǤ롥Τ褦ʶԤΤʤˡEdmund Coote (fl. 1597; see Edmund Coote's English School-maister (1596)) Richard Hodges (fl. 1643--49) Ȥ֤줬ä
Hodges ˤĤƤϡ#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡֻˤؤδͿΤۤˤ⡤ȯ˴ؤ뵮Ťʻ󶡤ƤƤȤӤ롥㤨 Hodges ΥꥹȤˤϡcox, cocks, cocketh; clause, claweth, claws; Mr Knox, he knocketh, many knocks ʤɤȤꡤ-eth -s ƱͤȯƤȤ (Horobin 129) ޤ͡ȯʹ (diacritical mark) ֻղäȤˤꡤHodges ϻ¾ȯɽ򼨤Ƥ줿ΤǤ롥㤨Сgäte, grëat Τ褦첻˥饦ȵդȤˤĹ첻ɽ魯䡤garde, knôwn Τ褦ۻǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ƴ (The English Primrose (1644)) Τ褦ˡHodges Τ줿ؼԤȤäƤ褯Shakespeare λȯ1λ󶡤Ƥ줿
Hodges ϡʤȯΤ餷뤳ȤǤϤʤäϡޤֻˤäηϤȤƤɬŪȤϤʤŪֻҶ˸Ū˶餹뤿ˡζϤȤơҤΤ褦ȯղäƤΤǤ롥̣ΤϡƤȤϡ1ɽֻ׼ William Bullokar (fl. 1586) ƤΤȤۤƱݤäȤǤ롥Bullokar 쥢ե٥åȤ˿εղä뤳ȤˤꡤɽܻؤΤäHodges ƤΤۤʰפǰӤƤꡤŪֻפǤϤʤֻˤäǡʤߤäϤǤֻפֻؤȰܤѤäƤꡤ˼褿٤ֻ§ ("Spelling Regularizers") νиͽʳؤȿʤǤΤǤ롥
λΰܤѤˤĤơ (96) ϡBullokar ƱפäŪΤˤʤƤȤˡĤޤ17դֻ꤬Ρ֥ӿפ˻ϤˤʤäƤˡĬѲǧᤶ򤨤ʤפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Hodges ȯӿˤʤ館ΤǤ롥ӤʸΰǤϤʤŪθޤǤ롥äơȤƤϤۤƱΤǤäȤƤ⡤ʸΰԲķǤȤ Bullokar Ƥϡ褷ƥӤȤϸƤ٤ʤӿȤˤꡤBullokar η Hodges ν餫ŪǤ褦ʵƤ롥

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1] [2015-12-17-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-10-12 Sun

#1994. John Hart ˤ츻ŪֻؤȽ [etymological_respelling][spelling][emode][hart][spelling_reform]

Ѹθ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ˤĤơܥ֥ǤȵƤΤʤ1ġ#1942. 츻Ūֻνᤰäơ ([2014-08-21-1]) ǡ츻ŪֻȽŪäҤ1ͤȤ John Hart (c. 1501--74) ̾󤲤Hart ɽֻ׼Ԥ1ͤ An Orthographie (1569) ǤȤΤ뤬ޤ˵޿ŪʲװƤΤ˼줺ֻ˱ƶڤܤȤϤۤȤɤʤäºݡHart ϸ츻Ūֻ˴ؤƤȽäΤΡǽŪˤϤȽ϶Mulcaster ʤβɤ˼ƳϤȤˤʤä
Hart θ츻ŪֻФȽϡαѸֻŪλŦΤʤ˸롥Hart ϡѸֻ "the divers vices and corruptions which use (or better abuse) mainteneth in our writing" ȤƤȤȤ diminution, superfluite, usurpation of power, misplacing 4󤲤Ƥ롥diminution Ϥ٤Ȥʸ礱Ƥ뤳ȤؤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥꡤޤη٤ȤǤ롥Ĥ3ĤϼºŪʤΤǡޤ superfluite Ϥ٤ǤϤʤȤʸȤǤ롥<doubt> <b> ŵǤꡤ츻ŪֻϡHart ˸碌 superfluite 1ȤȤˤʤ롥usurpation ϡ<g> /g/ ˤ /ʤ/ ˤб褦ˡ1ĤʸʣβƤƤꡥǸ misplacing ϡ㤨 /feɪbəl/ бֻȤƤ *<fabel> Ȥʤ٤Ȥ <fable> ǤȤʸؤ
嵭Τ褦ˡ츻ŪֻؤäƤΤϡ٤ǤʤȤʸƤ superfluite ˤƤǤ롥Hart (121--22) θʸꡤϢսѤ褦

Then secondli a writing is corrupted, when yt hath more letters than the pronunciation neadeth of voices: for by souch a disordre a writing can not be but fals: and cause that voice to be pronunced in reading therof, which is not in the word in commune speaking. This abuse is great, partly without profit or necessite, and but oneli to fill up the paper, or make the word thorow furnysshed with letters, to satisfie our fantasies . . . . As breifli for example of our superfluite, first for derivations, as the b in doubt, the g in eight, h in authorite, l in souldiours, o in people, p in condempned, s in baptisme, and divers lyke.


Hart superfluite Ȥ eight people ʤɤ󤲤Ƥ뤬̾盧ϱѸˤˤƽѸŵŪʤ츻ŪֻȤƸڤΤǤϤʤäơָ츻Ūֻ superfluite פȤط򤷤ƤΤŬڤ

Hart, John. MS British Museum Royal 17. C. VII. The Opening of the Unreasonable Writing of Our Inglish Toung. 1551. In John Hart's Works on English Orthography and Pronunciation [1551, 1569, 1570]: Part I. Ed. Bror Danielsson. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1955. 109--64.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-12-07-1] [2014-10-13-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-10-01 Wed

#1983. -ick or -ic (3) [suffix][corpus][spelling][emode][eebo][johnson]

ε#1982. -ick or -ic (2) ([2014-09-30-1]) ˰³ѸǤ -ic(k) ΰ֤ʬۡʿܡˤĴ롥Ѥ륳ѥϻΤΤΤǤϤʤĿŪ EEBO (Early English Books Online) ɤѤƥȽǤ롥ޤѥƤ餺ɽѹդݤƤʤñʤƥȤνȤΤʤΤǡĴ̤ϲΤΤȤƲᤷƤʬ1617绨Ĥʬ줾쥳ѥ923,115졤9,637,954Ǥʥѥ10ܰʾγԶѹդʼ֤աˡʲǤϡ100 (wpm) ǼƤ롥

Spelling pairPeriod 1 (1501--1600) (in wpm)Period 2 (1601--1700) (in wpm)
angelick / angelic0.00 / 0.001.45 / 0.21
antick / antic0.00 / 0.002.49 / 0.10
apoplectick / apoplectic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.00
aquatick / aquatic0.00 / 0.000.10 / 0.00
arabick / arabic0.00 / 0.000.52 / 0.10
archbishoprick / archbishopric0.00 / 0.000.10 / 0.00
arctick / arctic0.00 / 0.000.42 / 0.00
arithmetick / arithmetic0.00 / 0.003.22 / 0.31
aromatick / aromatic0.00 / 0.000.83 / 0.10
asiatick / asiatic0.00 / 0.000.31 / 0.00
attick / attic0.00 / 0.000.31 / 0.21
authentick / authentic0.00 / 0.003.94 / 0.42
balsamick / balsamic0.00 / 0.000.73 / 0.10
baltick / baltic0.00 / 0.000.93 / 0.00
bishoprick / bishopric1.08 / 0.004.25 / 0.00
bombastick / bombastic0.00 / 0.000.10 / 0.00
catholick / catholic5.42 / 0.0038.39 / 1.97
caustick / caustic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.00
characteristick / characteristic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.10
cholick / cholic0.00 / 0.000.93 / 0.00
comick / comic1.08 / 0.001.45 / 0.10
critick / critic0.00 / 0.001.76 / 1.87
despotick / despotic0.00 / 0.000.62 / 0.21
domestick / domestic0.00 / 0.008.09 / 0.21
dominick / dominic1.08 / 0.000.62 / 0.42
dramatick / dramatic0.00 / 0.000.83 / 0.10
emetick / emetic0.00 / 0.000.31 / 0.00
epick / epic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.10
ethick / ethic0.00 / 0.000.00 / 0.10
exotick / exotic0.00 / 0.000.73 / 0.10
fabrick / fabric0.00 / 0.008.72 / 0.31
fantastick / fantastic1.08 / 0.003.42 / 0.10
frantick / frantic1.08 / 0.003.94 / 0.00
frolick / frolic1.08 / 0.003.32 / 0.00
gallick / gallic0.00 / 0.003.32 / 0.52
garlick / garlic0.00 / 0.002.28 / 0.00
heretick / heretic2.17 / 0.006.02 / 0.00
heroick / heroic0.00 / 0.0016.91 / 1.35
hieroglyphick / hieroglyphic0.00 / 0.000.31 / 0.00
lethargick / lethargic0.00 / 0.000.52 / 0.10
logick / logic0.00 / 0.007.06 / 1.04
lunatick / lunatic0.00 / 0.001.66 / 0.00
lyrick / lyric0.00 / 0.000.42 / 0.10
magick / magic2.17 / 0.003.32 / 0.10
majestick / majestic0.00 / 0.004.88 / 0.42
mechanick / mechanic0.00 / 0.004.15 / 0.00
metallick / metallic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.00
metaphysick / metaphysic0.00 / 0.000.10 / 0.21
mimick / mimic0.00 / 0.000.42 / 0.00
musick / music7.58 / 627.2240.98 / 251.40
mystick / mystic0.00 / 0.001.45 / 0.10
panegyrick / panegyric0.00 / 0.004.46 / 0.10
panick / panic0.00 / 0.001.35 / 0.10
paralytick / paralytic0.00 / 0.000.10 / 0.00
pedantick / pedantic0.00 / 0.000.93 / 0.00
philosophick / philosophic0.00 / 0.000.00 / 0.21
physick / physic1.08 / 0.0027.39 / 1.56
plastick / plastic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.00
platonick / platonic0.00 / 0.000.93 / 0.00
politick / politic0.00 / 0.0015.98 / 1.14
prognostick / prognostic0.00 / 0.000.52 / 0.00
publick / public5.42 / 3.25237.39 / 5.71
relick / relic0.00 / 0.000.52 / 0.00
republick / republic0.00 / 0.003.01 / 0.31
rhetorick / rhetoric0.00 / 0.005.71 / 0.21
rheumatick / rheumatic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.00
romantick / romantic0.00 / 0.000.83 / 0.00
rustick / rustic0.00 / 0.001.66 / 0.00
sceptick / sceptic0.00 / 0.000.10 / 0.10
scholastick / scholastic0.00 / 0.000.31 / 0.42
stoick / stoic0.00 / 0.000.93 / 0.00
sympathetick / sympathetic0.00 / 0.000.21 / 0.00
topick / topic0.00 / 0.001.45 / 0.00
traffick / traffic3.25 / 0.008.61 / 0.42
tragick / tragic3.25 / 0.002.91 / 0.00
tropick / tropic0.00 / 0.001.04 / 0.00


ΤȤįȡѸǤ -ick Τۤ -ic ͥǤ롥-ic 㳰ŪͥʤΤϡ16 music ȡ17 critic, scholastic 餤Ǥ롥η̤ȹ碌ƿ¬ȡ1700ǯʹߡ餯18Ⱦδ֤ˡ-ick -ic ؤηεžŪ®˿ʹԤƤΤǤϤʤġθˤƵžΥԡɤ¿ۤʤ褦ŪʷϤĤळȤǤ18ȾФ -ick Johnson ϡϤݼŪä褦

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-09-30 Tue

#1982. -ick or -ic (2) [suffix][johnson][webster][corpus][spelling][clmet][lmode]

#872. -ick or -ic ([2011-09-16-1]) εǡ<public> <publick> ֻʬ̻ۤŪѲˤĤơGoogle Books Ngram Viewer Google Books: American English ѤƴʰĴ-ic -ick ˾ѰۤˤĤƤϡJohnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ǤԤޤƤWebster The American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) ǤϸԤؤɤڤäƤȰҤ٤ΰϾɬפΤ褦
#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 CLMET3.0 ѤơѸμ礿 -ic(k) ֻĴƤߤ1710--1920ǯδ֤3ʬơ줾ֻ٤Ȥä̤ʲ˷Ǥ褦

Spelling pairPeriod 1 (1710--1780)Period 2 (1780--1850)Period 3 (1850--1920)
angelick / angelic6 / 500 / 680 / 50
antick / antic4 / 101 / 60 / 3
apoplectick / apoplectic0 / 101 / 190 / 14
aquatick / aquatic1 / 20 / 350 / 56
arabick / arabic2 / 1010 / 450 / 115
archbishoprick / archbishopric4 / 72 / 20 / 8
arctick / arctic1 / 50 / 200 / 93
arithmetick / arithmetic9 / 320 / 770 / 98
aromatick / aromatic4 / 140 / 290 / 36
asiatick / asiatic1 / 1010 / 480 / 76
attick / attic1 / 320 / 340 / 71
authentick / authentic4 / 1600 / 790 / 68
balsamick / balsamic1 / 10 / 50 / 1
baltick / baltic4 / 500 / 330 / 43
bishoprick / bishopric3 / 282 / 90 / 19
bombastick / bombastic1 / 20 / 30 / 4
cathartick / cathartic0 / 11 / 00 / 0
catholick / catholic7 / 2910 / 3420 / 296
caustick / caustic1 / 20 / 110 / 20
characteristick / characteristic8 / 920 / 3540 / 687
cholick / cholic1 / 130 / 20 / 1
comick / comic1 / 680 / 670 / 165
coptick / coptic1 / 110 / 30 / 35
critick / critic12 / 1530 / 1680 / 155
despotick / despotic9 / 660 / 510 / 65
dialectick / dialectic1 / 00 / 00 / 6
didactick / didactic0 / 101 / 200 / 23
domestick / domestic46 / 7330 / 7360 / 488
dominick / dominic4 / 110 / 141 / 3
dramatick / dramatic8 / 2140 / 2060 / 216
elliptick / elliptic1 / 10 / 80 / 2
emetick / emetic4 / 50 / 70 / 5
epick / epic1 / 680 / 831 / 38
ethick / ethic1 / 60 / 00 / 3
exotick / exotic2 / 70 / 200 / 38
fabrick / fabric15 / 1161 / 840 / 111
fantastick / fantastic9 / 450 / 1570 / 198
frantick / frantic5 / 882 / 1630 / 124
frolick / frolic19 / 440 / 460 / 32
gaelick / gaelic1 / 10 / 300 / 64
gallick / gallic1 / 750 / 110 / 10
gothick / gothic2 / 4980 / 1310 / 66
heretick / heretic2 / 310 / 370 / 24
heroick / heroic17 / 2012 / 2240 / 211
hieroglyphick / hieroglyphic2 / 40 / 70 / 8
hysterick / hysteric1 / 90 / 100 / 6
laconick / laconic2 / 130 / 140 / 7
lethargick / lethargic1 / 120 / 80 / 14
logick / logic4 / 620 / 3610 / 367
lunatick / lunatic2 / 320 / 340 / 77
lyrick / lyric3 / 150 / 260 / 37
magick / magic9 / 1100 / 2960 / 292
majestick / majestic4 / 730 / 1491 / 115
mechanick / mechanic6 / 790 / 470 / 58
metallick / metallic1 / 90 / 790 / 137
metaphysick / metaphysic1 / 20 / 110 / 9
mimick / mimic2 / 251 / 460 / 23
musick / music87 / 5493 / 12203 / 1684
mystick / mystic1 / 390 / 920 / 167
obstetrick / obstetric1 / 20 / 10 / 0
panegyrick / panegyric19 / 1210 / 430 / 16
panick / panic14 / 581 / 900 / 314
paralytick / paralytic1 / 150 / 410 / 14
pedantick / pedantic3 / 310 / 280 / 29
philippick / philippic2 / 20 / 30 / 2
philosophick / philosophic1 / 1400 / 800 / 155
physick / physic35 / 1574 / 513 / 38
plastick / plastic1 / 40 / 190 / 32
platonick / platonic5 / 480 / 300 / 22
politick / politic8 / 402 / 370 / 51
prognostick / prognostic2 / 180 / 50 / 1
publick / public767 / 33501 / 31712 / 2606
relick / relic1 / 264 / 560 / 65
republick / republic12 / 5150 / 1850 / 171
rhetorick / rhetoric26 / 1092 / 400 / 65
rheumatick / rheumatic1 / 70 / 330 / 30
romantick / romantic32 / 1910 / 3460 / 322
rustick / rustic3 / 1020 / 1570 / 80
sarcastick / sarcastic1 / 370 / 660 / 60
sceptick / sceptic3 / 260 / 190 / 26
scholastick / scholastic2 / 240 / 420 / 46
sciatick / sciatic1 / 10 / 10 / 3
scientifick / scientific2 / 160 / 4510 / 814
stoick / stoic5 / 341 / 150 / 26
sympathetick / sympathetic3 / 260 / 700 / 248
systematick / systematic1 / 130 / 640 / 104
topick / topic12 / 1280 / 1770 / 176
traffick / traffic80 / 671 / 1640 / 203
tragick / tragic4 / 650 / 650 / 209
tropick / tropic12 / 370 / 70 / 23


2ʹ (1780--1920) ϡ٤Ƥθˤƻ¾ -ic ΤߤȤʤäȤߤƤ褤18Ⱦޤ1 (1710--1780) ˤĤƤϡݼŪ -ick 롥ˤäƤ <critick>, <frolick>, <heroick>, <musick>, <panegyrick>, <panick>, <physick>, <publick>, <rhetorick>, <romantick>, <tropick> ʤ ٤򼨤Τ⤢뤷<traffick> ǤϤष -ic ͥʤʤ޸ȤƤ -ic(k) ǤϤʤgarlick/garlic ϡ1 17 / 7, 2 1 / 8, 3 0 / 11 ǽ -ick ͥä⤦1ĤǤˡΤȤ -ick ϻˤǤ18 -ic ƤȤ狼롥Ĥޤꡤ18ȾФ Johnson μǤϡǤ˱ƤʤäƤݼŪ -ic ȾаռŪ˺Ѥ줿Ȥ᤬ΩWebster λǤϤʤJohnson λˤǤ -ic ϻ¾λ̱Ƥȹͤ롥
CLMET 줿ѸοˤŬڤ˰֤ŤƲ᤹뤿ˤϡԤѸˤֻʬۡѲˤⲡƤɬפˤĤƤεǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-10-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-08-21 Thu

#1942. 츻Ūֻνᤰä [etymological_respelling][spelling][french][latin][hart]

ε#1941. macaronic code-switching ȤƤθ츻Ūֻ ([2014-08-20-1]) ˰³etymological_respelling ꡥѸˤǤϸ츻Ūֻϼ16--17ȤǧƤcf. #1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1])ˡᤤ14--15ǧƤ뤷#653. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])#1790. ե󥹤Ǥ16ĺޤ츻ֻ֤ ([2014-03-22-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ٥ե󥹤Ǥ褯ݤ13ȾƤºݤ˥ե󥹤Ǥ츻Ūֻ16˥ԡޤΤǡθݤˤĤơʩϤ褽Ĵ碌ƤȤˤʤ롥
ե󥹸¦Ǥθ츻ŪֻˤĤƾܤĴƤʤMiller (211) 14꤫ȤƤ롥

Around the end of C14, French orthography began to be influenced by etymology. For instance, doute 'doubt' was written doubte. Around the same time, such etymologically adaptive spellings are found in English . . . ., especially by C16. ME doute [?a1200] was altered to doubt by confrontation with L dubitō and/or contemporaneous F doubte, and the spelling remained despite protests by orthoepists including John Hart (1551) that the word contains an unnecessary letter . . . .


ե󥹸Ǥϰ <doubte> ³17ˤϺƤ <b> æǤ doute äƤ롥
ǤϡѸ¦ǤϤɤdoubt ؤ <b> Ĵ٤ƤߤȡMED ʸˤС15¿㤬󤬤ۤ14 Gower ⻶롥
ƱͤˡOED Ǥ <doubt> ȰʸƤߤȡ15㤬ʤ餺ۤ14ˤ1300ǯ Cursor Mundi ⻶줿رѸ츻ŵ٤Ǥϡdoubt ˤ <b> αѸǤ15ȤʤäƤ뤬ºݤˤϤä᤯㤬äȤˤʤ롥

a1300 Cursor M. (Edinb.) 22604 Saint peter sal be domb þat dai,.. For doubt of demsteris wrek [Cott. wreke].
1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 230 First ben enformed for to lere A craft, which cleped is facrere. For if facrere come about, Than afterward hem stant no doubt.
1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) xvi. xlvii. 569 No man shal wene that it is doubt or fals that god hath sette vertue in precyous stones.


˽Ѹ쥳ѥ LAEME <b> ޤֻϸĤʤä

߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Miller, D. Gary. External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance. Oxford: OUP, 2012.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-08-19 Tue

#1940. 16ֻԤη [spelling][orthography][emode][spelling_reform][mulcaster][alphabet][grammatology][hart]

ε#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) ǡֻ̾Ԥ̾󤲤礭ɽε޿ɤβɤʬ롥16ȾФ鼡ؤϢʤ뤽η (64) ˤäƼ

Genealogy of C16 Spelling Reformers

εǽФƤƤʤ̾⤢롥Cheke Smith ϵȴطäȤ顤طԤǤ Waad Laneham ˤɽؤδؿܤä褦ǡ Cheke οֻˡ¹ԤHart Bullokar Waad ˱ƶͿϩȤƤϡMulcaster Edmund Coote (fl. 1597; see Edmund Coote's English School-maister (1596)) 16˱ƶϤ17ˤ Francis Bacon (1561--1626) Ben Jonson (c. 1573--1637) Фơ18 Dr. Johnson (1709--84) ޤϢʤäơϩϡɤΤȤˤޤǻɤƤΤǤ롥
̤ȤƤߤСʤɽ̤ɽʸɸ֤ ޥ󡦥ե٥å (Roman alphabet) ѤѸˤˤơʤɽषȤȤϡʸδϽפʰ̣Ĥ褦˻פ롥ʸˤȤäƺǤפŪȤϡɽ졤뤤ϸȤ鷺Ȥⲿ餫θñ̤ɽ魯ȤǤꡤե٥åȤŵŪäƤɽǽϤŪã뤿μʤˤʤΤǤϤʤɽǽ켫ΤͭѤǤꡤΤƵɬפϤʤɽȤǽŪΤɬפȤ¿ϵˤǤۤɤεǽʤΤǤϤʤ
Τ褦˹ͻǡ#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1]) εƶ̣

졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-08-18 Mon

#1939. 16ˡᤰ [punctuation][alphabet][standardisation][spelling][orthography][emode][spelling_reform][mulcaster][spelling_pronunciation_gap][final_e][hart]

16ˤˡ (orthography) ꡤMulcaster Ȥ "right writing" ꤬줿cf. #1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])ˡѸֻϡˤƱͤˤǤ˺𤷤ƤޤƤβѲˤȯֻЪΥꡤޤޤɽŪǤʤʤäĿͥ٥ǤϤֻηϤռƤĿͤĶ٥ǤϤޤ경ƤʤäĤϥƥˡäδ줿ãˤϡ⤦1ۤɤλ֤ߤɬפäʲȤ Baugh and Cable (208--14) εҤ˰͵򤷡16ˡᤰ⤹롥
Ŀͥ٥ǤϰӤֻηϤܻؤ줿ȽҤ٤ΤʤˤϻŪˤȤɤޤΤ⤢СǤƸˤΤ⤢äŪȤƤϡŵؼԤǤä John Cheke (1514--57) ϡĹ첻첻2Ĥ֤뽬 (ex. taak, haat, maad, mijn, thijn) <e> 뽬 (ex. giv, belev) <y> <i> Ѥ뽬 (ex. mighti, dai) ޤRichard Stanyhurst Virgil (1582) ˺ݤơĹΤɽ魯ֻηϤФ㤨 thee, too, mee, neere, coonning, woorde, yeet ʤɤ֤ä
Ūˤ줿Τϡ1558ǯ˽Ǥ줿ƿ̾ An A. B. C. for Children Ǥ롥Ǥ첻Ĺ򼨤 <e> (ex. made, ride, hope) ʤɤƤ뤬ۤοǤΤߤԽʬʰäŪʻߤȤƺǽ˵󤲤Τϡŵؼ Thomas Smith (1513--77) ˤ1568ǯ Dialogue concerning the Correct and Emended Writing of the English Language Smith ϥե٥åȤ34ʸ䤷Ĺ첻դʤɤϥƥǽ񤫤줿ᡤڤ뤳ȤϤʤä
ǯ1569ǯ³1570ǯJohn Hart (c. 1501--74) An Orthographie A Method or Comfortable Beginning for All Unlearned, Whereby They May Bee Taught to Read English ǤHart ϡ<ch>, <sh>, <th> ʤɤŻ ((digraph)) Фüʸ򤢤ƤʤɤSmith λߤƱ͡޿ŪˤˡޤȤ˼뤳ȤϤʤä
1580ǯWilliam Bullokar (fl. 1586) Booke at large, for the Amendment of Orthographie for English Speech ˽ФSmith Hart οʸƳԤ˽äȤȿ̶դȤΥե٥åȤΤߤֻפܻؤ˥ȵ桤ݥȥեʤɤˤߤʤʸղäᡤ̤Ȥ Smith Hart Ʊʾɤߤˤ٤ˡǤäƤޤä
Smith, Hart, Bullokar ϩϡ17ˤ³1634ǯCharles Butler (c. 1560--1647) The English Grammar, or The Institution of Letters, Syllables, and Woords in the English Tung Ǥ <e> ˵դΥݥȥեѤꡤ<th> <t> դˤʸȤäꤷʾ塤Smith Butler ޤǤε޿ŪɽֻפϤ⼺Ԥ˽ä
嵭ε޿ɤФơݼɡɡ뤤Ť󤸡ֻ경δ򸫤ĤФȤ븽¨ɤȤǤƤ֤٤ϩͼԤϡRichard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ǤʤαѸ˾ν׿ʪˤĤƤϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) mulcaster γƵǰäƤˡֻФϡֻȯΤˤɽ路ʤפäܼŪʲˡϤʤΤ顤δŪֻˤƤ⤦褤ΤˤǽŪʵϤϿ͡뤳ȤȤ٤Ǥ롥 The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) ˤơĤƤФƤ롥<fetch> <scratch> <t> ¸ٻ<glasse> <confesse> θ <e> ¸ٻ <e> ˤĤƤϡ#1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1]) Ǥߤ褦ʵ§Ƥ
#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡMulcaster Ƥɬɸಽ줿ֻȿǤƤ餺ȾʾȿǤƤˡʬŪɾܸꤹ뤫⤷ʤǤֻפϩ޿ɤ鲺ɤإեȤӤǧƤ褤βϩ English Schoole-Master (1596) Edmund Coote (fl. 1597) The English Grammar (1640) Ben Jonson (c. 1573--1637) ˰Ѥ졤Edward Phillips ˤ The New World of English Words (1658) ˽Ф17ȾФޤǤˤϡֻθ경ܴۤλ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
˴ؤƤ (40--64) ܤؤͭѤǤ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-07-23 Wed

#1913. ǤѸ첽űѸȡǤޤǥե󥹸첽Ѹ [spelling][contact][borrowing][french][hypercorrection][terminology]

#1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ෿ ([2014-07-05-1]) εǡűѸΥƥѸϡѸ첽ֻǤϤʤƥΤޤޤֻǼ෹뤳ȤŦΥƥѸϱѸ첽ֻǼ뷹äȤͤȡѤ෿δ餤СűѸ˸ä substitution ٹ礤礭ʤäɽǤΤǤϤʤȡ
ơѸȡѸֻηϤ̤Ÿ򼨤̤Υե󥹼Ѹ줬ήˤĤ졤ȤȤ˥ե󥹸켰ֻ⶯ƶϤ᤿αѸ˾νǶ̣Τϡե󥹸켰ֻ˽äΤϥե󥹼ѸΤߤǤϤʤäȤ;äˤޤDZƶڤܤűѸ켰ֻ֤ƤäפʤΤ󤷤Ƥ⡤űѸ <c> (= /ʧ/) ϥե󥹸켰 <ch> ִ줿<cw> <qw> , <s> ΰ <ce> ء<u> <ou> ؤִ줿椨ˡǤ⸽Ѹˤ <chin>, <choose>, <queen>, <quick>, <ice>, <mice>, <about>, <house> ʤɤ֤褦ˤʤäƤ롥ֻηϾΥΥޥ󡦥󥯥ȤȤǤ⤤٤ΤǤꡤξ׷ܤˤСűѸΥƥ켰ֻˤ٤ substitution ʤɡ襤Ƥۤɤϡե󥹸켰ֻѸ˵ڤȤǡ#1793. -<ce> 꽤 ([2014-03-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡβ꽤 (hypercorrection) ȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤʤۤˡ#81. once twice -ce Ȥϲ ([2009-07-18-1]) ӡ#1153. ̾ adviceư advise ([2012-06-23-1]) ⻲ȡˡ̾ hypercorrection ññ̤ñȯ˺ѤؤȤ¿嵭ξˤϹϤ˱ƶεڤǤΤħŪǤ롥ե󥹸켰ֻηŪ substitution Ȥ
Horobin (89) "rather than adjust the spelling of the French loans to fit the native pattern, existing English words were respelled according to the French practices" ȽҤ٤ȤϡѸ줬ե󥹸Ѹ첽褦ȤΤǤϤʤѸ켫餬ե󥹸첽褦ȤƤħؤƤΤǤ롥
#1208. ե󥹸αʸˡؤαƶɾ ([2012-08-17-1]) #1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1]) ˤ褦ˡե󥹸αѸؤαƶϡäСֻˤǤ⸲ˡηŪ˸Ƥ롥̾ñȯλѤ substitution hypercorrection ȤѸ򡤤Τ褦ηŪʸѲŬѤȿƶΤǤϤʤȤ뤬

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-07-12 Sat

#1902. ֻɸಽˤ־塤־ [standardisation][spelling][orthography][chancery_standard][me_dialect][geolinguistics][gvs][spelling_pronunciation_gap][gh]

ѸˤǤϡ񤭸դɸಽδäϡ14Ⱦ15ˤƤΥɥۤ줿ȹͤƤ롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#306. Samuels Ѹȯã񤭤Ȥɸ4ס ([2010-02-27-1])#929. Ѹ󥰥ɸδפȤʤäͳ ([2011-11-12-1])#1228. ѸˤˤɸѸȯŸȳΩäơ ([2012-09-06-1])#1245. ʣŪβȤƤν񤭤ȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
λθ塤ѸˤưѤƳȯŸȤ⡤ֻɸಽή˴ŪʱƶڤܤȹͤƤ롥#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1]) #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1]) #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡǶϤΰոФưФƤ뤬ʤȤѸ˾Υߥ󥰤ȤƤϡѤоλֻɸಽˤ䤫˿ʤǤȤϤ褽ŤʤäƤ롥
Ѹ줫ѸˤƤΤλˡäդǤѲ¿äƤ (Great Vowel Shift; [2009-11-18-1]) ɮƬˡ#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1]) ǵ󤲤褦ʼλҲξüʹԤƤäդѲƤˤ⤫餺񤭸դɸಽ򼨤ƤȤȤϡ˾ȸ虜򤨤ʤǡḽѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) Ƥޤä
Τ褦ήؤơѸֻɸಽϡ˾塤ʥߥ󥰤ƤޤäȤ롥Ѳդ®ȤֺϡʬŪˤϡȤֺбƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤΰ̣ǤϤˤƤ뤳ȤϡˤǤȤȤǤ⤢Τ⤷ʤΤСѸˤˤֻɸಽϡδä14--15ۤ줿Ȥ¤ǤʤȤ°ɥϤۤ줿Ȥ¤ˤطƤ롥Horobin (84--85) ŦƤ褦ˡƱ椷ƤäݼŪäΥɥֻɸಽδפ˿줿Ȥΰ̣礭
㤨СǤϡ<gh> ʤɤֻɽ蘆Ƥ /ç, x/ ϤǤ̵ȤʤäƤꡤ"knight" <nit>, "doughter" <datter> ʤɤ֤ƤǤϤλҲϤޤƤ餺ä <gh> ֻ¸졤ḽɸŪֻ <knight>, <doughter> Τʤ˸경뤳Ȥˤʤä /ç, x/ ξüȤѲϸؤڤΤǡɡɸŪֻ <nit> Ȥʤ뤫 <knight> Ȥʤ뤫κϡֺǤȤȤǤȤͤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ɸಽ <wh> ֻˤĤƤƱȤ롥ĤǤǤ /h/ ƤݼŪʥɥȯˤƤ /h/ ݤƤˡɸŪֻΤʤˤ <h> ȤƸ경뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäŪɾСȯˤĤƤϿŪŪʤΤ¿ɸδפȤʤꡤֻˤĤƤݼŪŪʤΤ¿ɸδפȤʤäȤϢơѸθѲΡ̤ءפȾŤˤĤơ#941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ ([2011-11-24-1]) ӡ#1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ʤ /x/ ˴ؤơǤ /f/ ؤȯŸdough ʴˤб duff ʥաʴθǤץǥ󥰡ˤؼѤ줿㤬ʡ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) ⻲ȡˡΤ褦ȯֻȤδط̩Ǥ㤬ä¿äʤСḽɸŪֻäľʤΤˤʤäȤϤꡤѸֻɸಽˤϡ֤Ǥʤ֤⺮äƤ롥

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-07-09 Wed

#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) [etymological_respelling][h][spelling][orthography][latin]

#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) ʤɤ˰³Ƥꡥ
ε#1898. ƥˤ⤢ä h-dropping ؤ ([2014-07-08-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡƥˤ /h/ æƤ꽤 (hypercorrection) ⤷Феǡæϻߤ褦ʤη̤ϸΥޥ󥹽ˤȿǤ뤳Ȥˤʤäʤŵƥˡ <h> бҲϡե󥹸ޤޥ󥹽̵ȤƷѾ졤ե󥹸ͳƱѸؤѤ줿Ȥƥˡֻ <h> ΤΤĹϼˤꡤ˼뤳ȤϤʤ衼åѤνؤä̤ȤơˤơβѲη̤ȤƤ̵ȿ͹Ūʵϼθֻ <h> ȤĹ餯礦Ȥˤʤä
ѸǤ⡤ƥͳ褹ˤ <h> ݻѸռƤä#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡϽѸˤߤ뤳Ȥˤʤ츻Ū֤ (etymological_respelling) ȤơѸ˾ɾ٤ݤˤĤƤ Horobin (80--81) ʲΤ褦ˤäȸڤƤΤߤϤäɾ⤯ä٤Ȼפ

Because of the loss of initial /h/ in French, numerous French loanwords were borrowed into Middle English without an initial /h/ sound, and were consequently spelled without an initial <h>; thus we find the Middle English spellings erbe 'herb', and ost 'host'. But, because writers of Middle English were aware of the Latin origins of these words, they frequently 'corrected' these spellings to reflect their Classical spelling. As a consequence, there is considerable variation and confusion about the spelling of such words, and we regularly find pairs of spellings like heir, eyr, here, ayre, ost, host. The importance accorded to etymology in determining the spelling of such words led ultimately to the spellings with initial <h> becoming adopted; in some cases the initial /h/ has subsequently been restored in the pronunciation, so that we now say hotel and history, while the <h> remains silent in French hôtel and histoire.


ḽѸʤ餺Ȥ˱Ѹˤ h-dropping ϰˤ̤˹ͤƤᤤʳǸ츻Ū֤Ϥ˴ͿƤȤơѸ˾塤겼յΤȥԥåǤ롥

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-07-08 Tue

#1898. ƥˤ⤢ä h-dropping ؤ [latin][etymological_respelling][h][spelling][orthography][prescriptive_grammar][hypercorrection][substratum_theory][etruscan][stigma]

ѸˤˤҲ /h/ ԰ˤĤơ#214. ԰ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1]) #459. ԰ʻҲ /h/ (2) ([2010-07-30-1]) #494. hypercorrection ˤ h ([2010-09-03-1])#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) ۤh h-dropping ʤɤε¿夲Ƥ
Ѹʸ塤ҲŪʴؿŪȤʤäƤѸѼ h-dropping εˤĤƤϽ⤢뤬Ѹˡ<h> ֻ򼨤Τη褷 /h/ Ȥȯʤե󥹼Ѹ줬̤˱ѸήǤȤľܡܤαƶͿƤȤȤϡǧƤ褤ե󥹸Τߤʤ餺ڥ䥤ꥢʤɤΥޥ󥹽 /h/ ȯʤΤϡƥʳƱæǤ롥äơѸ h-dropping ʥϡȸĶơǽŪˤϥƥ1ĤβѲ˵뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
⤷ȤˡƥǤ /h/ æ褦ˤʤäƤȡޤζܿͤϡæ¯ŪȯȤ񤹤褦ˤʤäΤȤϡˡȤ <h> ֤٤ǤϤʤȤ <h> Ƥ뤳Ȥ޾ФĤäƤ뤳ȤΤ롥λ h-dropping Ф꽤 (hypercorrection) äΤǤꡤۤɤޤǤ h-dropping ŪäȤ򼨤ڵȤߤʤȤǤ롥λϡޤٳ Gaius Valerius Catullus (84?--54? B.C.) ˤΤǤ롥ʲCatullus Poem 84 ±Ǥ롥

1CHOMMODA dicebat, si quando commoda uelletARRIUS, if he wanted to say "winnings " used to say "whinnings",
2dicere, et insidias Arrius hinsidias,and for "ambush" "hambush";
3et tum mirifice sperabat se esse locutum,and thought he had spoken marvellous well,
4cum quantum poterat dixerat hinsidias.whenever he said "hambush" with as much emphasis as possible.
5credo, sic mater, sic liber auunculus eius.So, no doubt, his mother had said, so his uncle the freedman,
6sic maternus auus dixerat atque auia.so his grandfather and grandmother on the mother's side.
7hoc misso in Syriam requierant omnibus auresWhen he was sent into Syria, all our ears had a holiday;
8audibant eadem haec leniter et leuiter,they heard the same syllables pronounced quietly and lightly,
9nec sibi postilla metuebant talia uerba,and had no fear of such words for the future:
10cum subito affertur nuntius horribilis,when on a sudden a dreadful message arrives,
11Ionios fluctus, postquam illuc Arrius isset,that the Ionian waves, ever since Arrius went there,
12iam non Ionios esse sed Hioniosare henceforth not "Ionian," but "Hionian."


Ȥʤսϡ1ܤ <commoda> vs <chommoda>2ܤ <insidias> vs <hinsidias>, 12ܤ <Ionios> vs <Hionios> Ǥ롥<h> ɬפΤʤȤ <h> ֤Ƥ򡤲꽤ȤޤäƤ롥θǤ뤫ˤϡοǤ롥λ˴ؤ Harrison ɾˤС12ܤ <Inoios> <Hionios> ȡʵϼŪʴ鸫ơ˸äֻǽ񤤤ȤˤꡤˤߤɽФƤȤHarrison ". . . the last word of the poem should be χιoνέoυς. When Arrius crossed, his aspirates blew up a blizzard, and the sea has been snow-swept ever since." (198--99) ȽҤ٤Ƥꡤä <Hionios> ꥷ χιoνέoυς (snowy) ȰäƤΤȲᤷƤ롥ơ10ܤ nuntius horribilis ͽ𤷤ƤȤ⤤Arrius β꽤ˤ /h/ 7ܤ nuntius horribilis ͽ𤵤Ƥ褦ˡ٤򴬤Ȥ硼
Harrison (199) ϡϤ򤿤ޤơCatullus Τ褦ʥޤζܿͤˤ h ˴ؤκϡ¿ Venetic ¤Фиʤظαƶ (substratum_theory) ˤ뼪ʥƥѼФŪɾˤΤǤʤȤƱͤ Etruscan ¤ФиȤ򾧤Ԥ⤤褦θϤˤ speculation ΰФΤǤϤʤḽѸ h-dropping ؤ stigmatisation ȽŤ͹碌ƹͤȶ̣

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Harrison, E. "Catullus, LXXXIV." The Classical Review 29.7 (1915): 198--99.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1] [2014-07-09-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-07-05 Sat

#1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ෿ [spelling][loan_word][borrowing][latin][christianity][typology]

ꥹȶȥƥñμѤδطˤĤơ#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1]) #1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲ƤѤ෿˴ؤȤơ#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1])#902. Ѥ䤹ܡ ([2011-10-16-1])#903. Ѥ¿Ⱦʤ ([2011-10-17-1])#1619. ʤ deus Ѥ줺 God ݤ줿Τ ([2013-10-02-1])#1778. Ѹ츦 to-do list ([2014-03-10-1]) ʤɤε񤤤ƤϡűѸΥƥѸֻȤ𤷤ơѤ෿ͻƤߤ
űѸˤϡꥹȶȤȤˡ¿νѸѸ줬ƥ줫Ѹν񤭸դؤȤ⤿餵줿apostol (L apostulus), abbod (L abbadem), fenix (L phoenix), biscop (L episcopus) ʤɤǤ롥դ٤ϡѤκݤˡȯˤֻˤ衤ƥη֤򤽤Τޤ޼ѤΤǤϤʤ¿ʬ˱Ѹ첽ƼǤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ȥ10˥ƥѤΤ⤦1ĤȤäȤˤϡƥñϱѸ첽줺ۤܤΤޤޤη֤ǼѤƤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸΥƥѤ2ĤȤδ֤ˤϡŪʺäȤˤʤ롥κHorobin (64--65) ϼΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥

What is striking about these loanwords is that their pronunciation and spelling has been assimilated to Old English practices, so that the spelling-sound correspondences were not disturbed. Note, for instance, the spelling mynster, which shows the Old English front rounded vowel /y/, the <æ> in Old English mæsse, indicating the Old English front vowel. The Old English spelling of fenix with initial <f> shows that the word was pronounced the same way as in Latin, but that the spelling was changed to reflect Old English practices. While the spelling of Old English biscop appears similar to that of Latin episcopus, the pronunciation was altered to the /ʃ/ sound, still heard today in bishop, and so the <sc> spelling retained its Old English usage. This process of assimilation can be contrasted with the fate of the later loanword, episcopal, borrowed from the same Latin root in the fifteenth century but which has retained its Latin spelling and pronunciation. However, during the third state of Latin borrowing in the tenth century, a number of words from Classical Latin were borrowed which were not integrated into the native language in the same way. The foreign status of these technical words was emphasized by the preservation of their Latinate spellings and structure, as we can see from a comparison of the tenth-century Old English word magister (Latin magister), with the earlier loan mægester, derived from the same Latin word. Where the earlier borrowing has been respelled according to Old English practices, the later adoption has retained its classical Latin spelling.


ѤμȤƤϡƥη֤˴ŤƤȤ substitution ǤϤʤ importation Ǥ롥Ʊ importation ȤäƤ⡤ϥǥ뤫æֻˤϥǥ¤ֻˤǤꡤimportation ȤǤٺ롥 substitution ǤϤʤΤԤϸԤ substitution ˰ᤤ importation Ǥ롤ɽ뤳ȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤäդǤȤСԤϥƥñѸŪȯǼ뤳ȤˡԤϸǤƥȯǼ뤳Ȥ롥äݤȤСñܸؼѤȤ˥ʽ񤭤뤫ѸƱ褦˥ե٥åȤ֤뤫ȤƱȤűѸǤϡˡ뤫ˤäưۤʤäƤȤΤ̣
ѸΥǥؤζ٤ȤݤˡƤŪ˼Ѥ෿ͻݤˡֻκȤѥ᡼ͿȤΤϡȯäϢơ줬ѤȤ importation Ǥ٤ȡѤ줿˽˼Ʊ٤Ȥζ̤Τˤɬפ뤫⤷ʤ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-06-22 Sun

#1882. move prove ˤĤƸ줿첻Ȥαƶ [french][loan_word][vowel][spelling][conjugation][paradigm][analogy]

ѸˤϡѸ move prove Ф <meven> <preven> Τ褦˸촴첻 <e> θֻŪ˹ԤƤ줬 <o> ˼ä뤳ȤˤʤΤطʤ򾯡õäƤߤ
move prove ϥե󥹼ѸǤꡤե󥹸ǤϤ줾 mouvoir prouver б롥prouver ľˡߤο;Ѳ̤Ƹ촴첻Ѥʤmouvoir Ͽ;Τ˱첻 <eu> ȸ첻 <ou> δ֤Ѱۤ롥ƱѰۤ򼨤 mourir, vouloir ȤȤ˳ɽǤ褦

 mouvoir ưmourir ʻ̡vouloir ˾
1st sg.je meusje meursje veux
2nd sg.tu meustu meurstu veux
3rd sg.il meutil meurtil veut
1st pl.nous mouvonsnous mouronsnous voulons
2nd pl.vous mouvezvous mourezvous voulez
3rd pl.ils meuventils meurentils veulent


ʣ12;ΤǤϸ첻 <ou> 졤¾ο;ΤǤ첻 <eu> Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥ե󥹸ˤǤϡ촴˶ʤˤŪʸ첻ݤ졤촴˶ˤ첻롥Ѹؤϡ2ˤĤƸԤ첻촴Ѥ졤Ѹ̤ͥȤʤä褦Ǥ롥Ϣơpeople popular θ촴첻ʻˤоȤ줿
θ첻򼨤֤¤ǹԤƤꡤ줬Ѹʹߤ˰̲뤳ȤˤʤäβϼƤ褦ܤ餫ˤʤΤǤΩ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
ѸǤ첻򼨤֤ѤȤʤäƵפĤƤ첻ȸ첻Ѱۤ󤯱ƶڤܤƤǽΤ븽ݤ1Ĥ롥prove βʬȤƵ§Ū proved Ե§Ū proven 뤬Ԥ16ƬˤФϤĤƤ첻򼨤 preve ȴؤ꤬뤫⤷ʤΤ褳ưγѤϡѸ餷§ŪʼѲˤäȤԵ§ʶѲˤʳѤ򼨤 cleave -- clove -- cloven weave -- wove -- woven ˤꡤ preve ФƲʬ proven 줿Ȥ롥䤬ǽȤʤСϸ preve cleave weave Ʊ첻򼨤Ǥȹͤ졤첻Ѱ۷ʬγ׿ proven ߽ФäȤʤäȤȤǤ롥
ߡʬ proven ä˥ꥫѸ䥹åȥɱѸǹȤƤꡤȤ櫓ư֤ιʸ¾ѼؤѤȤäƤȤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-20-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-05-27 Tue

#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ [pronunciation][verb][conjugation][emode][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][suffix][inflection][3sp]

ε#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1]) ǻȤ Kytö (115) ϡ17ɾԤľܰѤʤ顤17Ⱦˤ -eth ֤줿޸Ǥ -s ȤȯƤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

Contemporary commentators' statements, and verse rhymes, indicate that the -S and -TH endings were pronounced identically from the early 17th century on. Richard Hodges (1643) listed different spellings given for the same pronunciation: for example, clause, claweth, claws; Hodges also pointed out in 1649 that "howesoever wee write them thus, leadeth it, maketh it, noteth it, we say lead's it, make's it, note's it" (cited in Jespersen, 1942: 19--20).


Kytö (132 fn. 10) ǤϡHodges θǤǤȯҲ𤵤Ƥ롥

In the third (and final) edition of his guide (1653: 63--64), Hodges elaborated on his statement: "howsoever wee write many words as if they were two syllables, yet wee doo commonly pronounce them as if they were but one, as for example, these three words, leadeth, noteth, taketh, we doo commonly pronounce them thus, leads, notes, takes, and so all other words of this kind."


17ˤϰŪ <-eth> /-s/ ȤȯƤȤϡ/θ/ /s/ Ȥϰۤʤ벻ǤǤȤĤޤƤ䤿ˤȤäƤϡ츫ۤ˻פ뤫⤷ʤϡäդǤѲԤ񤭸դǤѲɤĤƤʤȤѲΤդ줿1Ĥˤʤ˽񤭸դäդ˹碌 <-s> ֤褦ˤʤäֻȯɤĤˤ¿ʤȤֺäȤȤǤ롥ܸɽ줫ʤŤ鸽夫ʤŤؤȲޤǤƻΤ٤С<-eth> <-s> ؤֻѲϤष®äȸۤɤǤ롥
ʤJespersen (20) ˤȡĶ٤ư hath, doth, saith ˤĤƤϡ<-th> 18ȾФޤ̤˸줿Ȥ
ɽʸȯȤЪΥˤĤƤ spelling_pronunciation_gap ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ? ([2009-05-13-1]) ȡ#62. ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯Τ ([2009-06-28-2]) ε򻲾Ȥ줿

Kytö, Merja. "Third-Person Present Singular Verb Inflection in Early British and American English." Language Variation and Change 5 (1993): 113--39.
Hodges, Richard. A Special Help to Orthographie; Or, the True Writing of English. London: Printed for Richard Cotes, 1643.
Hodges, Richard. The Plainest Directions for the True-Writing of English, That Ever was Hitherto Publisht. London: Printed by Wm. Du-gard, 1649.
Hodges, Richard. Most Plain Directions for True-Writing: In Particular for Such English Words as are Alike in Sound, and Unlike Both in Their Signification and Writing. London: Printed by W. D. for Rich. Hodges., 1653. (Reprinted in R. C. Alston, ed. English Linguistics 1500--1800. nr 118. Menston: Scholar Press, 1968; Microfiche ed. 1991)
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-04-29 Tue

#1828. j ʸȲбˤĤƺˬ [phonetics][french][latin][italian][spelling][pronunciation][consonant][j][grapheme]

#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]) εκǸǡ<j> (= <i>) = /ʤ/ бطޤ줿طʤˤĤƿ줿ƥ줫ťե󥹸ؤȯŸˡͭŸܶ᲻ [j] ͭ˻ [ʤ] ѲȤβѲȡ#1651. j g ([2013-11-03-1]) εƤ˴Ϣơ (138--39) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäҤäΤǡѤOED εҤۤƱơˡ

6ˡƥˤơҤ [j] ϤФȯ尵̤졤̤ [j] ΰ֤ꤵ˹뤳ȤˤäƤ d ȯ iūstus > d-iūstus, māior > mā-d-ior, [dj] Ф [ʤ] assibilate 줿 g θŤ첻Ǹ [ʤ] ѤäƤǡconsonantal i 'soft' g ϥޥ󥹽ǤƱβĤ褦ˤʤä
ꥢǤϡconsonantal i ȯŸ [ʤ] e, i ˤ g a, o, u ˤ gi- ˤäƽѤ뤳Ȥˤʤäơj ֤ϼΤƤ줿ά
ե󥹸Ǥ i ʸȯŸäƤΤޤ¸졤ä consonantal i 'soft' g ͵ǤꡤκۤϸεˤǤ롥
LOFIt.ModE
iūstusiustegiustojust
iūdic-cemiugegiudicejudge
IēsusIesuGesùJesus
māiormairemaggioremajor
gestagestegestogest (jest)

Norman Conquest 塤consonantal i Ϥθե󥹸β [ʤ] äƱѸ͢줿ե󥹸ǤϤθ [ʤ] ϤǤ򼺤ä [ʒ] ñ㲽줿ѸϺ˻ޤǥե󥹵θˤƤθ¸Ƥ롥


äơե٥å <J> θƾ /ʤeɪ/ ˤĤơ (141) εҤѤƤ

J ϸŤ jy [ʤai] ȸƤФƺɤʤƱ²ʸ I [ai] Ȳƥե̾ ji ȸƱθƤ̾ϺǤ⥹åȥɤ¾ˤ̤Ǥ롥奤ꥹ̾17ja 뤤 jay [ʤei] ϡ a [ei] 򱦤ɤʤ k 餦 (O. Jespersen, B. L. Ullman) ɥ̾ jot [jɔt] ϡ16 j i ʬ̾ yōd 줿


סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-04-28 Mon

#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> [final_e][orthography][pronunciation][phonetics][silent_letter][spelling][grapheme][spelling_reform][webster][v]

ε#1826. ޻첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1]) ǸڤѸˡˤĤƤ褯Τ줿§1Ĥˡ#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) 롥take, mete, side, rose, cube ʤ¿ <-VCe> ıñˤơ첻 V Ĺ첻뤤첻ɤޤ뤳ȤŪ˼ <e> ƤΤǤ롥ġ㳰ϤȤƤ⡤褽§ȾΤƺ٤ʤ
<-ve> ǽñ˴ؤơdove, glove, shove, ƻ -ive ĸ췲ʤɡ㳰¿ˤʤ롥⡤above, give, have, live (v.), love ʤɹٸ¿θǤϡ <ve> Ԥ첻û첻Ȥɤޤ롥gave, eve, drive, grove ʤɵ§ŪʤΤ¿ȤǧĤĤ⡤ΩԵ§ϤɤΤ褦
¤ϡ<-ve> ˤ magic <e> ε§ƤϤޤʤ¿Τϡ <e> ⤽ magic <e> ǤϤʤǤ롥 <e> ϡmagic <e> Ȥ̵ط̤ŪаޤˤȯŸƤΤطʤˤϡѸˤˤ /v/ βDz٤ä¡ڤ <v> ʸǤȤƤΩ٤ä¤ʤβǤʸǤȯŸξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])#1230. over offer ϺǾФǤϤʤ ([2012-09-08-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ˡꤷƤС<v> ñȤǸˤ뤳ȤǤ<e> ΥݡȤ <-ve> ȤƤˤ뤳ȤǤʤäơ <e> ϥݡȤ <e> ˤԤ첻̤ɸ뵡ǽôäƤ櫓ǤϤʤʲˡ2ŪͿ桤pp. 166--70 ⻲ȡˡ

(1) űѸǤϡ[v] ϤޤΩǤǤϤʤ /f/ ΰ۲ˤʤäŵŪˤ ofer (over) ʤ첻˶ޤ줿Ķ [v] 줿ľ첻ϼ岽뷹äȤ⤢ꡤѸˤƤ <e> ֤뤳Ȥ¿ʤäΤ褦ˤơ[v] β <ve> ֻ̩ܤ˴ϢŤ褦ˤʤä<e> ΤΤ̵ǤꡤޤǴǤ롥

(2) ҤΤ褦ˡѸȽѸ̤ơ<u> <v> ʸȤƤʬƤǤϤʤä첻ȤƤ <u>ҲȤƤ <v> ȤʬôΤˤǤƤʤäǤ⡤ؤϤä褦Ǥ롥㤨С̤ʬξǤСlove low ϤȤ <lou> Ȥֻ˹줷ƤޤǡȤꤢˡȤơҲ [v] 򼨤Τˡ̵ <e> ź <-ue> Ȥ3Ĥ첻³ȤϾʤᡤ<loue> ֤С֤ <u> ϻҲɽ魯ϤȤˤʤ롥Ǥ <e> ΤΤ̵Ǥꡤľ <u> ҲǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ôäƤˤʤ䤬ơҲȤƤ <v> ̲ȡΰ֤ <u> Τޤ <v> ؤž줿<v> ҲȤƳΩΤǤ <e> ΥݡȤȤƤפȤʤ뤬 <e> ˤ긽ߤޤǻĤäƤ롥

ơ [v] <-ve> Ȥ֤뽬Ω<-v> ñΤǽϡAsimov, eruv, guv, lav, Slav ʤɡ¯졦ά졤ʤɤμѸ˸ꤵ졤ŪʱѸˡˤƤ⤤Ƥ롥
Noah Webster 䡤Cut Speling μ羧 Christopher Upward ʤɤϡgive <giv> Ȥ֤뤳ȤƤ϶ŪˤϹŪǡ嵭Τ褦Ūطʤܤ뤳ȤפǤ롥

סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow