hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2024-03-11

■ #5432. 複数形の -(r)en はもともと派生接尾辞で屈折接尾辞ではなかった [exaptation][language_change][plural][morphology][derivation][inflection][indo-european][suffix][rhotacism][sound_change][germanic][german][reanalysis]

　長らく名詞複数形の歴史を研究してきた身だが，古英語で見られる「不規則」な複数形を作る屈折接尾辞 -ru や -n がそれぞれ印欧祖語の段階では派生接尾辞だったとは知らなかった．前者は ċildru "children" などにみられるが，動作名詞を作る派生接尾辞だったという．後者は ēagan "eyes" などにみられるが，個別化の意味を担う派生接尾辞だったようだ．
　この点について，Fertig (38) がゲルマン諸語の複数接辞の略史を交えながら興味深く語っている．

There are a couple of cases in Germanic where an originally derivational suffix acquired a new inflectional function after regular phonetic attrition at the ends of words resulted in a situation where the suffix only remained in certain forms in the paradigm. The derivational suffix *-es-/-os- was used in proto-Indo-European to form action nouns . . . . In West Germanic languages, this suffix was regularly lost in some forms of the inflectional paradigm, and where it survived it eventually took on the form -er (s > r is a regular conditioned sound change known as rhotacism). The only relic of this suffix in Modern English can be seen in the doubly-marked plural form children. It played a more important role in noun inflection in Old English, as it still does in modern German, where it functions as the plural ending for a fairly large class of nouns, e.g. Kind--Kinder 'child(ren)'; Rind--Rinder 'cattle'; Mann--Männer 'man--men'; Lamm--Lämmer 'labm(s)', etc. The evolution of this morpheme from a derivational suffix to a plural marker involved a complex interaction of sound change, reanalysis (exaptation) and overt analogical changes (partial paradigm leveling and extension to new lexical items). A similar story can be told about the -en suffix, which survives in modern standard English only in oxen and children, but is one of the most important plural endings in modern German and Dutch and also marks a case distinction (nominative vs. non-nominative) in one class of German nouns. It was originally a derivational suffix with an individualizing function . . . .

　child(ren), eye(s), ox(en) に関する話題は，これまでも様々に取り上げてきた．以下のコンテンツ等を参照．

　・ hellog 「#946. 名詞複数形の歴史の概要」 ([2011-11-29-1])
　・ hellog 「#146. child の複数形が children なわけ」 ([2009-09-20-1])
　・ hellog 「#145. child と children の母音の長さ」 ([2009-09-19-1])
　・ hellog 「#218. 二重複数」 ([2009-12-01-1])
　・ hellog 「#219. eyes を表す172通りの綴字」 ([2009-12-02-1])
　・ hellog 「#2284. eye の発音の歴史」 ([2015-07-29-1])

　・ hellog-radio （← heldio の前身） 「#31. なぜ child の複数形は children なのですか？」

　・ heldio 「#202. child と children の母音の長さ」
　・ heldio 「#291. 雄牛 ox の複数形は oxen」
　・ heldio 「#396. なぜ I と eye が同じ発音になるの？」

　・ Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

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