hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 ڡ / page 1 (3)

derivation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-05-03 Sat

#5850. Ѹû˳ιֵƤ NotebookLM ǥݥåɥ㥹̤˻Ωƾ夲ޤ [ai][notebooklm][hel_education][vocabulary][lexicology][borrowing][loan_word][word_formation][derivation][compound][shortening][notice][youtube]



ε#5849. Helvillian 5ˤĤƸAI̡ ([2025-05-02-1]) ǡGoogle NotebookLM κǿβ̲ӥҲ𤷤ޤ˳׿ŪıѲǽ⹭ʤΤǡȤäͷǤȤǤ롥
Ѹû˳ιֵԤʤäȤιֵ Google NotebookLM ꤲߡʥץץȤDzꤷԤĤȿʬϤ줿եǧȡƶäۤܤΤޤ޳˽ФǤ6ʬ42äۤɤ̤ˡ90ʬֵΥå󥹤ͤޤäƤ
ζä̤ȤҲ𤹤벻ۿ stand.fm ΡֱѸˤĤ֤䤭ͥ (heltalk)פֱѸû˳ by NotebookLMȤƸˤ YouTube Ż߲դˤǤۿ줬ǤưǤʴΥޤ11ʬ29áˡ
ܺ٤ʾ̤ȤȤAIεѤϡμˤȤɤޤ餺̤γؤӤˤ礭׸ǽ롥Ѹˤβۿ򤷤ƤԤȤơҤǤ⤢뤬礭ʴ˾Ǥ⤢롥ˡܳŪõäƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-10-27-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-02-22 Sat

#5780. ŵͳ褹Ϣܸʤ˻Ƥ [morphology][compound][latin][greek][japanese][word_formation][combining_form][terminology][derivation][affixation][morpheme]

ε#5779. Ϣϸб빴«ǤǤ ([2025-02-21-1]) ǡϢ (combining_form) ܤ³ܤƤؿѸؼŵ٤βɤǤߤ褦

combining form ʸ͡Ϣˡʣ졤¤ȤѤ빴«Ūʰ۷֤򤤤ѸǤϸ (BASE) ȶ̤ʤꥷ졦ƥͳ褹֤ξϢȼ¸ߤΤդĤǤ롥Ϣħ鸫Ϣ㤨 philo-ˤȸϢ㤨 -sophyˤȤʬ뤳ȤǤ롥ƬΤ褦ʽʹ«ȰۤʤꡤϢϸߤˤƱΤǷ礷ꡤ뤤ܼȤ뤳ȤǤ롥


褽εҤȽŤʤ뤬ֱѸǤϸ (BASE) ȶ̤ʤפλŦӸŪˤоȸŪˤⶽ̣ѸǤϡŤʳθűѸǤ顤 (word) ñ̤ʤΤǡȤ̤˸촴 (stem) 캬 (root) ڤФŪưŤŪ夤
ФơꥷƥʤɤθŵǤϡѸ٤ƶޤ褯ĤäƤꡤȿǤơŪΩȤϰۤʤΩŪϢ¸ߤ롥
θŵϢȴϢƻפФΤϡܸΩ뤤ʤȸƤФ֤#3390. ܸ i-mutation Ȥ٤첻ء ([2018-08-08-1]) Ƴ̤ꡤ㤨С֤סˤȡ֤סˡ֤դ͡סˤȡ֤դʡסˡ֤סʱˤȡ֤ޡסʱˤΤ褦ˡΩȡʣݤѤΩ2󤬤äŪˤϲŪѲη̡2ΤθŵϢˤĤƤƱȤ뤫⤷ʤ

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-02-21 Fri

#5779. Ϣϸб빴«ǤǤ [morphology][compound][latin][greek][word_formation][combining_form][terminology][derivation][affixation][morpheme]

Ƭ (prefix) ݤ뤤 (suffix) ݤǤƤɤǤʤȤȾüʰ֤Ťη (morpheme) 롥Ϣ combining_form Ǥ롥ϢˤĤƤϡ#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1]) ǿ줿ȤرѸ׸켭ŵ٤Ǥβ⤬ʬ䤹äΤǡϤιܤѤ

combining form ̸͡Ϣ¤ˡ (COMPOUND) Ȥ (DERIVATIVE WORD) ηѤ빽Ǥ򤤤OED aero- ˤϤѤ줿ȹͤ롥ϥꥷ졦ƥϤͳ褹Τ¿Ϣ philo-ˤȸϢ -logyˤ2ब롥Ϣϼͳ (FREE FORM) ʤ (WORD) ι«۷ (bound allomorph) ȤȤǤΩȤѤʤǶǤ anti ( anti-)graph ( -graph) Τ褦㳰ŪˡäƤ롥ޤϢƬ (PREFIX) (SUFFIX) ٤ựضŪǤꡤϢδطŪǤ롥ǶǤ bio-degradable (= biologically ---) Τ褦㳰ǧ롥ˡƬľܸߤϢ뤹뤳ȤʤΤФơϢϸ¾ϢΤܼۤäϢ뤹뤳ȤǽǤ㡧-morphic ( -morph + -ic)heteroness ( hetero- + -ness)ˡ


Ϣϸб빴«ǤǤפȤªϡȤƤʬ䤹
ʤˤ OED ؤθڤˤĤƤcombining form ιܤ˽ȤưʲǺܤƤ

1884 Gr. ἀερο-, combining form of ἀήρ, ἀέρα
   New English Dictionary (OED first edition) at Aero-


߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ׸켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-02-22-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-02-06 Thu

#5764. 28ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ11ֱѸˤߤ븽οפΤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][lexicology][vocabulary][contact][borrowing][word_formation][compounding][derivation][shortening][loan_word][voicy][heldio]


asacul_20240427.png



28ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼󥿡ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷ1֤θƨۿ
ߡī㡼󥿡֥

ǯ٤ī륷꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤ΥڡǽĴ˿ʤǤޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ򻲾Ȥʤ顤Ѹûˤ򤿤ɤäƤ꡼Ǥ
28ڡˤͼ˳֤11ϡֱѸˤߤ븽οפꤷơ褤踽Ѹ졤ʤ20--21αѸθä˾Ƥޤ
ѸϡιȤäȯŪäλޤƤޤǥ뵻ѤȯŸҲε®ѲȼñɽƤޤظˤŪ˰Ӥη¸ߤޤƬɲäˤסʣñȤ߹碌ʣס¸ñΡû̡סե졼ƬʸƬפʤɤǤ
ιֺ¤ǤϡѸˤγƻηˤդʧʤ顤Ѹˤ뿷Ƴħ⤭ĦˤƤޤä˾ҤΤ褦ʸ¿ͤˡܤɤΤ褦˸ҲѲʸŪĬήȿǤƤΤõޤθΥץ򤹤뤳ȤϡѸθäΥʥߥɤ߲򤯸ȤʤϤǤĤΤ褦ˡرѸ츻ŵ٤ʤɤ򻲾ȤʤʤƤޤ
ܥ꡼ֺ¤γƲΩƤޤΤǡؤλáԻäˤ餺󤫤餴äȤǤޤ10ʬˤĤƤϡơפޥɥޥåפˤޤȤƤޤΤǡʲε

#5625. ī륷꡼ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷꡼ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤ򳵴ѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷꡼ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷꡼ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷꡼ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])
#5650. ī륷꡼ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-15-1])
#5669. ī륷꡼ֺ¤7ֱѸ졤ե󥹸˿פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-11-03-1])
#5704. ī륷꡼ֺ¤8ֱѸ졤ȸήפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-08-1])
#5723. ī륷꡼ֺ¤9ֱѸ졤ƥ󡦥ꥷƴפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-27-1])
#5760. ī륷꡼ֺ¤10ֱѸ졤νܿפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-02-02-1])

ֺܹ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤɤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ򤪻ϡ˵֤Ĥļ֤Ф¸ޤʴϢդޤΤǡŵʤȤ֤ˤꤢޤˡ


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ



11ˤĤƤϡVoicy heldio Ǥ#1345. 28ڡˤīֺ¡ֱѸˤߤ븽οפ˸ơȤƤ⤷ƤޤΤǡҤİ



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-02-16-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-12-23 Mon

#5719. ꥷ줬Ѹ˱ƶͿ3Ĥη [greek][latin][borrowing][loan_word][lexicology][word_formation][derivation][compounding][oe][prestige][combining_form][morphology][scientific_name][scientific_english][link]

ꥷ줬ѸͿŪƶϡƥե󥹸Τ٤ȸꤹ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤºݤˤϤ礭äΤΤȤꡤष (word_formation) Ϳƶ礭ȤäۤŬڤ⤷ʤȤ櫓Ϣ (combining_form) ѤʳطϤʣηϡꥷΰʹ׸Ǥ롥
Durkin (231) ϡѸˤˤ륮ꥷαƶˤĤơ鼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Between C5 and C8-9, the Greek liberal arts education was revived, first by the Ostrogoths, later by the Carolingians, and Greek gained special prestige. Writers liberally sprinkled their woks with Greek words, many of which found their way into other languages of Europe, including Old English. Particularly noteworthy are the glossarial poems from Canterbury with words like apoplexis, liturgia, spasmus. Since then, Greek medical doctrine and the terms associated with it became the major part of English medical lexis . . . . More general scientific vocabulary from Greek has mushroomed since C18 . . . .
. . . .
   Greek influence on English, then, is restricted to the lexicon, (limited) derivation, and compounding. Words entered English initially through Roman borrowings, then through direct borrowing from Ancient Greek writers, more recently through word formation (combining roots and affixes) in English.


ꥷαѸؤαƶˤϡ3ѥ󤢤뤤3ʳäȤޤȤƤ褤

(1) ƥͳơ
(2) ľܥꥷ줫ʶʹߡ
(3) ꥷǡפѤѸǤ¤ʶʹߡä18ʹߡֲʳѸ쿷ŵŪʣ (neo-classical compounds) 뤤ϡֱפȸƤǤ褤

ΥѥˤĤƤ⡤ꥷդ줿ҿ (prestige) ȿǤƳؽѸ¤줬ŪǤ롥ϢȤơʲ hellog ⻲ȡ

#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1])
#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1])
#616. Ѹβʳظäȯ ([2011-01-03-1])
#617. Ѹ5ʬθä̻ʬۡ ([2011-01-04-1])
#1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1])
#3014. Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷο¸ߴ19 ([2017-07-28-1])
#3013. 19񤵤줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1])
#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])
#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ ([2018-01-09-1])
#3368. ֥ƥϡ׸üѤλȷϩ ([2018-07-17-1])
#4191. ʳѸΰ̣νؤŤˤĤơ ([2020-10-17-1])
#4449. ꥷαѸؤΥѥȡ ([2021-07-02-1])
#5718. ꥷͳμƬϢ ([2024-12-22-1])

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-11-14 Thu

#5680. laughter -ter [suffix][noun][word_formation][derivation][lexicology][oed]

laugh ʾФˤ̾ laughter ʾФˤǤ롥ư줫̾Τ -ter Ȥ츻õäƤߤƤ⡤ɬΤʤȤϤ狼ʤ㤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ
OED laughter (NOUN1) ˤȡ -ter ˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ҥ롥

a Germanic suffix forming nouns also found in e.g. fodder n., murder n.1, laughter n.2, lahter n.


laughter n.2 ȤΤϸʤַܤλҤȤޤȤޤפۤɤ̣롥򻺤פΰդư lay ̾ȤȤ
ʤߤˡرѸ츻ŵ٤ laughter ȡslaughter ܻԻˤȤƤꡤָŤ̾פ롥ư slay ʻˤб̾ȤƤ slaughter ȤȤ館Ƥ褤
¾ˤ food ʿʪˤȴϢΤ fodder n.ʲܤλˤ foster n.1ʿʪˤˤ⡤ͿƤȤλŦ롥Ǥ뤳ȤϳΤ

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-11-11 Mon

#5677. ظ캬dzФ륳ѥñ٤ܼꥹȡ129 [etymology][prefix][suffix][vocabulary][hel_education][lexicology][word_formation][derivation][derivative][morphology][latin][greek][review]


 סظ캬dzФ륳ѥñ١ҡ2019ǯ



ε#5676. ظ캬dzФ륳ѥñ٤300캬 ([2024-11-10-1]) ˰³ƱϿ (344--52) ˷ǺܤƤפܼΥꥹȤ󤲤ȻפޤƬ (prefix) (suffix) 碌129ܼҲ𤵤Ƥޤ

ڡƬ
a-, an-ʤ (without)
ab-, abs-Υơä (away)
ad-, a-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-Ĥ (to)
ambi- (around)
anti-, ant-ȿ (against)
bene-褤 (good)
bi-2 (two)
co- (together)
com-, con-, col-, cor- (together) (wholly)
contra-, counter-ȿФ (against)
de- (down)Υ (away) (wholly)
di-2 (two)
dia-ڤä (across)
dis-, di-, dif-ʤ (not)Υơ̡ (apart)
dou-, du-2 (two)
en-, em-Ĥ (into)Ĥˤ (make)
ex-, e-, ec-, ef- (out)
extra-Ĥγ (outside)
fore-ä (before)
in-, im-, il-, ir-, i-ʤԡ̵ (not)
in-, im-ˡĤ (in)Ĥξ (on)
inter-Ĥδ֤ (between)
intro- (in)
mega- (large)
micro- (small)
mil-1000 (thousand)
mis-ä (wrongly) (badly)
mono-1 (one)
multi-¿ (many)
ne-, neg-ʤ (not)
non-̵ (not)
ob-, oc-, of-, op-ĤФơĤ˸ä (against)
out- (out)
over-ۤ (over)
para-來 (beside)
per-Ĥ̤ (through) (wholly)
post- (after)
pre- (before)
pro- (forward)
re- (back)Ƥ (again) (strongly)
se-̡ (apart)
semi-Ⱦʬ (half)
sub-, suc-, suf-, sum-, sug-, sup-, sus- (down) (under)
super-, sur-ˡۤ (over)
syn-, sym- (together)
tele- (distant)
trans-ۤ (over)
tri-3 (three)
un-ʤ (not)ᤷ (back)
under- (down)
uni-1 (one)

ڡ̾Ĥ
 
-age֡ȡ
-al
-ance
-ancy֡
-ant͡
-ar
-aryȡ
-ation뤳ȡ
-cleΡ
-cracy
-ee
-eer
-ence֡
-ency֡
-ent͡
-er, -ier͡
-ery֡ȡΡࡤѡ
-ess
-hood֡
-ian
-icsء
-ion, -sion, -tionȡ֡
-ism
-ist
-ity, -ty֡ȡ
-leΡ
-letΡ
-logyء
-ment֡ȡ
-meter
-ness֡
-nomyˡ
-on, -oon礭ʤ
-or͡
-ory
-scope
-ship
-ster
-tude
-ureȡ
-yȡ

ڡƻĤ
-ableǤ롤䤹
-alĤΡĤ˴ؤ
-anĤΡĤ˴ؤ
-antĤΡĤ
-aryĤΡĤ˴ؤ
-ateĤΡĤΤ
-ativeŪ
-edĤˤ
-entƤ
-fulĤ
-ibleǤ롤
-icĤΡĤΤ褦
-icalĤΡĤ˴ؤ
-idľ֤ΡƤ
-ileǤ롤
-ineĤΡĤ˴ؤ
-ioräȡ
-ishΤ褦
-iveΡ
-lessΤʤ
-likeΤ褦
-lyΤ褦ʡȤ
-oryΤ褦
-ous
-someŬ
-wideˤ錄

ڡưĤ
-ateˤ롤
-enˤ
-er֤
-fy, -ifyˤ
-ishˤ
-izeˤ
-le֤

ڡĤ
-ly
-ward
-wise


סظ캬dzФ륳ѥñ١ҡ2019ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-02-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-11-10 Sun

#5676. ظ캬dzФ륳ѥñ٤300캬 [etymology][prefix][suffix][vocabulary][hel_education][lexicology][word_formation][derivation][derivative][morphology][latin][greek][review]


 סظ캬dzФ륳ѥñ١ҡ2019ǯ



ѸܥӥΤܤҲ𤷤ޤҤǤƤظ캬dzФ륳ѥñǤ300θ캬夲캬Ọ̇̄١2500ؽǤ褦˹ƤޤҤإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ١إå饤ȥϥ¼ŵ١إߥʥ¼ŵ١إѥ¼ŵ٤μ񥷥꡼̤ưѤƤ캬बȤˤʤäƤޤ
Ф줿300Ĥθ캬ϡܥӥʳˤ⡤Ѹ˸ˤƲΩĥꥹȤȤʤäƤޤܼ˽äơʲ˰ޤ

cess ʹԤ
ceed ʹԤ
cede ʹԤ
gress ʿʤ
vent
verse ʸ
vert ʸ
cur
pass ̤
sta Ωġ
sist Ωġ
sti Ωġ
stitute ΩƤ
stant ΩäƤ
stance ΩäƤ뤳ȡ
struct ۤ
fact ʺ롤ʤ
fic ʺ
fect ʺä
gen ޤ
nat ޤ
crease Ĺ
tain ݤġ
ward ʼ
serve ʻŤ
ceive ʼ
cept ʼ
sume ʼ
cap ʤĤ
mote ư
move ư
gest ʱ֡
fer ʱ֡
port ʱ֡
mit
mis
duce Ƴ
duct Ƴ
secute ɤ
press ʲ
tract ʰ
ject ꤲ
pose ֤
pend ʤ֤鲼
tend ʹ
ple
cide ڤ
cise ڤ
vary Ѥ
alter ¾Ρ
gno Τ
sent ʴ
sense ʴ
cure ա
path ʶ줷
spect ʸ
vis ʸ
view ʸ
pear ʸ
speci ʸ
pha ʸ
sent ¸ߤ
viv
act ʹư
lect ֡
pet ʵ
quest ʵ
quire ʵ
use ʻѤ
exper ʻߤ
dict ʸ
log ä
spond ʱ
scribe ʽ񤯡
graph ʽ񤯤ȡ
gram ʽ񤤤Ρ
test ʾڸ
prove ʾ
count ʿ
qua ʤɤΤ褦ʡ
mini ʾ
plain ʿʡ
liber ʼͳʡ
vac ʶΡ
rupt ˤ줿
equ
ident Ʊ
term ʸ³
fin ʽꡤ³
neg ʤʤ
rect ʿäʡ
prin 1̡
grade ʳ
part ʬ
found ʴá
cap Ƭ
medi ֡
popul ʿ͡
ment ʿ
cord ʿ
hand ʼ
manu ʼ
mand ̿
fort ʶ
form ʷ
mode ʷ
sign ʰ
voc
litera ʸ
ju ˡ
labor ϫƯ
tempo ʻ
uni 1ġ
dou 2ġ
cent 100
fare ʹԤ
it ʹԤ
vade ʹԤ
migrate ʰư
sess ʺ¤
sid ʺ¤
man ʤȤɤޤ
anim ©򤹤
spire ©򤹤
fa ä
fess ä
cite ʸƤ֡
claim ʶ֡
plore ʶ֡
doc ʶ
nounce 󤸤
mon ʷٹ𤹤
audi İ
pute ʹͤ
tempt ʻߤ
opt ֡
cri ʷꤹ
don Ϳ
trad ʰϤ
pare Ѱդ
imper ᤹̿
rat ʿ
numer ʿ
solve ʲ򤯡
sci Τ
wit ΤäƤ
memor ʵ
fid ʿ
cred ʿ
mir ʶä
pel ɤΩƤ
venge
pone ֤
ten ݻ
tin ݤġ
hibit ʻġ
habit ʻäƤ
auc
ori ʾ
divid ʬ
cret ʬ
dur ³
cline ʷ
flu ή
cas
cid
cease ʤ
close Ĥ
clude Ĥ
draw ʰ
trai ʰĥ
bat Ǥġ
fend Ǥġ
puls Ǥġ
cast ꤲ
guard ʼ
medic ʼ
nur ܤ
cult ʹ̤
ly ʷӤĤ
nect ʷӤĤ
pac
strain
strict 줿
here ʤäĤ
ple ޤꤿ
plic ޤꤿ
ploy ޤꤿ
ply ޤꤿ
tribute ʳƤ
tail ڤ
sect ڤ
sting ʻɤ
tort ʤͤ
frag ʲ
fuse
mens ¬
pens ʽŤ̤
merge ʿ
velop
veil ʤ
cover ʤʤ
gli ʵ
prise ʤĤ
cert ʳΤʡ
sure ʳΤʡ
firm ʳμ¤ʡ
clar ʡ
apt Ŭ
due ʻʧ٤
par
human ʿʹ֤Ρ
common ʶͭΡ
commun ʶͭΡ
semble ʰˡ
simil Ʊ
auto ʼ
proper ʼʬȤΡ
potent ʤǤ
maj 礭
nov ʿ
lev ʷڤ
hum 㤤
cand 򤤡
plat ʿʡ
minent ͤФ
sane ʷ򹯤ʡ
soph ʸ
sacr ʿʡ
vict
text ʿ줿
soci ֡
demo ̱
civ ʻ̱
polic Իԡ
host ʵҡ
femin ʽ
patr
arch Ĺ
bio ̿衤ʪ
psycho
corp Ρ
face ʴ
head Ƭ
chief Ƭ
ped ­
valu ʲ͡
delic ̥ϡ
grat ʴӡ
hor ʶݡ
terr ʶ줵
fortune ʱ
hap ʶ
mort ʻ
art ʵѡ
custom ʽ
centr 濴
eco ʴĶ
circ ʱߡġ
sphere ʵ
rol ʲžΡ
tour ʲ
volve ʲ
base ʴá
norm ɸ
ord ʽ
range
int Ρ
front ̡
mark ʶ
limin ߵ
point
punct ͤɤ
phys ʼ
di
hydro ʿ
riv
mari ʳ
sal ʱ
aster
camp 
mount ʻ
insula
vi ƻ
loc ʾ
geo ϡ
terr ϡ
dom ʲȡ
court ʵ
cave ʷ
bar
board ġ
cart ʻ
arm
car ʼ֡
leg ˡΧ
reg ʻۤ
her ³
gage
merc ʼ


סظ캬dzФ륳ѥñ١ҡ2019ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-11-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-10-01 Tue

#5636. 9ܡMond 10ε˲ޤ [mond][sobokunagimon][hel_education][notice][link][helkatsu][adjective][slang][derivation][demonym][perfect][grammaticalisation][h][word_order][syntax][final_e][subjectification][intersubjectification][personal_pronoun][gender]

mond_20240930.png



10ϤޤޤؤοشⳫϤޤΤǡơhel (helkatsu) ФƤȻפޤ9ܤˤϡμͭӥ Mond ˤ10αѸ˴ؤ˲ƤޤϡѸˤ˴ؤѤʵ (sobokunagimon) ˤȤɤޤ餺ʳ̤ʤɤ󤻤ޤΤ̤äƥ󥯤ĥꡤդޤ

(1) ʤѸˤϥݥƥ֤ʷƻ¿Τ˥ͥƥʷƻ줬ʤΡ
Ѹˤϥݥƥʷƻͥƥʷƻ˭٤ˤޤŪθҲŪװˤꡤŪʱѸؽǤϥݥƥʷƻ˿뵡¿ʤ뷹ꤽǤºݤθѡä˥󥰤ɽǤϡͥƥʷƻ¿¸ߤޤ

(2) ̾ȷƻδطˤĤơGermany German Τ褦˸ʪޤ
̱̾²̾̾ʤɤδطʣǡɤ餬ΤǤɤ餬줫ϾˤäưۤʤޤŪѲ伫Ρ¾Τΰ㤤ʤɤƶŪʷŦΤϺǤ

(3) ߴλ I have been to б븽߷ *I am to ʤΤϤʤ
have been to 18о줷Ūɽǡб븽߷ϸ¸ߤޤǤbe ưξֻ to ư԰פͳΰĤǤָߴλ׼Τʸˡ̤ȯŸƤޤ

(4) ɤޤʤƬʳ h ˤĤƤθˤϡ
h Ū2Ż2ǤȤƤh䡤<wh> бȯѸˤ /h/ ʬ۳ʤɡ͡ʴ鸦椬ʤƤޤh ԰ꤵѸȯֻȯŸ˴ͿƤܤǤ

(5) ˤֽħѲˤĤ
ˤäƸǤֽͭηꡤϸ硤ֹ¤¤ʤ͡¦̤˸ޤħŪʤΤǤϤʤŪѲ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤ㤨бѸ䥲ޥδܸ SOV SVO ؤĹ֤򤫤ѲƤޤ

(6) ʤ come some ˤ "magic e" Υ롼뤬ŬѤʤΡ
comesome ʤɤñϡ"magic e" Υ롼Ȥ̵طˤǤޤñֻϡ򸺤餷ɤߤ䤹뤿ˡޤ줿ΤǤѸֻˤ¿Υ롼뤬¸ߤ"magic e" ϤΤ1Ĥ˲᤮ޤ

(7) Let's ˤߤ us s ξάϤ롩ޤ̣Ѳͳϡ
us ξάȤƤ -'s ȤƤϡshall's shall us ޤäΡˤޤlet's ϷŪˤ us μ岽ޤޤǽŪˤϡֵĤΰפִͶפؤȯŸˡ֤ʤ¥׵ǽޤϸμѲּѲȤޤ

(8) ѸˤܸΡ~פΤ褦1;ΤܤɽϤ롩
Ѹˤ⸬ɽϤޤܸۤηŪǤϤޤ㤨 in my humble opinion my modest prediction ʤɤɽ¾εĤɽԤؼ the present author ʤɤɽޤθ䴷ɽˤȤɤޤꡤܸΤ褦ηŪԶɽƥ¸ߤޤ

(9) Ѹ˸Ԥܻؤ4ǯ
´ȸ˼ҲиѤǤر˿ʳؤ륭ꥢѥޤ󡥶鸽Ǥηиϸ˥ˡʻ⤿餹ǽޤԤˤʤ뤫ɤ԰¤¿οͤΤǤǤפʤΤϻ³ؿõ濴ʤǮǤ䥻ߥʡؤλä³ؤӤΥ١ݤäƤ

(10) Ѹο;̾ˤ̶ʬͳȿ̾βǽϡ
1;Ρ2;̾ϲäθ̤ȽǤǤ뤿ᶦŪǤ3;ñ̾ϲäθˤʤͤؤᡤŪ̾դƤǤǤ¿ؤǧ顤3;ñ̾줬ƤƤޤƤΤ singular they ǤܤǤ

ʾǤ10 Mond ꡤѸʻˡˤ˴ؤѤʵ򤪴󤻤

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-07-28 Sun

#5571. īֺ¡ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספΤޤȤ [asacul][notice][lexicology][vocabulary][oe][kenning][beowulf][compounding][derivation][word_formation][celtic][contact][borrowing][etymology][kdee]

ε#5560. 727ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספΤ ([2024-07-17-1]) ǤΤ餻̤ꡤī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספ򳫹֤ޤⶵӥ饤ˤ¿ˤä꤬Ȥޤ
űѸȸѸθä٤ĤġȤ櫓űѸΥޥŪħܤȤʤäƤޤűѸŪطʤ򤵤ä塤űѸˤϼѸŪʤषǤȤ߹碌ʣ줬˭Ǥ뤳ȤĴޤȤ櫓ʣ (compounding) kenning ʱŪʣˤȸƤФ˭ɽ¿ޤȸȤθܿ˿줿塤#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼Ϻܤ줿 Beowulf 1ʸ夲űѸñθ츻1ĤҤȤġرѸ츻ŵ٤dzǧƤޤ
ʲեեåǹֺ¤Ƥ󤷤Ƥޤ

űѸθäõ 1 űѸλ 449ǯ󥰥ͤΥ֥ƥ 597ǯꥹȶƳ 8󥰤ο 1066ǯΥޥʸűѸν 2 űѸθ 3 97%ͭá3%Ѹ ѸδܸäȾűѸ쵯 ƥ줫μѸ450--600 3 űѸθ ʣ礬˭ Ƭϼ˰̣ѲʻѲ kenning ʱŪʣ㡧ֳڡס ƬǹѤ 4 űѸؤΥȸαƶ ȸ줫ΰŪʼѸϾʤ ꥹȶ̤ưνѸ 㡧assʥСˡcrossʽ͡ˡcurseʼˡdunʰſΡ ̾ˤ礭ʱƶ㡧Cumberland, Exeter 5 Beowulf : Wyrd oft nere unfǣgne eorl, onne his ellen dah. ֱ̿ϤФлह٤̿ˤʤͦΤߤ ͦΩĻˡ wyrdʱ̿ˡĸθ캬 *wer-ʲ󤹡ʤˤ顤weird ȴط oftʤФСˡŪ often ȶ unfǣgneʻह٤̿ˤʤˡfey Ƭ un- ղ eorlߡˡϡֵ²סˡߡפò onneʡλˡ<>ʥˤѸ <th>֤ ellenͦˡѸѸȤʤ dahɤ/ˡűѸ "dugan" 顤doughty ȴϢ

5824γ֤ȤʤޤֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פꤷơűѸΥƥȤܿܤޤߤɤ¿ΤäԤƤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-10-04-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-05-12 Sun

#5494. ѸˤƱȤɽ魯ˤ̾͡ä [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][by-name][occupational_term][morphology][word_formation][compound][compounding][derivation][suffix]

Ѹο̾ӤӤ (by-name) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥Fransson Thuresson ΰįƤȡƱοȤȤܤΤˡ͡ʸƾΤäȤ褯ʬäƤ롥Ȥ櫓Ƥμ¿Τ򡤥ԥååפƤߤǧ줿ǯθƤߤ褦

˿ (Fransson 66--67): Cheseman (1263), Cheser (1332), Chesemakere (1275), Chesewright (1293), Chesemonger (1186), Furmager (1198), Chesewryngere (1281), Wringer (1327)
ꡤ (Fransson 87--88): Webbe (1243), Webbester (1275), Webbere (1340), Weuere (1296)
ޤ (Fransson 95--96): Pouchemaker (1349), Poucher (1317), Pocheler, Poker (1314)
ٹ (Fransson 133--34): Goldsmyth/Gildsmith (125), Gilder/Golder (1281), Goldbeter (1252), Goldehoper (1327)
֡ء繩 (Fransson 161--62): Whelere (1249), Whelster (1327), Whelwright (1274), Whelsmyth (1319), Whelemonger (1332)
֥ (Thuresson 65--67): Swynherde (1327), Swyneman (1275), Swyner (1257), Swyndriuere (1317), Swon (c1240)
Ļ (Thuresson 75--76): Hunte (1203), Hunter (1301), Hunteman (1235)

Τ褦ʰ۷֤ϡȤ櫓̣δ鶽̣򤽤롥ʾˡοȤ¿䡤͡μΡ¾ΤؤΤ꤬졤鴶ưФ롥

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Thuresson, Bertil. Middle English Occupational Terms. Lund Studies in English 19. Lund: Gleerup, 1968.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-11 Mon

#5432. ʣ -(r)en ϤȤǶǤϤʤä [exaptation][language_change][plural][morphology][derivation][inflection][indo-european][suffix][rhotacism][sound_change][germanic][german][reanalysis]

Ĺ餯̾ʣˤ򸦵椷ƤȤűѸǸԵ§פʣ -ru -n 줾ĸʳǤäȤΤʤäԤ ċildru "children" ʤɤˤߤ뤬ư̾äȤԤ ēagan "eyes" ʤɤˤߤ뤬̲ΰ̣ôä褦
ˤĤơFertig (38) ޥʣܼάˤ򤨤ʤ鶽̣äƤ롥

There are a couple of cases in Germanic where an originally derivational suffix acquired a new inflectional function after regular phonetic attrition at the ends of words resulted in a situation where the suffix only remained in certain forms in the paradigm. The derivational suffix *-es-/-os- was used in proto-Indo-European to form action nouns . . . . In West Germanic languages, this suffix was regularly lost in some forms of the inflectional paradigm, and where it survived it eventually took on the form -er (s > r is a regular conditioned sound change known as rhotacism). The only relic of this suffix in Modern English can be seen in the doubly-marked plural form children. It played a more important role in noun inflection in Old English, as it still does in modern German, where it functions as the plural ending for a fairly large class of nouns, e.g. Kind--Kinder 'child(ren)'; Rind--Rinder 'cattle'; Mann--Männer 'man--men'; Lamm--Lämmer 'labm(s)', etc. The evolution of this morpheme from a derivational suffix to a plural marker involved a complex interaction of sound change, reanalysis (exaptation) and overt analogical changes (partial paradigm leveling and extension to new lexical items). A similar story can be told about the -en suffix, which survives in modern standard English only in oxen and children, but is one of the most important plural endings in modern German and Dutch and also marks a case distinction (nominative vs. non-nominative) in one class of German nouns. It was originally a derivational suffix with an individualizing function . . . .


child(ren), eye(s), ox(en) ˴ؤϡޤǤ͡˼夲ƤʲΥƥ򻲾ȡ

hellog #946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1])
hellog #146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1])
hellog #145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])
hellog #218. ʣ ([2009-12-01-1])
hellog #219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
hellog #2284. eye ȯˡ ([2015-07-29-1])

hellog-radio ʢ heldio ȡ #31. ʤ child ʣ children ʤΤǤ

heldio #202. child children 첻Ĺ
heldio #291. ͺ ox ʣ oxen
heldio #396. ʤ I eye ƱȯˤʤΡ

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-02-04 Sun

#5396. ե󥹸ȥƥ줫̤θüѤϱѸβɤѤ [lexicology][french][latin][loan_word][word_formation][lexical_stratification][contact][semantic_change][derivation]

Ѹûˤˤƥե󥹸ƥαƶǤ뤳Ȥϡޤ˿ƾҲ𤷤ƤȤäƤѤ줿ñοñ̤˵ڤӡ礭̤αƶˤȤɤޤʤ絬ϼѤη̤ȤơѸäμ⡤ѸʹߤˡѲμŪѲˤĤơDurkin (224) פ3ŦƤ롥

The derivational morphology of English was (eventually) completely transformed by the accommodation of whole word families of related words from French and Latin, and by the analogous expansion of other word families within English exploiting the same French and Latin derivational affixes (especially suffixes).
Not only was a good deal of native vocabulary simply lost, but many other existing words showed meaning changes (especially narrowing) as semantic fields were reshaped following the adoption of new words from French and Latin.
The massive borrowing of less basic vocabulary, especially in a whole range of technical areas, led to extensive and enduring layering or stratification in the lexis of English, and also to a high degree of dissociation in many semantic fields (e.g. the usual adjective corresponding in meaning to hand is the etymologically unrelated manual)


1ܤϡñβ² (word family) (word_formation) ΤΤαѸŪʤΤե󥹡ƥŪʤΤؤäȤ˿Ƥ롥2ܤϡ줬ˤʤäꡤ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ФꤷΤ¿¤ŦƤ롥3ܤϡŪ٤ι⤤äؤդäꡤó (lexical_stratification) Ȥ˴ط롥
ñ㲽ɤǼС(1) Ѽ(2) ̣Ѳ(3) óؤȯȤäȤ餬ե󥹸졦ƥ줫̼ѤαѸû˾μŪյǤ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-12-21 Thu

#5351. OED βǤߤʻ parasynthesis parasynthetic [terminology][morphology][word_formation][compound][compounding][derivation][suffix][parasynthesis][adjective][participle][noun][oed]

#5348. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed ([2023-12-18-1]) εǡʻ (parasynthesis) ȤѸƳ
OED ˤ "Derivation from a compound; word-formation involving both compounding and derivation." Ȥ롥бƻ parasynthetic ȤȤˡꥷζ˴ؤܤΤʤ1862ǯ˽ФƤ롥OED ǤϷƻ parasynthetic ιܤΤۤ⤬ܤΤǡ餫⡤ʸѤ롥

Formed from a combination or compound of two or more elements; formed by a process of both compounding and derivation.

In English grammar applied to compounds one of whose elements includes an affix which relates in meaning to the whole compound; e.g. black-eyed 'having black eyes' where the suffix of the second element, -ed (denoting 'having'), applies to the whole, not merely to the second element. In French grammar applied to derived verbs formed by the addition of both a prefix and a suffix.

1862 It is said that synthesis does, and parasynthesis does not affect the accent; which is really tantamount to saying, that when the accent of a word is known..we shall be able to judge whether a Greek grammarian regarded that word as a synthetic or parasynthetic compound. (H. W. Chandler, Greek Accentuation Preface xii)

1884 That species of word-creation commonly designated as parasynthetic covers an extensive part of the Romance field. (A. M. Elliot in American Journal of Philology July 187)

1934 Twenty-three..of the compound words present..are parasynthetic formations such as 'black-haired', 'hard-hearted'. (Review of English Studies vol. 10 279)

1951 Such verbs are very commonly parasynthetic, taking one of the prefixes ad-, ex-, in-. (Language vol. 27 137)

1999 Though broad-based is two centuries old, zero-based took off around 1970 and missile lingo gave us land-based, sea-based and space-based. A discussion of this particular parasynthetic derivative is based-based. (New York Times (Nexis) 27 June vi. 16/2)


оݤȤʤ˱ parasynthetic/parasynthesis λؤۤʤȤ𤬤褦ǡǤդνѸǤ롥ѸǤ -ed Ϳ parasynthesis ŵȤƵ󤲤뤳Ȥ¿褦-ed parasynthesis ˸ꤷƹͻˤ衤ʥѥ󤬤ꤽǡŪˤϤ˺ʬɬפ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-12-20 Wed

#5350. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed (3) [morphology][word_formation][compound][compounding][derivation][suffix][parasynthesis][adjective][participle][oed][conversion][johnson][coleridge]

Ⱥ˰³green-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤߤ̾դ -ed ˤĤ (cf. [2023-12-18-1], [2023-12-19-1])
OED -ed, suffix2 ̣ˡβѤ

Appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. In modern English, and even in Middle English, the form affords no means of distinguishing between the genuine examples of this suffix and those participial adjectives in -ed, suffix1 which are ultimately < nouns through unrecorded verbs. Examples that have come down from Old English are ringed:--Old English hringede, hooked: --Old English hócede, etc. The suffix is now added without restriction to any noun from which it is desired to form an adjective with the sense 'possessing, provided with, characterized by' (something); e.g. in toothed, booted, wooded, moneyed, cultured, diseased, jaundiced, etc., and in parasynthetic derivatives, as dark-eyed, seven-hilled, leather-aproned, etc. In bigoted, crabbed, dogged, the suffix has a vaguer meaning. (Groundless objections have been made to the use of such words by writers unfamiliar with the history of the language: see quots.)


ܵȤƤϡ~ġ~ħդ줿դ̾Ȥꤢƻ첽ˤˡ⤢ȤΤȤ̾ -ed ղäˤĤƤϡ̾ղäƤΤ뤤̾줬äưʻž (conversion) ǡư˲ʬ -ed ղäƤΤȽȤʤȤˤ⿨Ƥ롥ʻžư줬Ωʸڤʤˤ⡤ޤʸڤƤʤȤ뤷뤤夽Τ褦˹ͤ뤳ȤϲǽȤΩ⤢뤫⤷ʤΤ񤷤ǤϤ롥
ΰѤκǸˡ̾ + -ed׸λѤȿФ̡ˤĤƤθڤ뤬OED ľ˵󤲤ƤΤ϶ŪˤϼǤ롥

1779 There has of late arisen a practice of giving to adjectives derived from substantives, the termination of participles: such as the 'cultured' plain..but I was sorry to see in the lines of a scholar like Gray, the 'honied' spring. (S. Johnson, Gray in Works vol. IV. 302)

1832 I regret to see that vile and barbarous vocable talented..The formation of a participle passive from a noun is a licence that nothing but a very peculiar felicity can excuse. (S. T. Coleridge, Table-talk (1836) 171)


Johnson Coleridge ޤ "writers unfamiliar with the history of the language" "Groundless objections" ȽҤ٤դꡤOED Ϥʤʤ긷

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-12-19 Tue

#5349. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed (2) [morphology][word_formation][compound][compounding][derivation][suffix][parasynthesis][adjective][participle][oed][germanic][old_saxon][old_norse][latin]

ε ([2023-12-18-1]) ³Ԥǡgreen-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤˤĤơ OED 򻲾Ȥ -ed ΤΤ롥
OED ǤưβʬȤƤ -ed, suffix1 ȡΤ褦̾ˤĤȤƤ -ed, suffix2 ̸ФΩƤƤ롥Ԥθ츻Ѥ롥

Cognate with Old Saxon -ôdi (not represented elsewhere in Germanic, though Old Norse had adjectives similarly < nouns, with participial form and i-umlaut, as eygðr eyed, hynrdr horned); appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. The function of the suffix is thus identical with that of the Latin past participial suffix -tus as used in caudātus tailed, aurītus eared, etc.; and it is possible that the Germanic base may originally have been related to that of -ed, suffix1, the suffix of past participles of verbs formed upon nouns.


εҤˤȡޥǤʶʬۤǤϤ뤬бꡤƱɳΥƥʤɤˤбǤȤȤˤʤ롥̤ķϤɤޤ̤Τ뤤ϳƸɡˤǤΩʿȯãʤΤ뤤ϰ¾ؤμѤͤΤʤɡ䤹褷ˤʤΤ褦
⤦1Ĺθ٤Ȥơ -ed ñ̾դ (ex. dogged) ʣ̾դ (ex. green-eyed) Ȥ򡤸ηδƱΤȤߤƤ褤Τ뤤ϰۤʤΤª٤ʤΤŪˤŪˤ⡤Τ˶̣Ǥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-20-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-12-18 Mon

#5348. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed [terminology][morphology][word_formation][compound][compounding][derivation][suffix][shakespeare][personification][metaphor][conversion][parasynthesis][adjective][participle][noun]

khelfʷѸ˥եDZĤƤ Discord ߥ˥ƥˤơɸ˷Ǥ the green-eyed monster Фܤ򤷤ʪˤΤ褦ʶˤ -ed ˤĤƵ䤬󤻤줿ưβʬ -ed Τ褦ˤߤ뤬̾ˤĤƤȤΤϤɤȤ⤷Dz狼ȤդƤΤǡ伫ȤĴٻϤƤȤǤ롥
Ϥ뤬ޤɽ˴Ϣƺǽ˲ƤѸҲ𤷤ʻ (parasynthesis) Ǥ롥ؿѸؼŵ٤ɤǤߤ褦

parasynthesis ̸͡ʻˡäơʹžȤ褦ˡĤ¤ˡ٤˹Ԥʤ뤳ȡ㤨Сextraterritorial extra-territorial Ȥ⡤(extra-territory)-al ȤʬϤǤʤʬϤ extra+territory+-al Ǥ롥Ʊͤ intramuscular intra+muscle+-ar Ǥ롥 baby-sitter (= one who sits with the baby) baby+sit+-er Ʊȹͤʻ (parasynthetic compound) ȤȤǤ롥ޤ blockhead ʤФˡpickpocket ʤˤ⡤⤷׸ -head, pick- žˤäơֿ͡פ򼨤ȤСʻȤȤǤ롥


嵭Ǥ green-eyed Υפ㼨Ƥʤʻ1ȤäƤ褤a double-edged sword ξϤη, a four-footed animal ʻͤĵӤưʪ, middle-aged spread ǯˤʤˤϻ礫ʤ
ʤ the green-eyed monster ϸ鷺Τ줿 Shakespeare Othello (3.3.166) ζǤ롥green-eyed the green-eyed monster ⤤ Shakespeare ߽ФɽǡʹߡּʡפεͲɽȤƹѤ褦ˤʤä
⤳ΥפʻˤĤƹͤƤ

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-02-04 Sat

#5031. -ism εȯã [suffix][greek][latin][french][polysemy][productivity][hellog_entry_set][neologism][lmode][derivation][derivative][word_formation]

Ѹ -ism Ȥ (suffix) Ϲ⤤äƤ롥racism, sexism, ageism, lookism ʤɼҲ̤˴ؤ븽Ūǿȶñ¿Ȥ褯 Buddhism, Calvinism, Catholicism, Judaism ʤɤ뤫ȻפСۤȤ Liberalism, Machiavellism, Platonism, Puritanism ʤɤ󤲤롥
嵭Τ褦ˡּפΰ̣Τäñ줬¿ǡaphorism, criticism, mechanism, parallelism ʤɤ̾̾⤢ǤϤʤޤ Americanism Britishism ʤɤΡ֡ˡפΰ̣ñ¿cf. #2241. Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles ([2015-06-16-1])ˡơǤǤϤʤΩȤƤ ism ¸ߤcf. #2576. æʸˡȸò ([2016-05-16-1]
-ism θ츻ϥꥷ -ismos Ǥ롥ꥷư -izein ʱѸ -ize θˤб̾Ǥ롥Ѹʸ̮Ǥϡư -ize б̾Ȥ -ization פ⤫֤츻Ūˤ -ism Τۤͳ̾ȤȤˤʤ롥ʱѸ -ize/-ise ˤĤƤϡεå򻲾ȡ
ꥷ -ismos ƥ졤ե󥹸ˤ줾 -ismus, -isme ȤƼѤ졤줬ѸˤäƤơѸʹߤ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤäȤ櫓Ѹˡޤꡤ¿ο줬иGörlach (121) -ism ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The 19th century can be seen as a battleground of ideologies and factions; at least, such is the impression created by the frequency of derivatives ending in -ism (often from a personal name, and accompanied by -ist for the adherent, and -istic/-ian for adjectival uses). The year 1831 alone saw the new words animism, dynamism, humorism, industrialism, narcotism, philistinism, servilism, socialism and spiritualism (CED).


λ۾ʬǤʹԤƤ21 -ism ꤨ뤳ȤϤʤ

Görlach, Manfred. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-05-31 Tue

#4782. cleanse ˺פĤư -(e)sian [suffix][etymology][oe][verb][word_formation][derivation][vowel][shortening][shocc]

ε#4781. open warn -(e)n ư ([2022-05-30-1]) ǡűѸư -(e)nian 夲űѸˤϤۤ -(e)sian Ȥư⤢äϤѲư2ब롥
ƱͤˡLass Hogg and Fulk Ѥǡ-(e)sian ˤĤƤβñ򼨤

(i) -s-ian. Many class II weak verbs have an /-s-/ formative: e.g. clǣn-s-ian 'cleanse' (clǣne 'clean', rīc-s-ian 'rule' (rīce 'kingdom'), milt-s-ian 'take pity on' (mild 'mild'). The source of the /-s-/ is not entirely clear, but it may well reflect the IE */-s-/ formative that appears in the s-aorist (L dic-ō 'I say', dīxī 'I said' = /di:k-s-i:/). Alternants with /-s-/ in a non-aspectual function do however appear in the ancient dialects (Skr bhā-s-ati 'it shines' ~ bhā-ti), and even within the same paradigm in the same category (GR aléks-ō 'I protect', infinitive all-alk-ein). (Lass 203)


(iii) verbs in -(e)sian, including blētsian 'bless', blīðsian, blissian 'rejoice', ġītsian 'covet', grimsian 'rage', behrēowsian 'reprent', WS mǣrsian 'glorify', miltsian 'pity', rīcsian, rīxian 'rule', unrōtsian 'worry', untrēowsian 'disbelieve', yrsian 'rage'. (Hogg and Fulk 289)


űѸȤƤϤ褯ư줬¿Τǰʤ -(e)nian ƱͤˡߤޤǻĤäƤưϵǤ롥1줬 cleanse Ǥ롥ƻ clean /kliːn/ бư cleanse /klɛnz/ 첻ûʤäȤˤĤƤϡ#3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-05-30 Mon

#4781. open warn -(e)n ư [suffix][etymology][oe][verb][word_formation][derivation]

ε#4780. weaken Ф strengthen, shorten Ф lengthen ([2022-05-29-1]) ǡư -en ˿줿 (suffix) ˤĤƤϡ#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1])#3987. ťΥɸαƶ (2) ([2020-03-27-1]) εʤɤǤ夲Ƥ
ϸűѸ -(e)nian ͳ褷˥ޥˤ⤵ΤܤŤưǤǤ롥űѸǤϡ̾줢뤤Ϸƻ줫ưΤäѤ졤ưϼѲư2°롥űѸ줫 Lass (203) ȤȤ˰Ѥ롥

(iii) -n-. An /-n-/ formative, reflecting an extended suffix */-in-o:n/, appears in a number of class II weak verbs, especially denominal and deadjectival: fæst-n-ian 'fasten' (fæst), for-set-n-ian 'beset' (for-settan 'hedge in, obstruct'), lāc-n-ian 'heal, cure' (lǣce 'physician'). The type is widespread in Germanic: cf. Go lēki-n-ōn, OHG lāhhi-n-ōn, OS lāk-n-ōn.


Ʊ Hogg and Fulk (289) 󤲤Ƥ

(ii) verbs in -(e)nian, including ġedafenian 'befit' (cf. ġedēfe 'fitting'), fæġ(e)-nian 'rejoice' (cf. fæġe 'popular'), fæstnian 'fasten' (cf. fæst 'firm'), hafenian 'hold' (cf. habban 'have'), lācnian 'heal' (cf. lǣċe 'doctor'), op(e)nian 'open' (cf. upp 'up'), war(e)nian 'warn' (cf. warian 'beware'), wilnian 'desire' (cf. willa 'desire'), wītnian 'punish' (cf. wīte 'punishment') . . . .


ߤޤ¸³Ƥư¿ʤ㤨 open, warn -(e)n ˤκפǧ뤳ȤǤ롥ߤ¿ -en ưϡűѸˤΤܤ櫓ǤϤʤѸʹߤοǤ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-31-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow