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oe - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-07-12 Sun

#6285. Ͻؤʾءˡ߰ʼָűѸȱѹ̾ߤ륤ꥹθʸץ [youtube][ogawashun][onomastics][name_project][toponymy][anglo-saxon][oe][celtic][old_norse][viking][ippeiinoue][norman_conquest][north_sea][contact]



ε#6284. Ѹˤ̳ --- ϱˤ ([2026-07-11-1]) Ȥδط⿼ꡥ
78ʿˡNPO ˡϵ夳Ȥ¼饤󥵥ˤơ׾촶դ YouTube ư褬ޤϡܥ֥ Voicy heldio ΡܥΥåפʤɤδǤߤαѸ˸ϽؤʾءˤȡƱνʼʷءˤΤ2ͤǤ
μϿΤϡ2ǯۤ2024ǯ1031ˡػĥѥۥץܤˤƹԤʤ줿ΤǤ伫ȤϡϻŻԹԤˤΩ񤨤ʤäΤǤθ˺Ť줿ǮƲʤˤϤäȳߡѸ˥ȡ˲֤餫ȤɤפФޤϤ̤22ʬۤɤΡ֥ǡפ줿ȤȤǡΥå󥹤򤫤ĤޤǾҲ𤷤Ĥġhellog ɼԤγˤ⤼ưİƤФȻפޤ
̤μ礿ơޤϡϤμ礿븦եɤǤָűѸפȡ̾פǤ
ѸˤˤβȤСï⤬˺뤳ȤΤǤʤ1066ǯΥޥ (norman_conquest) ǤλؤΤűѸǤϤϡ鿷üԤ֥ƥˤäƤȤˡ¸̾ɤΤ褦֤줿Τ뤤ɤؤ줺˺פĤΤȤư֤˴ؿƤޤ
ưǤϡȤ櫓8ʹߤ˥֥ƥؿ꽻 (viking) ǤťΥɸ (old_norse) ͳ褹̾Ū˼夲Ƥޤλ䤿ֶ˽ʳ±פȤ󥰤Υƥ쥪פϡ¤18ʹߤϺˤդΥ᡼¿ʬ˴ޤޤƤꡤºݤˤϾͤȤ꽻󥰥ͤȤٸդ̤碌ʤ鶦¸Ƥ¦̤⶯äȤŦˤϡܤڤ¿ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
Υ󥰤θŪפȤƺǤ̾̾ǤRugby ʤɤ̾˸ -by ǤǤťΥɸǡ¼פֽפ̣뤳Ǥϡ󥰥ɤ餫˽ŪʬۤƤꡤΥ󥰤ϷͺۤʪäƤޤ
ǡΥ󥰥Ϥ̾ȤͥʤΤWashington Newton ʤɤ˸ -ton ǤǤűѸȤƤϡֺפְϤ줿פ̣ tūn ȤñνǤ줬ȤȯŸΤ䤿Τ褦˻ȤäƤ town ĮˤȤ櫓ǤޤܤΡ֡ĮפȤФƱͥ̾ǤˤȤޤƤΤǤ͡
̤Ǥϡ10˽˥ƥǵ줿̾ɽ顤󥰥Ϥε̾ Norðworðig ȥ󥰷Ϥο̾ Derby ֤ƤܹԴܿɤ餮ȤʸỤ̄Ƥޤ
ϡŤؤ°륱ȸͳ̾ʤȤ櫓ˤޤĤ̾¿Ĥ Avon Thames ΰäʤɡˤ顤åΡ֥ˡ (Johnnie Walker) Υ˱줿̣츻ˤޤǵڤӤޤ⤯ѤΥ륨åȤͭ̾ʥȤǤ츻̤С⤯͡פȤ̵طǡӤ򰵽̤뿦̾󥰤θͳ褹ǽ⤯Ūʲʸˤˤäơ⤹ѤΥǥޤ줿ȤԥɤϡءʸŪˤ¤˶̣Ǥ
̾̾ȤΤϡʹ֤λˤξȤɤΤ褦ʴؤäƤ򼨤ǥƥƥξڤˤۤʤޤ22ʬưΤʤˡѸˤΥޥȸͭ̾ؤαŽ̤줿̤ȤʤäƤޤ
hellog ɼԤγͤˤޤƤϡҾǤ YouTube ꡼󡤤뤤ľܥꡤ̥Ūư򤸤äȤİйǤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-07-07 Tue

#6280. B&C 64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" (3) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][lexicology][borrowing][latin][loan_word][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][philology]



³ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable 6ǡˤ helwa Ǯ֤1ʸIJ˶ƤĶɲμ¶Ͽ꡼ǤVoicy heldio ۿϢưʤ顤̾ιԴ֤Ωˤ©Ƹߤ³Ƥޤ
ī heldio ǿǤϡ64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" ᤯ȤʤȾʬ (p. 85) ɤϤƤޤ⡤ɤΥ꡼ϡhelwa/heldio ߥ˥ƥ˷礫ʤإᥤȤǤꡤƱ֤Ǥ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤǤ
ޤǤ˸Ƥ褦ˡ٥ͥǥȲ״˱ѸήƥѸ¿ϡܤ̤Ƴ줿ʪŪؽŪѸǤΥåȤȤʤʸǤϡñ줬θűѸθηϤˤƤɤΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤäΤʸŪʻѻɤΤ褦ꡦꤹ٤ʤΤȤơޤޤƥΤޤѤƤ괰ƱʤäñΥꥹȤįʤ顤ʸۤɤΤ褦˲᤹٤Ȥʸؤ˸ؤˡ˴ؤˤޤƧ߹ǵƤޤҤդ礤

It would be possible to extend these lists considerably by including words that were taken over in their foreign form and not assimilated. Such words as epactas, corporale, confessores, columba (dove), columne, cathedra, catacumbas, apostata, apocalipsin, acolitus, absolutionem, invitatorium, unguentum, cristalla, cometa, bissexte, bibliothece, basilica, adamans, and prologus show at once by their form their foreign character. Although many of them were later reintroduced into the language, they do not constitute an integral part of the vocabulary at this time. In general, the later borrowings of the Christian period come through books. An occasional word assigned to this later period may have been in use earlier, but there is nothing in the form to indicate it, and in the absence of any instance of its use in the literature before Alfred it is safer to put such borrowings in the latter part of the Old English period.


B&C Ķɥ꡼βΥ󥯽ؤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) 饢ǤޤҲޤƤİˤʤꡤܽɤ̤ơ˭ʤѸˤ­ƧƤС


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-07-06 Mon

#6279. B&C 64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" (2) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][lexicology][borrowing][latin][loan_word][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][helwa]



δϢ ([2026-06-19-1]) ˰³Voicy heldio μϿηȤʤ顤Ѹˤ̾Baugh and Cable Υƥȡ6ǡˤhelwa λֹ⤭֤ȤȤŰŪɤƤεϿϤޤǮդɽβ򤽤ΤޤޤϤ heldio ۿ꡼ϡʥꥹʡγα˻٤ơäȤǤϤޤĴ˿ʤǤޤ
īۿ heldio ǿǤϡ³64ɤʤƤޤΥ֥Ϥβۿȥ󥯤ƤȤʤޤ⡤helwa/heldio Υߥ˥ƥǮ夲ƤäƤإᥤȤǤꡤꥹʡ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤˡɤ꡼ɤƤޤ
heldio ۿ#1846. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (64-1) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղǤϡ٥ͥǥȲפ⤿餷طΥƥѸ˾ƤޤϤˤγ¦˹ʪŪؽŪʸäؤޤűѸμѸȤСꥹȶȼŪŪʥƥѸ줬۵ޤ٥ͥǥȲ״˥ƥ줫ήäϤȤϰ褷ƤޤƳؽŪѸ줬ΩĤ褦ˤʤΤǤɤΥåȤȤʤäʸʲ˷Ǥޤ (p. 85) ʪ̾Ѹ졤ưʪ̾Τʤɡμ餬ܤ̤Ƴäο̣襤ޤ

But we miss the group of words relating to everyday life characteristic of the earlier period. Literary and learned words predominate. Of the former kind are accent, brief (the verb), decline (as a term of grammar), history, paper, pumice, quatern (a quire or gathering of leaves in a book), and term(inus), title. A great number of plant names are recorded in this period. Many of them are familiar only to readers of old herbals. Some of the better known include celandine, centaury, coriander, cucumber, ginger, hellebore, lovage, periwinkle, petersili (parsley), and verbena.9 A few names of trees might be added, such as cedar, cypress, fig, laurel, and magdala (almond).10 Medical terms, like cancer, circulādl (shingles), paralysis, scrofula, plaster, and words relating to the animal kingdom, like aspide (viper), camel, lamprey, scorpion, and tiger, belong apparently to the same category of learned and literary borrowings.

9 A number of interesting words of this class have not survived in modern usage, such as aprotane (wormwood), armelu (wild rue), caric (dry fig), elehtre (lupin), mānrūfie (horehound), nepte (catnip), pollegie (pennyroyal), and hymele (hop-plant).
10 Most of these words were apparently bookish at this time and had to be reintroduced later from French.


B&C Ķɥ꡼β­פˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ夵ƤꡤĤǤХåʥС˥ǽǤƲؤΥʥӥϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) Ķɥ꡼̤Ū񿴤򤯤줿ϡܽ򤪼긵ˤѰդξ塤βƻ٤θ̣äƤйǤˡ֤İǤʤʬ̤䥪饤θӹǥꥢ륿˵ؤ˲äꤿפȤǮ̤򤪻ϡ Voicy ΥץߥꥹʡۿͥǤֱѸˤ (helwa)ؤΤä򤴸Ƥ800ߡ̵Υ֥Ǥ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-06-27 Sat

#6270. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1 heldio ɡ⤹ֵ꡼12󤬴 [notice][kochushoho][kenkyusha][oe][hel_education][literature][popular_passage][pchron][oe_text][pictish][voicy][heldio][asacul]

3ۤε#6177. ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡٴϢ꡼ heldio ۿƤޤ ([2026-03-26-1]) Ǥ⤷ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤθűѸֵ꡼12äƴ뤷ޤ hellog ɼԤγء꡼ͤơ˻ĤäƤۿ򤤤ĤǤƤ褦󥯤ȤƤޤȤޤ
ֵܹ꡼ϡǯ2δ԰褪ᤷ³ƤԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡˤθűѸƥȥѡȤꡤŪʸŪˤƽפʵҤǤ Early Britain (pp. 86--89) ȴ褵줿1оݤȤäɡäƤΤǤ
ۿȤ¤˳褫̤ǤªʤűѸ츶ʸɤ߾夲ˤϤǤϤƤޤԵ§ʣ˸ʸˡηϤ丽Ȥϰ츫ۤʤäβϤŪطʤƧޤĤġ츻ʤɡǽʸ¤긽Ѹμ˰դʤʬ䤹򤭤ۤƤޤΤ褦ʲˤܳŪʸűѸֵ̤˹뵡ϤۤȤɤʤᡤŤʥȤƤҲ٤⤪İŤαѸΩỤ̄äƤФȻפޤ
꡼12ʡܺǽƳˤۿȥȳƥ󥯤ϰʲ̤Ǥ

#1751. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (2026/03/16)
#1755. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (1) (2026/03/20)
#1758. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (2) (2026/03/23)
#1761. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (3) (2026/03/26)
#1764. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (4) (2026/03/29)
#1767. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (5) (2026/04/01)
#1771. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (6) (2026/04/05)
#1774. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (7) (2026/04/08)
#1777. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (8) (2026/04/11)
#1787. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (9) (2026/04/21)
#1799. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (10) (2026/05/03)
#1813. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (11) (2026/05/17)
#1851. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (12) (2026/06/24)

ֵоݤȤʤäűѸθʸƥȡܺ٤ʸˡᡤƸѸˤĤƤϡܽظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤γս (pp. 86--89) ľܳƳǧʤ餪İФȻפޤ⤷ܽޤꤵƤʤȤϡ̤δ֤ܥ֥β#2909. Peterborough Chronicle Early Britain εҡ ([2017-04-14-1]) 򤢤碌ƻȤƤиʸΰüɤȤǤޤֵǤ⤿ӤӸڤƤܤò䥰å꡼ϡϤܽλ̤̤Ƥʬ˥뤳ȤǤʤᡤŪ񿴤˽äƳؤӤ򿼤᤿Ȼפ줿ϡҤεܽ򤴼Ȥê˷ޤƤ
ޤΤӴޤ Early Britain ꡼Ωheldio ˤܽƬ˰֤פʴåѡȡ֤ȯפ򤸤äȲ⤷4ԥ꡼ˤĤƤ⡤DzƤҲ𤷡碌ƤޤűѸܳŪɤ߿ʤǤηϴʴμܤιֵȤʤäƤꡤоݤȤʤäȤҤܽ˴ؤHPλɤߥʡǤڤ˱뤳ȤǤޤܽ񤬤긵ˤʤʳǤ⽽ʬ򿼤褦˹פޤΤǡ⤼ҥåƤߤƤ

#1710. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (1) --- űѸ첻
#1713. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (2) --- űѸλҲԡˡ
#1716. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (3) --- űѸλҲʸԡˡ
#1722. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (4) --- űѸζ

Τ褦 hellog heldio Ǥϡ줿̾ƻɸȤʤ顤ŤαѸλѤ򳧤ȶͭƤγư򺣸ŸƹԤФȹͤƤޤҡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤©Ťʸˤܤ
ʤ˰٥饤󳫺ŤƤī㡼󥿡ɶǤιֺ¤Ǥ⡤ܽ򻲾ȤʤûθűѸ졦Ѹ츶ʸǫɤߤ³Ƥꡤ7βƴ꡼Ǥ³Ƥޤܺ١ߤΥڡɤ

Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-06-21 Sun

#6264. űѸ̾ޤη̤Ψ [oe][inflection][gender][paradigm][frequency][statistics]

#6250. ʤűѸʸˡ̾ޤ֤ stan ʤΤ (2) ([2026-06-07-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤإᥤȤ ykagata 󤬡֡θűѸ̾ɽ stn ǻϤޤܡϤޤʤܡƤ롥 Smith (66) ѤƤ롥ʲ˺ƷǤ褦

OE nouns can be classified into five groups, or declensions. In decreasing order of frequency of occurrence in OE, these declensions are:

(1) General Masculine Declension
(2) General Feminine Declension
(3) General Neuter Declension
(4) the -an Declension
(5) Irregular Declensions


ǡ̾ޤηˤĤŪ̻Ūʥ٥ѤŪŪʥ٥ѤƤ뤳Ȥykagata Ͼ޻Ƥ롥
(1) (5) ٤ι⤤¤٤ƤȤȤΡ١פΥϤɤƤΤ餯ˤǤϤʤűѸŪQuirk and Wrenn (20) ε󤲤ƤΨʤ뤤Ϥ餫Υˤ˰͵򤷤ƤΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥οͤɽǤޤȤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤͽ̤ۤꡤŪ̻Ūʥ٥뤬ѤƤաˡ

Noun Class Value
masculine a-stems 0.36
masculine n-stems and minor declension 0.09
feminine o-stems 0.25
feminine n-stems and minor declension 0.05
neuter a-stems 0.25
neuter n-stems insignificant


1ĵˤʤΤϡ Qurik and Wrenn οͤ˴ŤƤΤƱƤʤȤȡ٤ǤϤʤ٤ǿƤꤵ뤬¸θűѸ켭űѸʸˡΥå꡼ʤɤðǰĴ٤Τ

Smith, Jeremy J. Essentials of Early English. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2005.
Quirk, Randolph. and C. L. Wrenn. An Old English Grammar. 2nd ed. London: Methuen, 1957.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-06-20 Sat

#6263. 627ڡˤīֺ¡ghost õäƸűѸ츶ʸءײ [asacul][notice][kdee][hee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][heldio][me][oe][kochushoho][pchron][adverb][preposition][link][voicy]


asacul_20260418.png



1ָ627ڡ 15:30--17:00 ˡǯ٤2ܤȤʤī㡼󥿡ɶǤΥ饤ֺ¤ޤǯ٤³Ƥ륷꡼˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñפ̻15ƤȤȤǡϡghost õäƸűѸ츶ʸءפꤷơˤʤñ ghost 򿼷ꤷƤޤ
Ѹ ghost κǤ̤θϡͩפǤ͡ǤϤФжƤ롤Ի׵Ĥ¸ߤǤϹ (spirit) ɽ路Τ̿᤭ѥɽ路Ƥޤˤβǰ̣ν̾äȤˤʤޤꥹȶΡפ the Holy Spirit ȸޤŤ the Holy Ghost ȸ줿Τ⡤ηаޤȴطƤޤ
ޤȯֻδⶽ̣¤ޤűѸѸǤ gast Τ褦ֻ̤Ǥ첻Ȥ ā ȤĹ첻äƤΤǤȤǤ /oʊ/ Ȥ2첻ˤʤäƤޤ͡ޤѸʹߡɤȤʤֻ <h> ʸʶߡǤ ghost ȤʤäƤޤֺ͡¤Ǥϡ<gh> Ȥֻ͡ˤ⿨ƤȻפäƤޤ¾ưȤƤ ghostͩ (ghost_word) ꡤ ghost θ츻Τˤ⿨Ƥޤ
ֺ¤θȾˤϡܥ꡼ΡָŤѸθʸ̣臘׼ݤ˱äơԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯűѸΤʤ˼ºݤ˸ "ghost" Ƥߤޤǫ˲⤷ޤΤǡűѸ鿴Ԥ⿴̵ѤǤޤǽ򤪻ǤʤƤֺ»ȤդޤΤǤ¿
ֺ¤ξܺ٤Ȥߤϡīθڡ
ʤβƴΥơޤƤޤƴ⥷꡼³Ƥޤξܺ١ߤΥڡɤ

ƴ12026ǯ725ˡ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ --- "king" õäƸűѸ츶ʸ
ƴ22026ǯ822ˡ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ --- "riddle" õäƸűѸ츶ʸ
ƴ32026ǯ926ˡ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ --- "through" õäѸ츶ʸ

ιֺ¤ˤĤޤƤ⡤¿μ֤ԤƤޤ

ʰʲ嵭2026/06/22(Mon)
ιֺ¤ˤĤƤ Voicy heldio ǤƤޤ#1849. 627ڡˤīֺ¤ ghost 򿼷İ



Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-06-19 Fri

#6262. B&C 64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" (1) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][lexicology][borrowing][latin][loan_word][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



˰³Ѹˤ̾Baugh and Cable Υƥȡ6ǡˤhelwa λֹ⤭֤ŰŪ祤ȤƤĶɲפεϿǤǮդ븽β򤽤ΤޤޤϤ Voicy heldio ۿ꡼⡤ޤ©Ĺ³Ƥޤ
īۿ heldio ǿǤϡƬɤϤƤޤ#1846. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (64-1) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ ǤΥ֥Ϥκǿ̩ܤ˥󥯤¶ѤȤʤޤ
⡤helwa/heldio Υߥ˥ƥǮ夲ƤäƤץإᥤȤǤꡤꥹʡ Taku 󤳤https://www.ntu.ac.jp/research/kyoin/kodomo/gakoukyouiku/kaneta_t.html">󤵤ʳءˤˡͤȤɤ꡼ɤƤޤ
ơ󤫤Ϥ褤 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" ꤵ줿ޤޤɤäƤ֥٥ͥǥȲספȤŪ꤬ͤºݤαѸθäˤɤΤ褦Ѳ⤿餷ΤŪʼѸ (loan_word) ΥꥹȤȤȤ˸ڤƤȤˤʤޤɤΥåȤȤʤäʸʲ˷ǤޤBaugh and Cable, pp. 84--85ˡ64Ƭ顤褽30ʬ򤫤Ʒ6ʸκ˶Ƥޤ

The influence of Latin upon the English language rose and fell with the fortunes of the church and the state of learning so intimately connected with it. As a result of the renewed literary activity just described, a new series of Latin importations took place. These differed somewhat from the earlier Christian borrowings in being words of a less popular kind and expressing more often ideas of a scientific and learned character. They are especially frequent in the works of Ælfric and reflect not only the theological and pedagogical nature of his writings but also his classical tastes and attainments. His literary activity and his vocabulary are equally representative of the movement. As in the earlier Christian borrowings, a considerable number of words have to do with religious matters: alb, Antichrist, antiphoner, apostle, canticle, cantor, cell, chrism, cloister, collect, creed, dalmatic, demon, dirge, font, idol, nocturn, prime, prophet, sabbath, synagogue, troper.


B&C Ķɥ꡼β­פˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ夵ƤꡤĤǤХåʥС˥ǽǤƲؤΥʥӥϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ϥ֤ȤƤѤѸˤΥޥŪ񿴤򤯤줿ϡܽ򤪼긵ˤѰդξ塤βƻ٤˿ɽθ̣äƤйǤˡ֤İǤʤʬ̤䥪饤θӹǥꥢ륿˵ؤ˲äꤿפȤǮ̤򤪻ϡ Voicy ΥץߥꥹʡۿͥǤֱѸˤ (helwa)ؤΤä򤴸ƤŪʤפȤ˳ڤ֤򡤤ĤǤ⤪ԤƤޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-07-06-1]

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2026-06-18 Thu

#6261. B&C 63 "The Benedictine Reform" (7) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



ѸˤؤּԤˤȤäƤΥХ֥Ȥ Baugh and Cable ̾6ǡˤhelwa λֹ⤭СȤȤ1ʸġʤʡ1줺ġˤäɤ߲򤤤ƤĶɲפȾŪʥڡǽŤͤƤޤǻ̩ɽζ򤽤ΤޤޤϤ Voicy heldio βۿ꡼⡤Ťз³ǤϤ3ǯ᤯вᤷޤߤ¤˿ʤǤꡤߤ63θȾƤޤ
ī heldio ˤơκǿۿޤ#1845. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-7) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղǤΥ֥ϤβۿȤäϢưǤΥåץǡȤȤʤޤ
⡤heldio/helwa ߥ˥ƥ򸣰إᥤȤǤꥳꥹʡ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤˡʥӥȤɤ϶꡼ɤƤޤ˽ޤä̾Υ꡼ȤȤˡƥȤαŪطʤ򷡤굯褦ʡĤʤΥǥפɤߤǽ֤Ȥʤޤ
ɽǥåȤȤʸʲ󼨤ޤBaugh and Cable, pp. 83--84) 63˶ᤤս꤫顤褽40ʬλ֤򤫤Ʒ6ʸ̩ɤ߲򤤤Ƥޤ10ȾΥ٥ͥǥȲפαѸ˾ΰյǽƤ

One of the objects of special concern in this work of rehabilitation was the improvement of education---the establishment of schools and the encouragement of learning among the monks and the clergy. The results were distinctly gratifying. By the close of the century the monasteries were once more centers of literary activity. Works in English for the popularizing of knowledge were prepared by men who thus continued the example of King Alfred, and manuscripts both in Latin and the vernacular were copied and preserved. It is significant that the four great codices in which the bulk of Old English poetry is preserved date from this period. We doubtless owe their existence to the reform movement.


B&C ɽΤޤǤεפˤĤƤϡ٤ƥƤꡤĤǤإǽǤۿؤΥʥӥ󥯤ϡε#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˤޤȤޤäƤޤΤǡҤ򤴻ȤŪ񿴤ɷ㤵줿ϡҤȤǤܽꤵ졤Ķɲβ򥬥ɥ֥åˤİйǤޤİǤʤ̤䥪饤θǥꥢ륿˵˲äꤿפȤǮդ򤪻ϡ Voicy ΥץߥꥹʡۿͥǤֱѸˤ (helwa)áƤߤƤΤä򿴤ꤪԤƤޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-06-13 Sat

#6256.ؤʤ󤿤󤲤٤θűѸ졦Ѹʬɤ߾夲HP [nazesantangen][notice][oe][me]

nazesantangen_yomiage_hp.png



رѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤNHKǿˤǸNHKǤꡤܽ˷ǺܤƤűѸ졦Ѹʬɤ߾夲˥ǤߥڡƤޤԤˤɤ߾夲İޤ
̾αʸξ򥯥ååפƤǡñ˲뤳ȤǤޤܽ1Ϥ3Ϥо줹 Gregorius hine afligde ʤɤθűѸʸ䡤Ich was in one sumere dale ȤäѸʸΡζפ򡤤ҼθƤߤƤ
űѸѸȤäŤαѸؤֺݡï⤬ǽΡƺǤѤʵ1Ĥ֤ɤΤαѸȯ狼ΤפȤǤϤʤǤ礦Ͽʤ¸ߤʤä1000ǯθ첻򤤤ˤƿꤹΤȤ䤤ϡ˸ؤˤȤäƤܼŪʲǤ
ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#5314. ɤƸűѸȯ狼ΤǤ --- YouTube Ѥʵ ([2023-11-14-1]) 䡤ĥƤεǤ夲ƤޤΤǡȤɽʸȤƤΥޥ󡦥ե٥åȤֻηϤʬϤ뤳ȡ뤤ϻεӱƬȤäʸξڵѤ뤳ȡˤϸν˻Ĥ뺯פӸŪ뤳Ȥʤɡ͡ʸŪŪʥץ̤ơĤƤȯ뤳ȤǤΤǤ
Τ褦̩ʸѤ߽Ťͤˤä餫ˤʤäŲζ򡤺ߥڡǤϼºݤ˺ƸƤޤʸȤįǤϤʤʤ´ͯˤαѸǤ˽Фɤޤ줿İȤǡαѸ䤢뤤¾ΥޥȤͭŪʤĤʤ꤬ơʹơˤϤǤ
򤪼긵֤ƤƾϤβȹ碌ƲİʤƤޤȡѸʸˡˤ̤Ƥ˥ʥߥåƤƤΩŪʻѤ꿼Ǽ̣äƤ뤳ȤȻפޤ
嵭NHKǸɤ߾夲HPȤ̤ˡܽ˴ؤԤˤHP⥪ץ󤷤ƤꡤϤǤ1000Ķ륢ȤʤäƤޤ͡ʷ̥ܽϤƤޤΤǡҤɤ

δ رѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ NHKǡNHKǿӡ2026ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-06-07 Sun

#6250. ʤűѸʸˡ̾ޤ֤ stan ʤΤ (2) [oe][inflection][gender][case][paradigm][comparative_linguistics][nazesantangen]

ε ([2026-06-06-1]) ³ɸ夲롥ȤΤ⡤إᥤȤ ykagata 󤬡Ȥ note ǺεȿäƤΤ֡θűѸ̾ɽ stān ǻϤޤܡϤޤʤܡ졤űѸʸˡतʣĴơ̾ޤιܤѲ a-stem ̾ stān "stone" ǻϤޤʤΤ⻶뤳ȤŦƤ롥ǤϲǻϤ뤫ȤСѲ n-stem ̾ nama "name" ȤΤȤ
nama 礹ϳΤˤ롥nama - naman - naman - naman; naman - naman - namena - namum ¤ֶɽϡstān - stān - stānes - stāne - stānas - stānas - stāna - stānum Ʊ餤ˡž˺ݤƸϤ褤ޤּѲפȤäƸѲΤǡȤƤôڤstān ǤĤޤؼԤȤƤ⡤nama 餤ʤƧߤȤɤޤ뤫⤷ʤޤnama ɽѲɽϡμѲɽȤۤƱʤΤǡDZѤؽΨɤ
ʸѸ٤СȤâդǡˡֶŪʸפɸ֤űѸɽȤơѲ¤ϼʼѲ̾äƤȤϥϤ롥ޤѸ˻ĤäƤѲκפޤ̾ǡϼǤ롥oxen, children, brethren -en 򻲾ȤƤȤΤؤλǤ롥εդ­Ȼפ뤬stān ζޤϡʣ -s ͭʤ -'s ͳ򶵤ƤȤ롥
̾ǻϤȤ褤ŪϤʤθűѸʸˡɼоݡηʤɡ͡ʥѥ᡼ȳơνŤդ衤űѸʸˡतǤäȤƤ⡤ӸؤѸʸؤȤƳؽŪʬѤǽ񤫤뤳Ȥ¿ästān ǤĤޤ褦ʽؼԤǽ餫ꤷƤʤäȤ򤷤Ƥ褤ѸˤűѸؤδؿ椬Ǥ⥸兩ȹäƤʤƻȤƤϹƤ˺षפɼоݡפƹͤƤߤΤȻפɤ̾ϤΤȤ䤤ϡޤ餺⸽Ū䤤ä
μȤ򤯤äӽ ykagata ˴դޤ
ʤ610ȯͽΡرѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ٤Ǥϡ11Ǥϡפ stān ɽǺܤƤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-06-21-1]

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2026-06-06 Sat

#6249. ʤűѸʸˡ̾ޤ֤ stan ʤΤ [oe][inflection][gender][case][paradigm][comparative_linguistics]

ӽʰءˤ X OE ̾ޤäƤʤγѲ̾ stān ФƤޤ͡ȤƤä
ΤˤΤȤűѸζʽ̾ޤΥǤϡۤɬ stān "stone" ǽζɽȤú¤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ʤΩƤ stān ʤΤʤСפȤ̣ñ줬ȥåץХåФƤΤˤϱѸ˶顦ؽƤȤ櫓ؽԤؤζŪθͳĤⱣƤ褦˻פ롥ʲǵƤߤ֤ʤפФͳΤΤȤ⡤ʤβȤäۤŬڤ⤷ʤ
1طʤȤơʸˡȤҷΤΤŪ󤲤롥ϸؤΰŪʷűѸʸˡ˸¤餺褽ʸˡȤˤϡǽ˺줿֤ηΤޤ޸ζʽؼѤ䤹Ȥ롥
˲äơӸؤζǤʥ꡼طƤ롥Ӹؤˤơޥ̾ޤ򵭽ҤݤˤϡäȤϤζѲ a-stem ̾ζޤϤΤŴ§ȤʤäƤ롥űѸ stān ϡޤˤ a-stem ̾1ĤǤ롥
a-stem ̾Τʤˤϡۤˤ¿ñ줬¸ߤ롥Τʤǡʤˤä stān ФΤȤСñ줬ζޤΤʤǤäȤ⥯ʤȹͤ롥֥ʤפΰ̣5ĤδͤƤߤ

(1) ɽΤʤǸ촴βθؤʤűѸ̾ˤϡñʣ뤤ϳʤΰ㤤ˤäƸ촴˴ޤޤ첻ҲؤΤʤʤȤ dæg "day" ñʷʣʷǤ dagas Ȥʤꡤæ a ؤȸؤ롥ޤ "mouth" þēof "thief" ʤɤθ촴̵໤ñʰʳǤϡֻˤϸʤΤΡͭ롥Фơstān ϡñʤʣͿʤ˻ޤǡ촴ֻȯ stān- Ȱɤ뤬ʤ
(2) 촴1Ǥ롥cyning "king" ʤɤ a-stem ̾ν׸2̾Ǥ뤿ᡤ˶޸Ĥ3Ȥʤȡžˤ⤿Ĥ촴ñ stān ϡ޸դäȤ⥯ꥢ˸뤷žˤꥺब褤
(3) ޤǤ˰̣ؼоݤѲۤȤɤʤűѸ stān ϸѸ stone бǯ⺣ܵѤ餺СפǤ롥Ʊ褦˥ΤʤñȤ hund 󤲤뤬Τ˶ɽȤƤǡɤԤäƤ褦ˤפ뤬Ǥϰ̣֡ʰŪʡ˸ (dog) ĸ (hound) ؤȶޤäƤ롥stn ˤϤΤ褦ʰ̣ѲΥΥʤ⤦1ĻפĤ bāt "boat" ϤʤʤͭϸǤꡤºݤ stān äƺѤƤ붵ʽ񤬤ä褦˻פʶŪʽ̾ϼǰˡ
(4) ֻγؽԤܤˤȤäư۾ǤϤʤȤ fisc "fish" Ȥñ˴ŪγؽԤ򸫤ȡ <sc> /ʃ/ ȯɽ魯ʤɡűѸֻͭ§βӶޤʤФʤʤʤ롥stn ǤС stone Ȥб첻ĹС˰Ǥ롥
(5) ̣ؼоݤ̵ʪ꤬ʤʸˡ§˳ؤʳˤƤϡñ줽ΤΤỊ̇Ṳ̄ʪȤƤʤɡˤϡȤʸˡ (gender) ȺƱƳؽμȤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤫⤷ʤ̵ʪΡСפǤСʾʤ꤬ۤʤ⸽ߤ⡤ä˼ҲӤӤƤñǤʤ

ƾʤǤȡstān ȤñϡűѸʸˡ礹ؽԤˤȤäơäȤǡ볦ꥢ­ȤƵǽƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥̣ǤõʤСפȥåץХå̳Ƥظˤϡ嵭ǤζŪηäŽ̤Ƥ褦˻פ롥
ʤߤˡǯ2˿줿90ǯʾˤͭŪʽظűѸ졦ѸǤ⡤ stān ȥåץХåȤƷפƤ뤳ȤդäƤ

Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-06-07-1]

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2026-05-25 Mon

#6237. be ˤĤƤαѸŪ [oe][be][od_dialect][inflection][suppletion][etymology][participle][imperative][oe_dialect]

be ưϡܥ֥Ǥ¿夲Ƥ Lass θűѸ˴ؤ򻲾ȤơȤ櫓 b- η֤˴ؤ뻨ŪƶҲ𤷤
ޤbe ưν޷εˤʬLass (170) Ѥ롥

(a) an s-root (eom, eart, is, sindom = L s-um, e-s, e-s-t, s-unt);
(b) a b-root (bēo, bist, biþ, bēoþ, cognate to Skr bhu- 'remain', Latin perfect of 'be' fū-ī, OCS byti 'be', Gr phú- 'become';
(c) a w-root, in the inifinitive wesan, pres part wesende, preterite wæs, wǣron; this is cognate to OIr feiss/foss 'remain', Skr vásati 'he dwells'. Wesan is a defective cl V verb (as wesan/wæs/wǣron suggest), whose PRET1/PRET2 serve as the only past for the other stems.


Τʤ b- ˻Ѥޥ췲ǤȯãǤꡤŪˤä٤ηǤȤ (Lass 171)

The incorporation of the b-root into this group seems to be a WGmc innovation.


ޤʲ˸ڤűѸθʬʬ b- °뤬űѸˤƤϤٺ餭Ȥ (Lass 171)

. . . until the eleventh century the only present participle is wesende, and there is no past participle. After this pres part bēonde and pp be-bēon (> ModE been) appear.


űѸ b- ޤ̿ˤĤƤϡʬۤʤɤʣǡΤ褦ˤ (Lass 171)

The imperative is usually in b- in earlier texts: sg bēo, pl bēoþ; later wes, wesaþ appear (wes remains buried in wassail < wes hāl 'be healthy'). There is some regional differentiation, with b- imperatives in WS and Merc, and wes Northumbrian, though wes also occurs in WS and Mercian.


Ҥ뤬äƸɸѸˤ b- ϤϤɤȤȡŪˤϿषƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ (Lass 171)

The standard ModE system suggests more radical loss of the b-forms than was actually the case; as late as the 1950s some conservative rural varieties in old West Mercian and West Saxon territory (e.g. the W Midlands and West Country) preserve paradigms like I bin, thee bist, Her is (Cheshire and Shropshire), I be, you be, her is, they be (Warwickshire, Somerset), or be for all persons and numbers (Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Somerset).


b- η֤˾ƤˤƤߤΤ⤪⤷

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-05-24 Sun

#6236. űѸгʤˤư³֡٤ɽ魯ˡϰĸͳ褹 [oe][indo-european][accusative][case][adverb][adverbial_accusative]

űѸǤϡ̾г (accusative) ŪưľŪô¾ˤ䤬롥Ūгʡ (adverbial_accusative) ȸƤФˡ1ĤǡѸǤŪŪʡפʤɤȤơ̾Ĥߤ롥ΰ̣ϡФаư³֡٤Ǥ롥
гʤˡϡűѸ˸ꤵ櫓ǤϤʤ¾ΰˤ⹭ǧˡǤꡤĤޤȤĸλ夫ȯãƤˡȹͤƤ褵Lass (233) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

We can for instance reconstruct the IE accusative as primarily the direct object case; but it has a set of extended meanings, having to do with 'attainment of a goal' (a natural move from coding the result of the action of a transitive verb). From this there develop senses coding what one has to do to achieve a goal, e.g. the traversal of space; and from this traversal of time. Thus the accusative marks not only movement (as a derivative of 'goal'), but 'extent' in space or time as well.


űѸŪгʤˡˤĤƤϡMitchell (§§1383--88) ܽҤƤ롥֡֡٤ιؤˡˤĤơȤȤ˰Ѥ

§1382. The accusative of extent is found referring to space, time, and degree. With reference to space, it is found with verbs, e.g. ÆCHom i. 108. 31 Ne glad he ealne weig him ætforan and ÆCHom ii. 506. 14 He arærde him munuclif on micelre digelnysse, twa mila fram ðære ceastre Turoniscre ðeode, and with adjectives, e.g. ÆCHom i. 20. 31 Wyrc þe nu ænne arc, þreo hund fæðma wid, and þritig fæðma heah.


§1383. The accusative of extent in time answers the question 'How long?'. It occurs alone, e.g. ÆCHom ii. 190. 26 (§1382.), ÆCHom ii. 74. 35 To hwi stande ge her ealne dæg ydele?, ÆCHom i. 178. 10 Moyses se heretoga fæste eac feowertig daga and feowertig nihta, and (with the noun repeated or varied) ÆCHom i. 20. 8 and he leofode nigon hund geara and þrittig geara and ÆCHom ii. 330. 17 . . . ren wæs forwyrned ðam wiðerweardum folce to ðreora gera fyrste, an syx monða fæce, or with a preposition, e.g. 1ÆCHom ii. 298. 23 He geheold Cristes setl geond ðrittig geara fæc.


§1385. The accusative singular neuter is used adverbially to express degree. It may refer to an action, e.g. ÆCHom ii. 536. 2 . . . ne derað him nan ðing on ðam ecan eðele, þæt he on wege þyses lifes andlyfene underfeng and ÆCHom ii. 122. 11 Þa ne mihte se papa þæt geðafian, āteah ðe he eall wolde (for this idiom see §3352); to a quality, e.g. ÆCHom 20. 370 seo geoguð . . . wæs þa geweaxen, and to wige ful strang; or to a quantity, e.g. ÆLS 6. 359 and he wunode . . . on his agenum mynstre em feowertig gera.


ѸŪŪʤˡˤޤϢʤ롤ĹˤȤȤ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Mitchell, Bruce. Old English Syntax. 2 vols. New York: OUP, 1985.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-05-16 Sat

#6228. again õäѸ츶ʸء --- ǯ٤īѸ˥꡼2 [asacul][notice][kdee][hee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][heldio][me][oe][kochushoho][pchron][adverb][preposition][link][voicy]


asacul_20260418.png



1ָ523ڡ 15:30--17:00 ˡǯ٤2ܤȤʤī㡼󥿡ɶǤΥ饤ֺ¤ޤǯ٤³Ƥ륷꡼˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñפ̻14ƤȤȤǡϡagain õäѸ츶ʸءפꤷơŪ again ȤлҤηǤֻ against ܤޤ
ֺ¤ǤϡرѸ츻ŵ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤򻲾ȤĤġñθ츻̣־ȯãɤ again ֻ against Ȥʬʤ褦ˤʤäطʤޤƬˤʤäǤΩñȤʤäƤȤ̣ˤäƤΤǤϢơűѸֻΤˤĤƤ⳵ѤͽǤ
ñȯ䥹ڥ󥰤ѲѰۤˤܤޤ۷¿űѸѸμǤϤɤηФ˾夬äƤΤͽۤΤʤۤɤǤ
ޤνմǤϡ225˸Ҥ괩Ԥ줿ŪԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯ򻲹ͥƥȤȤƳѤޤϤ˼ܤƤѸΥƥ Peterborough Chronicleagain ޤࡤι򤪤ɤɤ̤ս򾯡ɤǤߤȻפޤ
ѸθʸƤȤ⿴ۤפޤ󡥾嵭ͥƥȤˤĤƤ⡤ֺ¤ɤʬˤĤƤջǰѤޤΤǡ֤ɬܤǤϤޤ󤬡ƥȤˤϸѸ伭°ƤޤΤǡгؤӤޤȻפޤ
ֺ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤϡīθڡSee you again!

ʰʲ嵭2026/05/18(Mon)
ιֺ¤ˤĤƤ Voicy heldio ǤƤޤ#1814. 523ڡˤīֺ¤ again ܡİ



Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-05-20-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-04-30 Thu

#6212. B&C 63 "The Benedictine Reform" (5) (6) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]




ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable 6Ǥαʸhelwa СȤȤˤäĶɤƤɽȾŪ˳ŤƤޤɽͻҤVoicy heldio βǥ̤Ƹ륷꡼³Ǥ2023ǯ7˳ϤƤ3ǯ夬Фޤ63ޤǿʤǤƤޤ
ī heldio ˤơ꡼ǿۿƤޤ#1796. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-5) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղǤī heldio Ǥϡ³ԤȤʤ#1797. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-6) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղۿͽǤΤǡ碌2ܤϢưܵޤ
⡤heldio/helwa ꥹʡǥإᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤɲ꡼ɤƤޤĤ⤢꤬Ȥޤ̾Υ꡼ȤȤˡĤʤοɤߤǽ뤳ȤǤޤ
оݤαʸʲ˷ǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, pp. 83--84) B&C 632κǽ餫顤1֤ۤɤ15ʸɤ߿ʤޤ

But abuses when bad enough have a way of bringing about their own reformation. What is needed generally is an individual with the zeal to lead the way and the ability to set an example that inspires imitation. King Alfred had made a start. Besides restoring churches and founding monasteries, he strove for twenty years to spread education in his kingdom and foster learning. His efforts bore little fruit. But in the latter half of the tenth century, three great religious leaders, imbued with the spirit of reform, arose in the church: Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 988), Athelwold, bishop of Winchester (d. 984), and Oswald, bishop of Worcester and archbishop of York (d. 992). With the sympathetic support of King Edgar these men effected a genuine revival of monasticism in England. The true conception of the monastic life was inseparable from the observance of the Benedictine Rule. Almost everywhere in England this had ceased to be adhered to. As the first step in the reform, the secular clergy were turned out of the monasteries and their places filled by monks pledged to the threefold vow of chastity, obedience, and poverty. In their work of restoration the reformers received powerful support from the example of continental monasteries, notably those at Fleury and Ghent. These had recently undergone a similar reformation under the inspiring leadership of Cluny, where in 910 a community had been established on even stricter lines than those originally laid down by St. Benedict. Dunstan had spent some time at the Abbey of Blandinium at Ghent; Oswald had studied the system at Fleury; and Athelwold, although wanting to go himself, had sent a representative to Fleury for the same purpose. On the pattern of these continental houses a number of important monasteries were re-created in England, and Athelwold prepared a version of the Benedictine Rule, known as the Concordia Regularis, to bring about a general uniformity in their organization and observances. The effort toward reform extended to other divisions of the church, indeed to a general reformation of morals, and brought about something like a religious revival in the island.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ饢ǤޤƲؤΥ󥯤ϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ؿΤϡܽꤷơɲۿİСޤɲ̡饤ľܻä줿ϡ Voicy Υץߥꥹʡۿͥ ֱѸˤ (helwa)ˤ꤯


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-04-23 Thu

#6205. Scots ˤܤ٤ͳ [scottish_english][scots][standard_english][sociolinguistics][variety][dialect][language_shift][contact][gvs][oe][literature][aureate_diction][old_norse][french][latin][celtic]

䤿ѸȸƤǤΤϡƤ󥰥˴ŤȯŸƤɸѸ (Standard English) ˤۤʤޤ󡥤̤žåȥɤäƤѸѼ (Scots or Scottish English) ܤȡˤɸѸΥѥɤȤ٤ˤäƤޤ
ܵǤϡåȥɤ餷餷ƤиΤܤƤ뤳ȤǧĤġʤ Scots ȤˤˤĤΤäƤȤ褤ΤݥȤƤߤȻפޤ
Scots Ȥˤܤ٤1ͳϡScots ɸѸв뤿ζˤʤȤǤScots ϡ󥰥ɤαѸѼСűѸľͳ褹ͣαѸѼǤ٤ɾСScots ӸŪ English ȺǤᤤȤΤǤ䤿ؽɸȤƤѸ줬ߤλѤˤʤäΤϡˤɬǤϤʤη̤ˤޤ㤨СScots Ǥ첻 (gvs) ʬŪˤäƤ餺house űѸβ˶ᤤ [huːs] ȯꡤĹɽΤ <i> 첻źȼֻäƤꤷޤޤ߷ưˤϡο;Τ˸¤餺¤ -is ʤɡScots ʸˡ̤ǤȼѲ뤲ƤƤޤˤۤʤäƤСɸѸ⤢뤤ϤʤäƤ⤷ʤȤλѤ Scots ˸뤳Ȥǡ䤿ɸѸл뤻Фᤫį뤳ȤǤΤǤ
2ˡScots ˤ English ˤ餱餺ܿθ̤ɾʹκǤ롤ȤǤScots θäɽˤϡ8Ⱦ11Υ󥰿ȴϢťΥɸαƶ13--14ΥåȥΩưȴطοե󥹤ȤΡָƱסAuld Allianceˤ⤿餷ȼΥե󥹼Ѹ졤15˲ֺ餤ƥȤʸ (aureate diction) ߹ޤƤޤ˸Ťϡȸδפ⤢櫓ǡScots ϤϤˤѸˤʣθ¸ߤȤʤäƤΤǤ
3ˡScots ˤ˭ʸŪޤRobert the Bruce William Wallace Ȥäαͺ˴ؤʪ줫顤Ǥ15--16 Robert Henryson William Dunbar ʤɤΥåȥɤˤ硼ͤƸι̱Ū Burns Scott ˻ޤǡOlder/Modern Scots ǽ񤫤줿̤κʤĤäƤޤScots ؤ֤ȤǡΤ褦ʸդΤḷ̌臘ȤǤӤϳ̤ǤScots ͭβŪʶϡñʤãƻĶ̥Ϥ򡤻䤿˶Ƥޤ
ˤСScots ˤϥåȥɤȤȤĶˤȤĤʤäƤޤScots-Irish ꥫ̱ˤ˲̤ϡޤǤʤפǤޤܤ˷פΤʤŪкŪƶͿThomas Blake Glover ϤȤ륹åȥɤεȲȤ­פͤȤطʤˤäŪǥƥƥ̵뤹뤳ȤϤǤޤScots ȤѸѼˤϡȥǥƥƥȸδط뤤Ͻ񤭸դäդۤʤǥȤƤ˵ǽ뤫ȤҲŪ꤬Ž̤ƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Scots Ȥˤؤ֤Ȥϡñ1ĤɸѸѼ˾ܤʤ뤳ȤǤϤޤ󡥤ϡѸȤ줬̤βǽѥɤ˻פڤܿءϲβȽŪªľǤ⤢ΤǤ
ʾ塤åȥ񤭤ޤܤܤ򡥴Ϣơ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-24-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-04-20 Mon

#6202. űѸ beon be ưλȤ [be][oe][aspect][oe_dialect][suppletion][imperative][infinitive]

űѸ be ưˤĤƤϡ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) Ϥᡤ¿ε夲ƤűѸ be ưΥѥϡ佼ˡ (suppletion) ŵǤꡤ͡ʸ캬˴ŤŪѤƤȤ𤬤롥Ȥ櫓Ȥľˡ߻ôäƤ eom bēo ȤˡǤɤΤ褦˰ۤʤΤȤʤ롥 (aspect) 㤬ȸ뤳Ȥ¿ Campbell (§768; p. 350--51) εҤɤǤߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥

The distinction of the pres. indic. tenses eom and bēo is fairly well preserved in OE: bēo expresses what is (a) an invariable fact, e.g. ne bið swylċ cwenliċ þeaw 'such is not a queenly custom', or (b) the future, e.g. ne bið þe wilna gad 'you will have no lack of pleasure', or (c) iterative extension into the future, e.g. biþ storma ȝehwylċ aswefed 'every storm is always allayed' (i.e. on all occasions of the flight of the Phoenix, past and to come); eom expresses a present state provided its continuance is not especially regarded, e.g.wlitiġ is se wong 'the plain is beautiful'.


ŪˡȤƤϡeom ϡä˷³ռªƤ븽ߤξ֡פɽ魯ΤФbēo ϡѤλ¡ס̤סȿפɽ魯ʸ̮塤κΤ˽Фʤ⤢뤳ȤϳΤ2Ĥηˡ̤ƤªƤ褤
ۤ̿ˡη֤ˤĤƤ⡤bēon ¾η¤ǹԤʤƤʲ Campbell (§768; p. 51) ̤ꡤˡΰ㤤Ȥκۤª٤ΤȤ

   The distinction of the imperatives bēo and wes is one of dialect, not of meaning. Broadly bēo is W-S and Merc., wes (woes, wæs) North.; but while bēo is never North., wes is found in W-S and Merc. . . .
   Similarly inf. bēon (bīon, bīan) is W-S and Merc., wosa North.; but Ru.1 has once wesa, Li. once bīan.
   The subj. forms bēo and sīe (sēo) are also dialectally distinguished: sīe is eW-S, Kt., VP, North., bēo is Ru.1 But already in eW-S bēo appears, and in lW-S it is the prevailing form (it does not appear, however, in KG). In North, it only appears in Li. (twice).


Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-04-18 Sat

#6200. ǯ٤īѸ˥꡼Ϥޤޤ --- ظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤⻲Ȥޤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][voicy][heldio][me][oe][kochushoho]


asacul_20260418.png



ǯ٤Ϥޤޤǯ٤ֱѸˤδ֤ˡ׹Ƥưhel (helkatsu) ŪŸƤޤޤhellog ɼԤγͤ⡤Ҥ줾θhelʤƤйǤ
ǯ˰³ǯ٤λhel1ĤȤʤΤī㡼󥿡ɶǤΥ饤ֺ¤Ǥ꡼ΤΥȥϺǯΤΤѾ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñפΤޤޤǤʤȤ⤳νմˤĤƤϡָ츻õäƸűѸ졦Ѹ츶ʸءפȤźơ򿷤˥Ȥޤ
ǯ٤ϡ1Ĥñ򷡤겼뤳ȤDZѸˤΥѥΥޤŸ˾ȤǤ⤽ϼѤĤġˡָʸ̣ɡפȤղòͤäȹͤƤޤŪˤϡ225˸Ҥ괩Ԥ줿ŪԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯ򻲹ͥƥȤȤƳѤޤ
մθΰʸϰʲ̤Ǥ

֤ʤαñϡʰ̣Ȥ򤹤ΤסϡѸγˤޤմϡűѸ졦ѸûʸȤơñԻ׵Ĥˤõޤ̾̾ʸǫɤ߲򤤤ǡѸˤؤȽIJ˹Ƥޤʸ˹ѸˤʪȤƳڤֺ¤ǤԲϻϲͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯˤ򻲹ͥƥȤȤ鸶ʸ̣ɤޤ


ֺܹ¤κħϡñʤ츻ˤȤɤޤ餺θ줬ºݤ˲ʸǤɤΤ褦©ŤƤΤ򡤼ºݤΥƥȤ̤θƤˤޤ󡤤ޤ̤رѸ츻ŵ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤ˻Ȥʤ顤츻οʥäƤޤ
մ1 15:30--17:00 ˳֤ޤ饤ιֵǤΤǡɤǤ⤴äޤ2֤θƨۿ⤴ޤͽꤵƤ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ

1. 425ڡˡknight õäѸ츶ʸ
2. 523ڡˡagain õäѸ츶ʸ
3. 627ڡˡghost õäƸűѸ츶ʸ

1ָ˳֤1ϡƻǤʤߤ knight 夲ޤϡ־ǯפֽԡפ̣Ƥθ줬ˤƹ⵮ʿʬؤ褦ˤʤäΤѸθʸ˿ʤ餽ΰ̣Ѳéޤ
again Ǥůʤ褦˸뤳θˤϡֻȤƤˡˤȤɤޤ餺¿꤬ƤޤѸΥƥȤǤϤɤΤ褦֤졤ѤƤΤǤ礦
3ϡǤϡͩפؤ ghost ǤűѸˤϡפֺפ̣ƤθγĴ⤤ʸȤȤ̣襤ޤ礦

űѸѸθʸʹȡ񤷤ʹ뤫⤷ޤ󤬡̵ۤѤǤֱѸˤʪפڤिκȤơ䤬ʥӥȤޤֺ¤ξܺ٤Ȥߤϡīθڡ
ܥ꡼γ֤˸ơVoicy heldio ǤƤޤ#1778. 425ڡˡظ٤ˤ뿷ǯ٤ī륷꡼Ϥޤޤİǯ١ͤȰˡʸȤȤ˱Ѹˤο򻶺ƤȤڤߤˤƤޤ



Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-04-15 Wed

#6197. ꥹʡɼˤ heldio 2026ǯ1ȾΥ󥭥 [voicy][heldio][notice][ranking][link][helkatsu][kochushoho][oe][khelf][karasawa][hel_education]

slido_result_for_voting_your_best_10_heldio_posts_in_2026a.png



#6188. heldio 2026ǯ1ȾΥ٥Ȳꥹʡɼ --- 412ޤǥץ ([2026-04-06-1]) Ǥ⤷Ȥꡤ2026ǯ1Ⱦ1--3ˤˤ Voicy heldio Υ٥ۿꥹʡɼ»ܤޤ412äڤ餻ƤޤǯٽΤ¿˻ʻˤ⤫餺¿Υꥹʡγ˲1ɼʺ10ɼˤꤸƤޤϤ꤬Ȥޤ
ɼޤȤޤޤΤǡ𤤤ޤ heldio Ǥ #1781. heldio 2026ǯ1ȾΥꥹʡɼηȯɽȤƲDz⤷ƤޤΤǡ碌Ƥİ



Υ󥭥󥰤ϡľˤȡؤäޤǤޤȤС֡ظűѸ졦ѸٺפפǤζʽȤ礭ʥ˥塼ꥹʡγγؽߤȸ˥󥯥̤ȸäƤ褤Ǥ礦ʲ˾̡ɼΨ19%ʾˤۿǺܤޤ



ڡ1̡44%ˡ

#1755. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (1)

ڡ2̡37%ˡ

#1751. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ

ڡ3̡33%ˡ

#1758. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (2)

ڡ4̡30%ˡ

#1710. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (1) --- űѸ첻
#1761. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (3)
#1764. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (4)

ڡ7̡26%ˡ

#1716. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (3) --- űѸλҲʸԡˡ
#1720. رѸΥ롼ġʸ˲ǰ --- ߷ͧȤ from KKH

ڡ9̡22%ˡ

#1677. 2026ǯѸˤޤ
#1685. ɽʸɽʸɽʸ
#1713. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (2) --- űѸλҲԡˡ
#1723. ظűѸ졦Ѹٿ΢ˤϥإᥤȤΥɥޤä
#1742. ۵ --- teach/taught ˴ؤŷŪŦᤰäơ

ڡ14̡19%ˡ

#1705. khelf ߷Ȥ --- ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ200ǰ
#1706. ζʽظűѸ졦Ѹ١ʸҡˤ
#1717. ŷ̤ͥΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ؤϤƤαѸˡټ¶Ѥ⤷
#1722. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (4) --- űѸζ
#174. ten -teen6
#1750. 夵ΡֱѸΤʤ5ʬǡפäƤޤ̿ --- 28ơ




2026ǯ1Ⱦη̤򿶤֤ޤȡʤȤäƤΩĤΤϡ225˸Ҥ꿷줿ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤˴ϢβǤɥ꡼פɮƬˡ٥10Ⱦʬʾ夬Ūʶʽ˴ϢƤǤǸűѸɤȤֹ᤿״ǤϤޤꥹʡγ󤬻̤ҼǮ˿餤ĤƤäȤޤäˡ΢¦ˤɥޤä#1723. ظűѸ졦Ѹٿ΢ˤϥإᥤȤΥɥޤä䡤̾ϥ˥åȻפ褦ʸűѸ첻ȻҲơ⤷꡼⤤ٻƤꡤñʤμνˤȤɤޤʤhelפɾƤΤȤơ餻Ƥޤ
̲˭Ǥ7̤ˤ߷ͧȤε#1720. رѸΥ롼ġʸ˲ǰ --- ߷ͧȤ from KKH󥯥󡥤ʤʤǤϤΡʡ˥åʷϵǤαѸ˥ȡμ˿Ϥ褯ΤǤСؤ򤷤Ǥޤ9̤#1742. ۵ --- teach/taught ˴ؤŷŪŦᤰäơϡαԤѻ˻ϤޤѸˤοʥؤϢʤ롤說說λߤޤʤ̲Ȥɾޤ
khelfʷѸ˥ե˥СƤꡤ#1705. khelf ߷Ȥ --- ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ200ǰ̤ޤޤ#1717. ŷ̤ͥΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ؤϤƤαѸˡټ¶Ѥ⤷ܤ򽸤ᡤѸˤǮϤ˹äƤ뤳Ȥ򴶤ޤ
Ⱦ볫äö#1677. 2026ǯѸˤޤ⡤ٻ򤤤ޤ̤ꡤ3֤Ϥޤν֡뤤Ͻ֤Ǥä褦˻פޤűѸɤ¿Υꥹʡĩ路Ϥ᤿Ȥϡhelˤ礭ʰ̣ĤȤˤʤꤽǤѡʥƥȤƤϴդޤ
ǸˡΥꥹʡɼ˴ؤ롤ꥹʡ ykagata note 򤴾Ҳ𤷤ޤɼ֤κǽ412֡heldio 2026ǯ1ȾΥ٥Ȳꥹʡɼפɼꤹ뵭ޤѡʥƥȤƤؤ󻲹ͤˤʤꡤĴ򤷤Ǥ꤬Ȥޤ
2026ǯ᤯4ʬ1᤮ޤΥꥹʡɼη̤褯褯ʬϤ2Ⱦ⡤ꥹʡγȤȤ͡ʱѸˤηʿįƤФȻפäƤޤ³ heldio ꤤޤ

Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ͧرѸΥ롼ġ١˼Ҥ޳طʸˡӡ2026ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-04-14 Tue

#6196. B&C 63 "The Benedictine Reform" (4) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable 6ǤαʸVoicy heldio ȤǥѤơĶɤƤ꡼Ǥ
ī heldio ˤơ10ˤϤ³Ԥۿޤ#1780. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-4) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղǤɤߤƤ hellog ϡβۿϢưȤʤäƤޤ
⡤إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤɲ꡼ɤƤޤĤ⤢꤬Ȥޤפ֤ˡ̤ǤΥ饤դɽȤʤäƤޤΤǡڤİ뤫ȻפޤΥ˾äĹϿ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǡheldio ǤȾȾ2ʬƤϤƤޤϸȾȤʤޤ
оݤαʸǺܤޤ礦Baugh and Cable, p. 83) B&C 633ʸΤߤǤäɤƤޤ

So few were there that I cannot remember a single one south of the Thames when I came to the kingship." A century later, Ælfric, abbot of Eynsham, echoed the same sentiment when he said, "Until Dunstan and Athelwold revived learning in the monastic life no English priest could either write a letter in Latin, or understand one." It is hardly likely, therefore, that many Latin words were added to the English language during these years when religion and learning were both at such a low ebb.


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B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ饢Ǥޤ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) С


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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