νkhelfʷѸ˥եˤΥСˤ hel (helkatsu) ȯƤƤޤϵ夲 heldio ǤΡνɾץ⡤khelf ˤǤ khelf ĹڸҤˤоꤤˡرѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ʸҡ2009ǯˤҲ𤷤Ƥ餤ޤԤϡڸĻرػβդǤ⤢ޤҺī heldio ۿ#1590. νɾ by khelf ڸҤ --- ˡرѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ʸҡ2009ǯˡİС
ڸϡ̥ܽϤȤơäʸˡȤäѸ̻ˤɤǤʤθ줬ȤƤҲʸȴϢŤѸγ̻ˡʤֱѸʸˡפŻ뤹ŪΤ˻ŦƤޤñʤֱѸˡפǤϤʤֱѸʸˡפȴܽϡγʹǤȡܽǽɤȤƱݤäȤФƤޤ
ܽ15ξϤʤꡤ줾줬٥աѸԥμOED ȤäΩơޤäƤ뤿ᡤɤǤɤ߿ʤޤֱѸʸˡפĻŪ˸Ϥ빽ϡäˤ줫ѸˤؤֹˤȤäợĤΤ˺ŬȻפޤ
ڸϡȤܤƤ뤳ȤҲ𤷤ĤġαĤƤ MANUSCRIPT CHOUMEIAN ˤƤޤBeowulf ȡʿʪ٤ΰճʴطƤϤˤĤƤϡڸϤξϤɤDZѸˤ̥ϤܳФȤΤȤǤθǤ줿դˤϤޤ
khelf СȤθդǽҤҲ𤷤ƤΤϡȤƤȤǤνɾפ¿ˤȤäƿܤȤνвξȤʤ뤳ȤԤƤޤܽ˼äƤߤƤ

졡رѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ҡ2009ǯ
ַ we (royal_we) ˤĤơ#5284. ñ we --- royal we, authorial we, editorial we ([2023-10-15-1]) #5692. royal we --- ϼȤ I ǤϤʤ we ȸƤ֡ ([2024-11-26-1]) εǼ夲Ƥ
OED εҤˤȡűѸ royal we θŤȤܤΤ뤬㤫ɤȽǤȤ롥Mitchell OES (§252) ؤλȤäΤǡäƤߤ
§252. There are also places where a single individual other than an author seems to use the first person plural. But in some of these at any rate the reference may be to more than one. Thus GK and OED take we in Beo 958 We þæt ellenweorc estum miclum, || feohtan fremedon as referring to Beowulf alone---the so-called 'plural of majesty'. But it is more probably a genuine plural; as Klaeber has it 'Beowulf generously includes his men.' Such examples as ÆCHom i. 418. 31 Witodlice we beorgað ðinre ylde: gehyrsuma urum bebodum . . . and ÆCHom i. 428. 20 Awurp ðone truwan ðines drycræftes, and gerece us ðine mægðe (where the Emperor Decius addresses Sixtus and St. Laurence respectively) may perhaps also have a plural reference; note that Decius uses the singular in ÆCHom i. 426. 4 Ic geseo . . . me . . . ic sweige . . . ic and that in § ii. 128. 6 Gehyrsumiað eadmodlice on eallum ðingum Augustine, þone ðe we eow to ealdre gesetton. . . . Se Ælmihtiga God þurh his gife eow gescylde and geunne me þæt ic mote eoweres geswinces wæstm on ðam ecan eðele geseon . . . , where Pope Gregory changes from we to ic, we may include his advisers. If any of these are accepted as examples of the 'plural of majesty', they pre-date that from the proclamation of Henry II (sic) quoted by Bøgholm (Jespersen Gram. Misc., p. 219). But in this too we may include advisers: þæt witen ge wel alle, þæt we willen and unnen þæt þæt ure ræadesmen alle, oþer þe moare dæl of heom þæt beoþ ichosen þurg us and þurg þæt loandes folk, on ure kyneriche, habbeþ idon . . . beo stedefæst.
Ǥ royal we 餷űѸ㤬ĤƤ뤬Τˤ1;ʣȤƲ᤹뤳ȤǽǤ롥ǸոƤѸ줫ˤƤ⡤royal we ȳθǤ櫓ǤϤʤľ1;ʣȤᤷΤĤδ֤ˤʸؤȼҲ˸ξ¤ͶƤޤä롥
ʤߤˡ嵭 "the proclamation of Henry II" "the proclamation of Henry III" θǤ롥Ѹ˾ȤƤפʡ#2561. The Proclamation of Henry III ([2016-05-01-1]) ȡ
Mitchell, Bruce. Old English Syntax. 2 vols. New York: OUP, 1985.
98ˤ12֤θϿۿȤƳŤ줿ֱѸ˥饤2024(hellive2024) ̴ܶ1ĤȤơ͵֤ϤƤθűѸ(hajimeteno_koeigo) 10#1219. ֤ϤƤθűѸ10 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פ¸ޤֻդϤĤΤ褦ˡϽؤʾءˡ֤ޤˤפĿФ¢رءˡδ3̾Ǥ
¿ΥˤƤνƤθϿȤʤꡤ3̾ȤⶽʳΤʤ34ʬۤɤθűѸֺ¤ŸޤƬΥޤᡤۤɸűѸ夬뽸ĤʤʤϡĤ¸ߤǤ礦餯Ūʥ٥ȤˤʤäΤǤϤʤȻפޤʾСˡ
10ƤϡϤƳǸűѻη Beowulf Ƭˤۤɶᤤ ll. 24--25 1ʸܤޤʰʲ Jack Ǥˡ
lofdǣdum sceal in mǣgþa gehwǣre man geþēon.
ǦˤܸˤС֤ʤ̱ˤäƤ⡤ͤ̾롿ԤäƱɤΤǤפȤʤޤűѸʸˡäξܤϡ嵭ۿäꤪİ
¤Ͼ嵭θϿ Voicy heldio ΤۤkhelfʷѸ˥եˤθ Instagram @khelf_keioǥưȤƤۿϿƤޤ奢ߤȤϡꤴǮȻפޤ
hajimeteno_koeigo ꤴˬ䤯
Jack, George, ed. Beowulf: A Student Edition. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.
Ǧ ջϺˡإ١ա١ȽŹ1990ǯ
ε#5560. 727ڡˤī뿷ֺ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספΤ ([2024-07-17-1]) ǤΤ餻̤ꡤī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספ֤ޤⶵӥ饤ˤ¿ˤä꤬Ȥޤ
űѸȸѸθä٤ĤġȤ櫓űѸΥޥŪħܤȤʤäƤޤűѸŪطʤä塤űѸˤϼѸŪʤषǤȤ߹碌ʣ줬˭Ǥ뤳ȤĴޤȤ櫓ʣ (compounding) kenning ʱŪʣˤȸƤФ˭ɽ¿ޤȸȤθܿ˿줿塤#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼Ϻܤ줿 Beowulf 1ʸ夲űѸñθ츻1ĤҤȤġرѸ츻ŵ٤dzǧƤޤ
ʲեեåǹֺ¤ƤƤޤ
#5542. ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ Part 9 with Ͻؤޤˤ¼Ϻ ([2024-06-29-1]) ǤϡVoicy heldio ο͵κǿȤʤ#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼ϺҲ𤷤ޤۿǤϡϤˤäƼ夲줿 Beowulf 1ʸȤʤޤ
Wyrd oft nereð/ unfǣgne eorl, þonne his ellen dēah. (ll. 572b--73)
"Fate often saves an undoomed earl, when his courage avails."
ֱ̿ϤФлह٤̿ˤʤͦΤߤͦΩĻˡ
ѤκǸθ dēah ϡ "to be good, to be strong, to avail" ̣ dugan Ȥư3ñηǤ̯ʷ֤Ǥ⤽ΤϤŪˤư (preterite-present_verb) ȸƤФüʷưǤcf. #66. ư ([2009-07-03-1])ˡ
Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (37) ꡤưγɽ⤦1ĤΤ褯֤ư āgan "to own, possess" ¤٤ƷǤޤ礦
| Infin. | dugan 'avail' | āgan 'own' | ||
| Pres. | sing. | 1, 3. | dēah | āh |
| Pres. | sing. | 2. | āhst | |
| Pres. | pl. | dugon | āgon | |
| Pres. | subj. | dyge, duge | āge | |
| Pret. | dohte | āhte | ||
| Past | part. | āgen (only as adj.) |
轵620ڡˤˡĸ漼4̾αѸ˳̤뤷ޤ Voicy heldio ˤơ֤ϤƤθűѸץ9ƤϿ#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼ϺȤƤϤޤۿǤϤޤǤ饤Τ뽼¤ƤȤʤäƤ뤫ȻפޤҤİС
μϿϡ쥮顼СϽؤʾءˡ֤ޤˤפĿФ¢رءˤ˲ä¼ϺءƤӤƼϿޤϸűѸΤ1ʸ˽椷ޤǽʬ˴ǽ뤳ȤǤޤ
嵭Υˤ#1125. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9ƤΥեȡǡ4ͤ夬ͻҤϤƤޤġΥСˤ벻ɤ⤢ꡤɬİǤ
ŤͤˤĤ졤İγθűѸؤδؿޤäƤƤ褦˴ޤˤСhel (helkatsu) ̤赤ŤƤƤޤꥹʡ Grace ˤ A to Z ֱѸ˸ԾҲפȤ٤ notelacolaco ˤֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡLilimi ˤűѸեȤޤLilimiΥȡ~ߤˤ X ǤűѸ첻ɤλʤɡޤޤ夬äƤƤޤ
֤ϤƤθűѸץ (hajimeteno_koeigo)줫³ƤФȻפޤ
Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤǡĶɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ΥʤƤޤΥʤͭۿʤΤǤ̾ƤȤפ⤢ꡤޤ˥ƥȤʤ̵ۿԤʤäƤޤޤǤΥۿΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) Ǥǧ

ܲ3Ϥ褽λȤޤƤޤ3ϤκǸΤ52 "Old English Literature" (pp. 65--68) ǤűѸʸؤ˴ؤפ3ڡĶǡû֤ĶɤˤϤʤʤ궯Ǥ1ͤDz⤹ˤϲ٤ŤȤȤǡ612ʿˤͼ5ȾꡤϤʽÿͤơ60ʬɼ¶ѤȤ2ͤǤϤͽǤʤǤ⽪ʤСץߥۿ helwa ǰ³ۿ뤳Ȥ⽽ʬˤޤˡİɤ
ϸۿȤȤǡƥȤʲ˷ǺܤƤޤʤ³ΤˡܽƤСˡ *
52. Old English Literature. The language of a past time is know by the quality of its literature. Charters and records yield their secrets the philologist and contribute their quota of words and inflections to our dictionaries and grammars. But it is in literature that a language displays its full power, its ability to convey in vivid and memorable form the thoughts and emotions of a people. The literature of the Anglo-Saxons is fortunately one of the richest and most significant of any preserved among the early Germanic peoples. Because it is the language mobilized, the language in action, we must say a word about it.
Generally speaking, this literature is of two sorts. Some of it was undoubtedly brought to England by the Germanic conquerors from their continental homes and preserved for a time in oral tradition. All of it owes its preservation, however, and not a little its inspiration to the reintroduction of Christianity into the southern part of the island at the end of the sixth century, an event whose significance for the English language will be discussed in the next chapter. Two streams thus mingle in Old English literature, the pagan and the Christian, and they are never quite distinct. The poetry of pagan origin is constantly overlaid with Christian sentiment, while even those poems that treat of purely Christian themes contain every now and again traces of an earlier philosophy not wholly forgotten. We can indicate only in the briefest way the scope and content of this literature, and we shall begin with that which embodies the native traditions of the people.
The greatest single work of Old English literature is Beowulf. It is a poem of some 3,000 lines belonging to the type known as the folk epic, that is to say, a poem which, whatever it may owe to the individual poet who gave it final form, embodies material long current among the people. It is a narrative of heroic adventure relating how a young warrior, Beowulf, fought the monster Grendel, which was ravaging the land of King Hrothgar, slew it and its mother, and years later met his death while ridding his own country of an equally destructive foe, a fire-breathing dragon. The theme seems somewhat fanciful to a modern reader, but the character of the hero, the social conditions pictured, and the portrayal of the motives and ideals that animated people in early Germanic times make the poem one of the most vivid records we have of life in the heroic age. It is not an easy life. It is a life that calls for physical endurance, unflinching courage, and a fine sense of duty, loyalty, and honor. A stirring expression of the heroic ideal is in the words that Beowulf addresses to Hrothgar before going to his dangerous encounter with Grendel's mother: "Sorrow not... . Better is it for every man that he avenge his friend than that he mourn greatly. Each of us must abide the end of this world's life; let him who may, work mighty deeds ere he die, for afterwards, when he lies lifeless, that is best for the warrior."
Outside of Beowulf, Old English poetry of the native tradition is represented by a number of shorter pieces. Anglo-Saxon poets sang of the things that entered most deeply into their experience---of war and of exile, of the sea with its hardships and its fascination, of ruined cities, and of minstrel life. One of the earliest products of Germanic tradition is a short poem called Widsith in which a scop or minstrel pretends to give an account of his wanderings and of the many famous kings and princes before whom he has exercised his craft. Deor, another poem about a minstrel, is the lament of a scop who for years has been in the service of his lord and now finds himself thrust out by a younger man. But he is no whiner. Life is like that. Age will be displaced by youth. He has his day. Peace, my heart! Deor is one of the most human of Old English poems. The Wanderer is a tragedy in the medieval sense, the story of a man who once enjoyed a high place and has fallen upon evil times. His lord is dead and he has become a wanderer in strange courts, without friends. Where are the snows of yesteryear? The Seafarer is a monologue in which the speaker alternately describes the perils and hardships of the sea and the eager desire to dare again its dangers. In The Ruin, the poet reflects on a ruined city, once prosperous and imposing with its towers and halls, its stone courts and baths, now but the tragic shadow of what it once was. Two great war poems, the Battle of Brunanburh and the Battle of Maldon, celebrate with patriotic fervor stirring encounters of the English, equally heroic in victory and defeat. In its shorter poems, no less than in Beowulf, Old English literature reveals at wide intervals of time the outlook and temper of the Germanic mind.
More than half of Anglo-Saxon poetry is concerned with Christian subjects. Translations and paraphrases of books of the Old and New Testament, legends of saints, and devotional and didactic pieces constitute the bulk of this verse. The most important of this poetry had its origin in Northumbria and Mercia in the seventh and eighth centuries. The earliest English poet whose name we know was Cædmon, a lay brother in the monastery at Whitby. The story of how the gift of song came to him in a dream and how he subsequently turned various parts of the Scriptures into beautiful English verse comes to us in the pages of Bede. Although we do not have his poems on Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, and the like, the poems on these subjects that we do have were most likely inspired by his example. About 800, and Anglian poet named Cynewulf wrote at least four poems on religious subjects, into which he ingeniously wove his name by means of runes. Two of these, Juliana and Elene, tell well-known legends of saints. A third, Christ, deals with Advent, the Ascension, and the Last Judgment. The fourth, The Fates of the Apostles, touches briefly on where and how the various apostles died. There are other religious poems besides those mentioned, such as the Andreas, two poems on the life of St. Guthlac, a portion of a fine poem on the story of Judith in the Apocrypha; The Phoenix, in which the bird is taken as a symbol of the Christian life; and Christ and Satan, which treats the expulsion of Satan from Paradise together with the Harrowing of Hell and Satan's tempting of Christ. All of these poems have their counterparts in other literatures of the Middle Ages. They show England in its cultural contact with Rome and being drawn into the general current of ideas on the continent, no longer simply Germanic, but cosmopolitan.
In the development of literature, prose generally comes late. Verse is more effective for oral delivery and more easily retained in the memory. It is therefore a rather remarkable fact, and one well worthy of note, that English possessed a considerable body of prose literature in the ninth century, at a time when most other modern languages in Europe had scarcely developed a literature in verse. This unusual accomplishment was due to the inspiration of one man, the Anglo-Saxon king who is justly called Alfred the Great (871--99). Alfred's greatness rests not only on his capacity as a military leader and statesman but also on his realization that greatness in a nation is no simply physical thing. When he came to the throne he found that the learning which in the eight century, in the days of Bede and Alcuin, had placed England in the forefront of Europe, had greatly decayed. In an effort to restore England to something like its former state, he undertook to provide for his people certain books in English, books that he deemed most essential to their welfare. With this object in view, he undertook in mature life to learn Latin and either translated these books himself or caused others to translate them for him. First as a guide for the clergy he translated the Pastoral Care of Pope Gregory, and then, in order that the people might know something of their own past, inspired and may well have arranged for a translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. A history of the rest of the world also seemed desirable and was not so easily to be had. But in the fifth century when so many calamities were befalling the Roman Empire and those misfortunes were being attributed to the abandonment of the pagan deities in favor of Christianity, a Spanish priest named Orosius had undertaken to refute this idea. His method was to trace the rise of other empires to positions of great power and their subsequent collapse, a collapse in which obviously Christianity had had no part. The result was a book which, when its polemical aim had ceased to have any significance, was still widely read as a compendium of historical knowledge. This Alfred translated with omissions and some additions of his own. A fourth book that he turned into English was The Consolation of Philosophy b Boethius, one of the most famous books of the Middle Ages. Alfred also caused a record to be compiled of the important events of English history, past and present, and this, as continued for more than two centuries after his death, is the well-known Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. King Alfred was the founder of English prose, but there were others who carried on the tradition. Among these is Ælfric, the author of two books of homilies and numerous other works, and Wulfstan, whose Sermon to the English is an impassioned plea for moral and political reform.
So large and varied a body of literature, in verse and prose, gives ample testimony to the universal competence, at times to the power of beauty, of the Old English language.
¤̣襤Ǥ͡ơ4 "Foreign Influences on Old English" ؤȿʤߤޤ
ʰʲ嵭2024/06/16(Sun)
嵭2֤ۿޤǤ2ʬƤϤޤ2ܤϥץߥۿȤʤޤˡ
(1) ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (52) Old English Literature --- ǦȤμ¶ѡȾˡ
(2) ֡ڱѸˤ #146 ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (52) Old English Literature --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ī6˲ۿƤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸץϤޤäƤޤ̵ۿǤˡ3ޤۿƤޤȤ˥ꥹʡγˤϤɾƤޤۿγץɳդ줿ˡȤʤäƤűѸΥƥȤʤɤǺܤƤޤΤǡȤʤİƤФȻפޤޤǤ3Ǥϡեå粦űѸγʸإ٥ա٤˴طʸϤ夲ƤޤˡֽƤפ˸Ƥιֺ¤ȤʤäƤޤΤǡڤˤɤ
ʥӥϱѸˤűѸ칶뼡3ͤǤϽؤʥեꥹرؤۤkhelfʷѸ˥ե˸ĹΡ֤ޤˤפĿФ¢رءδǤ3ͤdzڤäƤΤ̥ϡȤɾ⤤Ƥޤ
줿űѸûʸ夲ʸ̤֥ײ⤷ƤޤܸˤĤǵڤ˻ϤָűѸֺ¡פʤΤϡ餯ޤǤɤΤˤƤ⳧̵äΤǤϤʤǤ礦ͣ㳰ϡޤˤˤűѸ⤷ޤˡΤӤΥϡΰ̣ǤˮȤäƤ褤ߤȤʤޤʥӥ3ͤ⡤ϤȴƤ٤ꤷƤޤΤǡ˸äڤİƤФȻפޤ
ܥΥݡȥڡȤơޤˤˤ note ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ(#1~#3)ƤޤޤXʵĥå˾heldio ߥ˥ƥ by δˤƴϢȯƤޤΥߥ˥ƥϾǧǤŪˤϥСꥯȤФꤤޤΤǡҤä
4Ƥ⤪ڤߤˡ
ε#5225. ̾ι (2) ([2023-08-17-1]) ǡClark Ȥ Bede ˤߤűѸ̾ηǧǤο̾ "themes" бäϡűѻ Beowulf Ǥ褯ѤƤñ췲ǤꡤűѸˤʸŪɤɽ魯ΤȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ǡ̾դμºݤäƤϡ줾 themes ΰ̣űѸ˶ŪƤɤʬʤ̾˹Ƥְ̣פΤϤ褯뤳ȤBeowulf θäϻθäǤꡤűѸǤäȤϡ褯Ŧ줭ȤǤ롥ʸŪɤȤʸ仺ŪɤȤäۤ褤褦ˤפ롥
ˤĤơClark ⿵ŤʸƤ (457--58)
Name themes thus largely parallel the diction of heroic verse . . . . Kindred elements in the diction of Beowulf include common items such as beorht, cēne, cūð, poetic ones such as brego and torht, and also, more strikingly, compounds like frēawine 'lord and friend', gārcēne 'bold with spear', gūðbeorn 'battle-warrior', heaðomǣre 'renowned in battle', hildebill 'battle-blade', wīgsigor 'victorious in battle' . . . . Parallels must not be pressed; for rules of formation differed and, more crucially, such 'meaning' as name-compounds possessed was not in practice etymological. Name-themes might, besides, long out-live related items of daily, even literary, vocabulary: non-onomastic Old English usage shows no cognate of the feminine deuterotheme -flǣd 'beauty' and, as cognates of Tond- 'fire', only the mutated derivatives ontendan 'kindle' and tynder 'kindling wood'. Resemblances between naming and heroic diction nonetheless suggest motivations behind the original Germanic styles: hopes and wishes appropriate to a warrior society, and perhaps belief in onomastic magic . . . .
ѤκǸˤ褦ˡClark ϥ̾̾դطʤˤ2ĤưŤȤ (1) μҲˤդ路˾ߤȴꤤ(2) ̾ˡؤοġƤ롥ͭȤǤ뤬ƸФ̣̾դŪưŤȤȤ館줽
Ǿ줿̾ˤְ̣פᤰˤĤƤϡʲ⻲ȡ
hellog #2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1])
hellog #5197. ͭ̾˰̣ϤΤʤΤ ([2023-07-20-1])
heldio #665. ͭ̾ˤϻؼоݤϤ뤱ɤ̣ϤʤǤ͡2023ǯ327
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
hellog #5206. Beowulf Ƭ11Ԥɡ ([2023-07-29-1]) Voicy heldio #783. űѻηإ٥ա (Beowulf) --- ߷ͧǦϽؤȰߤʤ餴Ҳ̤ơűѸǽ줿ɽŪʱͺ Beowulf ˴ؿ⤿줿⤤뤫Ȼפޤ
˰³űѸȤ߷ͧΩءˡǦʽٲءˡϽʥեꥹرؤۤˤ3̾ȡ路ʤ Beowulf ̵깭ޤȤ櫓κʤȤǤ߷ˡBeowulf ϤˤƸäƤΤθոħϲʪϤΩΤμꤲޤ
ԤΤߤ40ʬۤɤĹܤȤʤäƤʤ⽪ϾӤƤˤޤ֤ΤȤˤİС
heldio #797. ߷ͧ Beowulf ΤȤǤ䤷Ƥߤޤ with Ǧ and Ͻؤ
κʤ˴ؿϡܥ֥ beowulf γƵ⤴
#5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1]) Ǥ⤷̤ꡤī㡼ɶˤƥֺʸֻαѸˡ2ȤʤָűѸֻ --- μʤ֤ޤ¿̤뤤ϥ饤ǻäޤƴտ夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
űѸˡˤƱѸüԤޥ̱²äƤ롼ʸΤơƤΤơˤƥDZѸɽˡˤĤƻ֤ϺƤäΤޤƳˡμʤƥѸֻűѸֻɸಽ (standardisation) űѻ Beowulf ˤߤʸֻˤĤơ3֤äޤ
βä4Ⱦ2λȤˤʤޤ3ϾΤȤˤʤޤ107ڡˤ 15:00~18:45 ˡѸֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡפȤƳ֤ͽǤѸˤϡűѸȯãƤֻ1066ǯΥΥޥˤä뤹ȤŪѲޤǷˤꡤθαѸֻϥƻɤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפϥȤϤƲϴϢĤĤΩƤȤʤäƤޤʹߤβ³ꤤޤԹ礬դʤǤ⡤ÿޤȸư1ָۿˤ˥Ǥ褦ˤʤޤΤǡѤ⤴Ƥ
ܥȴϢơʲ hellog ɤߤ
hellog #5088. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])
ƱͤˡȴϢŤ Voicy heldio ۿ⤪İФȡ
heldio #668. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718
#2893. Beowulf Ƭ11ԡ ([2017-03-29-1]) ȡ#2915. Beowulf Ƭ52ԡ ([2017-04-20-1]) ǡűѻη Beowulf Ƭۤʤ륨ǥҲ𤷤ޤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פϢưλƬ11Ԥ Jack Ǥɤ߾夲ƤߤΤǡİƤФȻפޤ#789. űѻηإ٥ա٤Ƭ11ԤɡǤʲˡJack ǤǦˤܸΥƥȡӼܲǤƤޤ
1 Hwæt, wē Gār-Dena in geārdagum, İ뤨Τߤ⤭ǥͿͤη̱β̾͡ϡ 2 þēodcyninga þrym gefrūnon, ͤ餬ŷͦοʤϡ 3 hū ðā æþelingas ellen fremedon. ѤƤ餬˵ڤ֤ȤȤʤä 4 Oft Scyld Scēfing sceaþena þrēatum, դλҥɤϡ˴դʤȤˤ 5 monegum mǣgþum meodosetla oftēah, ФƸ塤ФŨηꡤ 6 egsode eorl[as], syððan ǣrest wearð ¿̱ꡤ̪ʤåꡤͤο 7 fēasceaft funden; hē þæs frōfre gebād, 餷Ϥ䤬ƤĤƤԹؤΰ֤Ф 8 wēox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þāh, ʤŷ˱ɤɸ˽ƻ 9 oðþæt him ǣghwylc þ[ǣr] ymbsittendra ˤϻ٤Τʤ٤Ƥ̱ 10 ofer hronrāde hȳran scolde, ߤαˤۤӤ 11 gomban gyldan. Þæt wæs gōd cyning! פ˻äΤǤ롥ͥ줿뷯ǤϤä

Beowulf ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ beowulf γƵǼ夲ƤޤޤκʤˤĤƤϡ Voicy heldio ȤȤ̤ϿۿΤǡ⤪İ#783. űѻηإ٥ա (Beowulf) --- ߷ͧǦϽؤȰߤʤ餴ҲǤ
űѸζ˴ؿäϡ Voicy heldio ʲ⤪İС
#326. ɤƸűѸȯ狼ΤǤ
#321. űѸäȤɡޥִξ˲ȤƤä
#735. űѸ첻 --- ޥּޤͤζáפá
#766. űѸäȤɡ֥ɥλΡס
Jack, George, ed. Beowulf: A Student Edition. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.
Ǧ ջϺˡإ١ա١ȽŹ1990ǯ
#4541. ƼȤ줿 Beowulf ܤΡֻȤӡס ([2021-10-02-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡBeowulf ܤȤΥƥȤϡ"myth of the longevity of English" ϽФΩΤ˹ƤʸŪʺ˴Ťơ700ǯȿꤹ뤳ȤˤꡤѸȱʸؤŪȱӤ뤳Ȥˤʤä⡤ʸŪ˳Ĵι⤤ȤäƤϡäƤĤȤʤ롥
Beowulf βͤƭΡֿáפ줿Τϡ19äȤդɬפǤ롥ʤλäΤʤ㤨ХؤϤޤä16ʤɤǤϤʤäΤWatts (52) ϡ줬19ŪʸݤǤ뤳ȤΤ褦Ƥ롥
As a whole the longevity of English myth, consisting of the ancient language myth and the unbroken tradition myth, was a nineteenth-century phenomenon that lasted almost till the end of the twentieth century. The need to establish a linguistic pedigree for English was an important discourse archive within the framework of the growth of the nation-state and the Age of Imperialism. In the face of competition from other European languages, particularly French, it was perhaps necessary to construct English as a Kultursprache, and one way to do this was to trace English to its earliest texts.
üŪˤСꥹϡꥹΰҿгŪ˷뤿ˡξħǤѸȤ줬Ĺͭ뤳ȤäƼɬפäȤȤŪ§ΩӤ OED Ի⡤19ʸ̮ΤʤǤȤ館ɬפcf. #3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1])ˡ
16ˤϡˤޤΤ褦ưŤ¸ߤƤʤä16Υɤˤ̤δؿäϡإ7ˤäƳ줿ФΥƥ塼ī˸ҤŤ뤫ƥإ8ˤäΩ줿ѹ뤫ȤȤäŪΤˡΥޥīŤˡꥹȶʸŵˡΧѸȤǽƤȤŪ¤Ѥ뤳Ȥˤʤäƥ塼īϤȤ櫓פɤ֤ƤǤ뤫顤ŪʥƥȤΰˤϿŤäBeowulf Τ褦̱²ΥƥȤˤϡŪˤäƤۤɤδؿʤäȤ櫓Watts (52) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The dominant discourse archive at this particular moment of conjunctural time [= the sixteenth century] was religious. It was the struggle to assert Protestantism after the break with the Church of Rome that determined the focus on religious, legal, constitutional and historical texts of the Anglo-Saxon era. The Counter-Reformation in the seventeenth century sustained this dominant discourse and relegated interest in the longevity of the language and the poetic value of texts like Beowulf till a much later period.
Watts, Richard J. Language Myths and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2011.
1731ǯ1023ȥߥΥСʥࡦϥл˸줿˼ǼƤåȥ¢ (Cottonian Library) ƤɤƼȤ줿żܤΤʤ˸űѸν Beowulf ΥƥȤܤäˤĤ Watts (29) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The loss of Beowulf would have meant the loss of the greatest literary work and one of the most puzzling and enigmatic texts produced during the Anglo-Saxon period.
ˡʸ֤бʸؤɽǤʺʤŪˤлߤ줿ȤݤʸǤ롥ʸؼԤѸ˳ؼԤʤ餺Ȥ⡤ۤȤɤο͡μܤüȤˤ褫äȻפ
ָοáפβΤ⤯ Watts ιͤϰۤʤ롥Ƽۤ褫äȼĥ櫓ǤϷ褷ƤʤäȤ˼Τ褦ʸϤ³Τ
But it would also have made one of the most powerful linguistic myths focusing on the English language, the myth of the longevity of English, immeasurably more difficult to construct. This is not because other Anglo-Saxon texts have not come down to us; it is, rather, because of the perceived literary and linguistic value of Beowulf. To construct the longevity myth one needs to locate such texts, and the further back in time they can be located, the "older" the language becomes and the greater is the "cultural" significance that can be associated with that language.
Watts μĥϡƼȤ줿 Beowulf ܤϡѸ˴ؤǤϤʿáʤֱѸĹáפϽФΩΤѤƤȤȤBeowulf ܤĤäȤˤֱѸˤΤʸǤפȸ䤹ʤäȤ櫓
Beowulf ܤĤäΤ϶Ǥ롥̤ê¸ƤƼƤ⤷ʤơ⤷ƤƤޤäƤʤСʸؤѸϤۤˤʤȤˤʤꡤۤɰǤʤʤʸؤѸ̤ΡפõʤФʤʤä˰㤤ʤ
θϡʸؤѸ줬礫ǤʤϲлεڤϰϤȤ˰¸ƤꡤɬŪˡ뤤ܼŪ˰ʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤƶˤĤʤ롥줬Watts äβΤˤäƹԤʤȤƤ뤳ȤʤΤ
Watts, Richard J. Language Myths and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2011.
#2893. Beowulf Ƭ11ԡ ([2017-03-29-1]) ǵ11ԤǤʪʤפ줿Τǡͭ̾ (ship burial) εҤޤ Beowulf Ƭ52ԤѤȤϡ6--11˥ǥʥȥʸǸ줿̼ԤˡǤ롥
ʸ Jack ǤǡѸ Norton Anthology ˼ϿƤ륢ɤΥΡ٥ʸؾ Seamus Heaney ǤǤϤ롥
| OE | PDE translation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| a-verse | b-verse | ||
| Hwæt, wē Gār-Dena | in geārdagum, | So. The Spear-Danes in days gone by | |
| þēodcyninga | þrym gefrūnon, | and the kings who ruled them had courage and greatness. | |
| hū ðā æþelingas | ellen fremedon. | We have heard of those princes' heroic campaigns. | |
| Oft Scyld Scēfing | sceaþena þrēatum, | There was Shield Sheafson, scourge of many tribes, | |
| 5 | monegum mǣgþum | meodosetla oftēah, | a wrecker of mead-benches, rampaging among foes. |
| egsode eorl[as], | syððan ǣrest wearð | This terror of the hall-troops had come far. | |
| fēasceaft funden; | hē þæs frōfre gebād, | A foundling to start with, he would flourish later on | |
| wēox under wolcnum, | weorðmyndum þāh, | as his powers waxed and his worth was proved. | |
| oðþæt him ǣghwylc þ[ǣr] | ymbsittendra | In the end each clan on the outlying coasts | |
| 10 | ofer hronrāde | hȳran scolde, | beyond the whale-road had to yield to him |
| gomban gyldan. | Þæt wæs gōd cyning! | and begin to pay tribute. That was one good king. | |
| Ðǣm eafera wæs | æfter cenned | Afterward a boy-child was born to Shield, | |
| geong in geardum, | þone God sende | a cub in the yard, a comfort sent | |
| folce tō frōfre; | fyrenðearfe ongeat | by God to that nation. Hew knew what they had tholed, | |
| 15 | þ[e] hīe ǣr drugon | aldor[lē]ase | the long times and troubles they'd come through |
| lange hwīle. | Him þæs Līffrēa, | without a leader; so the Lord of Life, | |
| wuldres Wealdend | woroldāre forgeaf; | the glorious Almighty, made this man renowned. | |
| Bēowulf wæs brēme | ---blǣd wīde sprang--- | Shield had fathered a famous son: | |
| Scyldes eafera | Scedelandum in. | Beow's name was known through the north. | |
| 20 | Swā sceal [geong g]uma | gōde gewyrcean, | And a young prince must be prudent like that, |
| fromum feohgiftum | on fæder [bea]rme, | giving freely while his father lives | |
| þæt hine on ylde | eft gewunigen | so that afterward in age when fighting starts | |
| wilgesīþas | þonne wīg cume, | steadfast companions will stand by him | |
| lēode gelǣsten; | lofdǣdum sceal | and hold the line. Behavior that's admired | |
| 25 | in mǣgþa gehwǣre | man geþēon. | is the path to power among people everywhere. |
| Him ðā Scyld gewāt | tō gescæphwīle, | Shield was still thriving when his time came | |
| felahrōr fēran | on Frēan wǣre. | and he crossed over into the Lord's keeping. | |
| Hī hyne þā ætbǣron | tō brimes faroðe, | His warrior band did what he bade them | |
| swǣse gesīþas, | swā hē selfa bæd, | when he laid down the law among the Danes: | |
| 30 | þenden wordum wēold | wine Scyldinga; | they shouldered him out to the sea's flood, |
| lēof landfruma | lange āhte. | the chief they revered who had long ruled them. | |
| Þǣr æt hȳðe stōd | hringedstefna | A ring-whorled prow rode in the harbor, | |
| īsig ond ūtfūs, | æþelinges fær; | ice-clad, outbound, a craft for a prince. | |
| ālēdon þā | lēofne þēoden, | They stretched their beloved lord in his boat, | |
| 35 | bēaga bryttan | on bearm scipes, | laid out by the mast, amidships, |
| mǣrne be mæste. | Þǣr wæs mādma fela | the great ring-giver. Far-fetched treasures | |
| of feorwegum, | frætwa gelǣded; | were piled upon him, and precious gear. | |
| ne hȳrde ic cȳmlīcor | cēol gegyrwan | I never heard before of a ship so well furbished | |
| hildewǣpnum | ond heaðowǣdum, | with battle-tackle, bladed weapons | |
| 40 | billum ond byrnum; | him on bearme læg | and coats of mail. The massed treasure |
| mādma mænigo, | þā him mid scoldon | was loaded on top of him: it would travel far | |
| on flōdes ǣht | feor gewītan. | on out into the ocean's sway. | |
| Nalæs hī hine lǣssan | lācum tēodan, | They decked his body no less bountifully | |
| þēodgestrēonum, | þon þā dydon | with offerings than those first ones did | |
| 45 | þe hine æt frumsceafte | forð onsendon | who cast him away when he was a child |
| ǣnne ofer ȳðe | umborwesende. | and launched him alone out over the waves. | |
| Þā gȳt hie him āsetton | segen g[yl]denne | And they set a gold standard up | |
| hēah ofer hēafod, | lēton holm beran, | high above his head and let him drift | |
| gēafon on gārsecg. | Him wæs geōmor sefa, | to wind and tide, bewailing him | |
| 50 | murnende mōd. | Men ne cunnon | and mourning their loss. No man can tell, |
| secgan tō sōðe, | selerǣden[d]e, | no wise man in hall or weathered veteran | |
| hæleð under heofenum, | hwā þǣm hlæste onfēng. | knows for certain who salvaged that load. | |
Beowulf ϡűѸǽ줿ǤĹ3182ԡˤǤꡤ夫鸽¸ǤפʸغʤǤ롥ǥʥαͺ Beowulf ϥǥޡDzʪ Grendel ³Ƥ⻦Beowulf ϸ˥ǥ Geat ²βȤʤ뤬ǯϷƤε襤ह롥
νϡűѸ scop ȸƤФ줿ͷͤˤꡤϡפαդȤȤ˶㤸줿Ȥ롥¸ͣμܡ1731ǯβл»Ƥˤ1000ǯΤΤǤꡤ2ͤμ̻μˤʤ롥ԤԾܤǤꡤ줿ˤĤƤΤʤȤʬäƤʤ8ΩȤ⤢С11Ȥ⤢롥
Ƭ11Ԥ Crystal (18) ꡤѸդǰʲ˺Ƹ褦
1 HǷÆT ǷE GARDEna in ȝeardaȝum . Lo! we spear-Danes in days of old 2 þeodcyninȝa þrym ȝefrunon heard the glory of the tribal kings, 3 hu ða æþelinȝas ellen fremedon . how the princes did courageous deeds. 4 oft scyld scefing sceaþena þreatum Often Scyld Scefing from bands of enemies 5 monegū mæȝþum meodo setla ofteah from many tribes took away mead-benches, 6 eȝsode eorl[as] syððan ærest ƿearð terrified earl[s], since first he was 7 feasceaft funden he þæs frofre ȝebad found destitute. He met with comfort for that, 8 ƿeox under ƿolcum, ƿeorðmyndum þah, grew under the heavens, throve in honours 9 oðþ[æt] him æȝhƿylc þara ymbsittendra until each of the neighbours to him 10 ofer hronrade hyran scolde over the whale-road had to obey him, 11 ȝomban ȝyldan þ[æt] ƿæs ȝod cyninȝ. pay him tribute. That was a good king!
Ƭʬޤܲ (Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, fol. 132r) ϡǤ롥¾ʲΥȤ⻲ȡ
Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, Augustine of Hippo, Soliloquia; Marvels of the East; Beowulf; Judith, etc.: ܲǽ
Beowulf: BL ˤʪȼܤβ⡥
Beowulf Readings: űѸ츶ʸȡɤ߾夲פؤΥꡥ
Beowulf Translation: Ѹ
Diacritically-Marked Text of Beowulf facing a New Translation (with explanatory notes): űѸ츶ʸȸѸΥѥƥȡ
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
űѸʣ (compounding) ˤդʸäϡ#1148. űѸ˭ʸϡ ([2012-06-18-1]) ǤǧѤߤʣϤȤ櫓ʸˤƺ¤˳Ѥ줿º Beowulf ɽűѻˤƤϡֲסͦΡס襤סֳפʤɤѽФ복ǰФơ͡ (synonym) Ѥ줿ϡñĴ뤿Ǥ⤢äε#2676. űѻƬ ([2016-08-24-1]) Ǽ夲Ƭε§˱褦˼ɽɬפäǤ⤢ä
ʲBaker (137) ꡤBeowulf ʵڤӤ¾λˤ˸ֲ緯פɽ魯褦ʣ줬¿ñǤθޤޤƤˡ
bēagġyfa, masc. ring-giver.
bealdor, masc. lord.
brego, masc. lord.
folcāgend, masc. possessor of the people.
folccyning, masc. king of the people.
folctoga, masc. leader of the people.
frēa, masc. lord.
frēadrihten, masc. lord-lord.
frumgār, masc. first spear.
godlgġyfa, masc. gold-giver.
goldwine, masc. gold-friend.
gūðcyning, masc. war-king.
herewīsa, masc. leader of an army.
hildfruma, masc. battle-first.
hlēo, masc. cover, shelter.
lēodfruma, masc. first of a people.
lēodġebyrġea, masc. protector of a people.
mondryhten, masc. lord of men.
rǣswa, masc. counsellor.
siġedryhten, masc. lord of victory.
sincġifa, masc. treasure giver.
sinfrēa, masc. great lord.
þenġel, masc. prince.
þēodcyning, masc. people-king.
þēoden, masc. chief, lord.
wilġeofa, masc. joy-giver.
wine, masc. friend.
winedryhten, masc. friend-lord.
wīsa, masc. guide.
woroldcyning, masc. worldly king.
ˤϻˤʤʣ¿ޤޤƤꡤŪʣ (poetic compound) ȸƤФƤ롥1Ǥ2Ǥ folccyning (people-king) Τ褦⤢СξǤۤƱǾĹ frēadrihten (lord-lord) Τ褦⤢롥ˡȥ˥ߡѤ椫ͷ bēagġyfa (ring-giver) ⤢롥Ǹ˵तŪʣ kenning ȸƤФ졤űѻˤ礭ħȤʤäƤʡ#472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1]) ȡˡ
Baker, Peter S. Introduction to Old English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
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