#1348. 13ʹߤ v ([2013-01-04-1]) ǡƻ poor θˤĤƤ줿θϸťե povre ͳ褷 v äƤѸ¦ v üȤȤäб̾ poverty Ǥ v üƤʤϤʤȤ䤬줿
Ԥˤ̾ղäƤꡤȤ v θ벻Ķۤʤ뤿ξοۤʤΤȡܤ˹ͤƤŪˤĴ٤Ƥߤʤʬʤ
ǡȤ Jespersen äƤߤ v ˤĤơMEG1 2ĤΥĤ뤳ȤǤޤ §2.532. Ѥ롥
§2.532.A /v/ has disappeared in a great many instances, chiefly through assimilation with a following consonant: had ME hadde OE hæfde, lady ME ladi, earlier lafdi OE hlæfdige . head from the inflected forms of OE hēafod; at one time the infection was heved, (heavdes) heddes . lammas OE hlafmæsse . woman ME also wimman OE wifman . leman OE leofman . gi'n, formerly colloquial, now vulgar for given . se'nnight [ˈsenit] common till the beginning of the 19th c. for sevennight. Devonshire was colloquially pronounced without the v, whence the verb denshire 'improve land by paving off turf and burning'. Daventry according to J1701 was pronounced "Dantry" or "Daintry", and the town is still called [deintri] by natives. Cavendish is pronounced [ˈkɚndiʃ] or [ˈkɚvndiʃ]. hath OE hæfþ. eavesdropper (Sh. R3 V. 3.221) for eaves-. The v-less form of devil, mentioned for instance by J1701 (/del/ and sometimes /dil/), is chiefly due to the inflected forms, but is also found in the uninflected; it is probably found in Shakespeare's Macb. I. 3.107; G1621 mentions /diˑl/ as northern, where it is still found. marle for marvel is frequent in BJo. poor seems to be from the inflected forms of the adjective, cf. Ch. Ros. 6489 pover, but 6490 alle pore folk; in poverty the v has been kept . ure† F œuvre, whence inure, enure . manure earlier manour F manouvrer (manœuvre is a later loan). curfew, -fu OF couvrefeu . kerchief OF couvrechef . ginger, oldest form gingivere . Liverpool without v is found in J1701 and elsewhere, see Ekwall's edition of Jones §184. Cf. further 7.76.
Jespersen ϡƻˤ v üϡͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȤv ľ̤λҲ³ v æ첻³ݻ롤ȤͤΤ褦ˤ費Ķˤä v 뤫Ĥ뤫ޤȤΩäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ͤޤǤˡv üˤĤƤϡ §7.76. ꡤطǽѤ褦
§7.76./v/ and /f/ are often lost in twelvemonth (Bacon twellmonth, S1780, E1787, W1791), twelvepence (S1780, E1787), twelfth (E1787, cf. Thackeray, Van. F. 22). Cf. also the formerly universal fi'pence, fippence (J1701, E1765, etc.), still sometimes [fipəns]. Halfpenny, halfpence, . . .
ˤĤƤϡ⤦ܤĴ٤ƤɬפꤽʲϢ hellog Ƥ
#1348. 13ʹߤ v ([2013-01-04-1])
#2276. 13ʹߤ v (2) ([2015-07-21-1])
#2200. ʤ *haves, *haved ǤϤʤ has, had ʤΤ ([2015-05-06-1])
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
ɸѤʵ䤬ޤΤ2첻ĸ drive /draɪv/ ǰƬ֤Сʬ driven */ˈdraɪv(ə)n/ ȤʤꤽʤΤǤñ첻 /ˈdrɪv(ə)n/ Ȥʤޤʤߤ˲ drove /droʊv/ 첻βؤޤƱ褦2첻äƤޤʬñ첻ΤϤʤʤΤǤ礦
ѸˤδߤƤޤűѸǤϡư϶ޡʤѤΤȡˤλˤä͡ʬवƤΤǤư˴ؤƤжѲ1Ȥ롼פ°ƤޤѸǤ driveʸ-- droveʲ-- drivenʲʬˤ3ĤμǧޤűѸǤ4ĤμꡤưǤ drīfan-- drāf1-- drifon 2-- drifen ʲʬˤΤ褦Ѳޤ <v> ʸϤʤ <f> ѤƤޤˡǡ1פȡ2פΤ褦ʶ̤äȤ˶ä⤷ޤζ̤ϼ¤ be ư was were ˻ĤäƤޤcf. #3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])ˡ
ơ drīfan 1 drāf ˤ첻ξ˲ĹˤޤĹ첻Ѹˤ븶 drive 2첻Ӳ drove 2첻ϢʤޤűѸǤ⸽ѸǤ⡤2⡼ĹǤ뤳ȤѤϤޤơűѸβʬ drifen ñ첻ΤۤϡΤޤޤƱñ첻ݤ driven ȤʤäƤޤѸˤ̤ơ1⡼ûä櫓Ǥ
Ѳ1° drīfan ֤⡤ŪˤƱ褦ߤФƸ˻äƤޤ㤨иѸ ride -- rode -- ridden, write -- wrote -- written ϡűѸǤϳơ rīdan -- rād -- ridon -- riden, wrītan -- wrāt -- writon -- writen Ȥʤꡤʬˤñ첻ޤ
äơɸѤʵˤϡΤ褦Ǥ礦űѸλ夫鸽˻ޤǡdrive ʤ֤ưˤˤĤƤϡ֤Ͼ2⡼Ĺ첻äƤʬϾ1⡼û첻äƤȤȤǤ
äȵˤʤϻĤޤridden, written ˤĤƤϳơ <d>, <t> λҲŤʤäƤꡤˤä첻û /ɪ/ Ǥ뤳ȤŪ˼ƤޤҲνŤʤäƤʤ ride, write Ȥϡֻ夢餫˰ۤʤäƤޤȤ driven ˤĤƤ *drivven Ȥ֤Ƥ餺ޤǸ drive ˻ driven ȤֻǤҲŤʤäƤʤΤǤ
ϡѸˡˤϻҲ <v> Ťͤ뤳ȤǤʤȤüʵ§뤫ǤϽŤͤ *drivven ȤȤǤε§椨ˤ driven ˴ŤƤ롤ȤȤǤǤϡʤ <v> ϽŤͤƤϤʤΤǤ礦ϤʤʤʣʷаޤꡤDz⤹뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤȤ <v> <u> ѰۻΤȤ٤ȯãƤȤͿƤޤϢơҡ#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1])#4069. ʤ live ȯưǤϡ֥סƻȡ֥饤פʤΤǤ ([2020-06-17-1]) ɤߤ
hellog 饸 ([2020-09-23-1]) Ǥϡ#4167. ʤѸǤ l r ̤ΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡפ夲ޤϢȤơѸ v b ζ̤ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ
Ūˤ [v] ͭ[b] ͭξȸƤФ졤Τ˶̤뤳ȤϳΤǤ¤褯ߤȡξȤӤ̤碌סֿѤפȤǤ϶̤Ƥޤ礭ۤʤΤϡ[v] Ȼη֤ƵȴƤΤФơ[b] Ͼ岼οääƸƵߤȤȤǤ⿰ȹͤС㤤ˤޤŪˤ [v] [b] ϡϤƤΤǤ
Ǥϡʲββİ
have live Τ褦ˡ [v] Ǥ顤űѸǤϳѷˤäƤ [b] ΤǤȤȤǷȤƤϡ[v] [b] ϱѸǤäѤƤȤȤˤʤޤ
Ѹ [v] λҲܸɽǡ֥פȤ뤫֥֡פȤ뤫ϡޤ̤ζ̣Ȥʤޤ
˴ؿäϡ##74,1813,3325,3628,3690εåɤ
hellog 饸23ϡФд <w> ʸθƾΤ˴ؤ뵿ǤѸǤϤʸ "double-u "ȸƤФޤեʤɤؤȤϡ"double-v" ȸƤФƤΤΤäƤ뤫ȻפޤܤϳΤ v 2ĤǤ͡ǤϡѸǤϤʤ u 2ĤȤƤΤǤ礦طʤˤϡʤʤ̣ˤޤ
Ѹ줬ƥ줫켰ڤꤿȤˡΤʤ <w> ʸʤäΤ⤽νȯǤ/w/ ¿ѤѸϡʸʤƤؤǻʤΤǡʸͰƤ뤳Ȥˤޤ켰ˤ <u> Ϥäʤ <v> ϤʤäˤΤǡ2Ĺ碌 <uu> Ȥ뤳ȤǡɤڤȤޤѸϰȤäƤ롼ʸ /w/ ɽ魯 <ƿ> (wynn) ήѤ봷ȯã˹ͰƤ <uu> ϤޤȤʤʤޤ
ȤѸԻѤȤʤä <uu> ϡ٤ΥեϤꡤǡ˴̿Ӥ뤳ȤȤʤޤθ11ˡ˴̿Ƥ <uu> ϺƤӱѸ뵡ơ<ƿ> ֤뤳ȤˤʤޤƱѸ "double-u" <uu>ž <w> 夹뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ʤߤˡ˴̿ΥեǤ <u> <u> 餻 <v> ʸȤƤꡤʸ "double-v" <vv> ȲᤷΤǤ
εΥϡ<u>, <v>, <w> ʤƼ¤ <f> ⡪ˤʸŪˤϤ٤ƶƴطˤȤǤؿΤϡ##2411,373,374,3391,3927,1825εåäꤪɤߤ
ƥ줬ѸʤҤƤϸθѸˤνդ˵ڤܤƶˤĤƤϡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 褯ΤƤ롥ƥϡҿΤȤƥͥ˱ѸɸಽΤܤˤʤäȤϳΤƱΥ衼åѤǤե졤ڥ졤ꥢ⡤Ѹνդ˾ʤ̱ƶͿƤѸˤǤ⤢ޤ궯Ĵ뤳ȤϤʤ̣˽פʻ¤Ǥ롥
Scholfield (158) ˤСŦƤ롥
<i> <j><u> <v> ζ̤ϡƥǤϤʤڥ䥤ꥢˤä̤ˤ¥줿cf. #1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]), #2415. Ūɽֻ John Hart ˤפơ ([2015-12-07-1])
long <s> οϡ餯ΦαƶǤcf. #584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#2997. 1800ǯ˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])
ݥȥե (apostrophe) ƳΦ
ʸ (capitalisation) Ԥʤ褦ˤʤäΦ
Φθ줫ѤȤˡѸǤֻѸ첽˼뷹⡤嵭νƱ
ΰΤ⥤ꥢեʤΦ褿Τä
Scholfield (158) ΰʲλŦϡ֥ƥ줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶװʾˡ֥衼åѽ줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶפؤܤƤ롥
. . . those with influence over how English writing developed were at least in the sixteenth/seventeenth centuries motivated to locate English as a modern European national language perhaps rather more than as another classical language.
ѸϡۤΥǥȤƤƥǰƬˤƤŪŨмԤĶϼԤȤ뤷ƤΤϡƱΥ衼åѤνäȤȤˤʤꤽ
Scholfield, Phil. "Modernization and Standardization since the Seventeenth Century." Chapter 9 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 143--61.
#3049. ѸǤ⥢ե٥åȤϤޤ26ʸǤϤʤä ([2017-09-01-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡ1755ǯ˱ƶϤΤ뼭ä Samuel Johnson (1709--84) ϡե٥åȤʸξ26ʸȤʤ⡤ºݤμˤƤ i/j, u/v γơ勞ˤ˽äI, V θФΤȤˡ줾켡Τ褦롥Crystal ȴǤѤ롥
I
is in English considered both as a vowel and consonant; though, since the vowel and consonant differ in their form as well as sound, they may be more properly accounted two letters.
I vowel has a long sound, as fine, thine, which is usually marked by an e final; and a short sound, as fin, thin. Prefixed to e it makes a diphthong of the same sound with the soft i, or double e: thus field, yield, are spoken as feeld, yeeld; except friend, which is spoken frend. Subjoined to a or e it makes them long, as fail, neight; and to o makes a mingled sound, which approaches more nearly to the true notion of a diphthong, or sound composed of the sounds of two vowels, than any other combination of vowels in the English language, as oil, coin. The sound of i before another i, and at the end of a word, is always expressed by y.
J consonant has invariably the same sound with that of g in giant; as jade, jet, jilt, jolt, just.
V
Has two powers, expressed in modern English by two characters, V consonant and U vowel, which ought to be considered as two letters; but they were long confounded while the two uses were annexed to one form, the old custom still continues to be followed.
U, the vowel, has two sounds; one clear, expressed at other times by eu, as obtuse; the other close, and approaching to the Italian u, or English oo, as obtund.
V, the consonant, has a sound nearly approaching to those of b and f. With b it is by the Spaniards and Gascons always confounded, and in the Runick alphabet is expressed by the same character with f, distinguished only by a diacritical point. Its sound in English is uniform. It is never mute.
ʸŵŪʲˡǫ˵ҤƤΤ狼롥ǤƤ褦ˡJohnson ϤϤ i j, u v Τ˶̤٤ʸȤߤʤƤ롥Ǥ⡤ޤǤδѤ˽虜ʤȤΩˤޤƤ롥դˡȴѤζ֤ɤ뤳λͭ褯ɽ蘆Ƥ褦˻פ롥
ΡֻͤIJ̾פʤ̥ե٥åȤΡֻͤʸפŪطʤˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1])#2415. Ūɽֻ John Hart ˤפơ ([2015-12-07-1]) Ȥ줿
Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language: An Anthology. Selected, Edited and with an Introduction by David Crystal. London: Penguin, 2005.
ɸϡ#1365. űѸˤ뼫IJˤϤޤ줿̵ͭ ([2013-01-21-1]) Ǽ夲#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) #2948. Ϣ5alive ˸ءס ([2017-05-23-1]) ǤŪΡ⤦1ĤαǤ롥wolf ʣ wolves Ȥʤʤɡñ /-f/ ʣ /-vz/ ؤȰ츫Ե§Ѳ㤬Ĥ̾˸롥㤨Сcalf/calves, elf/elves, half/halves, leaf/leaves, life/lives, loaf/loaves, knife/knives, self/selves, sheaf/sheaves, shelf/shelves, thief/thieves, wife/wives ʤɤǤ롥Ϥɤäͳ
űѸǤϡ̵ /f, θ, s/ ϡξ¦ͭ˶ޤȼͭ [v, ð, z] Ȥʤ벻§ΩƤε§ϡŬѤ벻Ķξ郎Ѳ뤳Ȥ⤢СˤäƤޤޤѸʹߤǤ⤷ФФܤˤ롼Ǥ롥ɬݤäŬѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ̣DZѸˤ̤Ƹư³Ƥ§Ȥ롥ͭ (fricative_voicing) ʤɤȤ̾ͿƤ롥
ɸ˾Ȥ餷ʲǤ /f/ ξʤwolf ϵˤϸűѸǤ wulf Ȥ֤ä̾ѲȤ롼פ°̾ǡʤȿ˱ưʲΤ褦˶ޤ
| Ѳ̾ | ñ | ʣ |
|---|---|---|
| wulf | wulfas | |
| г | wulf | wulfas |
| ° | wulfes | wulfa |
| Ϳ | wulfe | wulfum |
Ѹֻ John Hart (c. 1501--74) ˤĤơ#1994. John Hart ˤ츻ŪֻؤȽ ([2014-10-12-1])#1942. 츻Ūֻνᤰäơ ([2014-08-21-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1])#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) εǸڤƤ
Hart ϡɽΩˤֻפε˯Ǥꡤ1ʸ1פۤؤʤƤ³ William Bullokar (fl. 1586) ȤȤˡޤƤŪäˡο͡ˤޤȤ˼夲뤳ȤϤʤäǤ⡤Hart ƤΤʤǡ˷̤Ȥɸֻ˺Ѥ줿פʹܤ2Ĥ롥<u> <v> ʬ <i> <j> ʬǤ롥줾ʬγפˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]) ǿ줿̤տŪ˶ʤ褦Ȥʪ Hart οͤäHorobin (120--21) ϡ Hart ιˤĤơΤ褦ɾƤ롥
In many ways Hart's is a sensible, if slightly over-idealized, view of the spelling system. Some of the reforms introduced by him have in fact been adopted. Before Hart the letter <j> was not a separate letter in its own right; in origin it is simply a variant form of the Roman letter <I>. In Middle English it was used exclusively as a variant of the letter <i> where instances appear written together, as in lijf 'life', and is common in Roman numerals, such as iiij for the number 4. . . . Hart advocated using the letter <j> as a separate consonant to represent the sound /dʒ/, as we still do today. A similar situation surrounds the letters <u> and <v>, which have their origins in the single Roman letter <V>. In the Middle English period they were positional variants, so that <v> appeared at the beginning of words and <u> in the middle of words, irrespective of whether they represented the vowel or consonant sound. Thus we find Middle English spellings like vntil, very, loue, and much. Hart's innovation was to make <u> the vowel and <v> the consonant, so that their appearance was dependent upon use, rather than position in the word.
ˡˤĤʤ2ФʸǤʬˤĤơHart ΤߤιǤ櫓ˤϤʤΥǥƤΤ٤Ƥˢ˵櫓ǤϤʤäȤȤõƤ褤
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ѸΥե٥åȤ23ʸܤ <w> ϡѸǤ double u ȾΤ뤬եǤ double vé ȾΤ (cf. Italian doppio vu, Spanish uve doble, Portuguese vê dobrado) θƤΰ㤤ϡ<u> <v> ƱʸǤȤǧƤκƱ˴ŤƤ (cf. #373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1]))
Ȥȥƥˤ <w> ʸϤʤ/w/ <v> 뤤 <u> ʸɽƤŵʹߡ7ޤǤ /w/ ΤҲŪ /v/ ؤȯãǤȤƤʸǤȤƤ w ϾäƤäθλˤĤơ (73) ˸äƤ餪
ȤƥǤϾü [w] ϡޥϸǤħŪ˻ĤäƤäˡƬˤƤ [w] ϸǡɤƤ [w] ɽ椬ɬפȤʤä7˰ֶᤤɽ魯 u Ťͤ uu ȤɽˡȯΤǤ롥w ̾ double-u ϤΤȤ褯ɽ路Ƥ롥եǤϡdouble-v [dublve] ȸƤФ롥
Τ褦ˤȯ줿 uu ϥΥޥǥ˹ꡤΥޥեΤʤΥޥ˻Ĥ [w] ɽʸȤƻȤ줿ɤǤ8ˡuu ϥ롼ʸѤ ƿ (wen) ˤȤäؤƼ˻Ȥʤʤä uu 11˥Υޥͤˤä w ȤƵ͢ΤǤ롥
Τ褦ʤȤ顤Ƭ w ĸդΤۤȤɤ졤뤤ϡޥϤθդǤ롥㤨Сway, wake, walk, week, west, wide, work, word, world Ǥꡤwindow, want, weak, wing ʤɤϥǡͤ⤿餷դǤꡤwait, war, ward, wage, wicket, wise, warranty ʤɤϥΥޥͤ⤿餷ޥ쵯θդǤ롥
OED W, n. θ츻ȡűѸǤϤĤ Northumbrian ΥƥȤ <uu> λѤ§Ūä8˥롼ʸ <ƿ> (West-Saxon wynn, Kentish wenn) ֤줿θ塤<ƿ> 1300ǯ餤˾ǤƤ롥
ơ"double u" "double v" űѸˤ <v> ¸ߤʤäθѸ˻ޤ <v> <u> ΰʸΤȤȤ館ƤΤ褦ʻ𤫤顤Ѹˤ <w> θƾΤȤ "u" Ѥ졤"double u" ȤƸꤷΤԻĤǤϤʤΥޥեˤƤϻҲȤƤ <v> Ǥ¸ߤƤꡤѸ줫Ƴ줿οʸ⡤<v> Ʊͤ˻Ҳɽ魯ΤѤ줿ᡤ<v> νŤʤäȤƷޤ졤"double v" ȸƤФ褦ˤʤäΤ
<w> ȴϢơ#1825. <F> εȯŸ ([2014-04-26-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿
رѸθ츻ŵ١罤۽Ź1990ǯ
#1348. 13ʹߤ v ([2013-01-04-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡѸˤ¸ߤ [v] 줿줬ʤʤäˡ (156) Ŧ褦ˡ첻Ԥ [v] ƱФƼפϱѸˤǤʤĤ褦
OE hlāford > lord
OE hlǣfdiġe > lady (cf. #23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 ([2009-05-21-1]))
OE heafod > head
OE havoc > hawk
OE lāferce > lark
OE wīfmann > woman (cf. #223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1]))
OE hæfde > had (cf. #2200. ʤ *haves, *haved ǤϤʤ has, had ʤΤ ([2015-05-06-1]))
ۤ never > ne'er, ever > e'er, over > o'er of clock > oclock > o'clock ä뤫⤷ʤ
[v] ޤäơ[w] ؤȾ첻䤹줬 [u] ؤ첻䤹Τơ첻ݤ߹ޤƾüƤ椯Ȥ뤳ȤǤ롥
סOE byrðen "burden vs. fæder "fath''er"Ѹˤ˻ȯŪ˸ [d] [ð] θؤˤĤơסظդΤʿءˡ˶ǰʸ١ҡ2015ǯ155--66ǡ
ɸΤ褦ˡѸ have Ե§ѲưǤ롥has -s 뤷, had -d ⤢뤫顤Ե§Ȥϼ㴳Ե§Ȥ٤ʤ *haves *haved ǤϤʤΤ
ŪˤߤСߤǤϵƤʤ haves haved ¸ߤűѸ˾Ȥ餷ƤߤȡưϽ˵§ŪʶޤưǤϤʤä٤˵§ŪǤꡤ̤ϻ¾ε§ѲưȹͤƤƺ٤ʤűѸ䡤Ȥ櫓ѸǤϡhaves haved ֵ§Ūפʽ֤Τ˹ԤƤΤǤ롥
űѸ habban (have) ζɽϡ#74. /b/ /v/ ְ㤨!? ([2009-07-11-1]) ǷǤʲ˰۷֤ޤɽƷǤ褦
| habban (have) | Present Indicative | Present Subjunctive | Preterite Indicative | Preterite Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | hæbbe | hæbbe | hæfde | hæfde | |
| 2nd sg. | hæfst, hafast | hafa | |||
| 3rd sg. | hæfþ, hafaþ | ||||
| pl. | habbaþ | hæbben | hæfdon | hæfden | habbaþ |
ε#1826. 첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1]) ǸڤѸˡˤĤƤ褯Τ줿§1Ĥˡ#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) 롥take, mete, side, rose, cube ʤ¿ <-VCe> ıñˤơ첻 V Ĺ첻뤤첻ɤޤ뤳ȤŪ˼ <e> ƤΤǤ롥ġ㳰ϤȤƤ⡤褽§ȾΤƺ٤ʤ
<-ve> ǽñ˴ؤơdove, glove, shove, ƻ -ive ĸ췲ʤɡ㳰¿ˤʤ롥⡤above, give, have, live (v.), love ʤɹٸ¿θǤϡ <ve> Ԥ첻û첻Ȥɤޤ롥gave, eve, drive, grove ʤɵ§ŪʤΤ¿ȤǧĤĤ⡤ΩԵ§ϤɤΤ褦
¤ϡ<-ve> ˤ magic <e> ε§ƤϤޤʤ¿Τϡ <e> ⤽ magic <e> ǤϤʤǤ롥 <e> ϡmagic <e> Ȥ̵ط̤ŪаޤˤȯŸƤΤطʤˤϡѸˤˤ /v/ βDz٤ä¡ڤ <v> ʸǤȤƤΩ٤ä¤ʤβǤʸǤȯŸξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1222. ե줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])#1230. over offer ϺǾФǤϤʤ ([2012-09-08-1]) Ȥ줿ˡꤷƤС<v> ñȤǸˤ뤳ȤǤ<e> ΥݡȤ <-ve> ȤƤˤ뤳ȤǤʤäơ <e> ϥݡȤ <e> ˤԤ첻̤ɸ뵡ǽôäƤ櫓ǤϤʤʲˡ2ŪͿ桤pp. 166--70 ⻲ȡˡ
(1) űѸǤϡ[v] ϤޤΩǤǤϤʤ /f/ ΰ۲ˤʤäŵŪˤ ofer (over) ʤ첻˶ޤ줿Ķ [v] 줿ľ첻ϼ岽뷹äȤ⤢ꡤѸˤƤ <e> ֤뤳Ȥ¿ʤäΤ褦ˤơ[v] β <ve> ֻ̩ܤ˴ϢŤ褦ˤʤä<e> ΤΤ̵ǤꡤޤǴǤ롥
(2) ҤΤ褦ˡѸȽѸ̤ơ<u> <v> ʸȤƤʬƤǤϤʤä첻ȤƤ <u>ҲȤƤ <v> ȤʬôΤˤǤƤʤäǤ⡤ؤϤä褦Ǥ롥㤨С̤ʬξǤСlove low ϤȤ <lou> Ȥֻ˹줷ƤޤǡȤꤢˡȤơҲ [v] Τˡ̵ <e> ź <-ue> Ȥ3Ĥ첻³ȤϾʤᡤ<loue> ֤С֤ <u> ϻҲɽ魯ϤȤˤʤ롥Ǥ <e> ΤΤ̵Ǥꡤľ <u> ҲǤ뤳ȤôäƤˤʤ䤬ơҲȤƤ <v> ̲ȡΰ֤ <u> Τޤ <v> ؤž줿<v> ҲȤƳΩΤǤ <e> ΥݡȤȤƤפȤʤ뤬 <e> ˤ긽ߤޤǻĤäƤ롥
ơ [v] <-ve> Ȥ֤뽬Ω<-v> ñΤǽϡAsimov, eruv, guv, lav, Slav ʤɡ¯졦ά졤ʤɤμѸ˸ꤵ졤ŪʱѸˡˤƤ⤤Ƥ롥
Noah Webster 䡤Cut Speling μ羧 Christopher Upward ʤɤϡgive <giv> Ȥ֤뤳ȤƤ϶ŪˤϹŪǡ嵭Τ褦Ūطʤܤ뤳ȤפǤ롥
סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ
[v] ϤȤͭ첻Ǽ䤹ȤŪħ롥ͭȤŪˤϡбμ岽ˤäƤ⤢롥ƥ rīpam "bank, shore", sētam "silk", focum "hearth" θڥǤ riba, seda, fuego "fire" ƤꡤեǤ rive, soie, feu Τ褦ˤ˼岽뤤ϾüƤ (Bloomfield 374)
[v] ˸ꤹСѸǤ⡤λҲ첻ǤФкƤ롥Ѹ auger, curfew, had, head, kerchief, lady, lark, lord, poor ϡȯ [v] ޤޤƤʤ [v] äƤ[v] κ13ʹߤΤȤƤ롥
(401, 410--11) ˤС[v] κ줿ĶˤϤĤμबǧ롥Ǥ3夲褦1ܤϡa ˸³k, g, l ֤ĶǤ롥㤨Сauger hawk ʤɤǡŪ [v] Ƥ롥ԤϸűѸ nafogār ̤ꡤ nafu "nave" + gār "spear" ιǤ롥Ѹ a g ˶ޤ줿 [v] 졤 a nauger an auger ʬΤǤʰʬϤˤĤƤϡ[2009-05-03-1]ε#4. ǶܤǤѸñȯڤƤ롩פ metanalysis γƵȡˡԤϡűѸ h(e)afoc Ѹˤ [v] 줿ΤǤ롥
2ܤ d ֤ˤƤǤꡤűѸ hæfde "had", hēafdes "head's", hlǣfdige "lady" ʤɤˤ [v] ü
3ܤϡΤĹ첻θ֤ǡ r(C), l, m, n ֤ˤƤǤꡤűѸ lāferce "lark" 䡤ťե줫μѸ cuevrechief "kerchief", cuevrefeu "curfew", povre "poor" ʤɤˤ [v] ü
Ϣơlady lord θˤˤĤƤϡ#23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 ([2009-05-21-1]) ȡ
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
ε[2010-05-05-1]³<u> <v> ʬꡥϡѸűѸˤޤ̤롥
ޤŦ٤ȤȤơűѸǤ <v> ȤʸѤʤäȤΤϡűѸǤ /v/ ( phoneme ) ȤƳΩƤޤDz /f/ ͭ۲ ( allophone ) ȤƤΤ¸ߤǤ롥alphabet ϸ§ȤƲǤбʸǤ뤫顤/v/ ȤǤʤʾ塤бʸäɬפǤϤʤ㤨СűѸ ofer "over" ȤǤϡҲ [v] ɽΤ <f> Ѥ줿ͭ˶ޤ줿ҲϼưŪͭΤűѸβ§ʤΤǡ<f> ֤ä [f] ʤΤ [v] ʤΤȤ¤ʤǤϼưŪ [v] βȤʤ롥Τ褦˵§äꤷƤΤǡ<f> ȤʸѤ롥;ʬʸߤʤȤ̣ǡǤ롥ʸѸ of of course <f> ȯӡ
ȤѸλѤäƤ롥ޤǤ /f/ ȤǤΰ۲Ȥ¸ߤƤԤ [v] ΩƼʬ¸ߤԡ뤷Ϥ /v/ ȤΩϰ̤ΤǤ롥طʤˤϡѸΥեήäեǤ /f/ /v/ Ϥ줾ΩǤȤΩƤꡤ㤨 fine vine ĤΰۤʤäΤ褦˲ǤΩڤñڥ minimal pair ȸƤ֡űѸǤϤΤ褦 /f/ /v/ minimal pair ¸ߤʤäѸǤϥե <v> ĸ¿ѤȤǡ /f/ /v/ Ω褦 minimal pair ޤ줿ƱѸ /v/ Dz ( phonemicisation ) ȡ˱ <v> ȤʸΩⴶ褦ˤʤäDzǤȤʸɬǤȤˡ̤ <v> ޤեѸ줬ŪäƤȤǡ<v> ʸȤƤ¸ߴϽʬ˴Ƥ
ѸǤϸűѸ줫ѤƤ <u> ȥեäƿȤϤ줿 <v> ¤ΩĤȤˤʤä餫֤ñǤϤʤäűѸǤ <u> ϸ§ȤƤäѤ첻ȤƻȤƤꡤϤʬۤä⤷˼줿 <v> /v/ бҲȤƳΩƤСΤ褦 <u> 첻<v> ϻҲȤ褦ʬۤƤȤ<v> ϱѸؼ줿餫첻Ȥ <u> ȤƤȤ줿ΤǤ롥ϡȤΥեǤäǤ⤢뤷˸ХƥǤ⤽äǤ롥ƥǤ <v> β첻 [u] ޤϻҲ [w] ǤʻҲȤƤϸ [v] ѲˡĤʸȤưƤӤʤۤɤˤβ϶ᤫäΤǤ롥
ơűѸǤ¸ߤ餷ʤä <u> <v> ʬ꤬Ѹ˥եֻʤäȤǿƤޤä줬褵Τ17ʹߤԤʤФʤʤäȤϡꥹʹߤʤ餯եαƶȴʤäȤƻפ碌롥
<u> <v> ˤĤơޤ phonemicisation ˤĤƤ Smith (79-82) ȡ
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.
alphabet ˤϤܤƤޤۤɤοߤ롥1700ǯ1500ǯλ塤ե˥ ( the Phoenicians ) ˤäȯ줿Ȥ alphabet оϸˤΤߤʤ餺ʸˤɤ뤬ȤäƤ褤뤽ΰʸʸˤϡʣˤޤƤ롥
ǯε[2010-01-01-1]ǡǯϥե٥åȤⰷȽҤ٤ΤΤޤĤꤢƤʤäΤǡ <u> <v> ʬˤĤƹͤƤߤʸˤĤƸȤˤϡʸ̾ΡǤʬۡб벻¾ʸȤδطʤɹθ٤͡¦̤ꡤñǤϤʤ˴Ϣɽ§ǧƤʸΤΤɽȤˤ <v> Τ褦ɽɽȤˤ /v/ ʲɽˤ [v] ʲɽˤΤ褦ɽ뤳ȤȤ롥
<u> <v> ϵˤĤΰۤʤǤ롥<w> <y> 碌ơŪˤϸ奮ꥷ첻 <V> ؤ̤롥ѸǤ <u> 첻<v> ϻҲȤ̤ĤƤ뤬ζ̤ΤˤʤäΤ17ʹߡ§ȤʤäΤ18ʹߤΤȤˤʤޤǤ <u> Ƚ <v> Ƚ첻ȻҲΤɽȤǤδФǤؤ˻פ뤫⤷ʤƤޤФɤβɽƤ뤫¤ȤϤʤ ( ex. ouer "over", vnkind "unkind" ) 17ʹߤξʸζ̤ޤäȤäƤ⤽ϺñꥹȤǤϼ¤19ޤ <t> μʸȤưĤ˰Ƥ<u> <v> Υե٥åȤǤ¤ӽ⸽ߤȵդΥ⤢ꡤߤν֤ˤܸۤ경ȤΤ1828ǯ Noah Webster μ The American Dictionary of the English Language ʹߤǤ롥
Ǥϡ17ǽζ̤ʤˤ⤫餺 <u> <v> ȤĤΰۤʤ¸ߤΤϤ⤽ʤˤϡѸűѸˤޤ̤ɬפ롥
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