ؤǤ (category) ȤѸ줬Ѥ롥ȤȤůѸǤꡤܸΡơפϡΡؽС٤Ρֹ϶ơפȤȤФȤˡѸ category ɥĸ Kategorie ȤơůؤΰˡůϺʰˤäΤȤ롥ϥꥷ katēgoríā Ǥꡤư katēgoreîn kata- (against) + agoreúein (to speak in the assembly) 롥ָξǾǧ줦Ūʳǰβߤʤפۤɤθ˴Ťơꥹȥƥ쥹ϡʬκǤŪʵꡤʤǹǰפθȯŸʹߡŪʰŪʸƱΤΤν°ࡦפȯŸƤ
Ѹ category ⡤ޤ16ůѸȤƥƥ줫Ƴ졤17դѸȤƻȤФߤǤϡOALD8 "a group of people or things with particular features in common" ȤꡤﲽѸȹͤƤ褤
ǤϡؤѤơפȤϲѸȤäơŪñʤࡦפθǻȤ櫓ǤϤʤǤϡŪƤζƤߤ褦ʸˡǤʸˡ (grammatical category) ȤȤ뤬㤨п (number) ; (person) (tense) ˡ (mode) ʤɤ롥ư濴ȤŪޤˤƤ (gender or sex) ʤɸŪʤΤ⤢뤷ꡦ (definiteness) (aspect) ʤɤŪʤΤ⤢롥Ƥϱʸˡκܤˤ븶ǤꡤʸˡҤ˷礫ʤǰȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥Ǥ褦ʵϤ뤬ǤϡŪƤФȤΤ褷ƤΤϡBloomfield Ǥ롥ʲ˰Ѥ褦
Large form-classes which completely subdivide either the whole lexicon or some important form-class into form-classes of approximately equal size, are called categories. (270)
ʸˡ (gender) ǹͤƤߤȤ狼䤹̾ȤýȤȡ㤨ХեˤϷŪŪʿ˱ơϤ礭ۤʤʤ2ʬ礬̤롥̾̾դ¾̾̾դζ̤δΤȤƤƤ֡Ȥ櫓Ǥ롥
category θŪˡŪˡǤϤʤůŪˡܶᤷƤ뤳ȤϡŪƤΤθͼľ뤷䤹Ǥ롥ˤĤƤ⡤Bloomfield Ф餷
The categories of a language, especially those which affect morphology (book : books, he : she), are so pervasive that anyone who reflects upon his language at all, is sure to notice them. In the ordinary case, this person, knowing only his native language, or perhaps some others closely akin to it, may mistake his categories for universal forms of speech, or of "human thought," or of the universe itself. This is why a good deal of what passes for "logic" or "metaphysics" is merely an incompetent restating of the chief categories of the philosopher's language. A task for linguists of the future will be to compare the categories of different languages and see what features are universal or at least widespread. (270)
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1]) ε³εǤϡPPCEME ˤ븡ǡ3ʣ -s 50ۤɼФȤǤȽҤ٤ʸ̮ʤȤȤ52㤬ǧ줿ʥǡΥƥȥեˡ
PPCEME ǤϡE1 (1500--1569), E2 (1570--1639), E3 (1640--1710) 3ʬƤ뤬ζʬȤ3ʣ -s ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤʳƴΥѥ⼨ˡ
| Period | Tokens | Wordcount |
|---|---|---|
| E1 (1500--1569) | 13 | 567,795 |
| E2 (1570--1639) | 18 | 628,463 |
| E3 (1640--1710) | 21 | 541,595 |
| Total | 52 | 1,737,853 |
and after them comys mo harolds,
Here comes our Gossips now,
Now in goes the long Fingers that are wash't Some thrice a day in Vrin,
ơLass (166) 3ʣ -s ˤĤƴϢڤĤΤǡҲ𤷤ƤLass ϡ3ʣ -s εˤĤơñ٤л٤줿ΤΡŤȹͤƤ褦
The {-s} plural appears considerably later than the {-s} singular, and if it too is northern (as seems likely), it represents a later diffusion. The earliest example cited by Wyld ([History of Modern Colloquial English] 346) is from the State Papers of Henry VIII (1515): 'the noble folk of the land shotes at hym'. It is common throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as a minority alternant of zero, and persists sporadically into the eighteenth century.
1617̤ƹԤʤƤȤȤϡ嵭 PPCEME dzΤǧ줿ʤѸС PPCMBE 18ʹߤξĴ٤Ƥߤȡ6äΤοȴǰξǾȤפɤΤޤޤƤ[2012-06-14-1]ε#1144. ѸˤפפȡˡѸǤ3ʣ -s ϳ̵˶ᤤȹͤƤ褵
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
ɸˤĤ Baugh and Cable (247) ˿Ƥꡤܤ椤3ñʤ3ʣˤ -s ϡѸǤʤѸǤϡ#790. Ѹˤưʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) βϿޤǼ褦ˡľˡ3;ʣǤ -es ܤäѸɸѼˤ3ʣ -s ȤΤԻĤǤ롥ȤΤϡλʸؤʸȿǤɸѼǤϡѸ East Midland -e(n) ṳ̈ȤƤΥͽۤ뤷ºݤʬۤȤưŪ3ʣ -s ϳΤ Shakespeare Ǥ롥
ˤĤơBaugh and Cable (247) ϼΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥
Their occurrence is also often attributed to the influence of the Northern dialect, but this explanation has been quite justly questioned, and it is suggested that they are due to analogy with the singular. While we are in some danger here of explaining ignotum per ignotius, we must admit that no better way of accounting for this peculiarity has been offered. And when we remember that a certain number of Southern plurals in -eth continued apparently in colloquial use, the alternation of -s with this -eth would be quite like the alternation of these endings in the singular. Only they were much less common. Plural forms in -s are occasionally found as late as the eighteenth century.
ǡ3ʣ -s αƶǤϤʤȤ Baugh and Cable θϡWyld, History of Modern Colloquial English, p. 340 θڤäƤ롥षλ3ñ -s -th θؤʣˤŪӲФ̤ȹͤƤ롥ʤGörlach (89) ϡ餭Τñ餭ΤᤫͤƤ롥
ͻˤäơϤȤ⤢졤Ѹˤ3ʣ -s ʤ -th ʤ꤬ŪˤɤΤ餤٤ǸΤǧƤɬפ롥ǡThe Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English (PPCEME) ˤꤶäȸƤߤ180ȤϤΥѥ3ʣ -s 50ۤɡ3ʣ -th 60ۤɤäʷ̥ƥȥեϺåˡǯʸ̮ʤɤξܺ٤ʬϤϤƤʤŵŪƤ
and all your children prayes you for your daly blessing.
but the carving and battlements and towers looks well;
then go to the pot where your earning bagges hangs,
as our ioyes growes, We must remember still from whence it flowes,
Ther growes smale Raysons that we call reysons of Corans,
now here followeth the three Tables,
And yf there be no God, from whence cometh good thynges?
First I wold shewe that the instruccyons of this holy gospell perteyneth to the vniuersal chirche of chryst.
and so the armes goith a sundre to the by crekes.
And to this agreith the wordes of the Prophetes, as it is written.
Also high browes and thicke betokeneth hardnes:
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.
ε#1355. 20ꥹѸǽ̾ñפä ([2013-01-11-1]) Ǽ夲Bauer ν̾οΰפ˴ؤĴˤĤơҲ³롥The Times μΥѥˤ̻ŪĴ̤ơBauer ϷȴƺѤν̾Ǥ government 20δ֤ˡΰפ˴ؤƶ̣ʬۤȤȯ (Bauer 64--65)
20ˤϡgovernment ʣפ¿ΤΡ褫ŦƤȤꡤȤ館˱ñʣΤѰۤƤȤˤʤȡñʣפΰ㤤ؼоݤΰ㤤б褦ˤʤäʣȤѤȤˤϱѹܤؤñȤѤȤˤ¾ܤؤȤƤȤΤʸˡȤ⡤̣ʻؼоݡˤؤȰܹԤΤ褦ʲˡBauer (64) "Concord with government by meaning from The Times corpus, 1930--65" ΥǡƷǤ褦
| Year | British government | Non-British government | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1930 | 3 | 15 | 12 | 3 |
| 1935 | 2 | 13 | 1 | 12 |
| 1940 | 2 | 14 | 4 | 2 |
| 1945 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 2 |
| 1950 | 1 | 26 | 26 | 0 |
| 1955 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 0 |
| 1960 | 0 | 23 | 8 | 0 |
| 1965 | 1 | 13 | 4 | 1 |
| Total | 13 | 113 | 65 | 18 |
ưοΰפˤĤƤϡ#930. a large number of people οΰס ([2011-11-13-1]) #1144. Ѹˤפ ([2012-06-14-1]) #1334. Ѹˤ̾ưοס ([2012-12-21-1]) εǰäƤ̤ˡѸˤ government team ʤɤν̾οΰפϡꥫѸǤϤäѤñǰפ뤬ꥹѸǤϤȤ館˱ñǤʣǤפȤ롥ΰ̲ϳͭΰפ˴ؤѰۤꥹѸˤĤƤߤȡ20̤ñפηޤäƤƤΤǤϤʤȤŦ롥Bauer (61--66) The Times μоݤȤѥҲ𤷤褦
Bauer ϡ1900--1985ǯ The Times corpus μ⤫ʤ륳ѥоݤˡ̾줬ñǰפΨBauer ϡĴ The Times μȤ˷ĥäʸΤˤĴǤꡤ줬ɬ⥤ꥹѸΤɽƤȤϤʤǤäạ̇̄դͿƤ롥ʲϡBauer (63) ΥդܸƤǿͤɤ߽ФƺΤǤ롥

ľȤƤʤ餻Сǯ0.3178%γǤȤʤäƤ롥ͤꤷʤȤ䥳ѥФʤɤͳˤꤳη̤ɤޤǿǤΤȤʤ뤬Bauer Ϻ٤ͿƤ餺ȽǤǤʤΤǤ롥
Bauer ϤˡѥǺǤ٤ι⤤̾ government üʿ뤳Ȥܤθ̾ˤĤơñפγƷΥդƱΤǡBauer (66) Υդ˴ŤƲΥդƺʤ餹ǯ0.1877%γǤǤ롥

η̤¿Dzη̤ˤȤɤޤ餶ʤ褦˻פ뤬ʤȤ⤵ĴʤƤ椯ΥˤϤʤ
ʤBauer 1930ǯˤη֤äȤ¤ˡꥫѸ줬ƶͿȹͤ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤƤ[2011-08-26-1]ε#851. ꥹѸФ륢ꥫѸαƶ2狼פȡˡ
government οΰפ˴ؤ뤪⤷ˤĤƤϡεǾҲ𤹤롥
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
Ѹˤϡ̾ưΤοפȤ꤬롥#312. ʸˡαƺ ([2010-03-05-1]) (3) Ǽ̤ꡤꥹѸǤ team, audience, board, committee, government, the public Τ褦ʽ̾ϡüԤΤȤñȤߤʤбưñǰפʣȤߤʤФʣǰפ롥ꥫѸǤ̾η֤Τߤ˰¸Ȥ졤ưñǰפ롥
Ѹοפˤϡۤˤ⡤someone everyone ʤɤ̾줬ʣư˰פ㡤ʬñ㡤ľθ˱ƶָפθݡThere's ʸʤɡ͡ʼΤ롥ΰˤĤƤϡƣ˵äơ#1144. Ѹˤפ ([2012-06-14-1]) dz⤷
ǤϡοפεϤɤˤΤˤ̤äƤߤϡѸˤ folk, people, host ʤɤν̾ο濴˸Ƥߤ褦Mustanoja (62--63) ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥
űѸǤϡfolk Τ褦ʽ̾ϡ°ǤʣưȰפΤͥäΩǤñưȰפΤ§äԤʣǤΰפ褦ˤʤΤϡ11ʹߤǤ롥ѸȡξˡƤΤΡŪˤСΩǤϤޤñǤΰפ¿ѸˤƤμǤʣǤΰפ§ȤʤäƤ椯folk, people ʤɤŪ˻ؼоݤʣǤ뽸̾٤Сcountry, court ʤɤŪʣɽ魯̾ϡή˾Τ٤ä
Mustanoja γϰǤꡤġˤ㳰⤢롥㤨СǶḫĤǤϡChaucer, CT. Pri. l. 626 peple ñ was ȰפƤ롥
Unnethe myghte the peple that was theere
This newe Rachel brynge fro his beere.
ƬǽҤ٤褦ˡ̾ưοפˤ͡ʼबꡤ̾˸¤äƤ people פ country פȤ̤ɬפꤽμˤʬɬܤפŪȯŸɤȤäƤ⡤ǤϤʤ褦
ƣ ֱѸñʣˤĤơסإסرûظ浪ס331993ǯ69--88ǡ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Ȥʤ̾μȡбưμפʤϡŤʳαѸˤ⸽Ѹˤ¿ǧ롥Ѹˤ뤳ɽȤƤϡ[2012-03-16-1]εǼ夲 singular they ʤɤ褦Reid ˴Ťƣ (85--86) ˤСפϡ3ʬ롥ʲʸǡפʬ֤Ǽ
(A) Τξñξʣ
At ADT (security systems) 98 years' experience have taught us that no one alarm device will foil a determined burglar.
Five years ago 5 per cent of tax returns were subject to review. Today, only one per cent are subject to review.
The whole process of learning a first and second language are so completely different. (Laura Holland)
Rudolph is especially effective in crowd scenes like the opening, where movement of people and camera are delicately braided, where odd characters flutter through the background unemphasized. (Stanley Kauffman, The New Republic)
(B) Τξʣξñ
The sex lives of Roman Catholic nuns does not, at first blush, seem like promising material for a book. (Newsweek)
Two million dollars comes from corporations and foundations, but almost $400,000 from private gifts. (The New York Times)
Two drops deodorizes anything in your home. (Air freshner advertisement)
For one thing, the player is much closer to the instrument than the listener, and the sounds he hears is thus a different sound. (John Holt, Instead of Education)
(C) and Ϣ뤵줿2ĤμΡξñ
Gas and excess acid in your stomach is what we call Gasid Indigestion. (Alka-Seltzer commercial)
We know that the company's destiny and ours is the same.
Galloping horses and thousands of cattle is not necessary to cinema; I call that photography. (Alfred Hitchcock, radio interview)
I just want you to know that this whole Watergate situation and the other opportunities was a concerted effort by a number of people. (Jeb Magruder, Newsweek)
ʾϡΤοȡǰξǾȤפȤ롥AγʸǤСȤʤ̾μؤƤΤñƤ 98 years', tax returns, a first and second language, people and camera ʣ뤿ᡤ˰ưʣǸƱƤȤȤǤ롥
μҲŪϽŪŪ¦̤ȡĿŪϰæŪʸŪ¦̤ȤΤ礤ȸä褤ƣ (87) ΤȤФڤСΤ褦ˤʤ롥
̾οüԤ֤ˤäưȤθƱ줫ʬΤϤʤκ¸ߤƤͤȡθƱüԤ idiosyncratic ʸ촶Сstylistic ʹߤˤäƤȤפ뤬ä礭ʸ٤ȤĤȡüԤ־θƱˤȤ줺˼ͳˡñ뤤ʣθƱƹԤȤɽ1ĤηȻפ롥
ƣ ֱѸñʣˤĤơסإסرûظ浪ס331993ǯ69--88ǡ
Reid, Wallis. Verb and Noun Number in English: A Functional Explanation. London: Longman, 1991.
ѸȤƤФм夲 singular they ˤĤơ#275. Ѹλ;ñ̾פε ([2010-01-27-1]) Ǥ夲Ѹˤ any, each, every, no ʤɤǽ줿ŪñǤͤɽ魯̾Ǽ뤿Ŭڤ̾줬ʤhe ɽ褦Ȥºܤȸ줫ͤȤä she ɽΤ⤷äꤳʤit ȥΰΤ褦Ƕ礬ʤ they ѤСεʸˡȤ繥ʿΰ (agreement) Ȥ§̤ˤ줫ͤʤ¤θˡȤƤϡǸ˵ singular they ϤƤ뤬Τ褦ʤ褦ʸȤ褯ʹ롥
Τ褦ʸŪȤˡϡ¤ϸѸΤǤϤʤŤˤäƤΤ¿OED "they, pers. pron." B. 2. ˤȡ"Often used in reference to a singular noun made universal by every, any, no, etc., or applicable to one of either sex (= 'he or she'). See Jespersen Progress in Lang. 24." Ȥꡤν1526ǯǤ롥ٹ (254--56) ˤϡѸ줫㤬ȵƤ롥ĤȴФ
Let each esteem others better than themselves.---Philippians, ii. 3.
Each was swayed by the emotion within them, much as the candle-flame was swayed by the tempest without.---Hardy.
Nobody knows what it is to lose a friend till they have lost him.---Fielding.
Everyone must judge of their feelings.---Byron.
No one in their senses could doubt.---Dickens.
Nobody will come in, will they?---Priestley.
each ʤɤԤʤñ̾줬 they ǼƤ⤢롥
The feelings of the parent upon committing the cherished object of their cares and affections to the stormy sea of life.---S. Ferrier.
A person can't help their birth.---Thackeray
they οפϡѸ̾ηϤݱʤǤ롥եǤϡΤ褦ʾ soi, son ʤɤθ줬ѰդƤꡤȤϤʤʤѸˤȤäƤβˡϡθˡޤäȤʤȤΤʤȤΤǤС̾ηϤѤ뤫¸ηαѤн褹뤫Ǥ롥ԤˤĤƤϡ[2010-01-27-1]εǼ褦ˡ͡ʸ줬Ƥ줿ʸǻ s/he ǤޤƤȤϸԤͭϸǤ singular they ϡŪˤϢʤȹԤʤƤζκ뤳Ȥï⤬ƤΤǤꡤͶζϡʲΤʤˤ⸫Ƽ뤳ȤǤ롥
If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die; then the ox shall be surely stoned.---Exodus, xxi. 28.
Burchfield ǧƤ̤ꡤǤϷ褻ƤȤäƤ褤
ϢơԤġѸʸɮκݤˡѤƤԤ̤θĤ̾ѤΤ虜ʤ˺뤳Ȥ롥ܸǤСԤϡפ֤Ƥ⤽ۤɤʤѸǤ the author ٤֤ⷫ櫓ˤ⤤ʤ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
̾ʣȯŸʼȤƽѸˤĹ餯椷ƤΤߤƤ뤿ᤫäƥ֥ȤƳפŤ餤פ餤ϽαƤȤϤʤΤǡʲ˶ʽŪʵҤͿƤ2İѤ뤦ΤΤϴʰȤʸ (Hotta, "Review") 顤ΤΤϾܺȤ Baugh and Cable ΤΤǤ롥
The s-plural was fairly quickly generalised at the expense of other plural formations such as an n-ending, a vowel-ending, a zero-ending, and an i-mutation, first in the northern/eastern dialects of England in Late Old English (LOE). In the course of Early Middle English (EME), the trend was followed slowly but surely by the southern/western dialects. Although there long persisted older plural formations such as n- and vowel-endings and even unchanged forms, the s-form finally dominated the plural system by the end of ME, with the exception of a handful of "irregular plurals" that have survived to this day. (95)
In early Middle English only two methods of indicating the plural remained fairly distinctive: the -s or -es from the strong masculine declension and the -en (as in oxen) from the weak . . . . And for a time, at least in southern England, it would have been difficult to predict that the -s would become the almost universal sign of the plural that it has become. Until the thirteenth century the -en plural enjoyed great favor in the south, being often added to nouns which had not belonged to the weak declension in Old English. But in the rest of England the -s plural (and genitive singular) of the old first declension (masculine) was apparently felt to be so distinctive that it spread rapidly. Its extension took place most quickly in the north. Even in Old English many nouns originally of other declensions had gone over to this declension in the Northumbrian dialect. By 1200 -s was the standard plural ending in the north and north Midland areas; other forms were exceptional. Fifty years later it had conquered the rest of the Midlands, and in the course of the fourteenth century it had definitely been accepted all over England as the normal sign of the plural in English nouns. Its spread may have been helped by the early extension of -s throughout the plural in Anglo-Norman, but in general it may be considered as an example of the survival of the fittest in language. (160)
ϤεҤΤ褦˴ñʤ餳ͤù椬ΩĤΤάȤƤϤǴְ㤤ʤBaugh and Cable ΰѤ˸롤Anglo-Norman Ѹ -s ȯŸ˱ƶͿǽȤϡǤϤۤꤵƤꡤꤵ٤ȹͤ (Hotta, Development 154, 268 [Note 66])
Hotta, Ryuichi. "Review of The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 25 (2010): 95--112.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Ѹǡa (large) number of + ʣ̾פΩĤȤưʣ˰פΤ§Ǥ롥ˤǤΤΤ褦ʸ˽Ф路
A large number of native speakers is perhaps a pre-requisite for a language of wider communication . . . . (Graddol 12)
ǡμʸˡҤä֤ƤߤۤȤɤ٤ƤλͽζʣȤƤꡤʬϤͿƤΤˤĤƤϡnumber ǤϤʤξǸ native speakers (head) ȤߤʤƤ롥äˡOALD8, LDOCE5, COBUILD English Usage ȤäŵŪʳؽѱѱѼǤϡʣưǰפ褦ŪͿƤ롥ޤʸˡΤո Fowler "number" ιˤˤȼ̤ǡñפˤĤƤŪʸڤϤʤä
. . . as a noun of multitude in the type 'a number of + pl. noun', normally governs a plural verb both in BrE and AmE.
Ĵ٤եΤʤǡñפˤĤƸڤƤΤϰʲΤΤǤ롥
CGEL: "A (large) number of people have applied for the job. [2]" ȤʸˤĤơ"Use of the singular . . . would be considered pedantic in [2] . . . ." (765) ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
CALD3: ñפʸ "(slightly formal)" Ȥ졼٥ͿĤĵƤ"A large number of invitations has been sent."
إ˥缭ŵ: ñפ(())פȤƤ"A ? of passengers were [(()) was] injured in the accident."
ǡformal or pedantic Ȥ register Ǥޤ˻Ѥ餷ȤȤʬäǤϡBNCWeb dzΤƤߤ褦ȡ"a (very)? (large|great|good|small)? number of ((_AV*)? _AJ*)* _NN2 (_VHZ|_VBZ|was_VBD|_VDZ|_VVZ)" ȤƸΤߤȤǽФƤߤ25㤢ä1Ƥ٤ƤդʸǤꡤΤ12㤬 Academic prose ΤΤäΤȤơɽ academic or pedantic ضȤϳΤʤ褦
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε[2009-05-23-1]ǡűѸ̾ޤˤʤλ⤷εǤϡκǸ˿줿ͤΥݥȡֶޥספˤĤƳ⤹롥
̾줬°ƤΤƱ褦ˡ̾ζޥפ°Ƥ롥̾줬ɤζޥפ°뤫ϡ̾δܷǤȽǤĤʤȤ¿Ĥޤꡤ§ȤưĤҤȤijФƤɬפ롥ϡξƱǤ롥ȻढäޥפϤäढΤʲοޤ϶ޥפγάޤǤʼºݤˤϤ˺٤ʬ줹ˡ

Ȥˡ礭ѲפȼѲפʬ롥Ѳ϶ѲŪ㤷פǡѲ϶ѲŪʤפǤ롥ѲϤ˺ʬ롥
űѸνʸˡǤϡʣʥפΤ٤ƤФΤϺʤᡤ줾ɽŪʶѲפΰĤȡδ֤Ǥ̤ۤܶζѲѲסͤĤǽ˳Ф뤳ȤפǤ롥ֹä(1)?(4)λͤĤǤ롥
(1) Ѳ (a-stem) : stān "stone" ɽ롤űѸ̾ǺǤ٤ι⤤ޥסűѸ̾Τ36%롥ɽ
(2) Ѳ (ō-stem) : lār "teaching" ɽ롤̾ǺǤ٤ι⤤ޥסűѸ̾Τ25%롥ɽ
(3) Ѳ (a-stem) : scip "ship" ɽ롤̾ǺǤ٤ι⤤ޥסűѸ̾Τ25%롥ɽ
(4) Ѳ (n-stem) : nama "name" ɽޥסǤۤƱޤޤȤƸűѸ̾Τ10%ۤɤ롥ɽ
δ4ĤζޥפФСűѸ̾ΤۤȤɤС뤳Ȥ狼¾ζޥפϡ4פΥޥʡꥨªƤФ褤ʰʾΥѡơνŵ: Quirk, Randolph. and C. L. Wrenn. An Old English Grammar. 2nd ed. London: Methuen, 1957. 20.
űѸ̾ζޤˤĤƲ⤹롥Ѹ١űѸ϶ޤʣǤ롥̾Ĥ夲Ƥ⡤ޤ뤿ˤϡ̾ͿƤסñʣΡֿפζ̡ʸ¾θȤʸˡطֳʡפ٤ʬäƤʤФʤʤ̾ޤƤ٤˲⤹ΤԲǽʤΤǡϡʤγפΤߤ
1. ( gender )
ϡűѸˤ ( masculine ) ( feminine ) ( neuter ) λ̤줿ɤ̾줬ɤͿ뤫ϤۤȤɥȤۤɤפȤ̾ΤȤꡤɽ̾̾졤ɽ̾Ͻ̾졤Τɽ̾̾ȤϤ롥wīf ( > PDE "wife" ) ֽפ̾wīfmann ( > PDE "woman" ) ֽפ̾¿̾줬̾ǤʤɡĶ¿θʬϤޤäʤ櫓ǤϤʤ§Ȥƥ˷ޤäƤƤΤ
2. ( number )
ϡѸˤĤäƤΤ䤹ѸǤϡ褽-s뤫ʤʣñ̤뤬sheep -- sheep (see [2009-05-11-1]), ox -- oxen, child -- children, man -- men ʤԵ§ʥڥ¸ߤ롥Ե§ʤΤޤᡤ¿̾ʣζޤϸűѸ̤롥
3. ( case )
ʤϡѸǤϼʡͭʡŪʤλʤ̤Ƥ롥;̾ǤС줾 I -- my -- me ΤȤǤ롥űѸǤϡ ( nominative )г ( accusative )° ( genitive )Ϳ ( dative ) λͳʤ̤줿ѸνͭʤϸűѸ°ʤˡѸŪʤϸűѸгʤͿʤˤ줾б롥űѸγʤˤϡѸбʤβ̤ǽ¿εǽꡤդפ롥
ʤϡѸƱͤˡ̾줬Ư֤ʤǤ롧?ס?ϡ
гʤϡ̾줬ѸǤưľŪƯ֤ʤǤ롧?
ưǤʤֻθ֤ˤƤгʤ֤롥
°ʤϡ̾줬ѸǤͭΰ̣ɽ֤ʤǤ롧?Ρ
ֻθ֤ˤƤгʤ֤롥
Ϳʤϡ̾줬ѸǤưδŪƯˡ뤤¿ֻθ֤ˤơ֤ʤǤ롥?ˡ
űѸ̾θϡʾλʬäƽƳꤹ롥ºݤˤϤ⤦ĽפʥݥȤ롥ϡֶޥספȸƤ֤٤ΤǤ롥̾˺ǽ餫ͿƤΤƱͤˡ̾ˤϤɤΡֶޥספǶޤ뤫ǽ餫ޤäƤ롥̾ʤ餳ζɽФФ褯̾ʤ餢ζɽФФ褤ȤñäǤϤʤ̾Ǥ⡤ΥפζޡΥפζޤȴफζޥפ롥äơ̾Ȥʤˤϡġ̾줬ɤζޥפ°뤫ΤäƤɬפ롥ơޥפξƱͤˡ§ȤưȯǸʬˡϤʤȹͤƤ褤λͤܤΥݥȤǤֶޥספˤĤƤϡ˲Ʋ⤹롥
ϲƤޤäΤܤꡥĶˤΩߤΤܤե˹ԤäƤ羮350ɤθˤǤԴѡ

⤷ѸüԤθΤܤ귲ʤȶ֤ How many carp! ȴò뤫⤷ʤ"carps"ǤϤʤ"carp"s̵Ǥ롥 carp sheep ʤɤƱ͡ñʣƱñʤΤǤ롥䥸㥤ġסֺסֹΥספǤ롥
Ѹ̾ʣȤ sĤΤ§Ǥ롥㳰뤳Ȥϡ褯ΤƤ롥㳰ˤ⤤Ĥפꡤ绨Ĥˤȼ̤
(1) -en: ox / oxen , child / children
(2) ̵Ѳ: carp / carp , sheep / sheep , fish / fish , hundred / hundred
(3) i-mutation: man / men , foot / feet
(4) Ѹ: phenomenon / phenomena , alumnus / alumni
Τ(2)̵ѲñʣƱˤظˤĹˤ롥űѸǤϡĹ̾ϸ§ȤƤ٤ñʣƱä㤨СǤsʣˤʤäƤ뤬 horse , house , land , thing , wife Ϥ٤s̵ʣäΤǤ롥餬٤ƸsʣˤʤäΤϡñˤС¾¿sʣΰϤˤ פη̤Ǥ롥ºݤˤϤäʣʤΤǾܤΤꤿϡ The Development of the Nomiral Plurals in Early Middle English ɤ
ѸǤñʣƱȤƻĤäƤΤ sheep hundred ϸűѸǤϼºݤ̾äˤĤƤϡűѸ줫ĤȹͤƤ fish ̾ä carp ˤĤƤѸ˥ե줫äѸʤΤDZѸȤͿ줿ȤϤʤɤäаޤ
ѸǤϡűѸˤ餺ñ̡פּоݡפɽ̾줬ñʣƱȤʤ뷹äϰ̣ŪʣȤѤΤ̾Ǥꡤ¿ξ˿ȼˡѲʤȤʣǤ뤳ȤȰռ줿Ȥ
Mustanoja ˤС
The unchanged plural after an expression of number or quantity is in fact a linguistic phenomenon of universal occurrence. It has primarily a psychological background if the idea of plurality is obvious from the attributive numeral or adjective, no plural ending or other sign is needed to indicate the number of the governing noun. (58)
Ѹ줫Сʲθ줬ñʣƱäñ̡פȤƤϡ couple score hundred thousand year winter month night foot fathom mile pound ּоʪפȤƤϡ carp eel fish fowl goat
ϡߤܤǤϼȤƴѾȤߤʤ뤬衼åѤǤϹѵȤ롥̤ӤǻȤϤּоݡפˤϰ㤤ʤ
Ǹ˰ carp ˤĤƤϡʤȤ18ޤǤϡñʣƱȤȤˡͽۤsʣʻ¸ƤȤդäƤˤΰĤθİʾΰۤʤäʣ¸ߤȤȤϡѸŪˤϤ̤θݤʤΤǤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
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