hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ڡ / page 8 (17)

oe - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-07-24 Mon

#5201. űѸǽ񤫤줿ͺ Beowulf إ٥ա [voicy][heldio][oe][literature][link]

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#783. űѻηإ٥ա (Beowulf) --- ߷ͧǦ󡤾ϽؤȰߤʤ餴Ҳۿޤ27ʬۤɤμܤȤʤäƤޤ



бԤγ Beowulf ȤȤäƤ褤ǤȤ櫓߷ˤȤäƤϥȥ饤Ǥ߷Ȥϰ heldio ̤ƤޤΤȤˤϸűѸ̵ط#314. ߷ͧȤ̡ʤѸؤδؿޤäƤΤȤǤϤޤΤϸűѸȤʸؤǤ
Beowulf γפˤĤƤϾ嵭ۿꤪİФȻפޤǤñ˾Ҳ𤷤ƤޤBeowulf ϸűѸʸؤκǹȤͺǤꡤ衼åѤˤƺǤ᤯ʥ顼蘆줿Ǥ1000ǯΤΤȿꤵͣ Cotton Vitellius A XV Ǽ줿ƥȤʪȤƤ6Ƭν򰷤äƤꡤ줿Τ8ȾȹͤƤޤƥȤ¸ߤ϶ޤǹΤ뤳ȤϤʤ褦䤯19Ⱦ˰뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ʪϼ͸٥դ򼴤˿ʤǤޤοʪŪ¸ߤǤȤڵϤޤ󡥤ʪоʪꡤΤʤˤϡŪ˳ǧǤΤޤޤƤޤ
ʸΡδϡBeowulf ϥޥͺ˾äʤȤޤ͸ʪӤ̤Ф̤ޤ¿Υԥɤ̱˴ŤΤǤŪʹѤȤƤϱ̿ʤ餫˥ޥŪǤǻǡꥹȶŪ⶯ºݤ˥ꥹȶζջǤȤɾŪ˼Ƥޤ
Ѹ⤢ꡤDz貽⤵ƤűѸʸؤλǤҴؿäƤСhellog Ǥ beowulf γƵǼ夲ƤΤǡ
heldio бԤ HP إ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

߷ͧΩء
Ǧʽٲء
Ͻʥեꥹرؤۤ

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2023-07-17 Mon

#5194. 729ڡˡīΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- ޻μʤ [asacul][notice][writing][spelling][orthography][oe][link][voicy][heldio]

轵729ڡˤ 15:30--18:45 ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ȤʤָűѸֻ --- ޻μʤ֤ޤ
꡼ϡʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤפꤷ3429ڡˤ˳֤ޤ2ϡ޻ѸäƤܳŪѤϤ᤿űѸ˾ƤޤűѸüԤϡ޻򤤤ˤƼƤƮʤ⼫ƻȤƼʤƤäΤƻڤ򤿤ɤޤºݤ˥޻ǽ񤫤줿űѸΥƥȤɲˤĩ路ƤߤȻפޤ
ؿΤϤҤäֺ¾Ҳ𤪤ӻäߤɤ̤Τۤ饤ǤλäǽǤޤϿ줿ˤϡư1ָۿˤΥ󥯤ͽǤԹΤ褤ˡǤä4Υ꡼ΤǤϤޤƲƤΩƤޤΤǡñȯΤäⴿޤǤ
꡼4Υȥϰʲ̤Ȥʤޤ

1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤʽա429
2󡡸űѸֻ --- ޻μʤʲơ729
3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡʽ̤
4󡡶Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơߡ̤

ܥ꡼ȴϢơʲ hellog Voicy heldio ۿ⤴Ȳ

hellog #5088. īֺ¤ο꡼ʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
heldio #668. īֺ¤ο꡼ʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
2023/07/18(Tue) 嵭heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718


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2023-07-13 Thu

#5190. ϽؤȤ heldio ̤ YouTube [ogawashun][voicy][heldio][youtube][wulfstan][oe][old_norse][history][anglo-saxon][literature][toponymy][onomastics]

ְʼδѸظإͥκǿ󤬥åפޤ#144. ꥹ̾˥󥰤­ --- ȡϽؤǤϽؤ򾷤Ƥ4󥷥꡼1ƤȤʤޤ



ϤθơޤϸűѸⶵա Wulfstan ȤθǤΩؤʸȤ "Wulfstan as an Evolving Stylist: A Chronological Study on His Vocabulary and Style." Фذ̼ͿƤޤWulfstan ˤĤƤܥ֥#5176. űѸ Wulfstan ȤϲԤ --- ϽؤȤ heldio ̡ ([2023-06-29-1]) ޤϤϺ YouTube Τ褦ˡꥹ̾ä˸ťΥɸǤޤ̾ˤˤؿ򤪻Ǥ
ϤȤϡ YouTube ˤ⡤Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פʣˤ錄̤ͻҤۿƤޤºݡī heldio ǿǤ⾮ϤȤ̤ۿƤޤޤǤ̲ˤޤȤޤΤǡҤ֤ΤȤˤİС

#759. Wulfstan ï --- ϽؤȤ̡1ơۡ629ۿ
#761. Wulfstan 󥰻Υ󥰥 --- ϽؤȤ̡2ơۡ71ۿ
#763. Wulfstan ⤿餷Ķñ "law" --- ϽؤȤ̡3ơۡ73ۿ
#765. Wulfstan ΥꥢȥȥåѲ --- ϽؤȤ̡4ơۡ75ۿ
#767. Wulfstan ȾϤΥꥢ򤴾Ҳ --- ϽؤȤ̡5ơۡ77ۿ
#770. ؤǤαѸ˹ֵ --- ϽؤȤ̡6ơۡ710ۿ
#773. ϽؤȤο꡼Ω夲ʤ뤫713ۿ

ϤκαѸ˳ưhelˤˤԤƤޤ

ʰʲϡ2023/08/02(Wed) դDzä嵭Ǥ

YouTube Ͻؤ󥷥꡼1ơ#144. ꥹ̾˥󥰤­ --- ȡϽؤǤ
YouTube Ͻؤ󥷥꡼2ơ#146. 󥰥ɿⶵ Wulfstan ΥХ󥰤ؤⶵŪ۸ܿ
YouTube Ͻؤ󥷥꡼3ơ#148. ŷⶵջʶϻŪ˥󥰤ʤ!?
YouTube Ͻؤ󥷥꡼4ơ#150. ܺ긩¼Ѹؼԡphilologistˤǥԥ˥ȾϽؤ4

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2023-06-29 Thu

#5176. űѸ Wulfstan ȤϲԤ --- ϽؤȤ heldio [ogawashun][voicy][heldio][wulfstan][oe][old_norse][history][anglo-saxon][literature]

ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǡ#759. Wulfstan ï --- ϽؤȤ̡1ơۡۿޤϽؤϡ Wulfstan ȤθʸűѸˤ򸦵椷ιΩءˤƤޤ̤1ƤǤäƤ̤ꡤ塤2ưʹߤ缡ϤƤͽǤ



Wulfstan ϡ996--1002ǯ˥ɥʶ1002--1023ǯ˥衼ʶ1002--1016ǯ˥ʶ̳᤿ԤǡLupus ϵˤβ̾ǸűѸⶵʸˡŵ¿路ޤ٥ͥǥȲפƸ줿νν׿ʪǤʶˤʤηǤ
Wulfstan ʸΤäʤΤȤΤƤꡤʤŵϤ褽ΩƤޤ1008ǯ Æthelred Canute 2ͤβθ̳ᡤˡΧ𤷤ޤWulfstan ϡCanute ˥ꥹȶβȤ褦¥󥰥ʸ˲ߤäʪȤƤɾƤޤWulfstan ҲΤ˴ؿInstitutes of Polity 路ƤޤǤϡޤह٤ƤγǤ򵭽ҤȹȤδطˤĤƤޤ
Wulfstan ϶פˤ⿼ؤäƤꡤˡʸ򸦵椷ޤޤÆlfric 2̤Ҳʤ񤯤褦˰ꤷȤ The Canons of Edgar ȤΤƥȤ񤤤Ƥޤ
Wulfstan κǤͭ̾ʺʤϡÆthelred ǥޡ Sweyn 줿ˡƱ˦˲آȲפƤӤǮŪ Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 1014) Ǥ
Wulfstan ϡ󥰥ͤˤȤäƤ¿ʻˡɼǤ줿ʪǤˤȤäơȥåϤɤ뤿νפʼʤäϤǤǺ Wulfstan γطʤ䤽ΥȥåˤĤơϤȤκ̤ˤԤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-07-13-1]

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2023-06-05 Mon

#5152. űѸּޤͤζá --- [oe][popular_passage][bible][literature][oe_text][hel_education][voicy][heldio]

űѸƥȤʸɤॷ꡼Υޥ13ϤΡּޤͤζáפ24--30ä򡤸űѸǤ̣äƤߤ褦ʲSweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (9th ed.) ιǤѤ롥碌ơ1611ǯ The Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]) ζѸܸźƤ

ΡűѸ졡

Heofona rīċe is ġe·worden þǣm menn ġe·līċ þe sēow gōd sǣd on his æcere. Sōþlīċe, þā þā menn slēpon, þā cōm his fēonda sum, and ofer·sēow hit mid coccele on·middan þǣm hwǣte, and fērde þanon. Sōþlīċe, þā sēo wyrt wēox, and þone wæstm brōhte, þā æt·īewde se coccel hine. Þā ēodon þæs hlāfordes þēowas and cwǣdon: 'Hlāford, hū, ne sēowe þū gōd sǣd on þīnum æcere? Hwanon hæfde hē coccel?' Þā cwæþ hē; 'Þæt dyde unhold mann.' Þā cwǣdon þā þēowas 'Wilt þū, wē gāþ and gadriaþ hīe?' Þā cwæþ hē: 'Nese: þȳ·lǣs ġē þone hwǣte ā·wyrtwalien, þonne ġē þone coccel gadriaþ. Lǣtaþ ǣġþer weaxan oþ rīp-tīman; and on þǣm rīptīman iċ secge þǣm rīperum: "Gadriaþ ǣrest þone coccel, and bindaþ scēaf-mǣlum tō for·bærnenne; and gadriaþ þone hwǣte in-tō mīnum berne."'


ΡѸ졡

[24] . . . The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a man which sowed good seed in his field: [25] But while men slept, his enemy came and sowed tares among the wheat, and went his way. [26] But when the blade was sprung up, and brought forth fruit, then appeared the tares also. [27] So the servants of the householder came and said unto him, Sir, didst not thou sow good seed in thy field? from whence then hath it tares? [28] He said unto them, An enemy hath done this. The servants said unto him, Wilt thou then that we go and gather them up? [29] But he said, Nay; lest while ye gather up the tares, ye root up also the wheat with them. [30] Let both grow together until the harvest: and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them: but gather the wheat into my barn.


Ρܸ

[24] ġġġŷϡɤʬȪˤޤƤͤΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥[25] ̲͡äƤ֤ŨơޤΩä[26] ꤬ϤФƼ¤֤ȡƱ⤢Ƥ[27] ͤơȤμͤ˸äؤ͡ȪˤޤˤʤäΤϡɤǤϤޤǤɤϤƤΤǤ١[28] ͤϸäؤŨΤ虜١ͤäؤǤϹԤäơȴޤ礦١[29] ϸäؤ䡤򽸤褦ȤơȴΤʤ[30] ϤޤǡξȤĤޤޤˤƤϤλˤʤä顤Ԥˡޤ򽸤«ˤƾƤϽҤƤ졤ȸĤ褦١ס


Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פȤϢưȤơ嵭θűѸƥȤ#735. űѸ첻 --- ޥּޤͤζáפáɤ߾夲ƤޤҤİ



äơޥƱϤξβսꡤ3--8ΤˤĤơϢ#2906. űѸּޤͤζáס ([2017-04-11-1]) ⻲ȡۤ˸űѸΥƥȤȤƤϡ#2895. űѸִξ˲ȤƤס ([2017-03-31-1])#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1])#1870. 2:18--25 7ɤ١ ([2014-06-10-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Davis, Norman. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-04-01 Sat

#5087. ֱѸ˥ with ޤˤ in Voicy heldio ȥδϢ [masanyan][helquiz][link][silent_letter][etymological_respelling][kenning][oe][metonymy][metaphor][gender][german][capitalisation][punctuation][trademark][alliteration][sound_symbolism][goshosan][voicy][heldio]

ǯ٤λϤޤǤؤӤΰߤʨΩĤλޤޤѸˤγؤӤϤƤФȻפޤhelפϤƤޤ
¤ϤǤ˿ǯ٤ΡhelפϻϤޤäƤޤȺȤǯ٤ޤǤϤޤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơֱѸ˥ (helquiz) ͻҤۿǤԤ khelfʷѸ˥ե˲Ĺޤˤ (masanyan)ƲԤϥꥹʡɽʡˤ޽; goshosanˤȻǤ磻磻䥬䤫ˤäƤޤ

#669. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ
#670. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ³ԡˡ



ºݡƤߤʬ̤ꡤȿ򤿤󤤤Ƥޤİˤϡ˳ڤǤƤ褦ǤбԤΤͤˤ⥳Ȥ˻路ƤƤꡤ쳰Ǥ⤪٤꤬³ƤǤʤդ˱Ѹˤڤؤ٤뵡ϤޤʤȻפޤΤǡ hellog ɼԤγˤİƻäФȻפޤ
ʲꤵ줿˴Ϣ򰷤ä hellog ؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤϤơҿؤӤء

Ρۻ (silent_letter) ȸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling)

#116. 츻֤֤ --- etymological respelling ([2009-08-21-1])
#192. etymological respelling (2) ([2009-11-05-1])
#1187. etymological respelling ζ ([2012-07-27-1])
#580. island --- ʤֻȯ ([2010-11-28-1])
#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1])

ΡűѸΥ˥ (kenning)

#472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1])
#2677. Beowulf ˤߤֲפɽ魯 ([2016-08-25-1])
#2678. Beowulf kenning ɲá ([2016-08-26-1])
#1148. űѸ˭ʸϡ ([2012-06-18-1])
#3818. űѸˤּʣס ([2019-10-10-1])

Ρʸˡ (grammatical gender)

#4039. ˤȤϥեǤ ([2020-05-18-1])
#3647. ̾ she ϸűѸˤäʸˡ̾ĤǤ ([2019-04-22-1])
#4182. ָפΥơޤι ([2020-10-08-1])

Ρʸ (capitalisation)

#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1])
#1844. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä (2) ([2014-05-15-1])
#1310. ѸʸѤδ ([2012-11-27-1])
#2540. ФʸỌ̇̄ʸ ([2016-04-10-1])

[Ƭ (alliteration)]

#943. Ƭˤ ([2011-11-26-1])
#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1])
#970. Money makes the mare to go. ([2011-12-23-1])
#2676. űѻƬ ([2016-08-24-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-21-1] [2024-03-04-1]

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2023-02-25 Sat

#5052. none ñʣ [sobokunagimon][pronoun][indefinite_pronoun][number][agreement][negative][proverb][shakespeare][oe][singular_they][link]

;̾ (indefinite_pronoun) none ϡï~ʤפ̣뤬ưȤñˤʣˤפ롥None but the brave deserve(s) the fair. ͦ԰ʳͤͤפθǤϡư3ñ -s 뤳ȤǤ뤷ǤĤǤ롥Ūˤñ٤ȸ뤳Ȥ¿ºݤˤϤषʣȤư뤳Ȥ¿ (cf. #301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]))
none ϸ츻Ūˤ no one ޤäǤ one 񤹤뤬ȤƤϥǤ롥ʬ񤭤줿 no one ƱǾñ顤none ΰפ˴ؤƱͤ˿񤦤Ȼפ䡤ǤʤΤԻ׵ĤǤ롥
American Heritage ˤȡnone ʣפ9ߤ졤King James Bible, Shakespeare, Dryden, Burke ʤɤϢʤʸڤƤǤϡɤο˰פ뤫ʸˡŪȤʸŪȤäƤ褵
Visser (I, § 86; pp. 75--76) ˤϡűѸ줫Ѹ˻ޤǤʣפñפγơ㤬¿󤲤Ƥ롥ǸŤΤΤ Shakespeare դޤǤǤĤФƤߤ褦

86---None Plural.
   Ælfred, Boeth. xxvii §1, þæt þær nane oðre an ne sæton buton þa weorðestan. | c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 31, Ne doð hit none swa ofte se þe hodede. | a1300 Curs. M. 11396, bi-yond þam ar wonnand nan. | 1534 St. Th. More (Wks) 1279 F10, none of them go to hell. | 1557 North, Gueuaia's Diall. Pr. 4, None of these two were as yet feftene yeares olde (OED). | 1588 Shakesp., L.L.L. IV, iii, 126, none offend where all alike do dote. | Idem V, ii, 69, none are so surely caught . . ., as wit turn'd fool. . . .

Singular.
   Ælfric, Hom. i, 284, i, Ne nan heora an nis na læsse ðonne eall seo þrynnys. | Ælfred, Boeth. 33. 4, Nan mihtigra ðe nis ne nan ðin gelica. | Charter 41, in: O. E. Texts 448, ȝif þæt ȝesele . . . ðæt ðer ðeara nan ne sie ðe londes weorðe sie. | a1122 O. E. Chron. (Laud Ms) an. 1066, He dyde swa mycel to gode . . . swa nefre nan oðre ne dyde toforen him. | a1175 Cott. Hom. 217, ȝif non of him ne spece, non hine ne lufede (OED). | c1250 Gen. & Ex. 223, Ne was ðor non lik adam. | c1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 4981, Nane of þair bodys . . . Was neuir after sene. | c1489 Caxton, Blanchardyn xxxix, 148, Noon was there, . . . that myghte recomforte her. | 1588 A. King, tr. Canisius' Catch., App., To defende the pure mans cause, quhen thair is nan to take it in hadn by him (OED). | 1592 Shakesp., Venus 970, That every present sorrow seemeth chief, But none is best.


none β֡츻̣ʤɤˤĤƤϰʲε⻲ȡ

#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])
#1904. ƻ no no ϰۤʤ츻 ([2014-07-14-1])
#2723. ֻ on ˤ n æ ([2016-10-10-1])
#2697. few a few ΰ̣κ ([2016-09-14-1])
#3536. one, once, none, nothing 1첻 ([2019-01-01-1])
#4227. ʤɽ魯ˤ n- ǻϤޤΤ¿ΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-22-1])

ޤ԰פˤĤƤ⡤ޤDz٤夲ƤѸŪˤ singular_they ͿƤ롥

#1144. Ѹˤ԰פ ([2012-06-14-1])
#1334. Ѹˤ̾ưο԰ס ([2012-12-21-1])
#1355. 20ꥹѸǽ̾ñפä ([2013-01-11-1])
#1356. 20ꥹѸǤ government οΰס ([2013-01-12-1])

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1] [2023-02-26-1]

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2022-10-06 Thu

#4910. ѸȸűѸΰ㤤3 --- ѸáɸԺߡ޸οʿ [oe][me][loan_word][standardisation][inflection][synthesis_to_analysis]

Ť Wardale ѸǤ˼äƤ롥Ѹ (Middle English) ϸűѸ (Old English or Anglo-Saxon) ȲɤۤʤΤWardale (2--3) 3󤲤Ƥ롥

   (a) One of these marked differences is that whereas the latter contained very little foreign element, only a limited number of Latin words and a very few from Celtic and other sources being found, the vocabulary of Middle English has been enormously enriched, especially from Old Norse and French.
   (b) Another point of distinction is that whereas in the O.E. period the West Saxon dialect under Ælfred's encouragement of learning had come to be the standard literary dialect, the others being relegated chiefly to colloquial use, in M.E. times no such state of affairs existed. In them all dialects were used for literary purposes and only towards the end of the period do we find that of Chaucer beginning to assume its position as the leading literary language.
   (c) But more important than these external points of difference, if perhaps less obvious, and more essential because inherent in the language itself, is the modification which gradually made itself seen in that language. English, like all Germanic tongues, has at all times been governed by what is known as the Germanic accent law, that is by the system of stem accentuation. By this law, except in a few cases, the chief emphasis of the word was thrown on the stem syllable, all others remaining less stressed or entirely unaccented. . . . But by [the M.E. period] all vowels in unaccented syllables have been levelled under one uniform sound e . . .


ĤޤꡤűѸ٤ȤѸκΩ3롥˭٤ʼѸ졤ɸѼԺߡ̵첻οʿȤ櫓3ܤŪܼŪħǤꡤ2Ĥνʷ̤⤿餷ȡWardale (3--4) ϵ롥

   The consequences of this levelling of all unaccented vowels under one are twofold.
   (a) Since many inflectional endings had by this means lost their distinctive value, as when a nominative singular caru, care, an a nominative plural cara both gave a M.E. care, or a nominative plural limu, limbs, and a genitive plural lima both gave a M.E. lime, those few endings which did remain distinctive, such as the -es, of the nominative plural of most masculine nouns, were for convenience' sake gradually taken for general use and the regularly developed plurals care and lime were replaced by cares and limes. In the same way and for the same reason the -es of genitive singular ending of most masculine and neuter nouns came gradually to be used in other declensions as when for an O.E. lāre, lore's we find a M.E. lǫres
   (b) The second consequence follows as naturally. The older method of indicating the relationship between words in a sentence having thus become inadequate, it was necessary to fin another, and pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions came more and more into use. Thus an O.E. bōca full, which would have normally given a M.E. bōke full was replaced by the phrase full of bōkes, and an O.E. subjunctive hie 'riden, which in M.E. would have been indistinguishable from the indicative riden from an O.E. ridon, by the phrase if hi riden. In short, English from having been a synthetic language, became one which was analytic.


1Ĥη̤ϡΤ˶̤ -es Τ褦ͥʶ޸̲ȤȤ2ĤϡȸδطɸΤ˶ޤ뤳ȤǤʤʤäˡ̾졤ֻ졤³Ȥä˰¸ٹ礬Ūʸ줫ʬŪʸذܹԤȤ
ʾ塤ѸȸűѸΰ㤤ˤĤפäΤǾҲ𤷤

Wardale, E. E. An Introduction to Middle English. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1937. 2016. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016.

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2022-07-30 Sat

#4842. ѸˤλϤޤ꤫餹Ǥ˺ä [variety][dialect][germanic][oe][jute][history][oe_dialect][anglo-saxon][dialect_contact][dialect_mixture]

1860ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Marsh ˤѸ˹ֵϿѥѥ᤯äƤ롥Marsh ˤС󥰥졤ʤűѸϡΦ֥ƥ˻ޤ줿κΤǤꡤΰ̣ˤƥ֥ƥ "aboriginal" ʸȤϸʤΤ "indigenous" ʸǤϤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ȤƤϺΤʤǤϤ "diversity" 򼨤"obscure", "confused", "imperfect", "anomalous", "irregular" ǤȤʲϢսѤ롥

§15. It has been already shown that the Anglo-Saxon conquerors consisted of several tribes. The border land of the Scandinavian and Teutonic races, whence the Anglo-Saxon invaders emigrated, has always been remarkable for the number of its local dialects. The Friesian, which bears a closer resemblance than any other linguistic group to the English, differs so much in different localities, that the dialects of Friesian parishes, separated only by a narrow arm of the sea, are often quite unintelligible to the inhabitants of each other. Moreover, the Anglo-Saxon language itself supplies internal evidence that there was a great commingling of nations in the invaders of our island. This language, in its obscure etymology, its confused and imperfect inflexions, and its anomalous and irregular syntax, appears to me to furnish abundant proof of a diversity, not of a unity, of origin. It has not what is considered the distinctive character of a modern, so much as of a mixed and ill-assimilated speech, and its relations to the various ingredients of which it is composed are just those of the present English to its own heterogeneous sources. It borrowed roots, and dropped endings, appropriated syntactical combinations without the inflexions which made them logical, and had not yet acquired a consistent and harmonious structure when the Norman conquest arrested its development, and imposed upon it, or, perhaps we should say, gave a new stimulus to, the tendencies which have resulted in the formation of modern English. There is no proof that Anglo-Saxon was ever spoken anywhere but on the soil of Great Britain; for the 'Heliand,' and other remains of old Saxon, are not Anglo-Saxon, and I think it must be regarded, not as a language which the colonists, or any of them, brought with them from the Continent, but as a new speech resulting from the fusion of many separate elements. It is, therefore, indigenous, if not aboriginal, and as exclusively local and national in its character as English itself.


űѸ˴ؤ Marsh ΤƶͥƤȻפɾˤꡤιֵϿꥹĺ˽Ǥ줿ȤطʤǰƬ֤Ƥ٤ѤκǸˤ "exclusively local and national in its character as English itself" ⡤ʸ̮Dz᤹ɬפ褦˻פ롥
űѸˤĤƤϡ#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])#2868. ˤƸűѸޤ줿 ([2017-03-04-1])#4439. űѸϺȤƻϤޤä ([2021-06-22-1]) ε⻲ȡ

Marsh, George Perkins. Lectures on the English Language: Edited with Additional Lectures and Notes. Ed. William Smith. 4th ed. London: John Murray, 1866. Rpt. HardPress, 2012.

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2022-06-03 Fri

#4785. It is ... that ... ζĴʸθűѸ줫 [syntax][cleft_sentence][personal_pronoun][oe]

عʸˡǡֶĴʸפȸƤФ칽¤ϡѸؤǤϡʬʸ (cleft_sentence) ȾΤ뤳Ȥ¿ʬʸεȯãˤĤƤϡ#2442. Ĵʸȯã --- ŪݤŪǽء ([2016-01-03-1])#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1])#4595. Ĵʸ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2021-11-25-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
Ū¤ȤƤϡϸűѸ줫ߤ롥űѸǤϡit ϤۤȤѤ줺ά뤫뤤 þæt Ѥ줿Visser (63) ꡤĤ򼨤

   63---g. The type 'It is father who did it.'
   This periphrastic construction is used to bring a part of a syntactical unit into prominence; it is especially employed when contrast has to be expressed: 'It is father (not mother) who did it'. In Old English hit is omitted (e.g. O. E. Gosp., John VI, 63, 'Gast is se þe geliffæst'; O. E. Homl. ii, 234, 'min fæder is þe me wuldrað') or its place is taken by þæt (e.g. Ælfred, Boeth. 34, II, 'is þæt for mycel gcynd þæt urum lichoman cymð eall his mægen of þam mete þe we þicgaþ'; Wulfstan, Polity (Jost) p. 127 §183, þæt is laðlic lif, þæt hi swa maciað; O. E. Chron. an. 1052, 'þæt wæs on þone monandæg ... þæt Godwine mid his scipum to suðgeweorce becom'). This pronoun þæt is still so used in: Orm 8465, 'þætt wass þe lond off Galileo þætt himm wass bedenn sekenn'.


Ѹʹߤ it 褯Ѥ褦ˤʤä褦
̾ʶˤǤϤʤ֤ɽ魯ʶˤĴ⡤嵭ˤ̤ꤹǤ˸űѸ줫ߤ뤬Ф Visser (63) β᤬ܤͤ롥Τ褦ʾ is ϰ̣Ū happens ˶ᤤȤ

When it was, it is has an adverbial adjunct of time or place as a complement, (as e.g. in 'It was on the first of May that I saw him first'), to be is not a copula, but the notional to be with the sense 'to happen', 'to take place' that also occurs in constructions of a different pattern, such as are found in e.g. C1350 Will. Palerne 1930, 'Manly on þe morwe þat mariage schuld bene; 1947 H. Eustis, The Horizontal Man (Penguin) 41, 'Keep your trap shut when you don't know what you're talking about, which is usually'; Pres. D. Eng.: 'The flower-show was last week' (OED).


ʬʸεȯãϡѸ˾νפʲǤ롥

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-30-1]

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2022-05-31 Tue

#4782. cleanse ˺פĤư -(e)sian [suffix][etymology][oe][verb][word_formation][derivation][vowel][shortening][shocc]

ε#4781. open warn -(e)n ư ([2022-05-30-1]) ǡűѸư -(e)nian 夲űѸˤϤۤ -(e)sian Ȥư⤢äϤѲư2ब롥
ƱͤˡLass Hogg and Fulk Ѥǡ-(e)sian ˤĤƤβñ򼨤

(i) -s-ian. Many class II weak verbs have an /-s-/ formative: e.g. clǣn-s-ian 'cleanse' (clǣne 'clean', rīc-s-ian 'rule' (rīce 'kingdom'), milt-s-ian 'take pity on' (mild 'mild'). The source of the /-s-/ is not entirely clear, but it may well reflect the IE */-s-/ formative that appears in the s-aorist (L dic-ō 'I say', dīxī 'I said' = /di:k-s-i:/). Alternants with /-s-/ in a non-aspectual function do however appear in the ancient dialects (Skr bhā-s-ati 'it shines' ~ bhā-ti), and even within the same paradigm in the same category (GR aléks-ō 'I protect', infinitive all-alk-ein). (Lass 203)


(iii) verbs in -(e)sian, including blētsian 'bless', blīðsian, blissian 'rejoice', ġītsian 'covet', grimsian 'rage', behrēowsian 'reprent', WS mǣrsian 'glorify', miltsian 'pity', rīcsian, rīxian 'rule', unrōtsian 'worry', untrēowsian 'disbelieve', yrsian 'rage'. (Hogg and Fulk 289)


űѸȤƤϤ褯ư줬¿Τǰʤ -(e)nian ƱͤˡߤޤǻĤäƤưϵǤ롥1줬 cleanse Ǥ롥ƻ clean /kliːn/ бư cleanse /klɛnz/ 첻ûʤäȤˤĤƤϡ#3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2022-05-30 Mon

#4781. open warn -(e)n ư [suffix][etymology][oe][verb][word_formation][derivation]

ε#4780. weaken Ф strengthen, shorten Ф lengthen ([2022-05-29-1]) ǡư -en ˿줿 (suffix) ˤĤƤϡ#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1])#3987. ťΥɸαƶ (2) ([2020-03-27-1]) εʤɤǤ夲Ƥ
ϸűѸ -(e)nian ͳ褷˥ޥˤ⤵ΤܤŤưǤǤ롥űѸǤϡ̾줢뤤Ϸƻ줫ưΤäѤ졤ưϼѲư2°롥űѸ줫 Lass (203) ȤȤ˰Ѥ롥

(iii) -n-. An /-n-/ formative, reflecting an extended suffix */-in-o:n/, appears in a number of class II weak verbs, especially denominal and deadjectival: fæst-n-ian 'fasten' (fæst), for-set-n-ian 'beset' (for-settan 'hedge in, obstruct'), lāc-n-ian 'heal, cure' (lǣce 'physician'). The type is widespread in Germanic: cf. Go lēki-n-ōn, OHG lāhhi-n-ōn, OS lāk-n-ōn.


Ʊ Hogg and Fulk (289) 󤲤Ƥ

(ii) verbs in -(e)nian, including ġedafenian 'befit' (cf. ġedēfe 'fitting'), fæġ(e)-nian 'rejoice' (cf. fæġe 'popular'), fæstnian 'fasten' (cf. fæst 'firm'), hafenian 'hold' (cf. habban 'have'), lācnian 'heal' (cf. lǣċe 'doctor'), op(e)nian 'open' (cf. upp 'up'), war(e)nian 'warn' (cf. warian 'beware'), wilnian 'desire' (cf. willa 'desire'), wītnian 'punish' (cf. wīte 'punishment') . . . .


ߤޤ¸³Ƥư¿ʤ㤨 open, warn -(e)n ˤκפǧ뤳ȤǤ롥ߤ¿ -en ưϡűѸˤΤܤ櫓ǤϤʤѸʹߤοǤ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-31-1]

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2022-05-20 Fri

#4771. űѸ3;ñ̾г hie Ϳ hire ˰߹ޤ줿 [case][personal_pronoun][oe][inflection][paradigm][eme][laeme]

she θ츻ˤĤơϢ Laing and Lass ʸ夲Ƥcf. #4769. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ξҲ ([2022-05-18-1])#4770. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ɾ ([2022-05-19-1]))
Ʊʸμʴؿ3;ñ̾ʤη֤ˤĤƤгʤͿʤη֤ˤĤƤ⿨Ƥ롥űѸɸŪʥѥˤСгʤ hīeͿʤ hire η֤äˤߤ餫̤ꡤͿʷгʷ߹ǡŪ herפ뤳ȤˤʤäǤС¾3;̾ǤƱȤäƤ롥ñͿʤ him г hine ߹ߡʣͿʤ him г hīe ߹ʸˤ켫Ȥ them ִ줿ˡ
3;̾˴ؤͿʤгʤ߹ȤθݡͿؤгʤοʿˤϤޤܤ줺褽ĺΤȤäΤȵ䤬뤬ñ˴ؤƤ Laing and Lass (209) ˤǫä

By the time ME proper begins to emerge, and to survive in the written record in the mid to late twelfth century, the new 'she' type for the subject pronoun already begins to be found. For the object pronoun the levelling of the 'her/hir' type from the OE DAT/GEN variants is also already the majority for direct object function. For the fem sg personal pronoun used as direct object ($/P13OdF), LAEME CTT has 60 tokens of the 'heo/hi(e)' type across only 7 texts. If one includes hi(e) spellings for IT ($/P13OdI) showing survival of feminine grammatical gender in inanimates, the total rises to 77 tokens across 14 texts. Only 2 texts (with 3 tokens between them) have 'heo/hie' exclusively in direct object function for HER. The other 5 texts show 'her/hir' types beside 'heo/hie' types. Against this are 494 tokens of the 'her/hir' type for HER found across 51 texts. Or, if one includes 'her/hir' type spellings for IT showing the survival of grammatical gender, the total rises to 590 across 58 texts.


פˡгʤͿؤοʿϡճ᤯ѸʳǤǤ˿ʤǤȤȤˤʤ롥餯ñʣǤ褦ʾä뤬ˤĤƤ̤΢ɬפ롥
ȴϢƴϢơ#155. űѸο;̾ζޡ ([2009-09-29-1])#975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ ([2011-12-28-1])#4080. ʤ she νͭʤŪʤ her ƱˤʤΤǤ ([2020-06-28-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2022-05-09 Mon

#4760. ʬȸʬͳ礭ۤʤ [infinitive][germanic][morphology][inflection][verb][oe][germanic][indo-european][etymology][suffix]

#4349. ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ ([2021-03-24-1]) ȤѤʵȴϢơ⤽ξԤͳ褬礭ۤʤˤĤơLass βѤ褦ޤʬˤĤơȤ櫓Ѳưͳ˾Ƥ (Lass 161)

. . . its [= past participle] descent is not always very neat. To begin with, it is historically not really 'part of' the verb paradigm: it is originally an independent thematic adjective (IE o-stem, Gmc a-stem) formed off the verbal root. The basic development would be:
IE PGmc
*ROOT - o - nó->*ROOT - α -nα-


Ѳư˴ؤ¤ꡤʬư캬ˤϤʤȤưѥȤ߹ޤƤʤäȤȤŪˤϡư줫Ωưζΰ㤤ˤ¸
ʬˤϡŪưζΰ㤤˰¸ʤȤ𤬤ä (Lass 163) ˤĤƤϤǤˡ#4345. űѸޤǤθʬȯã ([2021-03-20-1]) ǰѤȤǤ롥
֤ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤפȤ˸礦äơ⤽ʬȸʬͳ褬礭ۤʤäƤפȤʤ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2022-05-05 Thu

#4756. 󥰥άǯɽ [timeline][anglo-saxon][oe][literature]

شθűѸμȤ⾯ĵƻ˾äƤطʤ򤹤뤿ˡդǥ󥰥άǯɽǤǤˡ#2526. űѸѸʸػǯɽ ([2016-03-27-1])#2871. űѸΥ饤ǯɽ ([2017-03-07-1])#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ǯɽǤƤ뤬Хꥨ󤬤äۤ褤ȹͤƤΤǺ Godden and Lapidge (xii--xiii) άǯɽƸ롥

Chronological table of the Anglo-Saxon period

from c. 400Germanic peoples settle in Britain
c. 540Gildas in De excidio Britanniae laments the effects of the Germanic settlements on the supine Britons
597St Augustine arrives in Kent to convert the English
616death of Æthelberht, king of Kent
c. 625ship-burial at Sutton Hoo (mound 1)
633death of Edwin, king of Northumbria
635Bishop Aidan established in Lindisfarne
642death of Oswald, king of Northumbria
664Synod of Whitby
669Archbishop Theodore and Abbot Hadrian arrive in Canterbury
674monastery of Monkwearmouth founded
682monastery of Jarrow founded
687death of St Cuthbert
689death of Cædwalla, king of Wessex
690death of Archbishop Theodore
c. 700'Lindisfarne Gospels' written and decorated
709deaths of Bishops Wilfrid and Aldhelm
716--57Æthelbald king of Mercia
731Bede completes his Ecclesiastical History
735death of Bede
754death of St Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary in Germany
757--96Offa king of Mercia
781Alcuin of York meets Charlemagne in Parma and thereafter leaves York for the Continent
793Vikings attack Lindisfarne
802--39Ecgberht king of Wessex
804death of Alcuin
839--56Æthelwulf king of Wessex
869Vikings defeat and kill Edmund, king of East Anglia
871--99Alfred the Great king of Wessex
878Alfred defeats the Viking army at the battle of Edington, and the Vikings settle in East Anglia (879--80)
899--924Edward the Elder king of Wessex
924--39Athelstan king of Wessex and first king of All England
937battle of Brunanburh: Athelstan defeats an alliance of Scots and Scandinavians
957--75Edgar king of England
859--88Dunstan archbishop at Canterbury
963--84Æthelwold bishop at Winchester
964secular clerics expelled from the Old Minster, Winchester, and replaced by monks
971--92Oswald archbishop at York
973King Edgar crowned at Bath
978--1016Æthelred 'the Unready' king of England
975--7Abbo of Fleury at Ramsey
991battle of Maldon: the Vikings defeat an English army led by Byrhtnoth
c. 1010death of Ælfric, abbot of Eynsham
1011Byrhtferth's Enchiridion
1013the English submit to Swein, king of Denmark
1016--35Cnut king of England
1023death of Wulfstan, archbishop of York
1042--66Edward the Confessor king of England
1066battle of Hastings: the English army led by Harold is defeated by the Norman army led by William the Conqueror


Godden, Malcolm and Michael Lapidge, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.

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2022-04-19 Tue

#4740. űѸΤΥ饤꥽ [notice][oe][hel_education][voicy][youtube][link][masanyan]

ǯ٤ϤޤꡤءʱˤαʸʤܤʤɤǡָűѸפμȤ֤줿Ȥ⤢뤫ȻפޤֱѸˡ׳Ϥޤ⡤ָűѸμȤȤΤܤءʱˤǤ⤫ʤ굩ǡǴȤäƤ褤ʪǤءʱˤμȤǤ餽Τ褦ʾǤΤḁ̇̄ǥǤΡָűѸؽפΤξȯȻפޤȤȤǡָűѸפ󶡤ƼǥؤΥ󥯤Ҳ𤷤ޤ

֤ޤˤͥΡ꡼űѸϡܽθűѸ YouTube ͥǤ
ޤˤˤϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤ2٤ۤɽб餷ƤäƤޤʲ2ܤİ
- #149. ̡űѸפΤޤˤȡűѸäƤɤʸ졩2021ǯ1027
- #309. khelf Ĺ֤ޤˤפˤűѸϻס2022ǯ45ˡλߡűѸϻΤΤɤ



Ĥˤ Voicy θűѸϢȤƤϡ̤Ǥ
- #148. űѸäƤɤʻ塩2021ǯ1026
- #321. űѸäȤɡޥִξ˲ȤƤ׶ä2022ǯ417
- #326. ɤƸűѸȯ狼ΤǤ2022ǯ422ˡʢդ­ޤ
űѸζɽΥ祳 (PDF) ɤ
Essentials of Old English: 饤ǸűѸٶʤ餳űѸŪطʤʸˡʤɤؤ٤ޤȤ櫓 A short grammar of Old English ϼڤɬ
Readings in Early English: űѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸΥƥȤȤɤ߾夲ǥե뤬Ǥޤ
Essentials of Early English : űѸζɽʤɤPDFǼޤμܤؤΥ󥯤ĥƤޤܽ
Peter S. Baker ˤ YouTube Ǥ Old English Readings
ܥ֥ oe Υդ⡤ͭѤʤϤǤ

Smith, Jeremy J. Essentials of Early English. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-18-1]

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2022-04-15 Fri

#4736. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ14֤ʤ child ʣ children ˤʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][number][plural][double_plural][oe][vowel][homorganic_lengthening]

δñѸ in English٤5椬ȯȤʤޤƥȤDZѸˤ˴ؤϢܤôƤޤ14ϡԵ§ʣ֤1 children ˤĤơ-ren ȤϤäʤΤȤѤʵ˾ܤפƤޤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ5



children Ե§ʣΤʤǤѤԤतǤϢܵɤСǯۤθűѸλ夫餹ǤˤʤʤѤԤäȤʬޤФƤʤѤޤ͡child -- children ȻƤ brother -- brethren ˤ⿨ƤޤˤñפʤΤʣǤϡפȯѤˤĤƤ⤷Ƥޤchildren 򤭤ˤϡѸѸγؽԤγ⡤äȤʤ뤳ȴְ㤤ʤǤ
Ѹؽˤϰŵ٤Ե§ĤΤǤɤԵ§ˤŪͳޤҤȤޤŵƤޤäϡұѸˤδ鿶֤ꡤפỤ̄äƤߤƤѸˤ̥ϤˤȤĤȻפޤ
ϢȤơ#145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1])#4181. ʤ child ʣ children ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-10-07-1]) ⤴

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2022-03-22 Tue

#4712. Ѹ̾ΰյ [onomastics][geography][toponymy][anglo-saxon][oe][old_norse][history][personal_name]

̾˴ؤ츦 toponymy ̾ءˤγƵǼ夲Ƥ̾Ͽ̾ȹ碌Ƹͭ̾ʤϸŪˤðۤʿ񤤤򼨤cf. #4249. ͭ̾ʳءˤȤħ ([2020-12-14-1])#4538. ͭ̾ϰ̡ ([2021-09-29-1]
Ѹ̾Ϥȼθΰ뤬θΰյϻפΤۤͽ̤ۤѸˤˤ礭ʥѥȤͿ롥ѸˤΰˤȤɤޤ櫓ǤʤEkwall (xxix-xxxiv) ꡤ̾ΰյ6Ŧ褦

1. Place-names embody important material for the history of England. 㤨С󥰥ɤΥǥʥϤ̾ϡǥʥϿ̱Ϥ˴ؤפʾͿƤ롥
2. Place names have something to tell us about Anglo-Saxon religion and belief before the conversion to Christianity. 㤨СWedenesbury Ȥ̾ Wōden ĤˤĤƤʤˤʪäƤ롥
3. Some place-names indicate familiarity with old heroic sagas in various parts of England. 㤨Сإ٥ա٤ˤʤ Grendels mere ȡ
4. Place-names give important information on antiquities. 㤨СStratford Ȥ̾ϥޥ󡦥֥ƥƻ stræt ɽ魯
5. Place-names give information on early institutions, social conditions, and the like. 㤨СKingston Ȥ̾ϡϤǤäȤ򼨺롥
6. Place-names are of great value for linguistic study.
   (a) They frequently contain personal names, and are therefore a source of first-rate importance for our knowledge of the Anglo-Saxon personal nomenclature. 㤨СGodalming Ȥ̾ظˤ Godhelm Ȥ̾ꤵ롥
   (b) Place-names contain many old words not otherwise recorded. They show that Old Englsih preserved several words found in other Germanic languages, but not found in Old English literature. 㤨СDoiley Ȥ̾ϡűѸǤϰŪʸڤƤʤ diger "thick" ¸ߤ򼨺롥
   (c) Place-names often afford far earlier references for words than those found in literature. 㤨Сdimple Ȥ OED ˤ1400ǯ˽ФȤ뤬֤ϡפ̣̾ǤȤƤ1205ǯ˸롥
   (d) the value of place-names for the history of English sounds. 㤨СStratford Stretford 첻ΰ㤤ˤꡤϤ󥰥Ϥ̤롥

Ѹ̾ΩΰƤꡤʤʤߤˤȤ뤬ʾΤ褦˱ѸˤˤȤäƤפʬǤ뤳Ȥʬ

Ekwall, Bror Oscar Eilert. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1960. 1st ed. 1936.

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2022-03-21 Mon

#4711. 󥰥ͤϼդʤä [youtube][speech_act][anglo-saxon][oe][historical_pragmatics][heldio][evidence]

ʼȤ YouTube 7ƤޤΤαѸˤϼպɽʤä--áդʤääƤȡڰʼδѸظإͥ #7 Ǥ



ɤűѸǤϡּպפȤȯù԰ (speech_act) ʤä뤤Ϥ餷ΤäȤƤΩäҲ񴷽ǤϤʤäȤǤ#3208. ݥ饤ȥͥäűѸ ([2018-02-07-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡαѸҲˤȤƤʸδ󥰥ҲˤϤʤäȤȤϡޤǤ𤵤ƤޤΤ⤦1ĤȤơպ (apology) 󤲤ȤȤǤ
ŵϡѸ˸ʬŪ˸ʤƤ Kohnen κǿʸǤKohnen (169) ¾ԸˤСպȯù԰٤ϸűѸˤϤߤ줺ѸˤʤäƽȤƤޤպϡؤκιȤꥹȶŪʸ̮˵¯ƵҲءˤήؤȳȤꡤŪʼҲŪǽ˻äȤήǤѸޤǤˤϡպ mea culpa, I am ryght sory, me repenteth Τ褦ʸɽȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäƤޤ
YouTube ˤȤʤޤѸܤμպΤϡʤۤʤޤ͡ϡ嵭̤Ѹˤպ᤬Ūʸ̮üȯƤȤؤäƤ褦˻פޤۤȤǤ碌ʤ˰夵Ȥ̤ڤǤ櫓ǤäƤˤɤɤ󥢥ǥͯƤޤȯޤؤΤʤȼ´Ƥޤ
YouTube Ǥϻ֤Թ塤˥åȤƤʬ⤢ޤΤǡ䤦ĤǺī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ʊͤ夲ޤ⤼Ҥİ



Kohnen, Thomas. "Speech Acts in the History of English: Gaps and Paths of Evolution." Chapter 9 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 165--79.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-02-17-1]

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2022-01-11 Tue

#4642. űѸΥǥեȤνϡ֤Ĥɤǡ [oe][adverb][syntax][word_order][information_structure]

ε#4641. ΥǥեȤν --- ֡֡տ ([2022-01-10-1]) ǡѸ¤ӽˤĤƼ夲Ȥ櫓褯Ȼפֶ֡פȡֻ֡פ¤ӽϡǥեȤǤϤνĤޤ֤ɤǤġפǤ롥ܸǤϡ֤Ĥɤǡפ̤ʤΤǡȿФνȤȤˤʤ롥
ǤϡŤѸǤϤɤäΤѸȰۤʤꡤűѸǤϡ˸¤ʤ˸礬ŪͳäȤ𤬤äΤȤΥǥեȤθˤƶƤΤ˴ؤơűѸʬۤˤĤ York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose ѤĴ Chrambach ʸɤǤߤ͡ʥѥ᡼ꤷ¿ҲϤߤƤ롥
ȤƤϡѸΡ֤ɤǤġפȤȿФΡʤĤޤܸΡˡ֤ĤɤǡפȤȤΤ褦ηϡűѸγƻ˴ؤƻٻ졤ƥȤǤƥȤǤƱͤ˳ǧ졤ˤطʤȤΤȤ (Chrambach 52)
ǤϡʤűѸǤϡ֤ĤɤǡפäΤʸǤϡ֤ʤפޤǤƧ߹ǤʤʬۤˤĤ餫ˤʤäȤϤ褦ʬۤˤ REALIZATION FORM OBLIGATORINESS 2ĤװѤƤȤŪˤСֻפ뤤ϡղûʸפȤĤʤ꤬뤳Ȥȡ줬֤ĤɤǡפνȤƸ뤳ȤȤŦƤ (Chrambach 52--53)
űѸΥѥΥǡ˴ŤפȤʸǡưפ˲᤹뤳ȤϤǤʤΤ⤷ηȤȡѸϸűѸŪʡ֤Ĥɤǡץפ顤ѸŪʡ֤ɤǤġץפ˥եȤƤȤˤʤ롥ϤʤʤΤѸѸǤνϤɤäΤˤĤơ̸Ūˡ뤤෿Ω줫鲿Τ̣򤽤䤤Ǥ롥

Chrambach, Susanne. "The Order of Adverbials of Time and Place in Old English." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 39--59.

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