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number - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-12-16 Mon

#5712. Norman ʣ Normans Τۤ Normen ⤢ä [number][plural][compound][metanalysis][analogy][folk_etymology][oed]

German ʥɥĿ͡ˤʣ Germans Ǥ *Germen ˤϤʤʤ츻Ū -man ʣǤϤʤƱͤ human ʿʹ֡, Ottoman ʥޥ󡦥ȥ륳͡, talisman ʸˤʤɤ⡤-man ϤޤǸ촴ΰǤꡤ츻Ū -man ʣǤϤʤˡʣϵ§Ū - s Ĥ humans, Ottomans, talismans Ȥ롥*humen, *Ottomen, *talismen ȤϤʤʤ
ȼ㴳𤬰ۤʤΤ#707. dragoman ([2011-04-04-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̾ʣǤ롥dragoman ˤϸ츻Ūˤ -man ʣǤϤʤΤΡʣȤƤ dragomans Τߤʤ餺 dragomen Ѥ롥Ԥϰδ㤤뤤ϰʬ (metanalysis) ˴ŤŪˤϵƤƤ
˰ۤʤ륿פ夲 Norman ʣ̾ϡ츻Ūˤ north + -man Ǥꡤ餫 -man ʣǤcf. #1568. Norman, Normandy, Norse ([2013-08-12-1])ˡäơʣ *Normen Ȥʤ뤳Ȥͽۤ뤬ºݤˤΤȤ1Ĥ̾촴ȤƲᤵ褦ˤʤäΤNormans ȤѤƤ
Ȥ Norman θˤҤȤȡĤƤʣȤ Normen ѤƤȤ狼롥OED űѸ줫κǽʸ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

OE Þær wæs Harold cyning of Norwegan & Tostig eorl ofslagen, & gerim folces mid heom, ægðer ge Normana ge Englisca, & þa Normen [flugon þa Englis[c]a].
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Tiberius MS. B.i) anno 1066

OE Harold for to Norwegum, Magnus fædera, syððan Magnus dead wæs, & Normen hine underfengon.
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Tiberius MS. B.iv) anno 1049


Ť Normans Τ̤ۤʣä褦ǤϤ롥

c1275 (?a1200) Seoððen comen Normans [c1300 Otho MS. Normains]..and nemneden heo Lundres.
Laȝamon, Brut (Caligula MS.) (1963) 7115

c1325 (c1300) þus was in normannes hond þat lond ibroȝt.
Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester (Caligula MS.) 7498


-man ָ̱츻Ūʣᤰϡۤˤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ

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2024-12-01 Sun

#5697. royal we ϡַ weפǤϤʤּҲŪʿʣס [terminology][oe][me][royal_we][monarch][personal_pronoun][pronoun][sociolinguistics][politeness][t/v_distinction][honorific][number][shakespeare]

ַ֡ we (royal_we) դˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥Jespersen äƤߤȡַ weפʤּ̡ҲŪʿʣ ("the plural of social inequality") ȤѸ줬󤲤Ƥ2;̾ˤ롤 "T/V distinction" (t/v_distinction) ȴϢŤ we ݤˤϡΤѸ줫⤷ʤ

   4.13. Third, we have what might be called the plural of social inequality, by which one person either speaks of himself or addresses another person in the plural. We thus have in the first person the 'plural of majesty', by which kings and similarly exalted persons say we instead of I. The verbal form used with this we is the plural, but in the 'emphatic' pronoun with self a distinction is made between the normal plural ourselves and the half-singular ourself. Thus frequently in Sh, e.g. Hml I. 2.122 Be as our selfe in Denmarke | Mcb III. 1.46 We will keepe our selfe till supper time alone. (In R2 III. 2.127, where modern editions have ourselves, the folio has our selfe; but in R2 I. 1,16, F1 has our selues). Outside the plural of majesty, Sh has twice our selfe (Meas. II. 2.126, LL IV. 3.314) 'in general maxims' (Sh-lex.).
   . . . .
   In the second person the plural of social inequality becomes a plural of politeness or deference: ye, you instead of thou, thee; this has now become universal without regard to social position . . . .
   The use of us instead of me in Scotland and Ireland (Murray D 188, Joyce Ir 81) and also in familiar speech elsewhere may have some connexion with the plural of social inequality, though its origin is not clear to me.


٥ȤѸǤϤʤ⤷ʤҲŪʿˤ־פؤΤˡַʣ ("polite plural") ʤɤνѸϤ뤤ϡǤϤ魯뤫⤷ʤΤǡäȿȤ⳸ʤ־ʣפʤɡ䡤ꤷơäȤȤ⳸ʤѸȤơַʣפǤ褤Τ⤷ʤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 2. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1922.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-02-1]

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2024-11-30 Sat

#5696. royal we θűѸ줫㡩 [oe][me][royal_we][monarch][personal_pronoun][pronoun][beowulf][aelfric][philology][historical_pragmatics][number]

ַ we (royal_we) ˤĤơ#5284. ñ we --- royal we, authorial we, editorial we ([2023-10-15-1]) #5692. royal we --- ϼȤ I ǤϤʤ we ȸƤ֡ ([2024-11-26-1]) εǼ夲Ƥ
OED εҤˤȡűѸ royal we θŤȤܤΤ뤬⿿㤫ɤȽǤ񤷤Ȥ롥Mitchell OES (§252) ؤλȤäΤǡäƤߤ

§252. There are also places where a single individual other than an author seems to use the first person plural. But in some of these at any rate the reference may be to more than one. Thus GK and OED take we in Beo 958 We þæt ellenweorc estum miclum, || feohtan fremedon as referring to Beowulf alone---the so-called 'plural of majesty'. But it is more probably a genuine plural; as Klaeber has it 'Beowulf generously includes his men.' Such examples as ÆCHom i. 418. 31 Witodlice we beorgað ðinre ylde: gehyrsuma urum bebodum . . . and ÆCHom i. 428. 20 Awurp ðone truwan ðines drycræftes, and gerece us ðine mægðe (where the Emperor Decius addresses Sixtus and St. Laurence respectively) may perhaps also have a plural reference; note that Decius uses the singular in ÆCHom i. 426. 4 Ic geseo . . . me . . . ic sweige . . . ic and that in § ii. 128. 6 Gehyrsumiað eadmodlice on eallum ðingum Augustine, þone ðe we eow to ealdre gesetton. . . . Se Ælmihtiga God þurh his gife eow gescylde and geunne me þæt ic mote eoweres geswinces wæstm on ðam ecan eðele geseon . . . , where Pope Gregory changes from we to ic, we may include his advisers. If any of these are accepted as examples of the 'plural of majesty', they pre-date that from the proclamation of Henry II (sic) quoted by Bøgholm (Jespersen Gram. Misc., p. 219). But in this too we may include advisers: þæt witen ge wel alle, þæt we willen and unnen þæt þæt ure ræadesmen alle, oþer þe moare dæl of heom þæt beoþ ichosen þurg us and þurg þæt loandes folk, on ure kyneriche, habbeþ idon . . . beo stedefæst.


Ǥ royal we 餷򤻤űѸ㤬Ĥ󤲤Ƥ뤬Τˤ1;ʣȤƲ᤹뤳ȤǽǤ롥ǸոƤѸ줫ˤƤ⡤royal we ȳθǤ櫓ǤϤʤľ1;ʣȤᤷΤĤδ֤ˤʸؤȼҲ˸ξ¤ͶƤޤä롥
ʤߤˡ嵭 "the proclamation of Henry II" "the proclamation of Henry III" θǤ롥Ѹ˾ȤƤפʡ#2561. The Proclamation of Henry III ([2016-05-01-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Mitchell, Bruce. Old English Syntax. 2 vols. New York: OUP, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-02-1]

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2024-11-26 Tue

#5692. royal we --- ϼȤ I ǤϤʤ we ȸƤ֡ [personal_pronoun][pronoun][royal_we][monarch][terminology][indefinite_pronoun][reflexive_pronoun][number]

ַ we (royal_we) ȾΤŪˡ롥1ͤΤȤؤ I ǤϤʤ we ѤȤ̤ʰ;̾λȤǤ롥ˡˤĤƤϡ#5284. ñ we --- royal we, authorial we, editorial we ([2023-10-15-1]) OED 򻲾ȤĤľ夲
üˡˤĤơQuirk et al. §6.18 Note [a] ˼Τ褦ʵҤ롥

[a] The virtually obsolete 'royal we' (= I) is traditionally used by a monarch, as in the following examples, both famous dicta by Queen Victoria:
   We are not interested in the possibilities of defeat. We are not amused.


Quirk et al. §6.23 ˤϡбƵ̾ ourself ؤθڤ⤢롥

There is also . . . a very rare 'royal we' singular reflexive pronoun ourself . . . .


Fowler θˡŵĴ٤Ƥߤ we ιܤˡroyal we ˴ؤ뵭Ҥä (835)

   4 The royal we. The OED gives examples from the OE period onward in which we is used by a single sovereign or ruler to refer to himself or herself. The custom seems to be dying out: in her formal speeches Queen Elizabeth II rarely if ever uses it now. (On royal tours when accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh we is often used by the Queen to refer to them both; alternatively My husband and I.)
   History of the term. The OED record begins with Lytton (1835): Noticed you the we---the style royal? Later examples: The writer uses 'we' throughout---rather unfortunately, as one is sometimes in doubt whether it is a sort of 'royal' plural, indicating only himself, or denotes himself and companions---N&Q 1931; 'In the absence of the accused we will continue with the trial.' He used the royal 'we', but spoke for us all---J. Rae, 1960. (The last two examples clearly overlap with those given in para 3.) It will be observed that the term 'the royal we' has come to be used in a weakened, transferred, or jocular manner. The best-known example came when Margaret Thatcher informed the world in 1989 that her daughter-in-law had given birth to a son: We have become a grandmother, the Prime Minister said. A less well-known American example: interviewed on a television programme in 1990 Vice-President Quayle, in reply to the interviewer's expression of hope that Quayle would join him again some time, replied We will.


ʤΰѤ˸ڤΤ"para 3" Ǥϡindefinite we Ƥ뤳ȤդäƤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-11-30-1]

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2024-11-07 Thu

#5673. 10Mond 5μ˲ޤ [mond][sobokunagimon][hel_education][notice][link][helkatsu][numeral][grammaticalisation][number][category][dual][negation][perfect][subjunctive][heldio]



μͭӥ Mond ˤ5αѸ˴ؤ˲ޤΤ̤äƥ󥯤ĥꡤդޤ

(1) ʤ̻ͷΥǤΤˡͭʤͷΥǤʤΡ
ŪˤϿ̻ (QP) ȸ (DP) ΰ㤤ˤΤǤǤǤϹԤޤŪˤСűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ̻ͷΥϾ¸ߤƤޤȤȤ¤ʤäƤƤȤ¤ޤܤϿ Ƿ ͵ ˡʸˡȸѲ١ʳҡ2024ǯ򤴻Ȥ

(2) have got to got ȤϲʤΤǤ礦
have got ֳȤפȤߴλΰ̣Ǥ16ֻäƤפȤñʰ̣žޤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) βФơ have ѤȤ夷Ƥޤ#5657. Ū have got ȯã (1) ([2024-10-22-1])#5658. Ū have got ȯã (2) ([2024-10-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(3) ѸǤñʣζ̤ޤʤ1ȤʳפʤΤǤ礦
1פ¾ο٤ä˴ŪǽפʿǤ뤿ȹͤޤűѸˤп⤢ޤѸʹߤñʣ2ʬȤʤޤθǤϺ5ʬޤǻĤΤ⤢ޤ#5660. ʤѸˤñʣζ̤Ρ --- Mond ǤμȲ ([2024-10-25-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(4) λϤʤưη³ɽǤΤǤ礦
λνˡζϡָߤȤδͿפǤ³ΰ̣ϼ˾ưǸ졤ưưǤϴλΰ̣ɽФޤޤֻŪפⴰλνפħȹͤޤ#5651. Ф븽ߴλΰ̣ŪħϡפǤ ([2024-10-16-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(5) subjunctive mood ʲˡ³ˡˤθߴλˤĤ
ˡߴλ¸߲ǽǼ⸫ޤŪޤǤˡηϤϡָߡλפ3ȤߤȤ򤹤ΤǡǴλ꤬ɬפʾ˸ߴλѤ롤Ȳ᤹ΤϤǤ礦

ʾǤ11 Mond ˤƱѸʻˡˤ˴ؤѤʵդƤޤˤʤ䤤򤪴󤻤

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2024-10-25 Fri

#5660. ʤѸˤñʣζ̤Ρ --- Mond ǤμȲ [emode][number][category][plural][dual][negation][mond][sobokunagimon][ai][voicy][heldio]

mond_20241019.png



μͭӥ Mond ˾嵭Ѥʵ䤬󤻤ޤʸϰʲ̤Ǥ

ѸǤñʣζ̤ޤʤ1ȤʳפʤΤǤ礦̤οҤ򤹤ȡ֤ʤΤۤοȤϰ㤦̤ʰˤʤΤǤ礦סΥ֥ʤɤǤпΤäޤ⤷ȤȤñпΤۤο3䡤֤äȤס֤Τפʤɡˤˤäƶ̤ƤΤˤñ㲽ƤȤȤϹͤޤǤ1ζ̤ϽȻĤäƤΤȤȡȤƤԻ׵Ĥ˴ޤ


ܼŪʼФơΤ褦˲ޤ X @chariderryu Ǥ⡤ˤĤƾʤȿޤΤǡܥ֥ǤƤΤ餻վ񤭤ǤޤȤƤȻפޤ



1. źθˤΥƥ꡼

ѸǤñ1פʣ2ʾפ2ʬ
űѸǤп¸ߤѸޤǤѤ줿
θǤϡ5ʬñп3ʣˤޤdzǧƤ
ܸΤ褦ˡΤʿζʬʤ¸ߤ
ˤäƥƥ꡼СοϰۤʤꡤŪѲ⤢

2. ʤ1פȡ2ʾפ̤ʤΤ

1פ¾οӤüǺΩäƤ
ǤŪŪ١ĽפʿǤ
Ѹ쥳ѥ (BNCweb) ˤСone λ٤¾ο갵Ū˹⤤
1פްդɽ˭ (ex. a(n), single, unique, only, alone)
2ĤΥƥ꡼ΤߤĸǤϡ̾1פȡ2ʾפζʬˤʤ

3. ä̤ʤΤϡ0פȡ1ʾפ⤷ʤ

0פȡ1ʾפζ̤꺬Ūʲǽ
ƻǤ no vs. oneǤ not ̵ͭ vs. ˤб
Ķơ̿ꡦȤ̣ŪŪʺ˴ؤ
ꡦפγǰϡAI ˤȤä񤷤Ȥ
0פޤ᤿Υƥ꡼ιͻܼŪˤĤʤǽΤǤϤʤ




Υƥ꡼ȤƻϤޤޤĤδ֤ˤꡦεˤؤäƤޤޤ³ͻƤȻפޤ Mond μ䡤Ǥ


Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-11-07-1]

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2024-10-19 Sat

#5654. a friend of mine vs. one of my friends [double_genitive][genitive][syntax][determiner][definiteness][number][semantics][pragmatics]

ε#5653. 2°ɽ a friend of mine 2Ĥΰ̣Ūħ ([2024-10-18-1]) ˰³double_genitive 뤤 post-genitive ΰ̣롥 a friend of mine ȤɽȤ one of my friends Ȥΰ̣Ūʺۤ뤫ɤܤ롥
Quirk et al. (17.46) ˤСξɽ̾Ʊʸ̮ˤäƤϰۤʤް (entailment) ӤӤȤ

The two constructions a friend of his father's and one of his father's friends are usually identical in meaning. One difference, however, is that the former construction may be used whether his father had one or more friends, whereas the latter necessarily entails more than one friend. Thus:

Mrs Brown's daughter[8]
Mrs Brown's daughter Mary[9]
Mary, (the) daughter of Mrs Brown[10]
Mary, a daughter of Mrs Brown's[11]


[8] implies 'sole daughter', whereas [9] and [10] carry no such implication; [11] entails 'not sole daughter'.
   Since there is only one composition called the War Requiem by Britten, we have [12] but not [13] or [14]:

The War Requiem of/by Britten (is a splendid work.)[12]
*The War Requiem of Britten's[13]
*One of Britten's War Requiems[14]


̯ʰ㤤褦Ƕ̣ȤǺǸ˽Ҥ٤ƤӺεǿ줿ħˤȿ㤬롥㤨 "that wife of mine", "this war Requiem of Britten's", "this hand of mine", "the/that daughter of Mrs Brown's", "that son of yours" ʤɤ
Quirk et al. ϡ򼡤Τ褦롥"this hand of mine" ϡǤ "this one of my (two) hands" ΰ̣ǤϤʤ "this part of my body that I call 'hand'" ΰ̣Ǥ롥ޤԤʸ̮ǰ "a daughter of Mrs Brown's" ƤС򻲾Ȥݤ "the/that daughter of Mrs Brown's (that I mentioned)" ۤɤΰ̣ǻȤ뤳Ȥ롥ˡŪŪʰ̣礤 "that son of yours" ʤɤȤ⤢롥Ĥޤꡤ㳰Ū˷줬դ륱Ǥϡ餫Ρʰ̣ŪǤʤ˸ŪʴްդäƤȤȤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-10-20-1]

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2024-04-05 Fri

#5457. [subject][terminology][semantics][syntax][logic][existential_sentence][construction][agreement][number][expletive]

ε#5456. Ȥϲ ([2024-04-04-1]) ˰³ (subject) ˤĤƤܼŪʵꤿ˺ݤޤѸ켭ŵʤɤäƤߤΤɤMcArthur ιܤѤ褦פƤ롥

SUBJECT [13c: from Latin subjectum grammatical subject, from subiectus placed close, ranged under]. A traditional term for a major constituent of the sentence. In a binary analysis derived from logic, the sentence is divided into subject and predicate, as in Alan (subject) has married Nita (predicate). In declarative sentences, the subject typically precedes the verb: Alan (subject) has married (verb) Nita (direct object). In interrogative sentences, it typically follows the first or only part of the verb: Did (verb) Alan (subject) marry (verb) Nita (direct object)? The subject can generally be elicited in response to a question that puts who or what before the verb: Who has married Nita?---Alan. Where concord is relevant, the subject determines the number and person of the verb: The student is complaining/The students are complaining; I am tired/He is tired. Many languages have special case forms for words in the subject, the subject requires a particular form (the subjective) in certain pronouns: I (subject) like her, and she (subject) likes me.

Kinds of subject. A distinction is sometimes made between the grammatical subject (as characterized above), the psychological subject, and the logical subject: (1) The psychological subject is the theme or topic of the sentence, what the sentence is about, and the predicate is what is said about the topic. The grammatical and psychological subjects typically coincide, though the identification of the sentence topic is not always clear: Labour and Conservative MPs clashed angrily yesterday over the poll tax. Is the topic of the sentence the MPs or the poll tax? (2) The logical subject refers to the agent of the action; our children is the logical subject in both these sentences, although it is the grammatical subject in only the first: Our children planted the oak sapling; The oak sapling was planted by our children. Many sentences, however, have no agent: Stanley has back trouble; Sheila is a conscientious student; Jenny likes jazz; There's no alternative; It's raining

Pseudo-subjects. The last sentence also illustrates the absence of a psychological subject, since it is obviously not the topic of the sentence. This so-called 'prop it' is a dummy subject, serving merely to fill a structural need in English for a subject in a sentence. In this respect, English contrasts with languages such as Latin, which can omit the subject, as in Veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered: with no need for the Latin pronoun ego, I). Like prop it, 'existential there' in There's no alternative is the grammatical subject of the sentence, but introduces neither the topic nor (since there is no action) the agent.

Non-typical subjects. Subjects are typically noun phrases, but they may also be finite and non-finite clauses: 'That nobody understands me is obvious'; 'To accuse them of negligence was a serious mistake'; 'Looking after the garden takes me several hours a week in the summer.' In such instances, finite and infinitive clauses are commonly post and anticipatory it takes their place in subject position: 'It is obvious that nobody understands me'; 'It was a serious mistake to accuse them of negligence.' Occasionally, prepositional phrases and adverbs function as subjects: 'After lunch is best for me'; 'Gently does it.'

Subjectless sentences. Subjects are usually omitted in imperatives, as in Come here rather than You come here. They are often absent from non-finite clauses ('Identifying the rioters may take us some time') and from verbless clauses ('New filters will be sent to you when available'), and may be omitted in certain contexts, especially in informal notes (Hope to see you soon) and in coordination (The telescope is 43 ft long, weighs almost 11 tonnes, and is more than six years late).


ܤν񤭽ФɸŪȤäƤ褯褽ʸˡŪʴγǰƳƤ롥ζ̤˻ϤޤꡤŪ񤤤ŪҲ𤵤롥
Ǥϡ줬ʸˡŪʴΤߤʤ餺ŪŪʴȤ館Ȥơ̤Υ󥰥뤬󶡤롥Ūʴϡ֥ơޡסŪʴϡưι԰ټԡפбΤʤΤ⤫롥¤ʸƤϤƤߤȡ3Ĥδμ줬ɬߤ˰פʤȤ롥
³ơŪʼ졤ߡμȸƤФΤҲ𤵤롥Ǥ there is ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ڤ롥ιʸǤ there ϥơޤǤϤꤨʤưι԰ټԤǤʤΤǡޤʸˡΤ׵ᤵƤȤߤʤۤʤ
̾̾ʳ쥫ƥ꡼ȤΩȤ꤬Ƴ줿ȡǸ˼줬ʤʤ뤤ϾάƤ㤬롥
ۤˤ͡ϵ󤲤줽ϼϤˤޤǡ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-04-06-1]

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2024-04-04 Thu

#5456. Ȥϲ [subject][terminology][semantics][syntax][logic][existential_sentence][inohota][youtube][voicy][heldio][construction][agreement][number][link]



331ۿ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥ219ϡָŤʸˡʸˡThere is ʸޤ狼ꤷƤäƤޤܥͥȤƤϡ4֤ǻİ3100ۤȤʤꡤŪ¿İƤ褦Ǥ꤬Ȥޤ
There is a book on the desk. Τ褦¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ˤ there ϡ̣Ūˤ϶¤ǤʸˡŪˤϼǤ뤫Τ褦ʿ񤤤򼨤ޤa book ϲϤƤ뤫С줳Ǥ뤳ȤǤޤ be ưȿΰפ򼨤Ǥ⡤a book Τۤ餷ΤǤϤʤȵǤǤ
ޤΤ褦˼Ƥ (subject) ȤϡäʤΤǤ礦ͤϤƬ뤰뤷Ƥޤ¸ʸμꡤӡּפȤѸ˴ؤƤϡheldio Ǥ夲Ƥޤ

#1003. There is an apple on the table. --- Ϥɤ졩
#1032. ʤ subject ּס --- ֤إ饸פΥ󥹥ԥ졼

󤳤 hellog Ǥ⡤¸ʸ˴ϢϰʲεǼ夲Ƥޤ

#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1])
#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])
#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1])

Ȥϲñ˲褹ǤϤޤ󤬡ҳˤͤƤС

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-04-05-1]

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2023-10-15 Sun

#5284. ñ we --- royal we, authorial we, editorial we [personal_pronoun][pronoun][singular_they][royal_we][monarch][number]

򺣡ʸˡǤϡñ they (singular_they) ˾뤳Ȥ¿ñ weפˤĤƤʹȤŪʱʸˡ "royal we", "authorial we", "editorial we" ʤɤȤΤƤˡǤ롥
OED, we, pron., n., adj. I.2 ˴ط2ĤθʸƤ롥űѸ줫ǧʤȵ˸ŤˡǤ롥ǽοȤȤ˰Ѥ롥

I.2. Used by a single person to denote himself or herself.

I.2.a. Used by a sovereign or ruler. Frequently defined by the name or title added.
The apparent Old English instances of this use are uncertain, and may rather show an inclusive plural use of the pronoun; see further B. Mitchell Old Eng. Syntax (1985) §252.

OE Witodlice we beorgað þinre ylde, gehyrsuma urum bebodum & geoffra þam undeadlicum godum. (Ælfric, Catholic Homilies: 1st Series (Royal MS.) (1997) xxix. 420)
OE Beowulf maþelode..: 'We þæt ellenweorc estum miclum, feohtan fremedon.' (Beowulf (2008) 958)
1258 We hoaten all vre treowe in þe treowþe þet heo vs oȝen þet heo stedefesteliche healden and swerien. (Proclam. Henry III (Bodleian MS.) in Transactions of Philological Society 1880-1 (1883) *173 (Middle English Dictionary))
. . . .

I.2.b. Used by a speaker or writer, in order to secure an impersonal style and tone, or to avoid the obtrusive repetition of 'I'.
N.E.D. (1926) states: 'Regularly so used in editorial and unsigned articles in newspapers and other periodicals, where the writer is understood to be supported in his opinions and statements by the editorial staff collectively.' This practice has become less usual during the 20th cent. and is limited to self-conscious and humorous contexts.

eOE Nu hæbbe we scortlice gesæd ymbe Asia londgemæro. (translation of Orosius, History (British Library MS. Add.) (1980) i. i. 12)
OE We mihton þas halgan rædinge menigfealdlicor trahtnian. (Ælfric, Catholic Homilies: 1st Series (Royal MS.) (1997) xxxvi. 495)
?a1160 Nu we willen sægen sum del wat belamp on Stephnes kinges time. (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Laud MS.) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137)


we λؼоݤϲ뤤ϴްоݤϲȤˤʤäƤǤϺε#5283. we ŪˡϸűѸ줫 ([2023-10-14-1]) Ǽ夲 we ˡ˴ؤˤĤʤäƤ롥
we ñˡˤĤƤϡ#1126. 衼åѤμ׸ˤ T/V distinction ε ([2012-05-27-1])#3468. ;ΤȤϲ (2) ([2018-10-25-1])#3480. ;ΤȤϲ (3) ([2018-11-06-1]) Ǥ⾯ƤΤǻͤޤǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-30-1] [2024-11-26-1]

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2023-10-13 Fri

#5282. Jespersen ΡֶʣפλŦ [plural][number][numeral][personal_pronoun][personal_name][plural_of_approximation][semantics][pragmatics]

ε#5281. ʣ ([2023-10-12-1]) ˤʣ (plural_of_approximation) ˤĤơǽ˻ŦΤ Jespersen (83--85) Ǥ롥θŵɤ߱ΤǡΤޤްѤ

          Plural of Approximation
   4.51 The sixties (cf. 4.12) has two meanings, first the years from 60 to 69 inclusive in any century; thus Seeley E 249 the seventies and the eighties of the eighteenth century | Stedman Oxford 152 in the "Seventies" [i.e. 1870, etc.] | in the early forties = early in the forties. Second it may mean the age of any individual person, when he is sixty, 61, etc., as in Wells U 316 responsible action is begun in the early twenties . . . Men marry before the middle thirties | Children's Birthday Book 182 While I am in the ones, I can frolic all the day; but when I'm in the tens, I must get up with the lark . . . When I'm in the twenties, I'll be like sister Joe . . . When I'm in the thirties, I'll be just like Mama.
   4.52. The most important instance of this plural is found in the pronouns of the first and second persons: we = I + one or more not-I's. The pl you (ye) may mean thou + thou + thou (various individuals addressed at the same time), or else thou + one or more other people not addressed at the moment; for the expressions you people, you boys, you all, to supply the want of a separate pl form of you see 2.87.
   A 'normal' plural of I is only thinkable, when I is taken as a quotation-word (cf. 8.2), as in Kipl L 66 he told the tale, the I--I--I's flashing through the record as telegraph-poles fly past the traveller; cf. also the philosophical plural egos or me's, rarer I's, and the jocular verse: Here am I, my name is Forbes, Me the Master quite absorbs, Me and many other me's, In his great Thucydides.
   4.53. It will be seen that the rule (given for instance in Latin grammars) that when two subjects are of different persons, the verb is in "the first person rather than the second, and in the second rather than the third" 'si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus, Allen and Greenough, Lat. Gr. §317) is really superfluous, as a self-evidence consequence of the definition that "the first person plural is the first person singular plus some one else, etc." In English grammar the rule is even more superfluous, because no persons are distinguished in the plural of English verbs.
   When a body of men, in response to "Who will join me?", answer "We all will", their collective answers may be said to be an ordinary plural (class 1) of I (= many I's), though each individual "we will" means really nothing more than "I will, and B and C . . . will, too" in conformity with the above definition. Similarly in a collective document: "We, the undersigned citizens of the city of . . ."
   4.54. The plural we is essentially vague and in no wise indicates whom the speaker wants to include besides himself. Not even the distinction made in a great many African and other languages between one we meaning 'I and my own people, but not you', and another we meaning 'I + you (sg or pl)' is made in our class of languages. But very often the resulting ambiguity is remedied by an appositive addition; the same speaker may according to circumstances say we brothers, we doctors, we Yorkshiremen, we Europeans, we gentlemen, etc. Cf. also GE M 2.201 we people who have not been galloping. --- Cf. for 4.51 ff. PhilGr p. 191 ff.
   4.55. Other examples of the pl of approximation are the Vincent Crummleses, etc. 4.42. In other languages we have still other examples, as when Latin patres many mean pater + mater, Italian zii = zio + zia, Span. hermanos = hermano(s) + hermana(s), etc.


ʣȤäƤ⡤ΰ̣ʣǤ롥ϡ츫ƷȤߤơܼŪˤϰ̣ȸʤΤȻפ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 2. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1922.

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2023-10-12 Thu

#5281. ʣ [plural][number][numeral][personal_pronoun][personal_name][plural_of_approximation][metonymy][t/v_distinction]

ʣ (plural_of_approximation) ʤΤ뤬¸ʲؿѸؼŵ٤˰͵򤷤롥
Ѹ̾ʣϡŪ -s դ̾ƱΡƱΤΤ2İʾ夢˸Ǥ롥ʣ (normal plural) ȸƤǤƱǤϤʤޤǶƤΤ2İʾ夢Ȥˤ⡤-s ΤĤʣѤ뤳Ȥ롥̩ˤƱǤϤʤƤΤƱΤȤȤ館줬2İʾ夢Ȥˤ -s Ĥ褦ȤȯۤǤ롥ʣ (plural_of_approximation) ȸƤФƤꡤѸˤϤĤλ㤬롥
㤨СǯǯǤ sixties 夲褦1960ǯ (in the sixties) 뤤60 (in one's sixties) Τ褦ɽϡsixty ʣ -(e)s դƤ60ǯʺСˡפΤΤ2İʾ彸ޤäΤǤϤʤ606162ǯʺСˤΤ褦Ϣ֤69ǯʺСˤޤ³褦ˡ60ΤΤ60˶ᤤȤޤäơsixties ȤҤäΤǤ롥Хȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) ˤäơ϶ƤˤʤΤƱʼΡˤΤȶˤޤȤᤢ뤳Ȥˤäơsixties Ȥɽ夲ƤΤǤ롥̩ˤ뤳ȤкŪʸ̤礭
¾ˤϿ̾ʤɤդʣ㤬롥㤨 the Henry Spinkers ȤСMr. and Mrs. Spinker ֥ԥ󥫡׺ʡפξάȤѤ롥ɽϻˤäƤϡ֥ԥ󥫡ʻˡפˤʤ뤷֥ԥ󥫡ȡפˤʤ롥²ȤơֶפС«ͤ뤳ȤǡʣȤɽƤΤǤ롥
ܼŪʶʣȤơI ʣȤƤ we 롥1;̾ I äǤּʡפؼ뤬ʣȤ we ϡ褷 I ּʡפ2İʾ«ͤΤǤϤʤּʡפȡ֤ʤפȡ֤ʤפȡ֤ʤפȡ碌Τ we Ǥ롥Ʊ I ʹ֤Τ褦ʣΥԡƤ櫓ǤϤʤޤ I Ȥ¦ˤ֤ΤȤ򴷽塤ŪƱʪȤߤʤơ碌 we ȸƤǤΤǤ롥ǤС1;ΤʣפȤɽŪ̷ϤǤΤΡ嵭αŪʲѤ뤳ȤǸդ˻ȤäƤΤǤ롥
ȤʣΡ֤ʤפ̣ you 1ͤФѤȤԤ⡤⤷ȶʣȯۤ˴ŤŪˡȤäƤ٤ΤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ƱȤϲפȤůŪ꤬Ǿ΢ˤĤƤ뤬ˤʣϤ⤷ݤǤ롥

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-13-1]

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2023-10-02 Mon

#5271. ΥޥȥڤϰճˤΥŪǤ [onomatopoeia][linguistics][iconicity][number]

ε#5269. Υޥȥڤϻפä⤫ä ([2023-09-30-1]) ǡĤߡĴظܼ2023ǯˤ򻲾ȤơΥޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ι٤˸Ūǧ
10ܤͻΤʤǡΥפɬ򤷤䤹ʤ⤷ʤΥȤϥʥǤϤʤǥǤȴñ⤽⥪Υޥȥڤˤξ¦̤ΤǤϤʤȵ뤫
桦ĤϡεФƼΤ褦Ƥ (81--83)

ΥޥȥڤΥŪʥŪ̸˶ᤤΤū䲻˶ᤤΤ2ϤǤϡΥޥȥڤΥ˸ڤΥʥŪ¦̤⤫Ӿ夬餻Υޥȥڤΰ̣Ϣư򶯤᤿᤿ꡤβФꡤ㡼ȼ碌ꡤȤ褦ʥʥŪ¦̤ϡ¤ϡΥޥȥڤΤΤȤꡤ䤿ΥޥȥڤȤȤħǤ롥ΥޥȥڤϤˡʥŪʾ̤Ͷ䤹ΥޥȥڤθȤƤϤɤ
СΥޥȥڤˤΤΥǧ롥ޤϸ鸫ƤǤ⡤֥פȡ֥áס֥ס֥פǶ̤ΤϰžʣžǤ롥Ļ̾ʣƱͤˡ֥פȤʣϲžʾǤ뤳Ȥɽäơ֥žפȤ֥ȽžפȤ롥֥áס֥ס֥פȤäñϡñ̾Ʊ͡äɽäơ֥ȰžפȤϸƤ⡤֥žפ֥ȽžפȤϤʤ
ΥޥȥڤѤ벻ˤΥ롥Υޥȥڤϰ̣椵뤿ˡβ椵롥βħͤƤߤ褦Ƭϡ֥פȡ֥פΤ褦Ǥꡤäơɽʬ̣Ҿڤ夤Ӥȡ礭ŤӤʤɤΤ褦ΤߤǤ롥֥פȤ֥פȤĤʤŪʲ̯ʰ̣ɽȤȤϹͤˤ
ΥޥȥڤϤʳΤȤФ٤Сޤޤ˥ŪħġΥĤޤǥ뤫ʥȤϡ¿Υ㡼ūʤɤϤ뤫ΥŪǤ롥ˤƤ⡤ΥޥȥڤϸħǻäƤȸ롥


Υޥȥڤΰ츫ȥʥŪϡΥޥȥڤθȤϡΥޥȥڤλȤտ魯ȤǼǤ롥ޤƥ꡼ñʣζ̤礤˽ФƤΤ⡤ȤƤ򤷤䤹žˡ֥פ10󷫤֤Ȥ褦ǤϡդȤƻȤʪˤʤʤˤϻפڤäݲˤƤΤǤꡤ٤ˤΥŪȤϤʤ롥


 Ĥߡ ظܼ --- ȤФϤɤޤ졤ʲ١2023ǯ



Ĥߡ ظܼ --- ȤФϤɤޤ졤ʲ١2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-03-1]

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2023-06-23 Fri

#5170. 3;ñ̾Ūˡ [pronoun][number][personal_pronoun][gender][generic][indefinite_pronoun]

3;ñ̾դ٤ˡȤŪ (generic) ʻѤ롥Quirk et al. (6.20, 21, 56) 3󤲤褦

(1) he who . . . she who . . . Τ褦ʸȱɽʸŪ뤤ϸʶġʤߤˡ *it that . . . ʣ *they who . . . Ϥʤơ what . . . those who . . . Ѥ롥

He who hesitates is lost. ['The person who . . .'; a proverb]
She who must be obeyed. ['The woman who . . .']

(2) Ūñ̾ǡȱǤȱǤˡ̾Τ褦3;ñ̾Ѥ뤳ȤǤ롥

Ever since he found a need to communicate, man has been the 'speaking animal'.
A: Do you like caviar? B: I've never tasted it.
Music is my favourite subject. Is it yours?

(3) one "people in general" ɽ魯եޥɽեޥˤ you Ѥ롥ͭʷ one's ȺƵ oneself 롥ФмºݾüԤؤȤ⤢롥

I like to dress nicely. It gives one confidence.
One would (You'd) think they would run a later bus than that!

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-28-1]

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2023-06-01 Thu

#5148. ޥĸζѲư̿ˡζ [germanic][imperative][inflection][paradigm][verb][person][number][subjunctive][mood][reconstruction][comparative_linguistics]

Ѹư̿ˡη֤ϡ˰פ롥űѸ̤ȡ̿ˡǤϸˤȤϰۤʤ֤ꡤ2;ñʣȤǸ§Ȥưۤʤ޸ä
ˤ򴬤ᤷƥޥĸˤޤ̤ȡƷǤϤˤ衤;Τ˱ơ¿ΰۤʤ޸äƤȤ롥ʲˡޥĸ¿ζѲưˤĤƺƷƤ޸򼨤 (Ringe 237)

 indicativesubjunctiveimperative 
active   infinitive -a-ną
sg.1 -ō-a-ų---participle -a-nd-
 2 -i-zi-ai-zø 
 3 -i-di-ai-ø-a-dau 
du.1 -ōz(?)-ai-w--- 
 2 -a-diz(?)-a-diz(?)-a-diz(?) 
pl.1 -a-maz-ai-m--- 
 2 -i-d-ai-d-i-d 
 3 a-ndi-ai-n-a-ndau 


Ȥ櫓 imperative ̿ˡˤܤƤñξʣ3Ĥοƥ꡼ˤĤơ23;Τ˶Ūʶ޸ߤ롥;Τ˱ưۤʤޤԤʤƤȤŪ˺ƷƤΤ
ѸˤޤᡤθΥޥˤϡ̿ˡη֤ζ̤˼ޤꡤƤˤȤäƤ褤ѸǤ̿ˡη֤䡤ȴϢˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#2289. ̿ʸ˼줬ʤ ([2015-08-03-1])
#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1])
#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 ([2016-02-06-1])
#2480. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ (2) ([2016-02-10-1])
#2881. Ѹʣ2;̿ξü ([2017-03-17-1])
#3620. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (1) ([2019-03-26-1])
#3621. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (2) ([2019-03-27-1])
#4935. ³ˡ̿ˡζ ([2022-10-31-1])

Ringe, Don. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: Clarendon, 2006.

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2023-05-30 Tue

#5146. Ĵʸˤ˴ؤ륳ƥĤҲ [hel_contents_50_2023][khelf][syntax][cleft_sentence][number][agreement][link]

khelfʷѸ˥եˤ褷ŸƤֱѸ˥ƥ50⡤ĤĤޤkhelf СѸ˥ƥĤ1ĤĥָƤǤ
ǶΥƥĤΤʤǤ褯ƤΤ1ľҲ𤷤ޤ526˸줿#35. ֶĴʸαѸ ~ "It ARE John and Anne that are married."ϥꡪ ~Ǥ
ĴʸȸƤФ칽¤ϡѸؤǤϡʬʸ (cleft_sentence) ȤƸڤޤƥĤǤϤʬʸˤΰüƤޤȤ櫓ΰ (number agreement) ᤰ˾ƤƤޤ


#35. ֶĴʸαѸ ---



ƥĤδˤϡϢ꥽ؤΥ󥯤ĥƤޤʬʸ˴ؤ hellog ȤƤϡʲ󤲤Ƥޤ

#1252. Bailey and Maroldt ˤ֥ե󥹸αƶܡס ([2012-09-30-1])
#2442. Ĵʸȯã --- ŪݤŪǽء ([2016-01-03-1])
#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1])
#4595. Ĵʸ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2021-11-25-1])
#4785. It is ... that ... ζĴʸθűѸ줫 ([2022-06-03-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-02-26 Sun

#5053. None but the brave deserve(s) the fair. ͦ԰ʳͤͤ [pronoun][indefinite_pronoun][number][agreement][negative][proverb][clmet][coha][corpus]

ε#5052. none ñʣ ([2023-02-25-1]) ǡnone ˴ؤΰפŪɤκݤɸθ (proverb) None but the brave deserve(s) the fair. ͦ԰ʳͤͤפ󤲤θνнϡ17Ⱦαʸؤε John Dryden (1631--1700) Ǥ롥 Alexander's Feast (1697) ˡɽƤꡤthe brave = ֥쥯粦סthe fair = ֥ƥͤΰͥפȤޤѤƤ롥

Happy, happy, happy pair!
   None but the brave
   None but the brave
None but the brave deserves the fair!


ĤޤꡤָŵפǤ3ñ -s 뤳Ȥ none ñȤưƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥the brave the fair γơˤĤƻؼоݤĿͤǤ뤳ȤطƤ褦˻פ롥
Dryden ɽѤˤƤϡSpeake θŵCLMET3.0COHA ʤɤǤäȳǧ¤ꡤʣ¿褦Ǥ롥193ۤɵ󤲤褦

1813 SOUTHEY Life of Horatio Lord Nelson It is your sex that makes us go forth, and seem to tell us, 'None but the brave deserve the fair';
1829 P. EGAN Boxiana 2nd Ser. II. 354 The tender sex . . . feeling the good old notion that 'none but the brave deserve the fair', were sadly out of temper.
1873 TROLLOPE Phineas Redux II. xiii. All the proverbs were on his side. 'None but the brave deserve the fair,' said his cousin.


Ȥư̡˲Ȥǡޤthe + ƻפδѤ⡤the brave the fair 줾콸̾Ȥª褦ˤʤäȤȤ⤷ʤˤ none ΰɤ򼨤ζ̣ꥨǤ롥

Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.

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2023-02-25 Sat

#5052. none ñʣ [sobokunagimon][pronoun][indefinite_pronoun][number][agreement][negative][proverb][shakespeare][oe][singular_they][link]

;̾ (indefinite_pronoun) none ϡï~ʤפ̣뤬ưȤñˤʣˤפ롥None but the brave deserve(s) the fair. ͦ԰ʳͤͤפθǤϡư3ñ -s 뤳ȤǤ뤷ǤĤǤ롥Ūˤñ٤ȸ뤳Ȥ¿ºݤˤϤषʣȤư뤳Ȥ¿ (cf. #301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]))
none ϸ츻Ūˤ no one ޤäǤ one 񤹤뤬ȤƤϥǤ롥ʬ񤭤줿 no one ƱǾñ顤none ΰפ˴ؤƱͤ˿񤦤Ȼפ䡤ǤʤΤԻ׵ĤǤ롥
American Heritage ˤȡnone ʣפ9ߤ졤King James Bible, Shakespeare, Dryden, Burke ʤɤϢʤʸڤƤǤϡɤο˰פ뤫ʸˡŪȤʸŪȤäƤ褵
Visser (I, § 86; pp. 75--76) ˤϡűѸ줫Ѹ˻ޤǤʣפñפγơ㤬¿󤲤Ƥ롥ǸŤΤΤ Shakespeare դޤǤǤĤФƤߤ褦

86---None Plural.
   Ælfred, Boeth. xxvii §1, þæt þær nane oðre an ne sæton buton þa weorðestan. | c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 31, Ne doð hit none swa ofte se þe hodede. | a1300 Curs. M. 11396, bi-yond þam ar wonnand nan. | 1534 St. Th. More (Wks) 1279 F10, none of them go to hell. | 1557 North, Gueuaia's Diall. Pr. 4, None of these two were as yet feftene yeares olde (OED). | 1588 Shakesp., L.L.L. IV, iii, 126, none offend where all alike do dote. | Idem V, ii, 69, none are so surely caught . . ., as wit turn'd fool. . . .

Singular.
   Ælfric, Hom. i, 284, i, Ne nan heora an nis na læsse ðonne eall seo þrynnys. | Ælfred, Boeth. 33. 4, Nan mihtigra ðe nis ne nan ðin gelica. | Charter 41, in: O. E. Texts 448, ȝif þæt ȝesele . . . ðæt ðer ðeara nan ne sie ðe londes weorðe sie. | a1122 O. E. Chron. (Laud Ms) an. 1066, He dyde swa mycel to gode . . . swa nefre nan oðre ne dyde toforen him. | a1175 Cott. Hom. 217, ȝif non of him ne spece, non hine ne lufede (OED). | c1250 Gen. & Ex. 223, Ne was ðor non lik adam. | c1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 4981, Nane of þair bodys . . . Was neuir after sene. | c1489 Caxton, Blanchardyn xxxix, 148, Noon was there, . . . that myghte recomforte her. | 1588 A. King, tr. Canisius' Catch., App., To defende the pure mans cause, quhen thair is nan to take it in hadn by him (OED). | 1592 Shakesp., Venus 970, That every present sorrow seemeth chief, But none is best.


none β֡츻̣ʤɤˤĤƤϰʲε⻲ȡ

#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])
#1904. ƻ no no ϰۤʤ츻 ([2014-07-14-1])
#2723. ֻ on ˤ n æ ([2016-10-10-1])
#2697. few a few ΰ̣κ ([2016-09-14-1])
#3536. one, once, none, nothing 1첻 ([2019-01-01-1])
#4227. ʤɽ魯ˤ n- ǻϤޤΤ¿ΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-22-1])

ޤ԰פˤĤƤ⡤ޤDz٤夲ƤѸŪˤ singular_they ͿƤ롥

#1144. Ѹˤ԰פ ([2012-06-14-1])
#1334. Ѹˤ̾ưο԰ס ([2012-12-21-1])
#1355. 20ꥹѸǽ̾ñפä ([2013-01-11-1])
#1356. 20ꥹѸǤ government οΰס ([2013-01-12-1])

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1] [2023-02-26-1]

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2022-09-06 Tue

#4880. ưסưפȤѸϤ䤳 [category][verb][finiteness][article][terminology][agreement][tense][number][person][mood][adjective]

Ѹư (verb) ˴ؤ륫ƥ꡼1Ĥ (finiteness) ȤΤ롥ư (finite form) ȤϡI go to school. She goes to school. He went to school. Τ褦ư go Ρޤä׸ؤư (nonfinite form) ȤϡI'm going to school. Going to school is fun. She wants to go to school. He made me go to school. Τ褦ư go ΡޤäƤʤ׸ؤ
פȤѸ줬䤳㤨С(to) go ȤѤ뤳ȤΤʤηʤΤ顤餳פǤϤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ̾¤ȤˡפȸΤgoes went ư go Ѳʤؤ󤲡ˤΤȤơˤפ餷ߤ뤬ष餳פʤΤǤ롥
ʬˤ finiteness פȤˤ롥finite θϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵ줿פǤꡤnonfinite ϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵƤʤפǤ롥㤨 He () to school yesterday. ȤʸˤƳ̤ go Ŭڤʷ硤ʸˡỌ̇̄δ went ηˤΤդ路դ路Ȥϡʸ̮ˤäƤʳηϵʤȤǡΤ˸ꤵ줿׸ʤΤǤ롥
̤ιͤȤƤϡưˤϤޤ GO GOING Τ褦ŪǥŪʷꡤ줬ºݤʸ̮ˤƤ go, goes, went ʤɤζŪʷȤƸΤȤȤ館Ƥ褤üŪˤ finite ϡֶŪפǡinfinite ϡŪפȤȤ
Ūˤ⤦ǫˤСưȤϡư줬;Ρˡ˱1Ĥη˹ʤޤƤ뤫ݤȤΤȤǤ롥Crystal (224) Ѥ褦

The forms of the verb . . . , and the phrases they are part of, are usually classified into two broad types, based on the kind of contrast in meaning they express. The notion of finiteness is the traditional way of classifying the differences. This term suggests that verbs can be 'limited' in some way, and this is in fact what happens when different kinds of endings are used.
The finite forms are those which limit the verb to a particular number, tense, person, or mood. For example, when the -s form is used, the verb is limited to the third person singular of the present tense, as in goes and runs. If there is a series of verbs in the verb phrase, the finite verb is always the first, as in I was being asked.
The nonfinite forms do not limit the verb in this way. For example, when the -ing form is used, the verb can be referring to any number, tense, person, or mood:

I'm leaving (first person, singular, present)
They're leaving (third person, plural, present)
He was leaving (third person, singular, past)
We might be leaving tomorrow (first person, plural, future, tentative)

As these examples show, a nonfinite form of the verb stays the same in a clause, regardless of the grammatical variation taking place alongside it.


ʤѸˤϴˤꡦȤ̤뤷űѸˤϷƻˤꡦζ̤äΥƥ꡼դ줿٥ "finiteness" ǤϤʤ "definiteness" Ǥ롥γѸϸ򾷤䤹ΤդǤ롥

Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

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2022-04-15 Fri

#4736. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ14֤ʤ child ʣ children ˤʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][number][plural][double_plural][oe][vowel][homorganic_lengthening]

δñѸ in English٤5椬ȯȤʤޤƥȤDZѸˤ˴ؤϢܤôƤޤ14ϡԵ§ʣ֤1 children ˤĤơ-ren ȤϤäʤΤȤѤʵ˾ܤפƤޤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ5



children Ե§ʣΤʤǤѤԤतǤϢܵɤСǯۤθűѸλ夫餹ǤˤʤʤѤԤäȤʬޤФƤʤѤޤ͡child -- children ȻƤ brother -- brethren ˤ⿨ƤޤˤñפʤΤʣǤϡפȯѤˤĤƤ⤷Ƥޤchildren 򤭤ˤϡѸѸγؽԤγ⡤äȤʤ뤳ȴְ㤤ʤǤ
Ѹؽˤϰŵ٤Ե§ĤΤǤɤԵ§ˤŪͳޤҤȤޤŵƤޤäϡұѸˤδ鿶֤ꡤפỤ̄äƤߤƤѸˤ̥ϤˤȤĤȻפޤ
ϢȤơ#145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1])#4181. ʤ child ʣ children ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-10-07-1]) ⤴

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