hellogѸ˥֥     η     η     ǿ     helhub (The HEL Hub)     ڡ     ɽ    

hellogѸ˥֥ / 2010-03

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

2026 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2025 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2024 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2023 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2022 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2021 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2020 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2019 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2018 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2017 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2016 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2015 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2014 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2013 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2012 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2011 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2010 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2009 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

2010-03-31 Wed

#338. Norman Conquest Υ󥰥ɤΥե󥹸üԤγ [french][demography][bilingualism]

1066ǯ Norman Conquest θ塤󥰥ɤϥե󥹸ȤԤλ۲äȤϤäƤ⡤󥰥ɤεサԤ¿Ѥ餺󥰥ϤǤꡤե󥹤ϤäƤԤȤв²ΤŤμԤԤäο¿ʤäѸޤ Norman Conquest ͥ300ǯϤäѸ줬ϲʤ⤿ޤӤΰĤϡѸüԤпŪ¿äȤǤ롥ǤϡΥޥ²ȥ󥰥̱ο͸϶ŪˤϤɤ줯餤äΤ
˿͸׳ؤäƤƤ11Ⱦˤ͸ΤΤ뤳ȤϤǤʤBlake ˤ뤪褽θѤϻͤˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ

It would be reasonable to suggest that the number of native French speakers can never have been greater than 10 per cent of the total population of England, and a more realistic estimate is probably less than 5 per cent. The greatest part of the population in England at this time consisted of the peasants who tilled the land. They probably formed anything between 85 and 90 per cent of all people here, . . . . (107)


פ˥ե󥹿ͤϿ͸5%᤿˲᤮ʤȤθѤǤ롥 Blake ϡԳե󥹿ͤο͸ȤäƤϤ㤤ȸѤäƤ롥

. . . the number of native French speakers in the clergy at any one time cannot have been very large. Perhaps it amounted to no more than 2 per cent of the total clergy. (108)


嵭ο͸פޤᡤμҲͻ̤ȤƳФΤϡ󥰥ɤϿΰ̣ bilingual ǤϤʤäȤĥǤ롥

Although two languages, English and French, were spoken in England, it is doubtful whether it ever became a truly bilingual country. The majority of the population was monolingual and only used English. (109--10)



"truly bilingual" ɤΤ褦ʾؤΤǤϤ뤬ñ˿͸Ⱦ줾θȤƤꡤ¾θ⤢٤ǽǤȤΤȤꤹȡ󥰥ɤ bilingual society ȤߤʤŪʤȤ館ŬڤȤȤˤʤ롥Blake ŪʴФǤС"barely bilingual" 餤ɽŬڤʤΤ⤷ʤ

Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-30 Tue

#337. egges or eyren [caxton][popular_passage][plural][me_dialect][inflection][spelling]

ޤѸˤܤΤʤǷ֤Ѥ롤ŤѸǽ񤫤줿ȤΤĤ¸ߤ롥äѥå缡Υ֥ɲäƤ popular_passage ʤɤȤΤȤǰǤȡѤΤˤȻפäǡϡפɽѸ̾ʣɤˤĤ Caxton 1490ǯ Eneydos νʸǵ󤲤ƤäҲ𤹤롥пȤȤܤͤZealand ظϩ˥ȳߤΤȤȤΩꡤ׿ͤȤǤ롥

And one of theym named Sheffelde, a mercer, cam in-to an hows and axed for mete; and specyally axed after eggys. And the goode wyf answerde, that she coude speke no frenshe. And the marchaunt was angry, for he also coude speke no frensche, but wolde have hadde egges, and she understode hym not. And thenne at laste a nother sayd that he wolde have eyren. Then the gode wyf sayd that she understode hym wel. Loo, what sholde a man in thyse dayes wryte, egges or eyren?


[2009-11-06-1]ʤɤǿ줿ȤꡤѸλǤ롥󥰥ɳϤ¸ߤʥɥǤ顪ɸȤƤϰ̤ΩƤʤääơ㤨пȤüԤпȤüԤȤäˤϡ줾줬ʬݽФˤäΤǤꡤ˥ߥ˥ΩʤȤ⤢ꤨΰäǤϡפʣǤ eyrenǤ egges äˡ顤ߤˤ狼礨ʤä꤬̤Ƥ롥
ѸʣɽƤΤ eyren Ǥ롥űѸǤϡפɽ̾ñʤ ǣg Ȥ֤ä r-stem ȸƤФޥʡʶޥפ°̾ǡʣʷ ǣgru Τ褦 -r- Ƥchild / children ƱפǤ ( see [2009-09-19-1], [2009-09-20-1], [2009-12-01-1] )
ѸޤǤϡ -(e)n ղä줿۷֤ޤơűѸͳ r ķ֤ʤƤ14顤ťΥɸͳιŤ <g> ķ֤˸Ϥ᤿β桹ΤäƤȤꡤǽŪɸѸĤäΤο eggs ΤۤǤ뤫ˤϤ⤷
ֻˤĤƤCaxton ϡѤо줷ƶֻθ경θǽǤ뤬([2010-02-18-1])ûΤʤǤ eggys, egges ȸ˰֤꤬롥ֻɸಽϡ150ǯʾ夫ơ1718ޤǡäȿʹԤƤ椯Ȥˤʤ롥

ʰʲ嵭2025/01/19(Sun)
heldio #183. egges/eyren륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá


[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-29 Mon

#336. Law French [me][french][reestablishment_of_english][norman_french][loan_word][law_french]

[2010-03-17-1]εǿ줿ˡΧʸαѸ첽˴Ȥץä1362ǯ˸Ƭʾټ³ե󥹸줫ѸڤؤäˡΧطʸˤϤޤޤե󥹸줬ѤƤ¤1731ǯޤǻȤ³ΤǤ롥Υե󥹸 Law French ȸƤФ졤Norman Conquest Norman French ȤȤʤäƳΩ줿ˡΧʸϸǤ롥
ߤǤѸˡΧѸȾե󥹸ͳǤΤϡҤˤäƤ롥ˡΧط̾Ⱥ̾ȤäƤߤƤ⡤ѸˡΧ French ʬ

̾: advocate ԡ, attorney ͡, bailiff ּ, coroner ָ봱, counsel ۸͡, defendant , judge ֺȽ, jury 濳, plaintiff ָ
Ⱥ̾: arson С, assault ˽ԡ, felony ֽź, fraud ֺ, libel ʸ̡, perjury ֵڡ, slander ָƬ̡, trespass ֿ

ޤե󥹸Ǥϡܷ̾ƻפȤ礬̤ʤΤǡȿǤˡΧطζ礬¸ߤ롥

attorney general ֻˡĹˡ̳Ĺ, court martial ַˡġ, fee simple ñڸ, heir apparent ˡ³͡, letters patent ֳļ, malice aforethought ͽŤȰա

ѸˡΧٶΤϤΤѤ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992. 591.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-28 Sun

#335. ܸäλع¤ [lexicology][japanese][kanji][loan_word][lexical_stratification]

ε[2010-03-27-1]ǡ˭٤˴ؤƤϱѸ¾٤ƤȽҤ٤äȰʤȤˡѸܸϤǤ褯ƤΤǤ롥ѸǤϡ󥰥ˡե󥹸졤ƥ󡦥ꥷλع¤ʤƤ뤬ܸǤϡ¸ˡ졤θλع¤ʤƤ롥ܸʻפĤˤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦

¸θ
ʤФ糤
͡ʤޥ͡
褮ʱˤߥ
ʤΤʽλҡ
ߤΤȱӡȱإ
Ρؽȥ
ɥåȥ
ޡʼ֡Ѽ
ƮХȥ
ޤå
ҤȤġʰġ
Ҥᤷӡ
ɡʽɡιۥƥ


ѸβؤƱ͡¸ϤäȤ̱ŪǤ롥ȤꡤľܤäϤ롥ְ졤󡤻פȿ⡤֤ҤȤġդġߤäġפΤۤȤͥγؤθääѽФ뤬ؽʸˤϤޤ긽ʤθäǤ롥
ؽʸʤɤɽʸʥեɤȤΤؤδǤ롥䡤ؽʸۤɤʤƤܸΤʸϤˤƴ줬ʤѤؤǤ롥ܵΤޤǤʸϤǤ⡤ɽθ34δ줬Τ50ѤƤ롥äǤ٤㤯ʤѸؤôե󥹸쵯θäȵǽ褯Ƥ롥
ؤθϡ˱ѸͳΤΤ¿Ѹξؤôƥ󡦥ꥷͳθä register Υ٥뤬ʸ̤˾ؤǤΤФơܸξؤθɬ⤪⤤ϤʤषʸϷڤȸ뤳Ȥ餢롥ǡؤ˴ؤƤϱѸܸϰۤʤäƤ褦Ǥ롥ĹʳؤʬǤϡѸѸФܸΤɤĤΤޤޱѸѤ뤳Ȥ⹭ԤƤ롥ξ硤θζӤӤ뤿ᡤؤȸƤ֤ˤդ路Ȥ롥
ܸǤϡƳؤбʸ郎褽ޤäƤΤħǤ롥¸ϤҤ餬ʡ뤤ϴʸ򤸤ǡϴǡθϥʡʤ뤤ϺǶϥե٥åȤΤޤޤΥ⤢ˤǤȤ褦ˡŪˤΤ˶̤롥
ѸܸdzƳؤεǽ˼㴳κ뤳Ȥǧˤ衤ȤˤΤʸäλع¤äƤȤȤϡʤǤ롥䡤⤷ȶʾΤΤΤ⤷ʤŪΦαƶ¿ƤΤϡǤ뤫餳ħȤ뤫⤷ʤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-27 Sat

#334. Ѹäλع¤ [lexicology][french][latin][register][thesaurus][loan_word][lexical_stratification]

ǰɽΤİʾθ줬¸ߤȤϤɤθǤʤΤˡʡƱפȤΤ¸ߤ뤳ȤơפȤȤǤС¿θ¸ߤ롥ȤϤΤΡѸ˭٤ϡ¿θ٤Ƥä٤ۤɤǤ롥ΤȤ켭ŵ ( thesaurus ) 򳫤ƤߤСǤ롥
Ѹˤδ˭٤СϱѸ줬¿θܿƤ¤˵롥ۤʤä줫б򾯤İۤʤä˥奢󥹤Ǽ졤äΤʤѤƤäˡ̤ȤƱѸ ( thesaurus ) ȤʤäΤǤ롥
츻̤ˤդ뤤ʬƤߤȡˡءפ뤳Ȥ狼롥㤨СŵŪΥѥȤơֻع¤פȤǤƤ֤٤Τ롥ؤ졤ؤե󥹸졤ؤƥ󡦥ꥷȤѥǤ롥

nativeFrenchLatin/Greek
askquestioninterrogate
bookvolumetext
fairbeautifulattractive
fastfirmsecure
foeenemyadversary
helpaidassistance
kinglyroyalregal
risemountascend


ؤʸ̤֥٥뤬㤤פƱˡȤߤȲפ롥ΥޥϤθäǤ뤫顤ζβΤ褦ʤΤΤԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ
ؤ¿ʤȤ⸢Ҥȶܤ򴶤뤬̱Ϥʤۤɥ٥뤬⤤ΤǤϤʤŪˤ󥰥ɤθѸ줬ե󥹸äȤб뤬Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ե󥹸äΤʤˤ̤ʸҤ򴶤ʬ˽̱ȤäƤ褤¿ ( ex. face, finish, marriage, people, story, use )
ؤˤϡȽθ졤ʤҤθ褦ʸ줿ƥʤ뤤ϥꥷˤƤ롥ζȤƤϸʤǶ꤬¿Τ̤Ǥ롥
Τ褦ˡäλع¤Ū˰ޤƤѸǤϡش֤λȤʬˤʤ롥ä̯ʰ̣κŬڤ Ѱ ( register ) θˤ᤬οǤ롥㤨äǤϲؤؤθäդ路ؽʸǤؤؤθäȤʤɬפ롥ڤ˿ҤͤΤ "May I interrogate you?" ̯
Τ褦ʸäγؤˤĤƤϡɽ󤷤Ƥ붶αѸˤ5ϤȤǤ롥

رѸ١ؽDz2005ǯ.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-26 Fri

#333. 󥰥Ĥ thou [personal_pronoun][dialect]

;ñ̾ thou ˤĤƤϡΥ֥Ǥⲿ٤˼ꤢ([2010-02-12-1], [2009-10-29-1], [2009-10-11-1])ɸѸǤʤɤθ¤줿 register ĤäƤˤʤϰѼθȡ󥰥ʤɤӤƤ뤳Ȥǧ롥̾֤ <tha>ȯ /ðə/ ǡͽ̤ѸοƶᴶΤ줿;ñ̾ȤѤƤȤ
ϡ衼㡼ȯɽǤ (Svartvik and Leech 55)

Don't thou thou me, thou thou them as thous thee.


thou ϡ;οƾ̾ȤƤˡΤۤ;οƾ̾ thou ǸƤӤפȤưˡꡤǤ "Please don't use thou in addressing me; use thou to address people who use thou in addressing you." ۤɤΰ̣ˤʤ롥

Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-25 Thu

#332. ưʪȤɽñפο [french][lexicology][loan_word][language_myth][lexical_stratification][animal]

ε[2010-03-24-1]˴ϢꡥѸˤɬȤäƤ褤ۤɼꤢưʪϱѸ졤ϥե󥹸פȤʬϡѤƤäǤȤĥ롥OED Խ紴̳᤿ Burchfield ˤȡ"[an] enduring myth about French loanwords of the medieval period" ȤĹѤ (18)

The culinary revolution, and the importation of French vocabulary into English society, scarcely preceded the eighteenth century, and consolidated itself in the nineteenth. The words veal, beef, venison, pork, and mutton, all of French origin, entered the English language in the early Middle Ages, and would all have been known to Chaucer. But they meant not only the flesh of a calf, of an ox, of a deer, etc., but also the animals themselves. . . . The restriction of these French words to the sense 'flesh of an animal eaten as food' did not become general before the eighteenth century.


beef OED MED dzǧƤߤȡΤưʪΤΤθǧ롥ʣʸįƤߤȡưʪΤȴϢڤƤ륱¿褦Ǥ롥㤨СθǤνȤξȤ14ȾμʸǤƤ롥

Hit mot boþe drink and ete .. Beues flesch and drinke þe broþt.


Ǥ⡤Burchfield μĥ褦ˡưʪϱѸ졤ϥե󥹸פȤʬŪˤʤäΤ18ˤʤäƤȤȤȤʤСϤʤ18ˤطθ줬ե󥹸줫̤äƤȤ¤⤢ꡤ줬طƤ뤫⤷ʤ
ưʪλȤʬλϤޤ꤬ǤǤ졤ѸüԤΰռˡֹ⤭ϥե󥹸졤㤭ϱѸפȤݤŪ夷ƤȤϳΤ

Burchfield, Robert, ed. The New Fowler's Modern English Usage. 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-24 Wed

#331. ưʪȤɽñ [french][lexicology][loan_word][etymology][popular_passage][lexical_stratification][animal]

Ѹ濴Ȥե󥹸äμѤȤˡϳʤѤΤưʪƤΤϥꥹΰ̱̽Ǥ뤿ᡤưʪɽϥ󥰥ϤθѤ롥ǡ줿ܤˤΤϡ̾ήΥե󥹵²Ǥ뤿ᡤɽϥե󥹷ϤθѤ롥˴ؤƤϡSir Walter Scott ξ Ivanhoe (38) μΰ᤬ͭ̾Ǥ롥

. . . when the brute lives, and is in the charge of a Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name; but becomes a Norman, and is called pork, when she is carried to the Castle-hall to feast among the nobles . . . .


Ū򼨤ȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥

Animal in EnglishMeat in EnglishFrench
calfvealveau
deervenisonvenaison
fowlpoultrypoulet
sheepmuttonmouton
swine ( pig )pork, baconporc, bacon
ox, cowbeefboeuf


ڡˡפˤĤդäȡűѸǤϡڡפɽ swīn äpig ѸǽƸ줿츻ԾܤθǤ롥ޤԤ̾ΤȤƹȤ褦ˤʤäΤ19ʹߤǤ롥bacon αҤˤϸʩ줫Ƥ뤬켫Ȥޥ줫μѤǤꡤѸ back ʤɤƱǤ롥

Scott, Sir Walter. Ivanhoe. Copyright ed. Leipzig: Tauchnitz, 1845.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-23 Tue

#330. Cobuild Concordance and Collocations Sampler [corpus][bnc][cobuild][collocation]

ܥ֥Ǥϡ饤ѤǤ븽ѸΥѥȤơؤ˻Ȥ BNC ( The British National Corpus )ܳŪ˻Ȥ BNCWeb̵ϿˤҲ𤷤ƤBNC Ϥ̾ǡꥹѸΥѥǡۤ1975ǯʹߤαѸ줬1줪Ƥ롥Τ9Ͻ񤭸ա1äդȤǤ롥ߥ饤ѤǤεϤαѸ쥳ѥǤ롥
ϤǤСä礭ʱѸ쥳ѥ¸ߤ롥˳³˥ѥ The Bank of English ǤꡤεϤ55000ˤޤã롥BNC ȰۤʤꡤꥹѸǤʤꥫѸޤ᤿¾Ѽ⥫СƤ롥
Τΰ5600줬 Cobuild Concordance and Collocations Sampler Ȥƥ饤̵ǸƤ롥󥳡󥹡饤40ԤޤǡΥ󥭥󥰤100̤ޤǤϤʤ֥ǥǡפǤϤ뤬˴ñʥ꤬ǤʤɡڤŪǤнʬ˻Ȥͤͭ Collins WordbanksOnline ⤢ˡ
ΥȤƤϡT-score MI ( Mutual Information ) ٤롥[2010-03-04-1]Ǥ⿨줿줾Υħñ˽Ҥ٤롥

MI (mutual information): 2줬Ị̇Ū˾Ƥ뷹롥Ѷ硤Ȥ虜ʣ졤Ѹʤäθ󤷤˹⤤ͤͿ롥ѥΥ˰¸ʤ3ʾͤä collocate ƤȤߤʤȤ롥᡼ȤƤϡϢۥŪʸȸδط餫ˤʤȹͤȤ褤 ( = lexical collocation )ٸ줬Ĵ뷹ꡤäǤ⤷̤ˤʤ뤳Ȥ롥

T-score: collocation ٤ΤΤλɸȤ⡤ߤ˴Ϣȸڤο٤λɸѥΥƤƤ롥̾ϡ2ʾͤǤ collocation ŪͭդȤߤʤ롥2ζ٤˾Ƥ뤿ᡤɤˤֻ졤Ѳ졤;̾졤ʤɤʸˡ¤θΤۤȤŤƤޤäȡޤʸʤɤ줬̤˥󥯥󤹤롥᡼ȤƤϡʸ䵡ǽϢ餫ˤʤȹͤȤ褤 ( = grammatical collocation )

󥳡󥹤䥳νϤϡѸθؽΤǤʤѤȯۥġ롤ϢۥġȤƤȤ롥㤨Сoctopus Υ MI ͤФƤߤȡ̤ squid, dried, october ʤɤ롥̣襤

ˡܲ עؼѥء١͸ˡ1998ǯ113--15ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2011-03-03-1] [2011-02-24-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-22 Mon

#329. αȺ [indo-european][etymology]

ʸϤۤȤɤ̤ͥǤ롥κˤϡͼʸۤƥҥȤ9䤬ǤȤ¤롥ʸα̤ͥ㳰ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨С奤ǤϺȹͤƤ䤽αƶܤǤ⡤ˤäƤŪ˺줿Ȥ⤢äȤޤʸ˸¤ȡͥδǰϺϡ줹뤳δǰ츻õäƤߤ
Ѹ right ϰ캬 *reg- ̤롥ϡ֤ޤäˤפǡƱ캬ϥƥͳ褹 regular, reign, rule ʤɤѸäƤ롥θ͡˰̣ȯŸֵססָססʡסֱΡפʤɤعäright Ρֱפΰ̣ϸűѸ鸽Ϥᡤˤ swīþra ѤƤϡswīþ "strong" ӵηǤꡤ"the stronger side" ۤɤΰ̣Ǥ롥Τ褦ˡֱפˤϤޤäǡȤۤ롥
left ϡθ츻⤬뤬ϥޥ˳ǧ lucht "weak, useless" ƱȤ롥űѸ lyftādl "paralysis" ˤߤ褦ˡµȤϢŤƤ롥ֺפˤϼ夤Ȥۤ롥
ե󥹸˻ܤȡdroit ֱפˤϡˡΧפΰ̣롥gauche ֺפϤΤޤޱѸ˼ѤơԴѤʡפΰ̣ɽƥ줫 dexter ֱΡפ dextrous ִѤʡפȤƱѸ˼ѤƤ뤷sinister ֺΡפ sinister ԵȤʡפȤƤϤѸ˼ѤƤ롥
Ѹäñ濴ˤưΤҲ𤷤κ̤餫

ɡ饤ȡؿκ?Ѥ?١åꥨƥ֡2009ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-21 Sun

#328. ݤ⤿餷ʤ⤷ʤ will / shall θ [history][irish_english][ireland][auxiliary_verb]

ε[2010-03-20-1]ǡɤΥ㥬絲 ( Great Irish [Potato] Famine ) Ȥ̤ΥɿͤꥫذܽɱѸθˡ򥢥ꥫѸؤ⤿餷⤷ʤȤ˿줿㤨Сshall will ѤȤ AmE ħϡɱѸθˡͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȤ
ä򤪤⤷뤿ˤˤΰ̴ط򤳤ĤƤߤȡɤμ翩른㥬򽱤ä絲⤿餷¤θPhytophthora infestans ȤݤƸ I will ʤɽ夵Ȥ⤤롥򤫤ߤ̾ζݤϡʤȤƤ鱿ФƤΤä̤ȤƤߤСꥫϥɤ˶ݤФ̤Υɰ̱ȡʤ餯˥ɱѸˡޤ줿Ȥˤʤ롥[2009-08-24-1]ΡֱѸˤΤϥޥͥߤǤŪʶǤϤ뤬biohistory of English (?) ʤ餹ȥȡ꡼ȤƤ⤷ΤǤϤʤ
ȤǡBrE Ǥ will shall ϼο;ΤˤäƻȤʬΤʸˡηǤ롥ȤȸѤΥåƥŽǽ롥[2010-02-22-1]Ǥߤ BBC ˤѥ󥭥󥰤ǤϡλȤʬƲ7̤Ǥ롥⤷θѤꥫˡ˸岡ƤȤʬΤǤСŪƶ Irish -> American -> British ȲäƤȤˤҡȥåפȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ʲˡ絲ˤĤƴñ19衼åѤ˵äε񼡥ä˥㥬¸Ψι⤫äɤǤϡ1845--49ǯΥ㥬¤ˤ綧ˤꡤ̤ο̱ﳲä1844ǯˤ840ͤ͸絲ľ1851ǯˤ660ͤˤޤǸäƤषΤ¿äƤѹذ̱Τ¿ä̱ϵδ֤Τߤ150͡ʹߤ³ޤϡ1841--51ǯϰ̤ο͸Ψ򼨤ϤꥢﳲäȤ褯狼롥

Population Changes from 1841 to 1851 in consequence of Great Potato Famine

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-20 Sat

#327. Irish English American English Ϳƶ [ame][irish_english][ireland][contact][history]

19ȾС絲 ( 1845--48 ) ƥɿͤΥꥫؤܽ ( The Great Irish Immigration ) äη̡ĤΥɱѸθˡꥫѸ˻ޤ졤˥ꥫˡȤ夷ȤϲͭԡرѸˡ٤ˤС㤨СΤ褦ʹܤ󤲤Ƥ롥

shall ˡ will ˤۤȤɼä줿᤯1855ǯˤǤ˳Ω
the measles ʤɤΤ褦괧ѤˡʥɱѸδؤˤ륲αƶ
Ƭˤʻѡ anti-, semi-, -ster, -eer ʤɤܼˤ¤ AmE ˸ΥǤϥɱѸαƶϤޤDzǽȤΤȡ
ո¿

Τʤäαƶ¤ɤҴŪ΢դΤǧɬפ뤬ФлŦѸαƺΰü Irish English ˵ȤСꥫ̱ˤȤϢƶ̣

ϲ ͭ ԡ ¼ϰ ˡ ϲ ͭĻ ¼ δ ˧ رѸˡ١Ѹإ[1]1986ǯ罤۽Ź159--60ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-19 Fri

#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. [subjunctive][drift][mandative_subjunctive]

ε[2010-03-18-1]ǡmandative subjunctive ꥫѸΤߤʤ餺ꥹѸǤƤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿Ѹˤ礭ή줫餹ȡޤμϸؿܤ³ƤͽۤȤmandative subjunctive 礷ƤΤȡ礭ήΤʤξʵή򸫤Ƥ뤫Τ褦Ǥ롥100ǯʾBradley ϱѸˤήռơΤ褦ͽ¬ΩƤƤ

The only formal trace of the old subjunctive still remaining, except the use of be and were, is the omission of the final s in the third person singular of verbs. And even this is rapidly dropping out of use, its only remaining function being to emphasize the uncertainty of a supposition. Perhaps in another generation the subjunctive forms will have ceased to exsit except in the single instance of were, which serves as a useful function, although we manage to dispense with a corresponding form in other verbs.


100ǯθߡBradly ͽ¬ߤȤ˳줿Ȥ狼롥ǤϤʤФ drift ȸƤФѸζ޿ηФơչԤ뤫Τ褦ʸѲäƤΤϺθǤ뤬ƺǤȤƤѤؤαƶǤȤʳˤ⡤ͤ٤ѥ᡼¿Ǥ롥¹ʸɤפĤ¤Ǥ⡤ʲΥѥ᡼ͿƤǽ롥

that 򽾤ưθä insist, suggest ʤɤ factive ʸ suasive ʸ̤٤
that ư줬be ư줫ư줫ʰ̤ be ư٤⤤Ȥ
ʸʸɤ
ʸʸɤ
that be not ꤵƤΡξԤŪط
üԤǯ
Ѥ formality
that μưˤ volition
that 򽾤ư줫̾ȤȤ˻Ȥ mandative subjunctive

Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. 95. New York: Macmillan, 1904.
¹ָ奤ꥹѸ˱ Mandative Subjunctive ˡסʸסѸʸء쳰ʸء18桤1987ǯ123--36ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-18 Thu

#325. mandative subjunctive should [ame_bre][subjunctive][mandative_subjunctive]

ѸˤơưƻȴϢŤ줿 that ư줬³ˡ ( subjunctive mood ) ζ޷֤ȤȤʸˡ롥عʸˡǰ̤ˡ ( subjunctive present ) ȸƤФƤ븽ݤǤ롥äˡΤ褦 that ˸륱 mandative subjunctive ȸƤ֡
ˤĤƤ[2009-08-17-1]Ƿڤ줿ޤλ٤αƺˤĤƤ[2010-03-08-1], [2010-03-05-1]ǿ줿ĤޤǤСAmE ǤϤޤʤ³ˡŪBrE Ǥ should Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿AmE αƶ BrE Ǥ³ˡλѤƤƤ롥
عʸˡǤϡAmE mandative subjunctive BrE should ξάǤ뤳Ȥ롥

AmE: I advised that John read more books.
BrE: I advised that John should read more books.


ŪˤϾάǤȤ뵭ҤǽʤΤ⤷ʤŪˤϤεҤŬǤ롥Ūˤϡ AmE subjunctive ΤۤŤűѸ Shakespeare λǤ⡤mandative subjunctive ϹȤƤ Shakespeare ˡΤޤޥꥫϤꡤAmE ǤϸߤޤѤ餺˼ѤƤΤǤ롥BrE Ǥ Shakespeare λ mandative subjunctive ˡѤ졤ưȺƲᤵ줿ǡľˡư should 줿ΤǤ롥
äơŪˤߤСAmE mandative subjunctive λѤ should ξάʤɤǤϤޤäʤषȿФǡBrE should դʤΤǤ롥[2010-03-08-1]Ǥ⿨줿 AmE ݼŪ BrE ׿ŪǤȤ츫ȰճΰĤǤ롥
ŪаޤƧޤȡ BrE Ǥ mandative subjunctive 褷ĤĤȤ⤷Ƥ

إե󥿥Ѹˡ١ҤĤ˼1996ǯ60--65ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-17 Wed

#324. IJˡDZѸѤǧ줿ǯ [history][reestablishment_of_english][me]

[2009-09-05-1]εʤɤǡѸαѸˤƤε˷ǤǯɽǤϡ1362ǯ˵IJγ񤬱Ѹ졤1363ǯˡǤλѸ줬ѸȵȤԤˡǤαѸѤ1363ǯǤϤʤIJǤαѸѤƱǯ1362ǯȷӤĤƤ뵭Ҥ̤ǸĤդλ򤭤򤷤ƤʤäΤǡΤʤȤĴľƤߤ
򤤤С1362ǯν˳줿IJǡ³ˡ ( Statute of Pleading ) ꤵ졤ܹԤǯ1äȤȤǤ롥ѸˤѸŪյȤƤϡǯȤоħŪܹǯȤм¼ŪȤȤˤʤˤ衤IJγ񤬽ƱѸǹԤ줿ǯȽŤʤ뤳Ȥ⡤1362ǯѸθŪħǯȤߤʤƤ褤αѸޤǤˡNorman Conquest ¤296ǯκзήƤ
ơLondon Middlesex νȽˤƤϡѸˤʾټ³ϰ­1356ǯ˻ϤޤäƤŪˡΧȤƤϾ嵭̤1362ǯꤵ줿ϡ³ϥե󥹸ǹԤƤΤǤ롥ޤƱˡꡦܹԸ⡤ϿΤϤޤƥǹԤƤȤõ٤Ǥ롥ĤޤꡤΩڡ۸ۡʤɡƬʾټ³Ѹڤؤä줬ʸ񲽤ʤˤϱѸϰ̤ϤޤäѸ줬ˡΧν񤭸դȤƤǧ줿Τϡ줫126ǯ1488ǯΤȤǤ1489ǯ1ȤҤ⤢ꡤꡦܹԤκˡ140ǯ塤1628ǯˤ褦䤯Ѹǽ񤫤줿ǽˡŵԻ졤ˤ103ǯ塤1731ǯˡΧʸ񤬥ƥǤϤʤѸǽ񤫤뤳Ȥ̳Ť줿ˡΧʬǤαѸ첽®٤١ȤΤǤäΤ褦դˤСʬǤΥե󥹸ƥαƶϤ褤礭ΤǤä狼롥

߷ ˧ͺ 顡ԡرѸǯɽ?ѸˡѸػˡʸػˡ̻?١ҡ1993ǯ
졡رѸˡ١罤ۡ1983ǯ174--75ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-16 Tue

#323. ѸˤΥȥ2009ǯǡˤβ [flash][quiz][hel_education]

[2010-03-15-1]Υβϡ Flash Υ饤Ǥɤʥե뤬500KBȤŤΤǡܵˤŽĤʤäľܡPDFΥ饤ɤȤȤɤ
饤ɤǤϡμΥڡʤ­ˤˤʤäƤ롥Ҥ٤̤ꡤΤϹӤäݤͤǯΤΤǤꥢåץǡȤƤʤΤǡޤǻͤޤǤˡѤͻϤĤ뤬Graddol 򻲾Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿ä

Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm

Referrer (Inside): [2010-04-13-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-15 Mon

#322. ѸˤΥȥ2009ǯǡ [flash][quiz][hel_education]

ǯٻϤᡤѸˤνμȤǰʲΤ褦ʥƤ25ˡʤӤäݤǤϤ뤬ɾʤΤǡ1ǯۤ˻Ѥ2009ǯǤΥʲ˷Ǻܤ̥⡼ɤǤɤˡľܡPDFΥ饤ɤȤȤɤϡεǡ



[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-14 Sun

#321. controversy over controversy [pronunciation][rp][stress]

controversy פȤˤϡƤɸȤѼȤäƤ⤤Ĥȯꤦ롥LPD ( Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ) εҤˤȡʲȯ롥

(BrE) /ˈkɒntəvɜːsi/ or /ˈkɒntəvəsi/: RP ( Received Pronunciation ) ͥȤȯ
(BrE) /kənˈtrɒvəsi/: RP ʳǹȤƤȯؤǤ12Ȥ򤪤ȯ /ˌkɒnˈtrɒvəsi/ ⤭롥
(AmE) /ˈkɑːntrəvɜːsi/: ƸǤͣȯ

AmE ǤϤʤBrE ǤϥȤ1ˤΤ2ˤΤȤ variation 롥LPD ηĴˤȡBrE Ǥɤٹ礤ϰʲ̤Ǥ롥

Controversy over Controversy

ꥹι̱Ūʴ弭Ȥ COD ( The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. 11th rev. ed. ) 򻲾ȤƤߤȡɸѼǤ /kənˈtrɒvəsi/ ϸǤȵƤ뤬ºݤΤȤषΤۤ褯ȤƤȤȤˤʤ롥Ф餯֤ФȯͥˤʤäƤ椱СѼ֤κΤˤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ΤȤϡBrE Ǥ controversy ȯ˴ؤ controversy Ϸ³Ǥ롥
ˤĤƤ⤷ΤϡꥹǡŪ /ˈkɒntəvɜ:si/ Ȱۤʤ /kənˈtrɒvəsi/ ȤѼ郎褦ˤʤäȤԤϥꥫѸ줫֤줿ȯǤȤǧ BrE üԤ¸ߤȤǤ ( Algeo 177 )BrE üԤˤ AmE Ѹλ뤹Ȥ롥ǯ AmE ŪʱƶϤΤȤˤϼޤäƤƤȤϤΤΡˤ¸³Ƥȹͤ롥Ǹ褦AmE ǤϡBrE Ūȯб롤1˶Τȯ¸ߤʤΤǤꡤǧˤϻ¤΢դʤиľˤʤä櫓Ǥ롥[2010-03-08-1]ǿ줿褦ˡBrE ݼŪͳAmE ϳ׿ŪˤƷΤͤȤäƤڵǤ⤢롥ºݤˤϡθȯ˴ؤ¤ꡤBrE 2˶򤪤׿Ūȯ߽ФΤǤä
Ȥΰ֤˴ϢȤƤϡ̾ư ( diatones ) ׻ ([2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1])

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Soanes, Catherine and Angus Stevenson, eds. Concise Oxford English Dictionary. 11th rev. ed. Oxford: OUP, 2008.
Algeo, John. "America is Ruining the English Language." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 176--82.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-13 Sat

#320. The Untrue-Born English Language [contact][elf]

Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) νǤꤺä1701ǯ The True-Born Englishman Ȥɻ񤤤Ƥ롥ꥹ James II Ѥơ̾̿ˡäƤ William of Orange William III ȤơMary II ȤζƱȤDz̤ˤĤƤѥեåȺȤ William III λٻɤǤä Defoe ϡͤ椬򼣤ƤȤȤ͡йŪǡܽ˽ФפˡΥ󥰥ɿͤʤɤȤΤϤꤨʤˤ򸫤ʬȤꥤ󥰥ɿͤϻʤΤ顤ͤβۤäƼ衤ȤåǤ롥֤褦졤ߤǤͼҺѻߤδ餽ƤϿƤʤɾƤ롥
󥰥ɿͤǤ뤳ȤȱѸ줬Ǥ뤳ȤϡԤ礷Ƥ롥ĤƤܽʤɤˤ¿̱²Ȥܿη̤Ȥơ󥰥ɤѤˤʤꡤѸ줬Ѥˤʤä (see [2009-06-04-1])󥰥ɤ¿̱²Ѹλˤϡ Defoe θդ򤷤Ƹ餷Τ֤褵Ĺ 1703ǯǤ˴Ť饤 Luminarium Edition Ѥ롥

  The Romans first with Julius Cæsar came,
Including all the nations of that name,
Gauls, Greeks, and Lombards, and, by computation,
Auxiliaries or slaves of every nation.
With Hengist, Saxons; Danes with Sueno came,
In search of plunder, not in search of fame.
Scots, Picts, and Irish from the Hibernian shore,
And conquering William brought the Normans o'er.
  All these their barbarous offspring left behind,
The dregs of armies, they of all mankind;
Blended with Britons, who before were here,
Of whom the Welsh ha' blessed the character.
  From this amphibious ill-born mob began
That vain ill-natured thing, an Englishman.
The customs, surnames, languages, and manners
Of all these nations are their own explainers:
Whose relics are so lasting and so strong,
They ha' left a shibboleth upon our tongue,
By which with easy search you may distinguish
Your Roman-Saxon-Danish-Norman English.


Ѹϡ"this amphibious ill-born language" ȤȤˤʤ뤤ϡ"The Untrue-Born English Language" ȸƤǤ褤
塤üԤζϤʰϤˤѸ줬ƤƤ椯ǽ뤬 ( see [2009-10-07-1] )˸Ƥ뻨ŪʱѸФüԡʤʸˡŤ󤸤αѸ춵աˤϤɤΤ褦ȿ򼨤Ƥ椯Ȥˤʤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-12 Fri

#319. ѸüԿ͸ζɤեǥ [elf][model_of_englishes][statistics][demography]

ʹߡä1920ˤƱѸüԿ͸ȯŪƤȤϡܥ֥Ǥ⤿Ӥ˼ꤢƤ롥㤨СѸüԿ͸͡ʬλ[2009-10-17-1], [2009-11-30-1], [2009-12-05-1], [2010-01-24-1]ǰäѸüԤʬϤȤ⤫ȤüԿ͸ΤΤƤ˾򤢤ƤȤ褯礤˽ФΤޥå롼ǥǤ롥ǶǤϡSvartvik and Leech (8) ǤǺܤ줿ǥǤ롥
Ҷ˿ޤ򸫤Ʋ˸뤫ȿҤͤ顤ޥå롼ǤϤʤ祦դȤΤǡǤ̾ΤֶɤեǥפȸƤǤΰ̣ȤϿޤ򸫤а

Ginkgo of English

οͤ ENS, ESL, EFL ޤ᤿2δ֤40ܤƤΤäοޤ򸫤ƻפȤ3ΤǡȤƤ

(1) üԿ͸ɽζɤեǥ¦̿ޤȤȤ館ơΩŪ˿夫ΤȡüԿ͸ʬɽƱߥǥ([2009-11-30-1])˶᤯ʤΤǤϤʤƩα߿Ȥä򲼤ˤơ夫ΤǤ롥üԿ͸äˤäȤ׸ƤΤϡOuter Circle ڤ Expanding Circle ˽°͡Ǥ롥

(2) ɤդξüˤھ̮ΰĤҤȤĤѸѼ ( variety ) ȸ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤü˶ᤤۤɶڤϸߤΥƤºݤˤդäΤޤƤڤʤΤǡĤʤäƤ롥αѸѼ֤ƯϤȵῴϤפ롥

(3) ȰʹߤȤDZѸˤʬȤ᡼ǯѸ˸Ǥϡä˶Ѹʹߤ˴ؤ븦ˤơüԤȸȤδطռҲؤʥץ赤ŤƤ롥ޤѼ֤̯ʰ㤤αդ븦ƤƤ롥üԤʬѼߤ˶ᤤ˸츽ݤظˤҲŪʾˤ⥢Ǥ롤ȤȤͿƤȻפ롥
ФơѸθϡΤ˼ҲŪʻΥץƤƤȤϤǤˤϸ¤꤬롥ѼϰѼˤθŪʹȤХ󥰥ɡʤȤμաˤ˸¤졤ʹߤŸʣޤѼʬۤȤϵϤۤʤ롥
Ѹˤ򤳤Τ褦ʬͤɬ⤤ȤϻפäƤʤѼεϤ乭ꤳ礭ۤʤ뤬ѼΤˤĤƤ϶⤽ۤѤʤΤǤϤʤ

䤳ȡοޤƤߤ

Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-11 Thu

#318. ϲäѸʤäܸ [japanese][me][sociolinguistics][reestablishment_of_english]

[2009-09-05-1]εǡѸˤĤƽҤ٤1066ǯΥΥޥͤ ( Norman Conquest ) ʹߡ1362ǯդˤޤǡ󥰥ɤǤϸξDZѸ줬Ѥ뤳ȤϤۤܤʤäΤ˽ѸȸƤФ뤳λˤѸǽ񤫤줿ʸ¸ߤ뤬ޤŪʸǤ롥ʸŪˤ⤢ޤƤʤɾ뤳Ȥ¿Ѹե󥹸ΤӤΤȤǡ̱θǤѸϤޤϲäƤΤǤ롥
ơܸˤߤƤߤȡʿ½˰츫ȱѸȻ̤ä𤬤äܸǽ񤫤줿ʸؤϡս٤κ줿ȹͤ760ǯ顤ļΡظź٤κ줿905ǯޤǤΤ˶򤬤롥λϴʸλǡ²ο١طй񽸡١ʸڽク٤ʤɤδʸνͿ򼨤νκǤΤǤܽ񵪡١ܸ嵭١³ܸ嵭١ʸϿ١ػϿ٤ʤɤιˤ⡤٤ƴʸǽ񤫤Ƥ񤭸դǤߤ¤ꡤΤ˾ü줿Τ褦褷ƤΤǤ롥θ줬ν񤭸դȤƤۤȤɸƤʤǡ夳ۤʤ졤ѸܸξϻƤ褦˸롥
礭ۤʤ롥ܤǤϡ̣ǤäȤŪʰ̣礤ӤӤʸϤʸǤϤʤʶʤܸʸȤƵƤΤǤ롥ŷĤν˻ʤΤȡˤǤ롥˻ŷĤˤäƸƬɤ߾夲¸դǤ롥鵮²äƴʸ񤳤ܤθĺŷĤθȯ줿դܸ줽ΤΤǤä˻ʸϤ̿ΤȤǽ񤫤ƤꡤǤϴ濴Ǥ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ졦ưबղ̾Ǽ졤ܸ줽ΤΤǤ롥ʸǤϤ뤬ʶʤܸʸϤǤ롥ܤǤϡŷĤϤᵮ²äդܸäȤϵ򤤤ʤФơΥꥹǤϡ²ŪäդϱѸǤϤʤե󥹸ä
ξǡҲŪϰ̤ι⤤ܤǤϴ졤ꥹǤϥե󥹸ˤظ졤㤤ܤǤܸ졤ꥹǤϥե󥹸ˤظȸƤ֤ȤˤȡξϰʲɽΤ褦ˤޤȤ롥

 
̱ä
ν񤭸
²ä


ܤȥꥹξ츫̤Ƥ褦˸ΤϾʤΤ椨Ǥ롥DzʤΡֲ²äաפǤоȤʤΰ㤤ǤСΥꥹθϲīη̤ȤΤܤθˤΤǤϤʤޤ񤫤οʸŪʱƶˤΤäȤȤܸϡѸƱ̣ǡϲäפ櫓ǤϤʤ

졡إ󥰥ܿ͡١ĬҡҿĬӡ1987ǯ72--75ǡ
ܸˡ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2006ǯ. 54, 71--72ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-10 Wed

#317. Ǽʬޥ˥󥰡ʥԡ [text_tool][flob][corpus][keyword]

ε[2010-03-09-1]˰³ The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English Ǽʬޥ˥󥰡WordSmith ˤ KeyWords еǽ롥ññꥹȤٽ¤٤ΥꥹȤǤ⤪褽ΥƥȤμɤ߼뤳Ȥϲǽ̤˵ǽʤɤλ̤ߡᤷˤФơɥꥹȤǤоݥƥȤμ褯ɽ¼Ūʥɤ̤Τǡᤷ䤹
ͤȤƤϰʲ̤Ǥ롥ʥѥʤɤ򻲾ȥƥȤȤƻѤñ줴Ȥ˰Ū٤ƳФˡоݥƥdzñˤĤ٤ФоݥƥǤ٤ȥƥǤ٤礭ˤϡоݥƥȤͭΥɤȤߤʤ롥Τ褦ʥɤưŪõФƤΤWordSmith KeyWords еǽǤ롥ϥꥹѸǽ񤤤Ƥ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤȥƥȤȤƤ FLOB ( Freiburg-LOB corpus ) Ѥʲ50ΥɤǤ롥

plural, english, s, n, old, nouns, norse, dialect, midland, middle, plurals, dialects, texts, language, forms, text, ending, diffusion, v, south, west, nominative, early, stem, the, spread, linguistic, singular, endings, inflectional, contact, accusative, o, system, weak, in, development, sec, change, fem, dative, morphological, languages, saxon, item, formation, period, transfer, germanic, strong


ФƤޤ plural ʣθʤΤǤǤʤкȤΥꥹȤⵡǽλ褯ϤƤ롥
WordSmith ˤϳƥɤΥեǤνиսŪ˥ץåȤ뵡ǽ⤢ꡤ嵭50ˤĤưʲΤ褦ʥץåȤ줿

KeyWords Plotted for Self-Mining

ɮܿͤʤΤǡʤۤɤȻפ뤳Ȥ¿Ǿ̸ϥƥˤޤ٤ʤ뷹뤬ǤʬۤФäƤΤ⤢롥7̤ norse Old Norse ˤĤƤ7Ϥ˸ǤޤäƤ뤷18 diffusion Lexical Diffusion Ū˰äƤ5Ϥ˽椷Ƥ롥
ʤȯ⤢äѲƤΤ development change ¿ѤƤ뤬ɮˤϤۤɰռξȤʬƤ櫓ǤϤʤäǤФޤ٤ʤʬۤƤʤΤºݤˤ change 5դкߤƤ롥ȤȤϡ̵ռΤ˻ȤʬƤȤȤʤΤ̵ռʤȤǤ⤤٤ΤȯǤƤ⤷
ʸϤ򤳤Τ褦ʬϤ뤳ȤǡŪʸ̤ͤ줽Ǥ롥פĤ򵭤

ʸΤפİ뤳ȤǺʸϲ˳褫ïʸΤ˶ŤܥϤʤѥ饰չλؿˤʤɡ
ʬβʸϤӤʸΤηǯѲѻ
ʸʤɤ񤭽ǥȥ䤬ʣˡɤ򻲹ͤˤƷꤹ
ʬβʸʤɤҤäʬоݤȤֻθơޤϡʥɡˤǤפȸڤ褦ˤʤ
βʸʤɤҤäʬоݤȤ֤ʤθơޤϡʥɡˤǤפȸڤ褦ˤʤʢä
ˤ䤫˴ϢĤʸ A B ߤ˻ȥƥȤȤƤ줾ΥɤФA ħ B ħ٤롥¿ȤȤƤΤǡɤˤäƵդ⤭Ħˤʤǽ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-09 Tue

#316. Ǽʬޥ˥󥰡ʸפñꥹԡ [text_tool]

ʬǽ񤤤ʸϤ򤤤ʬϤ뤳Ȥʬޥ˥ȤѨۤʤ The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English αʸˤơʬαѺʸηʤкˤĴ٤ƤߤѤġϡѥѤ˳ȯ줿 WordSmith Version 3 Ǥ롥
ޤȤơ긵ˤ۹Ƥ᤿ LaTeX ե뤫ɽ Bibliography ʤɤ򤽤Ȥʸޤޤ褦ʿƥȤ롥 WordSmith ˤơʸΤ˴ؤͤФƤߤ

Tokens58,535
Types4,805
Type/Token Ratio8.21
Standardised Type/Token37.81
Ave. Word Length4.88
Sentences1,745
Sent.length22.49
sd. Sent. Length12.36
Paragraphs865
Para. length67.67
sd. Para. length48.26
1-letter words3,239
2-letter words9,619
3-letter words10,771
4-letter words7,996
5-letter words5,657
6-letter words4,938
7-letter words5,220
8-letter words3,747
9-letter words2,594
10-letter words2,043
11-letter words1,224
12-letter words857
13-letter words304
14(+)-letter words203


ʸ6 ( tokens ) ʤꡤѤƤñμ ( types ) lemmatise Ƥʤ֤ 5塥ʿŪʰʸĹ22ۤɡ68ۤɡʤ顤ܤȤʤʸδͤʤȡοͤɤȽǤƤ褤Ϥ狼ʤºɤ븦Ԥ乥ʺȤʸΤ٤Ƥߤ
ˡWordList ٽ¤ؤμ꤬ƤϤǤ롥50ʸ줿֤ǰʲ˷Ǻܡ

the, of, in, to, and, a, is, plural, as, english, that, s, for, old, was, n, it, be, from, i, this, are, with, by, on, middle, language, but, or, nouns, not, early, dialect, norse, west, midland, were, forms, text, south, texts, more, have, we, system, than, which, an, may, v


ʬϵǽƸȤƤ plural, english, middle, nouns, early, forms ȽФƤƤ줿ȤȤΤϡȥñ줬̤˽ФƤƤʤȥȥդäȤȤˤʤ꤫ͤʤdevelopment 56̡nominal 189̤ä

Referrer (Inside): [2010-03-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-08 Mon

#315. ꥹѸϥꥫѸ٤ݼŪ [ame_bre]

ѸαƺˤĤƤϡޤǤ⤤ĤεǼ夲Ƥ ( see ame_bre )ƤֿáפˤСꥫѸ ( AmE ) ׿ŪǡꥹѸ ( BrE ) ݼŪȤȤˤʤäƤ롥̱ˤĤƤΥƥ쥪פ˴ŤäȤäƤѸˤǤϤ褯夲뤳ȤǤ뤬ºݤˤϡAmE ˸ŤˡĤäƤꡤBrE ˳׿Ūʸˡ뤳Ȥ⾯ʤʤ⤽ѸˤȾϥꥹǤꡤAmE ˤĤʤѸޤǡѸȤϤޤˤΥꥹǿθѲФƤΤǤ롥Ūˤߤ BrE ŪݼŪǤȤȤϤǤʤ
Ǥʾ塤AmE BrE ⤢̣Ǥϳ׿ŪǤꡤ̣ǤݼŪǤ롥ϡAmE BrE ɸŪѼ郎줾ɤΤ褦ʸŤˡݤ³Ƥ뤫ˤĤɽŪʤΤ󤹤롥ʲŵ Algeo

AmE ΤۤݼŪǤ

(1) more, mother ʤɤ /r/ BrE ǤȯʤѲߤˤäƤ롥
(2) path, calf, class ʤɤ /æ/ BrE Ǥ /ɑ:/ ؤѲߤˤäƤ롥
(3) secretary /ˈsekrəˌteri/ ʤɤǺǸ夫ܤβ2ȤġBrE Ǥϡ̾ /ˈsekrətri/ 첻ü3ˤʤ롥
(4) Chaucer ⰦѤ I guess I think ΰ̣Ѥ롥BrE Ǥ guess ϤäѤָƤפΰա
(5) get βʬȤƤ gotten λѡBrE Ǥ got Τߡʤߤ AmE Ǥ got Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤgotten Ȥϰ̣ۤʤ롥㤨СI've got a cold = I have a cold I've gotten a cold = I've caught a cold ( see also [2010-03-05-1] )
(6) They insisted that he leave. ʤɤˤ벾ˡλѡBrE Ǥ should ѤΤ㡥( see also [2010-03-05-1], [2009-08-17-1] )

BrE ΤۤݼŪǤ

(1) atom Adam ʤ첻֤ /t/ /d/ Τ˶̤롥AmE ǤƲ ( flap ) ξ줬Ʊȯˤʤ롥
(2) callous Alice ʤɤƧޤʤʺǽ᤬ۤʤȯݤäƤˡAmE Ǥϡǽ첻ۣ첻 /ə/ ͻ礹뤿ᡤƧࡥ
(3) father /ˈfɑ:ðə/ fodder /ˈfɒdə/ ʤɤǶ첻ۤʤ롥AmE Ǥ /ɑ:/ ͻ硥
(4) I reckon I think ΰ̣ǻѤ롥AmE Ǥϡreckon ַ̾׻롤Ѥפΰա
(5) fortnight 󽵴֡, corn ֹʪפʤɤλѤỌ̇̄AmE Ǥ̾ԤϻȤ鷺Ԥϡ֥ȥפΰդ˸ꡥ
(6) Have you the time? ʤɰưȤƤ have ưΤ褦֤ʸˡAmE Ǥ Do you have the time?

Ѽˤ׿ݼäƤꡤɤ餬׿ŪʤΤݼŪʤΤȽȤʤȤΤ¤ǡAlgeo μθˤαդƤ

Perhaps Americans do innovate more; after all, there are four to five times as many English speakers in the United States as in the United Kingdom. So one might expect, on the basis of population size alone, four to five times as much innovation in American English. Moreover, Americans have been disproportionately active in certain technological fields, such as computer systems, that are hotbeds of lexical innovation. (182)


Algeo, John. "America is Ruining the English Language." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 176--82.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-07 Sun

#314. -ise -ize (2) [spelling][bre][bnc][lob][flob][corpus][suffix][z]

[2010-02-26-1]εǼꤢ³ԡεǤϡñˤäΨϰۤʤΤΡꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ξֻԤ뤳ȤBNC ˴Ť餫ˤ20ˤĤƤϡ -ise ֤ΤۤͥȤȤä
̻ŪʴĤⵤˤʤäƤޤʤΤǡǿʵ䤬-ise / -ize ΤΨϡ鸽ߤޤǤ¿ʤȤѲƤΤΤޤǤΤܤʤޤǤ⡤Ѹ30ǯ֤ʬѲ򸫤Ƥͭյʷ̤Ф뤫⤷ʤȻפ1960ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ LOB ( Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen corpus ) 1990ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ FLOB ( Freiburg-LOB corpus ) ӤƤߤ뤳Ȥˤ
줾ΥѥǡεǼꤢ٥ȥå20 -ise / -ize ưˤĤơѲʲʬñ -s -ing(s) ˤޤ᤿٤ΨФƤߤʲɽȡˡ

itemLOB: rate (freq)FLOB: rate (freq)
-ise-ize-ise-ize
recognise59.6% (99)40.4% (67)71.8% (127)28.2% (50)
realise63.2% (134)36.8% (78)68.7% (125)31.3% (57)
organise65.6% (42)34.4% (22)67.2% (43)32.8% (21)
emphasise37.7% (20)62.3% (33)62.9% (39)37.1% (23)
criticise52.0% (13)48.0% (12)80.0% (24)20.0% (6)
characterise0.0% (0)100.0% (4)56.3% (18)43.8% (14)
summarise35.3% (6)64.7% (11)64.7% (11)35.3% (6)
specialise56.3% (18)43.8% (14)81.8% (27)18.2% (6)
apologise68.8% (11)31.3% (5)70.6% (12)29.4% (5)
advertise100.0% (41)0.0% (0)100.0% (55)0.0% (0)
authorise77.4% (24)22.6% (7)68.2% (15)31.8% (7)
minimise90.0% (9)10.0% (1)80.0% (16)20.0% (4)
surprise100.0% (182)0.0% (0)100.0% (173)0.0% (0)
supervise100.0% (10)0.0% (0)100.0% (9)0.0% (0)
utilise70.0% (7)30.0% (3)83.3% (5)16.7% (1)
maximise50.0% (2)50.0% (2)50.0% (9)50.0% (9)
symbolise50.0% (3)50.0% (3)40.0% (4)60.0% (6)
mobilise66.7% (2)33.3% (1)20.0% (1)80.0% (4)
stabilise58.3% (7)41.7% (5)33.3% (3)66.7% (6)
publicise81.8% (9)18.2% (2)84.6% (11)15.4% (2)


100쵬ϤΥѥʤΤǡȥå20ȤϤäƤⲼ̤Τۤθ٤Ϥۤɹ⤯ʤŪʰݤȤƤϡ-ise ֻ30ǯΤˤ露ƤƤ褦Ǥ롥Ψ礭ѲθʤΤΤˤ뤬ӤΤȤ emphasise, criticise, characterise, summarise, specialise ʤɤ롥ϤޤǰݤʤΤǡŪˡ뤤ϸ̤ñˤĤŪͭպΤɤ̤˸ڤɬפ롥ޤLOB ˤ characterise ϰڤʤ characterisation ϳǧ줿Ȥ⡤ưǤʤ̾ -isation / -ization 碌Ĵɬפ롥ˤϡб륢ꥫѸξĴꥹѸ̻ŪѲʤ⤷ȤФǤ뤬ˤȴطΤɤõɬפ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-06 Sat

#313. Canadian English [canadian_english]

ʥѸ (CanE) ˤĤƤ褯ŦħȤơꥫѸ (AmE) ȥꥹѸ (BrE) ξħߤƤ뤳Ȥ󤲤롥CanE ȯϳ AmE ˱äƤǡξѼξ̤ Northern American English ȤѼߤ⤢롥ֻˡʤɤǤ BrE ˽Ȥ⾯ʤʤΤȤ CanE ϱѼκΤ褦˸뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
ξϡŪ롥ꥫΩǤɬ⤹٤ƤΥꥫͤꥹй櫓ǤϤʤLoyalists ȸƤФ륤ꥹٻɤ¸ߤ ꥫΩ塤Loyalists Nova Scotia ʤɤΥʥ̤ƨ졤ΥʥѸη礭׸ꥹȤο̩ϢȤŪ³Ƥ뤳ȤġʱƶϤؤٹ񥢥ꥫȤŪܿġĤطʤ߹äơʥѸ줬ߤλѤؤȯŸƤ
ε[2010-03-05-1]ŵŪʸˡαƺ󤷤ƱνΥʥ͡ʲؼԡˤ˿ҤͤƤߤȤȤ AmE Ūä BrE ŪäȤޤޤäεϢ֤бơƱνʥͤμȿΤä˶̣äΤ󤲤롥

(3) AmE ˡ̾ˤñǰפ롥BrE Ѥ뽬Ϥʤ
(4) BrE θǤ뤳ȤΤ They insist that she accepts the offer. Τ褦ľˡλѤϡ֤ȤǤʤפȤΤȡ
(7) AmE ;ʣ̾ y'all ϡǤ regular ˻Ѥ롥
(8) Have you eaten yet? ʤɤʸǡߴλȲˤäƻȤʬ롥Did you eat yet? ѤΤ̤If no, then will you eat? ʤɤްդˤϸߴλѤ롥
(9) look out (of) the window Ǥ AmE of ʤˤѤ뤬get off (of) the sofa Ǥ BrE of ʤˤѤ롥αƴ֤ʬɤŦƤȤʬդΤӤûۤǤΤȤ
(10) dived ǤϤʤ dove Ȥrang rung ξѤ뤬񤯤ȤФԡsank sunk Ʊ͡swam swum Ȥϸʤ

󥫥ʥѸȰˤ뤳ȤϤǤ͡ʥ٥Ѽ郎ꤦʥѸκ褯Ƥ롥Chambers ϱξѼκߤ ( bimodal tradition ) ȸƤǤ롥

Why do we find ourselves in this apparent state of confusion? As in so many other dilemmas, it follows from the crux of our history as British North America. Our venerable historical allegiance to Britain pulls us one way but our geographical attachment to the United States pushes us the other. . . . English spelling conventions were stabilized in England just before the American Revolution and then reformed in the U.S. at a time when belligerence had cooled into disdain. The result was not exactly two traditions but a bi-modal tradition. (cited from Chambers in Svartvik and Leech, p. 97)


Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-05 Fri

#312. ʸˡαƺ [ame_bre][grammar]

ֻαƺ([2009-12-27-1][2009-12-23-1])ȯαƺ([2009-11-24-1])³ʸˡαƺˤĤƼפʤΤ10󤲤롥

(1) gotten (AmE) / got (BrE)

AmE: She's gotten into trouble in school.
BrE: She's got into trouble in school.

(2) from ... through ... (AmE) / from ... to ... (BrE)AmE through Ȥ8ޤ̣ˤʤ롥BrE ǤϤδѤʤᡤto Ǥ8ޤΤݤBrE ǡִޤɤߤˤˤϡŪ inclusive ȤȤ¿

AmE: The tour lasted from May through August.
AmE and BrE: The tour lasted from May to August.
BrE: The tour lasted from May to August inclusive.

(3) ̾οΰסAmE ǤϷ֤ñǤ¤ñBrE ǤϷ֤ñǤ̣ʣǤиԤŻ뤷ʣteam, audience, board, committee, government, the public ʤɡ

AmE: The Government has been considering further tax cuts.
BrE: The Government have been considering further tax cuts.

(4) insist, recommend, suggest ʤɤ뽾°ˤ벾ˡ (AmE) should (BrE) λѡBrE Ǥ AmE αƶDzˡλѤ̤ˤʤäƤƤ롥(see [2009-08-17-1])

AmE: They insist that she accept the offer. (also increasing in BrE)
BrE: They insist that she should accept the offer. (getting unacceptable in AmE)
BrE (colloquial): They insist that she accepts the offer. (not accepted in AmE)

(5) AmE ѤȤƤηƻ졥good, slow, awful, sure ʤɡ

AmE: They pay them pretty good. (non-standard in BrE)
BrE: They pay them pretty well.

(6) AmE like ³ȤƤλѡBrE Ǥ as if ̡

AmE: It seems like we've made another mistake. (non-standard in BrE)
BrE: It seems as if we've made another mistake.

(7) AmE ΤĤѼŪ;ʣ̾ you all, y'all, yous(e) ѡ

AmE: I'll see y'all later. (South)
AmE: How much did yous want? (Northeast, esp. New York City)
AmE: We'll see you guys Sunday, okay? (informal)

(8) ߴλȲAmE ǤϤФвѤ롥

AmE: Dolly just finished her homework.
BrE: Dolly has just finished her homework.

(9) AmE out ֻȤƤλѡBrE Ǥ out of Ѥ롥

AmE: I always look out the window.
BrE: I always look out of the window.

(10) AmE Ѥưβΰ۷BrE Ǥϳη֤ȤʤAmE θǤξȤꤦ롥

dove ( dived ), fit ( fitted ), pled ( pleaded ), rung ( rang ), sung ( sang ), sunk ( sank ), snuck ( sneaked ), swum ( swam )

Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 166--69.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-04 Thu

#311. girl Ȥ褯 collocate ƻϲ [corpus][collocation][bnc]

ѥȤä collocation ¿ʬǤϹԤäȤʤäΤǡMcEnery et al. (56--57, 210--20) 򻲹ͤˤĤġ餪ķǤ collocation ΤƤߤä collocation ˤ͡׻ɸħդƤߤ
ϡgirl Ȥ褯 collocate ƻϲסѤ륳ѥ BNCWeb girl κ¦3ޤǤ˸ƻ򸡺оݤȤcollocation ζ٤򼨤͡ʻɸФơɸȤ˾20ĤޤǤηƻˤΤɽǤ롥

Rankraw frequencyobserved/expectedt-scorez-scorelog-likelihoodMIMI3
1little15-year-oldlittlelittlelittle15-year-oldlittle
2young16-year-oldyoungyoungyoung16-year-oldyoung
3thatdark-hairedgood15-year-oldgooddark-hairedgood
4this13-year-oldthatdark-hairedclever13-year-oldclever
5goodnine-year-oldthis16-year-oldpoornine-year-oldpretty
6one14-year-oldoldcleverpretty14-year-oldthat
7oldfour-year-oldpoorprettyoldfour-year-old15-year-old
8otheryear-oldotherteenagethatyear-olddark-haired
9poorcleverclever13-year-oldbeautifulcleverpoor
10cleverteenageonenine-year-oldlovelyteenage16-year-old
11beautifulblondeprettyfour-year-oldgoldenblondethis
12prettyprettybeautifulheadniceprettyold
13smallheadnice14-year-old15-year-oldheadbeautiful
14anylittlelovelypoorteenagelittleteenage
15niceweebigblondedark-hairedweelovely
16bigeldestsmallgoodheadeldesthead
17anotherbravegoldengolden16-year-oldbravegolden
18lovelygoldentallbeautifultallgoldennice
19newsillydearlovelythissillytall
20goldenyoungteenageyear-olddearyoungblonde


ƻɸɤʲ˥⡥

raw frequency: ѥ١׷׻äΥ١Ȥʤͤǡ켫Τ collocation ζٷ¬ˤϤۤȤΩʤ
observed/expected: collocate Ƥǽɤ֤äƤ뤫collocation λɸȤƤƤ
t-score: ȤɸѥΥƤƤ롥̾ϡ2ʾͤǤ collocation ŪͭդȤߤʤ롥collocation ٤ΤΤλɸȤ⡤ߤ˴Ϣȸڤο٤λɸʸ嵭2010/03/21(Sun)2ζ٤˾Ƥ뤿ᡤɤˤֻ졤Ѳ졤;̾졤ʤɤʸˡ¤θΤۤȤŤƤޤäȡޤʸʤɤ줬̤˥󥯥󤹤롥Ĥޤꡤʸ䵡ǽϢ [ grammatical collocation ] ˴Ϳ롥
z-score: ξ줽줾Υѥ٤򴪰Ƥǡ collocation ͤɤ⤤٤ǸƤ뤫򼨤ȤƤɸǡʬۤʤȤΩäƤꡤ¿ξɬŬڤǤʤѥ礫뤤ϡʤƤؿʤĶٸоݤˤΤǤʤ¤ꡤ꤬롥ٸ줬Ĵ뷹롥
log-likelihood (LL test): ǡʬۤȤʤѥΥǤͭٸˤٸˤͭ͡
MI (mutual information): LL ۤŪ˸ʤǤϤʤz-score LL ػɸȤƹȤƤ롥3ʾͤä collocate ƤȤߤʤȤ롥ͤФȡषξ줬ȿ礦Ȥ̣ˤʤ롥ѥΥ˰¸ʤz-score Ʊͤٸ줬Ĵ뷹롥unique collocation ΤʤɼŪӤˤΩĻɸѸ춵ѤˤԸʸ嵭2010/03/21(Sun)2줬Ị̇Ū˾Ƥ뷹롥Ѷ硤Ȥ虜ʣ졤Ѹʤäθ󤷤˹⤤ͤͿ롥
MI3: MI ٸĴʷɸΰġѸ춵Ѥ˸Ƥ롥ƱͤμݤλɸȤơlog-log test ȤΤ⤢롥

ľʤȤɤɤ߲򤱤ФΤ褯狼ʤʤޤʤΤǡˡlittle, young, good, clever ʤɤλɸǤ󥯤ι⤤ΤϤꡤ餫˶ collocation ȤߤʤƤ褤ۤˤϡ z-score MI 15-year-old ʤɤαƶ㤷ȿǤƤΤФơ log-likelihood Ѥߤ MI3 ͤ -year-old Ū褯ϤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ΤȤ顤-year-old girl Ȥ褯 collocate 뤳ȤϳΤʤ⡤Ĥλɸ褦ʺǾ̤Υ󥯤ǤȤΤϸ᤮ǤȤǤ롥MIͤξ̤ˤϤŪȻפƻޤޤƤꡤ㴳ΤͤȤȤȩǴ뤳ȤǤͤβɤϤʤʤ񤷤

McEnery, Tony, Richard Xiao, and Yukio Tono. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-03 Wed

#310. PPCMBE ǹѸ̻ [corpus][ppcmbe][syntax]

Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English ΥץȤ̤ȤơUniversity of Pennsylvania PPCMBE ( Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English ) Ǥ줿ˤꡤʲ̤ꡤűѸ줫鸽Ѹˤ錄ƻΥꥹѸ쥿դѥФäȤˤʤ롥

YCOE: Taylor, Ann, Anthony Warner, Susan Pintzuk, and Frank Beths. York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose, first edition. Oxford Text Archive, 2003. (1.5 million words)
PPCME2: Kroch, Anthony and Ann Taylor. Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English, second edition. University of Pennsylvania, 2000. (1.3 million words)
PPCEME: Kroch, Anthony, Beatrice Santorini, and Ariel Diertani. Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English, first edition. University of Pennsylvania, 2004. (1.8 million words)
PPCMBE: Kroch, Anthony, Beatrice Santorini, and Ariel Diertani. Penn-Hensinki Parsed Corpus of Modern British English, first edition. University of Pennsylvania, 2010. (1.0 million words)

Helsinki Corpus ١ȤФƱ annotation scheme ˤŪղäƤꡤߤϢȤǤ褦˺Ƥ롥ϰۤʤ뤬褽1410ǯ1695ǯޤǤΤνʽȤʤ륳ѥ PCEEC Ʊͤ annotation scheme ǥդƤꡤϤϢȤǽǤʤѤŪˡ

PCEEC: Taylor, Ann, Arja Nurmi, Anthony Warner, Susan Pintzuk, and Terttu Nevalainen. Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence, first edition. Oxford Text Archive, 2006. (2.2 million words)

ǡ碌 7.8 million words ̻ŪŪʻ饿դ졤̤ѲǽˤʤäȤˤʤ롥
ȺȡؤΥХCOEץ֥ѥ˴Ťض鸦 ( Corpus-based Linguistics and Language Education ) Ťǡ"Corpus Analysis and Diachronic Linguistics" ꤹݥݥबƱؤdz졤Anthony Kroch Merja Kytö ʤɱѸ˥ѥؤ̾ʳؼԤֱ餷ʥݥˡPPCMBE νľȤȤ⤢äΤǡä Anthony Kroch ä˶̣äƤϢ˱Ѹ쥳ѥȤä츦ΰüǤ⸫ƤΤʤȴԤƤäȤˡ˱Ѹ쥳ѥ˥ե󥹸쥳ѥȤ߹碌ֱʩо̻쥳ѥءפȤǤ⤤٤βǽ򼨤ȯɽä University of Pennsylvania ϱѸ˸¤餺ΥѥεȤʤäƤꡤ䤳Ȥ߹碌ȤʤȤ⤢ʤȤǤȤȤ򸫤Ĥ줿ȤǤ⤤
ʤߤˡ夲줿ϱʩ direct object topicalization ˤǡѸξˤ 1151--1250 ǯ 1251--1350 ǯˤơľŪ֤٤쵤˸Ȥ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-02 Tue

#309. Ѹδܸ100εȳ [loan_word][lexicology][statistics][pde]

ε[2010-03-01-1]ǡѸκѱñꥹȤ򤤤ĤҲ𤷤ΤʤǡŤȤƤ GSL ( General Service List ) ˴Ť100θ츻̤Ĵ٤Ƥߤ

Etymological Sources of 100 Most Frequent Words in PDE

Ѹ ( native words ) ΰ;Ǥ뤳ȤϰǤ롥Ѹ ( loan words ) Ϥ鷺Ǥ롥Ѹäηʶʤ Anglo-Saxon Ǥ롥
ťΥɸͳθ they, she, take, get, give 5Τߡshe θ츻ˤϥ󥰥ʤɽ⤬롥ޤget give ˤĤƤϡƬҲ /g/ ťΥɸͳ褹ȸäƤ褤бϸűѸˤ⤢ꡤͤˤäƤϤɤθˤⵢ롥ǤϡťΥɸͳȤƿ
ե󥹸ͳθϡstate, use, people 3Τߡ
εǤפ򤤤ĤܤƤΤǡ׻ȡ

[2009-11-15-1]: Ѹδܸ600εȳ
[2009-11-14-1]: ѸμѸεȳ (2)
[2009-08-15-1]: ѸμѸεȳ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-01 Mon

#308. Ѹκѱñꥹ [lexicology][corpus][link][academic_word_list][alphabet][frequency][statistics][letter_frequency]

ѸκѱñϲˤĤƤϥѥءء׻ȯŸˤꡤ͡ɽƤ־Ǥñ˼ΤǡĤɽŪʥꥹȤ󸻤ؤΥ󥯤ǤƤø˳Ѥ

μפɽ

GSL ( General Service List ): 2000ǤꥹȡǤ1953ǯȸŤߤǤ⹭ȤƤꥹȡ
AWL ( Academic Word List ): ؽѥƥȤ˸ꤷѸꥹȡ2000ǯ˽Ǥ졤GSL˴ޤޤȽʣʤ褦Ф줿570Ǻܡ10Υ֥ꥹȤʬƤ롥AWL ȤȤʤ롤1984ǯ˽Ǥ줿808Υꥹ UWL ( University Word List ) ⻲ȡ
BNC Word Frequency Lists: BNC ( The British National Corpus ) ˤ6318Υꥹȡɽľܥɤ
Top 1000 words in UK English: 18ͤԡ29ʡ460ΥѥФꥹѸκ1000ꥹȡ
Brown Corpus List: Brown Corpus ˤ륢ե٥åȽꥹȡ
The Longman Defining Vocabulary: LDOCE 1988ǯǤåꥹȡ2000ʾ塥

¾ΥꥹȤؤΥ󥯽

Work/Frequency List: ͡ɽؤΥ󥯽2010/09/10(Fri)ߥڤ
Famous Frequency Lists: ͡ɽؤΥ󥯽
Basic English and Common Words: MLκѸɽˤĤƤε

Υե٥åȤʸɽ

Letter Frequencies (rankings for various languages): ĤΥ󥭥ɽ롥BNCǤ "etaoinsrhldcumfpgwybvkxjqz" νȤ롥

ʸ嵭2010/03/07(Sun)American National Corpus ˴Ťɽ򸫤ĤWritten Spoken ʬ̤ɽ⤢ꡥ
ʸ嵭2010/04/12(Mon)COLT: The Bergen Corpus Of London Teenage Language ˴Ť1000Υꥹ򸫤Ĥ
ʸ嵭2011/02/14(Mon)Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) ˴Ť Corpus-based word frequency lists, collocates, and n-grams 򸫤ĤTop 5,000 lemma, Top 500,000 word forms ʤɡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2025 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2024 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2023 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2022 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2021 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2020 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2019 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2018 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2017 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2016 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2015 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2014 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2013 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2012 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2011 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2010 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2009 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

ǽ: 2026-06-26 03:46

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow