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ֿپɡפȤµ롥ܸȤΤäƤͤϾʤѸǤϤäͭ̾Ǥ롥ͭ̾ȤΤϤµΤǤϤʤɽñ줬Ǥ롥ѸǺǤĹñȸƤ롥
pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
¤45ʸʤꡤΤޤޤǤϲʬʤʬƤߤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
pneumono ٤Ρ
ultra Ķ
microscopic ٤ʡ
silico ֥ǤΡΡ
volcano ֲлΡ
coniosis ֿ¡
ĶʷβлФ٤ˤĤޤµפȹͤФ褵Ǥ롥coniosis Ǥֿ¡פؤΤǡޤǼ̵Τ褦ΤĹŪȤŪȤ⤤롤ѸȤƤ˶ʸǤ롥˺٤ʬСΤ褦ˤʤ롥츻ϸ奮ꥷ줫ƥΤ줫̤롥
pneumono ٤Ρ (Greek)
ultra Ķ (Latin)
micro (Greek)
scop ֻ (Greek)
ic ?Ρ (Greek)
silico ֥ǤΡΡ (Latin)
volcano ֲлʳˤΡ (Latin)
coni ֿС (Greek)
osis ־ɾ (Greek)
ǰΤᡤȯƤ
[nju:ˌmɑnoʊʌltrəmaɪkrəˈskɑpɪkˌsɪlkoʊvɑlkeɪnoʊkoʊnɪˈoʊsɪs]
ñȤƤϡʲ4ǶޤȸäƤ⤷ʤ
45ʸ
19
42ǡĹ첻첻1ǤȤƿ
9ǡʤäȺʬǽ
ѸˤδϡñνФĤ˴ؿ롥OED ˤȡФ1936ǯȤʤäƤʤ֤꤬㴳ۤʤˡOED ϰʲ̤ꡥ
a factitious word alleged to mean 'lung disease caused by the inhalation of very fine silica dust' but occurring chiefly as an instance of a very long word
ñϲͭ̾ñʤΤǡGooglepneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosisȤä뤫⤷ʤ
Ǹ˵
(1) ʣϡϤ -osis -oses ˤΤ¿ʬ
(2) 1936ǯˤϱѸǺǤĹñϲäΤʤǤ
֤ȯδطϡˤä٤κ졤֤ȤȤƤ椯Τ§Τ褦ܸβ̾ϸ§ȤɽŪȤѤ֤ϡס֤ءפϡ֤ס֤פƱȤʤΤǡ֤ȯפδط100%ǤϤʤѸξ硤⤷֤ȯפȤĤɤ顤Ȥäɤ̤ۤʤΤǤϤʤ֤ȯΥåפˤĤƤϡޤǤⲿ٤Ƥspellingƥεȡ
䤬롥ʤ֤ȯδطƤ椯ΤʤΤ
⡤Ѹ˸¤äͳͤΤCulpeper (32--33) ˤȡѸˤ֤ȯκŪ˳ƤʤƳޤޤˤʤäƤͳϡ˼6롥
(1) A basic problem is that there are not enough letters to represent phonemes on a one-to-one basis
(2) A number of oddities in spelling were introduced by ME scribes, sometimes influenced by French, and later by the early printers
(3) Etymological respellings have added to the number of 'silent letters'
(4) English spelling is complicated by the fact that it contains the spelling conventions of other languages
(5) Beginning in the fifteenth century, a standard spelling system had fully evolved by the eighteenth century But spellings were fixed when great changes were occurring in pronunciation, notably the Great Vowel Shift
(6) Much social prestige is now attached to conforming with the standard
6Ǥ褯ޤȤޤäƤȻפ(1)(4)γˤĤƤϡ֤ȯЪΥˤϡ褽¾ȤܿͿƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
(1) ϡѸ줬ƥ줫ѤȤüȯǤ롥35ĤäűѸβǤФơ23ʤä([2009-05-29-1], [2009-05-15-1])(2) ϡե֤˱ѸƤϤȤޤࡥ(3) ϡ˥ƥ奮ꥷθ츻ȤƤΡʳŪʻҲǤ롥(4) ϡ¿θ줫ñѤȤˡ֤Ѹ˥ˤΤޤ줿Ȥؤ
ȤܿѸθä˭٤ˤѸɽϤȤϡ¿οͤǧȤǤ롥η̤Ȥơ֤ȯδطȤʤäƤޤäܿϡʻݤߤʤѲƤ椯ΤΤ褦
ۤɿʤä¤ܸˤϱѸȤ٤Τˤʤʤ餤椷֤ȯЪΥ롥Ǥ롥ͤƤߤСܸ줬˾塤ܿƤ椨ΰ仺Ʊˡܸɽ̵¤βǽ⤿餷Ȥϵ٤ʤѸˤƤܸˤƤ⡤ܿΥʥߥ롥
Culpeper, Jonathan. History of English. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2005.
åȥɤŪī porridge 롥ǼѹǤ륪ʤɤδǤ롥
⤦10ǯˤʤ뤬åȥɤΥ (The Isle of Skye) ιȤΤȡB&BޤꡤīФ줿īΥݥåäθäޤȤˤƤΤȤ̣ϰۤʤ뤬ȤߤʢˤޤƱ
ΤȤ˶äΤϡĴ̣ȤƱȺФƤȤƤδ˺ȤΤϹͤǤⵤϤǤϥݥå˺ȤΤ롥ɤȺɤ褦Ϥ꺽Ϥʤ롥ʤȻפˡʤߤˡϤǤϤ˶ᤤɤɤƤ˴̣Ĵ̣Ǥ⤫줿ǥȤ rice pudding Ȥ̾ǰ̤Ƥ롥Ƥ뤽Ф顤Ƶʬ
ơǤΥݥåθݤ˻ĤäƤιԤοǯ˱濫äƥåȥɤαؤ뤳ȤˤʤäΥݥåθפФơαΰīʬǥݥåѤƿ٤ƤĴñϰ¤ݤ뤷Ȥꤢʢˤޤ롥㤦B&Bǿ٤ݥå㤦ʤɤ餫ȤȤޤ¤ʢˤޤ뤷ȤȤŪ˿³ˤΤ˰ƤơƤ椤ƿ٤褦ˤʤäݥåΥϡϤ䥹ΤǤϤʤīˤƤäˤȤפʤΤƤƤޤäΤä
ơporridge 16˽ƱѸ˸줿κθϡڡμѹߥספäθϡ13Ѹˤä pottage ȤҲѲΤǤ롥 pottage ڡμѹߥספΰդǤꡤpotage ȤեѸΥȤذưѰ۷Ǥ롥Ȥˤեηϡ16˲ơ֡ʥեΡ˥ݥפȤ̣DZѸäƤ⡤pot ֤ʤ١פǼѹǤ롥porridge ϡڡμѹߥספθ顤17˸ߤΡ֥ʤɤδפΰ̣Ѳ
θ츻ϸΤä櫓⤷α porridge ȤǤäѹǻϤ̣廊ѹߥפͳ褹ΤΤäƤС⤦λѤäƤ⤷ʤB&BΥݥåäΤϡ餯нȤäƤäѹǤäʤΤβΤϡܤδ⥹åȥɤΥݥåƱǤ롥ǡα˼椷ݥåϡѡäʪθݥƽнʤ˿ʬѤǤ롥ǤϤϤʤ˵Ȥˤϡѹߥѹߥѹߥפǰʤ餸ä갦ƥݥåѹǤߤ츻¤˿
metathesis ϡthrough θ츻ΤȤ[2009-06-22-1]Ǵñ˾Ҳ𤷤Ϥ⤦ĤIJ⤷Ƥߤ롥žϰθְ㤤ǤꡤɤθüԤˤⵯꤦ롥¿ξñȯθְ㤤ǽꡤθäȤ夹뤳ȤϤޤǤ롥
椬ȤλҶθФǸȡ֤ܤɤפ֤ɤܤפˤʤꡤ֥ޥפ֥ޥפȤʤäƤ롥ľȤƤܿͤϡ֤ɤܤס֥ޥפȸäƤϤФʤΤǡΤˤƶ졤ְ㤤η椬ȤɸˤȤʤäƤޤäޤ˳ǤȤˤʤ뤬ޤ롥ְ㤤̲ȤȤϤۤȤɤʤΤǤϤʤ
ޤʥǡ̲ȤȤ⤢롥ܸǤϡ֤餿ˡפȡ֤餷פȤǤϡžäƤ롥ԤŤͳĤƤ롥椵ϡͳȯĤƤ̾ȤȤˤʤ롥ޤ֤դפ֤դפȯ뤳Ȥ¿Τ⡤žǤ롥
ѸˤˤƤⲻžϤ褯äƤꡤ̤夷ְָ㤤פ¸ߤ롥ϸűѸȸѸη֤٤ƤߤȤ狼롥̾Ƥߤ褦첻ȻҲä <r> ˤβž¿褦Ǥ롥
OE brid > PDE bird
OE gærs > PDE grass (cf. Gmc *ȝrasam )
OE hros > PDE horse (cf. Gmc *χursam )
OE iernan > PDE run (cf. Gmc *renan )
OE wæps > PDE wasp
grass, horse, run ˤĤƤϡޥĸκƷꤹΤǤСž٤äƸ˻äƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
¾žФ֤ȷФƤʤ֤ϢȤƸѸ˶¸Ƥڥ⤢롥ѸδϡΤۤ⤷
brand : burn
nutrition : nurture
tax : task
three, thrice : third, thirteen, thirty
brand ϡ־ưפ־ɸפؤỌ̇̄ĥĤĸ˻äƤ롥
žϡȯߥˤĤȤȤʤΤ뤤ϳ줾Ȥ˳Ф뤳ȤʤΤѲΤʤǤ⡤ä˿͵ΤǤ롥
ѸˤˤťΥɸΰյϡ褽ǤޤäƤ褦˻פŤ Bradley 衤̵αѸˤ̻ˤǸƤȤǤ롥ȼΤ褦ʤȤˤʤ
ťΥɸȸűѸΤǤñθ촴Ϥ̤ۤܶ礭ۤʤäƤξ֤Υߥ˥˳װäΤǤꡤά뤳ȤϡߤˤȤääűѸˤǤ˸Ū˻ϤޤäƤξüѸˤƲ®Τϡ¾ʤ̸ťΥɸȤθܿȤߥ˥ɬ椨Ǥ롥ѸˤŪʸ줫ʬŪʸؤΰܹԤˤªΤǤСѸ˾˸ťΥɸ줬̤礭Ϸפꤷʤ
⤳ǧǤ롥
Ѹ˾ΰյȤȤǤ⤦դäΤǤСťΥɸ줫1,000ñѤѸλˡե줫10,000ñѤȤ¤ͤСťΥɸȤܿϡѸ줫鹽ƤȤäƤǤϤʤѸθäü˸ˤʤäƤʳơѤΡפȤ⤤롥פȤŪʸǤꡤˤͽƤ뤫Τ褦 teleological ʤζϸ줬뤳ȤϾΤƤ롥Ѹˤ˵ҤǤʾ塤Τ褦ɤ߹ߤǤϽפɬפȻפäƤ롥
ѸˤˤťΥɸȤС嵭۵Ƥ
ȤťΥɸαѸؤαƶˤĤƼȤäȤˡ餳ʼݤȿꡤͤ줿
ѸγؽԤˤȤäƳؽưפˤƤֶޤξʤפűѸüԤȸťΥɸüԤΥߥ˥η̤ȤơĤޤ궦̸Ω褦ȤĤߤη̤Ȥޤ줿Ȥϡζ̸ˤʤäƤ椯Ѹ̤żƤ뤫Τ褦ºݤˡѸΡֶޤξʤפϥեȤƤαѸϰ̤ʤ̤ͥˤƤꡤťΥɸȤܿ˱̿ŪʤΤʤ
ߡ̸ϰ̤ܶᤷƤѸȡǯ˸ťΥɸͻ礷ξüԤζ̸ȤƴάĤĤäѸ졥ǯλޤǡѸδάȤʿԴطŦֱ̿ŪʡǤȸȴƶ˴ä
ΰո뤳ȤϳΤ㤨СѸΡֶޤξʤפ˱ѸΥեȤƤϰ̤̤ͥˤƤΤɤϡ̵ˤϼʤޤѸθѲʳŪ˵ҡΩ줫餹Сֱ̿פȤɽϤޤ teleological Ǥ롥
ۤɤҤ٤褦ˡѸˤȤʪθˤƤϡ줹벿餫Υơޤɤ߹ळȤϽפɬפȻפΥơޤΰĤβǽȤơְ۸֥ߥ˥ǽˤ٤ȯŸƤפȤѸ˴Ѥꤦ뤫⤷ʤʤȻפäΩѶŪ˼뤫ɤ̤ȤơγΰոϡѸ̤褬ϤƤˤդ路˸ŪƶʤȻפä
ɷŪʰո꤬Ȥ
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. New York: Macmillan, 1904.
εǡmust ˲礱ƤΤϡȤȸűѸDzäȽҤ٤ޤȤȲΰ̣ɽΤ˸ߤΰ̣ɽ褦ˤʤȤΤϡmust ǤʤѸμפʽư could, might, should, would ˤƤ⡤ߤޤ˵äƤ뤳ȤɤưˤϡߤȤ̣Ѳ䤹褦
줬ʤƤȤơߤΰ̣Ѳ̤ξŪƤߤ褦
ޤǸ߷ȤäʤƤ can, may, shall ϡʤȤ켫ΤŪˤϲʤΤǤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸäȸŤʳǡߤΰ̣ѲФƤΤǤ롥űѸǤϡΤ褦ʡʽưư ( preterite-present verb ) ȸƤǤ롥
Ȥȡcould, might, should Ȥ֤ϲβŲȤǤƤ֤٤֤ȤȤˤʤ롥ơѸǤϡŲޤǤ⤬ߤɽ̣ĤĤ롦
ߤΰ̣ѲˤǤۤɤޤǤ˷֤ƤȤͤȡΥ뤬ͽ롥ºݤˡ"I should have studied harder for the exam" "Don't worry---they could've just forgotten to call" ʤɤΡֲư have ʬפлŲȤƿʥϤƤ롥
Υϱʱ˷֤ΤѲԻĤǤ롥
ѸɽŪʽưˤϸ߷ȲΥڥ롥
| ߷ | |
|---|---|
| can | could |
| may | might |
| shall | should |
| will | would |
ʲι̾ꥹȤ鲿Ϣۤ
Argentina
Belgium
Costa Rica
Denmark
Ethiopia
Honduras
Lebanon
Myanmar
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Norway
Panama
Somalia
Sudan
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
United Arab Emirates
ϹǤαѸΰ֤Ť EFL ( English as a Foreign Language ) ESL ( English as a Second Language ) ϰ̤ؤѲĤĤΥꥹȤǤ ( Graddol 11 )Ǥϡ翦Ȥäΰ濴ˡ⥳ߥ˥Τ˱Ѹ줬Ѥ뵡ƤȤ
̲ͤαѸ줬ʤȤϤ褯ΤƤ뤬䤬ǥޡˬ줿ȤˡŪʽäShakespeare Hamlet Ȥʤä Kronborg Castle δѸĥ˻äȤΤȡ10̾ʾ夤üԤΤ䤬ͣγͤǤꡤĤϳǥޡͤäǥĥϻ˥ĥɤ鼫ȯ줿֤줫δѸϱѸǤޤסüԤΰͤ餤ȤܤԤ㡼ǡֱѸ϶פȾ̤ᤫƤθĥϤ˱ѸǿʹԤѸ줬ǤƤڵ
Ѹ줬 ESL ϰ̤ĤĤǥޡΤ褦ʹƤƤ뤳ȤϡѸ̤ͤǽפʰ̣Ĥ
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
through ꤬³³ƱñˤĤơ
θϸűѸǤ þurh ȤäѸǤ֤ӤƤ狼Τϡ첻 <r> ΰ֤Ҥä֤äƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ž ( metathesis ) ȤФ븽ݤǡñˤиְ㤤Ǥ뤬through Τ褦ɸȤ夷⾯ʤʤ
Ѹ515̤֤įƤȡžεäƤΤȵäƤʤΤߤƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
through ѸˤȤƼ夲硤metathesis ¤Ǥ⤦ġֶȼʬפˤĤƿ줿Ƥθ̾϶ʤΡּפȤȯ줿Ȥơִפΰ̣ĴȤˤ϶ΡֶפȤȯ줿ơȤ첻;פ줿Τ thorough Ȥ夷515̤ΰ֤ΤʤˤϡΤ thorough 䤽֤ǧ롥
äơ through thorough ϰĤñμȶˤʤä櫓ʻ̣ʬ̤θȤ夷櫓Ǥ롥κˤäƸߤ̤θȤʤäƤ¾ȤƤϡone / a(n) off / of ʤɤ롥
[2009-06-20-1]ε through ֤꤬ѸǤ515̤ꤢäȤҲ𤷤ǽ˺줿Τɤ餳Τ褦ʾ뤫ȤȤǤ롥ޤðǰѸΥƥȤߤĤ֤ɤǡİ through Ȥܤ֤äȼȤ櫓ǤϤʤޤŻҥѥȤƥȤǽˤʤäƤȤƤ⡤lemmatiseʸФ첽ˤƤʤС⤽⸡ˤɤ֤ϤФΤǤ롥
ˡΰĤȤ Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) Ѥ롥εˤαѱѼϡűѸ줫鸽ѸޤǤγñΰ֤¿ǺܤƤ롥ΤŪ˻ȤˡOED through Ƥߤȡΰ֤ꤷʤ
⤦ĤˡϡA Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English ( LALME ) ѤǤ롥ϡФ줿ܸΰ֤꤬֥ƥϿޤξ˥ץåȤƤϿޡפǤ롥ϸѸ˸¤ƤΤΡ֤긦ˤȤäƤϵˤΥġǤ롥 through ΰ֤ LALME ǤǤˤޤȤƤꥹȤǤǤ롥LALME νѸλԤȤ LAEME ʤΤ⤢ꡤϥ饤ѲǽʤΤǡһ줿URLˡ
ơ515̤įƤܤƤ뤬ǻǤи֥٥10ʥ10Ȥ⤤ˤͤùߤʤƤߤ褦
1. yhurght ʢۤ yoghurt
2. trghug ʢۤȯԲǽ
3. thrwght ʢ첻ʤΰ
4. thwrw ʢ첻ʤ
5. thrvoo ʢväơ
6. throw ʢ㤦ñˤʤäƤ
7. threw ʢβޤǤ
8. yora ʢɤƤʤΡ
9. ȝour ʢʤ
10. through ʢȤ뤸ʤ
McIntosh, Angus, Michael Louis Samuels, Michael Benskin, eds. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.
Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass, eds. A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1150--1325. http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/laeme1.html . Online. Edinburgh: U of Edinburgh, 2007.
ѸγؽԤѸǽ줿ƥȤɤ⤦ȤȤ˶äΤϡڥ¿ͤǤ롥㤨СѸˤ through ȤñϤʤ515̤ΰۤʤ륹ڥ
doruȝ-, dorw, dorwe, dorwgh, dourȝh, drowgȝ, durghe, durwe, -thogh, thorch, thorew, thorewe, thorffe, thorg, Thorgh, thorgh, -thorgh, thorgh, thorghe, thorght, thorghw, thorghwe, thorgth, thorh, thoro, thorogh, thoroghe, thoroght, -thoroght, thorohe, thoroo, thorou, Thorough, thorough, thorough-, thoroughe, thorought, Thorouh, thorouȝ, thorouȝh, Thorow, thorow, thorow-, Thorowe, thorowe, thorowg, thorowgh, thorowghe, thorowght, thorowh, thorowth, thorowut, thorowȝ, thorowȝt, thorrou, thorrow, thorth, thorthe, thoru, thoru-, thorue, thorugh, -thorugh, thorughe, thorught, -thorught, Thoruh, thoruh, thoruh-, thorur, thoruth, Thoruȝ, thoruȝ, thoruȝh, thorv, Thorw, thorw, -thorw, thorw, Thorwe, thorwe, thorwgh, thorwh, thorwȝ, -thorwȝ, thorwȝ, thorwȝe, Thorȝ, thorȝ, Thorȝe, thorȝe, thorȝh, thorȝoh, thorȝt, thorȝw, thorȝwe, thour, thour, thoure, thourgh, -thourgh, thourghe, thourght-, thourh, thourhe, thourow, thourr, thourth, thourw, thourw, thourwg, thourȝ, thourȝ, thourȝe, thow, thowe, thowffe, thowr, thowrgh, thowrow, thowur, thrawth, threw, thro, thro-, -thro, throch, throcht, throgh, throghe, throghet, throght, throght, throghte, throighe, throu, throuche, throue, throug, through, through-, throughe, throught, throuh, throuȝ, throuȝe, throuȝht, throve, throw, throw-, throw, throwe, throwe, throwe, throwg, throwgh, throwght, throwh, throwr, throwth, throwȝ, throwȝe, throȝ, -throȝe, throȝe, throȝgh, throȝghe, throȝh, throȝhe, throȝt, thruch, thrue-, thrug-, Thrugh, thrugh, thrughe, thrught, thrughte, thruh, thruth, thruȝ, thruȝe, thruȝhe, thrvoo, thrw, thrwe, thrwgh, thrwght, thrygh, thuht, thur, thurch, thurew, thurg, thurge, thurge-, thurgeh, Thurgh, thurgh, thurgh-, -thurgh, thurgh, thurghe, thurght, thurghte, thurgth, thurgwe, Thurh, thurh, thurhe, thurhge, thurhgh, thuro, thurow, thurowe, thurth, thurthe, thuru, thurv, thurw, -thurw, thurwe, Thurȝ, thurȝ, thurȝe, Thurȝh, thurȝh, Thurȝhg, thurȝt, thurȝth, thwrgh, thwrw, torgh, torghe, torw, -torwe, trghug, trogh, troght, trough, trow, trowe, trowffe, trowgh, trowght, trugh, trughe, trught, twrw, yerowe, yhorh, yhoru, yhrow, yhurgh, yhurght, yora, yorch, yorgh, yorghe, yorh, yoro, yorou, yoroue, yorough, yorour, yorow, yorow-, yorowe, yorowe, yoru, yorugh, yoruh, yoruȝ, yorw, yorwe, yorȝ, your, yourch, yourgh, yourghe, yourh, yourw-, yourȝ, yowr, yowrw, yoȝou, yrogh, yrou-, yrow, yrugh, yruȝ, yurch, yurg-, yurgh, yurghe, yurght, yurh, yurhg, yurht, yurowe, yurth, yurthe, yuru, yurw, yurwh, yurȝ, yurȝe, ðoru, þarȝ, þerew, þerew, þerow, þerue-, þhorow, þhurȝ, þor, þorch, þore, þoreu, þorew, þorewe, þorewȝ, þoreȝ, þorg, -þorgh, þorgh, þorghe, þorght, þorghȝ, þorguh, þorgȝ, þorh, þoro, þorogh, þoroghe, þorou, þorou, þoroue, þorough, þorought, þorouh, þorour, -þorouȝ, þorouȝ, þorouȝe, þorouȝh, þorouȝt, þorow, -þorow, þorow, þorow, þorowe, þorowgh, þorowghe, þorowh, þorowth, þorowþ, þorouwȝ, þoroȝ, þorrow, þorrughe, þorth, þoru, -þoru, þorue, þorug, þorugh, þorught, þorugȝ, þoruh, þoruhg, þoruth, þoruþ, þoruȝ, -þoruȝ, þoruȝe, þoruȝh, þoruȝt, þorv, þorw, þorw-, -þorw, þorwe, þorwgh, þorwgȝ, þorwh, -þorwh, þorwhe, þorwth, þorwtȝ, þorwȝ, þorwȝe, þorþ, þorȝ, þorȝe, þorȝh, þorȝhȝ, þorȝt, þough, þour, þour, þour, þourg, þourgh, þourght, þourgȝ, þourh, þourh, þourow, þourt, þourth, þouruȝ, þourw, þourw-, -þourw, þourwe, þourþ, þourȝ, t-þourȝ, þourȝ, þourȝe, þourȝh, þourȝt, þourȝw, þouȝ, þouȝt, þowr, þowre, þro, þrogh, þroghe, þrorow, þrorowe, þroth, þrou, þrough, þrought, þroughte-, þrouh, þrouhe, þrouht, þrouȝ, þrouȝe, þrouȝh, þrouȝt, þrouȝte, þrouȝth, þrow, þrow, þrowe, þrowgh, þrowghe, þrowh, -þrowþ, þrowȝ, þrowȝe, þroȝ, þroȝe, þroȝgh, þroȝh, þroȝt, þroȝth, þrugh, -þruh, þruȝ, þruȝe, þur, þurch, þureh, þureȝ, þurf, þurg, þurgh, -þurgh, þurghe, þurght, þurghȝ, þurgȝh, þurh, þurh, þurhg, þurht, þuro, þurow, þurru, þurth, þurthe, þuru, þuruch, þurugh, þurughe, þurut, þuruȝ, þurw, þurw-, þurwe, þurwȝ, þurwȝ, þurþ, þurȝ, þurȝe, þurȝg, þurȝh, þurȝhg, þurȝt, þurȝth, þwrgh, ȝorgh, ȝoru, ȝoruȝ, ȝoruȝt, ȝorw, ȝour, ȝowr, ȝurch
ԴѤǤ롥ʤʾˤʤäƤΤ
ǤСɸॹڥȤΤʤäȤȤǤ롥ϵϤȤʤ뼭ʤСڥޥΤ褦ʿʪ⤤ʤ̻ ( scribe ) ȸƤФγơ褽ʬȯ¨֤ƤΤǤ롥㤨СνпȤμ̻Ǥϡޤǰ㤦櫓ǤꡤȯۤʤäǡƱñǤ⤫ʤۤʤä֤Ѥ줿ϤǤ롥ˤϡƱ̻Ǥ⡤Ĥñ줬Ը˰ۤʤ륹ڥǽȤȤȤǤϤʤڥޤäƤ븽Ѹ줫鸫ȡǤ롥
ѸΥڥ褽ߤΤ褦ʷ夤ΤϡѸʹߤǤ롥ŪäȸǤޤäƤäѸλǰǤְ㤨ХĤȤȤ桹Τ褦˼Ƥ뤬μ̻θѸ춵θʤȤ
ѸΤۤ;͵ͷӤ褦ˤפ뤬515̤ϹԤ⤽ <trghug> ʤƤɤȯ줿Τ
ʰʲ嵭2025/01/15(Wed)
hellog #5738. 516ܤ through Ĥޤ ([2025-01-11-1]) heldio #1326. through ֻ516̤ܤȯ ǾҲ𤷤Ȥꡤפ֤˿ʰ֤Фޤ
⤤ƤƸưι

ȯʤ߿͵ιޤ׳ԿпȤοʹ֤ȤƤ϶äФǤ롥ϡΩʤä
ơι𤬶̣Τϡ֥ƥ˭פȡ֥ƥͭפΡ֥פ̵ͭǤ롥ԤϥĥӥǡԤϰĤΥӥΤ褦Ǥ롥ϡʣΡ֥פǤܸ쥷ƥΤʤˤɤޤƤ뤫뤤ϼޤǽ뤫ȤǤ롥
֥ƥ˭פ̾դܸͤüԤǤꤷȤοͤϱѸ city towers ȤȤȤϴְ㤤ʤ̾Ѥطʤˤϡ(1) оݤ̤ܸܿ͡üԡˤʣȤƤΰ̣ƤȤꡤ(2) ѸοΰռˤȤ졤ʣηʪʤС֥פȤʤŪǤʤȤȯۡξޤϤ줫ä˰㤤ʤ
(1)(2)Τˤ衤ʤ餯ܸüԤǤˤ̾դƤϡѸʸˡΤäƤȤ̣ bilingual Ǥ롥ʤǤ bilingual Ϲ̣Ǥꡤºݤ˱ѸŪ˻Ȥʤ뤫ɤʤ
ʾդޤĤġʤ֥ƥפ̾դɤäƹͤƤߤ褦ޤ֥ƥפ֥פܸ夷ƤѸǤꡤʣ礵֥ƥפ̾ȤƻȤȽǤ롥ˡĥǤ뤳ȤĴ뤿ˡǤѸǤ city towers Ȥ櫓顤ʸˡˤʤ褦ܸȤƤ֥ƥפȤۤ褤ΤǤϤʤäȡΤ褦ʲäȻפ롥
ֱѸȤפȤ³ƤȤǡʣΡ֥פϤޤܸΥƥˤϼޤƤʤȹͤ롥äƤ뤳Ȥϡޤ bilingual ˤ븵ʸˡȤǤ롥
Τ褦ʡ֥פޤ̾դ¿ʤꡤֱѸȤ³ά褿ɤʤξ硤֥פʣǤȤܸ쥷ƥ˼ޤ졤ܸñ˼ͳղä褦ˤʤΤ¸ˡ֥פղäϲʹˤΤʤܸθä˼ޤ줿Ѹ١μѸˡ֥פղäϤ롥㤨С֥쥹ȥפʤɤϡѸ restaurants ͳƤȤϻפܸɽȤߤʤ٤ޤХ̾䥰롼̾ʤɤΡ֥פϡΤ¸餯ղäƤ⤪ʤΤǤϤʤ
Ĥ֥פȤܸηǤȤƳΩ뤫⤷ʤǯ뤤ϿǯΥѥǸäƤ
Ѹ 5W1H ȤɽŪʵ̾ΤȤΤƤ롥who, what, why, when, where, how ϻĤؤȤƤ¾ˤ whose, whom, which, whencewhither 뤷Ť whether ⵿ä
wh- ֵפɽǤǤ뤳ȤϤ狼뤬θ³ʬϤ줾첿̣Τޤhow h- ǻϤޤäƤΤϤɤ櫓
ޤǽꡥΤ what, whose, whom, why ˴ؤƤϡ¤ who ζˤʤűѸ hwā ζɽȡ
| ˡ | ||
|---|---|---|
| hwā | hwæt | |
| г | hwone | hwæt |
| ° | hwæs | hwæs |
| Ϳ | hwǣm | hwǣm |
| --- | hwȳ |
ѸˤΤɤγǤ⸫ĤΥɥ衼åѸ²ʰ²ˤηޤޥɥޥå˥ƤߤޤǤϷݤʤȻפäΤǡΥڡ Flash ͷ٤ΤäƤߤåƤ椯ȻդŸȤųݤ
ʿޤåȳ
ĤλҲ /k/ /tʃ/ ϲŪˤϤۤɱʤԤ̵ĺԤ̵ԹŸ˻Ǥ([2009-05-29-1])/k/ ĴݤˡĴˤ餻С/tʃ/ ˶ᤤФ롥
/k/ /tʃ/ ϸѸǤ̡βǤűѸǤϰĤβǤΰ۲ˤʤä/k/ /i/ ʤɤ첻ˤȡˤĤĴȤʤ /tʃ/ Ȥʤ롥Ĵˤʤ뤳β ( palatalisation ) Ȥ
Ѹˤϡ̵ͭˤꡤ̾ư줬ؤ㤬Ĥ¸ߤ롥
bake / batch
break / breach
speak / speech
stick / stitch
wake / watch
match / make
ΥڥΤ¦θưǡƤߤǤ /k/ ݤäƤ롥¦θ̾ǡƤꡤߤǤ /tʃ/ ȯäƤ롥ǸΥڥˤĤƤϸ match ưǡmake ̾ʡϢפΰաˤǤ롥
Υڥư̾ΥڥȤİƤؽԤϤޤꤤʤȻפpalatalisation ȤIJߤ뤳Ȥǡޤ˴ϢƤΤ̣Ѹʻˡˤؤ־ǡؤμɬפǤ뤳Ȥ褯狼
ҲˤƱѸϹŪȤƤ롥ʤȤʬ꤭äƤȸ줽ǤפäΤƤߤѸϰΤɤʬ (domain) ˤƹŪ˻ȤƤΤʲϡGraddol (8) ΰѤǤ롧 Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
(1) Working language of international organisations and conferences
(2) Scientific publication
(3) International banking, economic affairs and trade
(4) Advertising for global brands
(5) Audio-visual cultural products (e.g. film, TV, popular music)
(6) International tourism
(7) Tertiary education
(8) International safety (e.g. 'airspeak', 'seaspeak')
(9) International law
(10) As a 'relay language' in interpretation and translation
(11) Technology transfer
(12) Internet communication
פʬȤȤǤС嵭12ΥСƤȻפ뤬ĤϳƤȻפʬ롥
(13) International personal conversation ʸΰۤʤĿͤɤβáƾ嵭ϳƤ
(14) Computer programming
(15) Postal communication
(16) Political declaration (e.g. speech, demonstration)
¾˲դˡѸαƶϤεڤФʤŪʬȤΤϤΤȤ顤Ѹ̤ͤǡߤλǤαѸζʬȼ夤ʬˤƤȤϽפ
ѸκƵ̾ηįƤȡȻפȤ롥
| ?????? | ???? | |
|---|---|---|
| 1人称 | myself | ourselves |
| 2人称 | yourself | yourselves |
| 3人称 | himself | themselves |
| herself | ||
| itself |
ߤǡ֤ʤ¾줫ѤΤפˤĤƳǥ֥쥤ȡषƤߤ˱ѸܸؤμѤǰƬˤ֥쥹Ȥä͡ͳͤ졤¤ˤʰոФ̤Ƥߤ롥

֤˻פĤͳϡֿΤ褷ƤȤˡΥΤ̾˼פȤȤǤºݤ˥֥쥤ȡߥǤ⡤ǽˤ줬ФʿޤαˡΤǤʤ̾˼ळȤɬפȤɬפϳΤ˽פѤͳΤ٤ƤǤϤʤΤäƤȤˡθ줫餽̾ѤΤǤϤʤñФꡤ¸ñήѤȤ꤫äƤϤǤ롥
ޤᡤӡơʤɡܤμ翩ñϤǤ˽ʬˤȤءɲŪ˱ѸΡ֥饤פѤƤ֤С̾ɬפפȤ⤬٤ƤǤʤȤϤʬ롥οǤϡ֤ӡפǤϤʤ֥饤פȸƤ֤Τդ路ȤͳǼѸ줬ѤΤǤʿޤαˡ
¾ˤɤͳοޤդäƤߤߤ
äˤȤˤȼѸʬۤǤȤɤλˤĤο줬¤줿ʤɡäˤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ѸθäˤޤĤŪĴϤȤʤƤ뤬֤ǰۤʤͤѤƤꤷơΤȤƸä˴ؤϤޤȤޤ礤Ƥ褦˻פ롥ǡŪʷײȤơ͡ʸͤƤϤΥ֥˥ȤѤƤ椭ȤɤƤ椯ȤȤߤ
ʲ˲վǵ뤬ޤȤƤʤΤǤ餺
űѸθä30000 (Gelderen 73)
űѸθäˤѸΨ3% (Culpeper 36)
űѸμѸβȾϥƥǡ450 (Culpeper 36)
̲줫μѸ1000 (Gelderen 97)
̲줫μѸǡѸˤޤǻĤäƤΤ1800 (Culpeper 36)
Ѹ˼Ѥ줿եñ10000ۤ (Culpeper 37)
1066--1250ǯΥեѤϡ1000ʤ (Gelderen 99)
1613000ۤɤѤ줿Τ7000ۤɤƥ줫Ǥ (Culpeper 37)
ƥ줫μѤϡΦ170졤410ǯޤǤΥޥ֥ƥ100춯ꥹȶʹߤ150졤ƥͥ˿줬ä (Gelderen 93)
ѸθäˤѸΨ70% (Culpeper 36)
50ǯǡѸؤμѸ8%ܸ줫Ǥꡤ6%եꥫǤ (Culpeper 38)
ˤƱѸ˲ä뿷ΤѸ4%ˤ¾ϴ¸Ǥˤ¤Ǥ (Culpeper 38)
ܤŵϰʲ
Culpeper, Jonathan. History of English. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2005.
Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006.
ʸ嵭2010/05/09(Sun)űѸ衤80%줿ǽ (Gelderen 73)
Ѹˤؤ ( borrowing ) 夲ȤˡˡΤ褦˷֤â롧ָˤѤϰ̤ΥΤμѤȤϰۤʤꡤڤꤿ֤ɬפϤʤѤȤǰ䤹ƤΤǡܽǤϤѸȤ³뤳Ȥˤ롥
äȤʤȤǤ롥ߤʡΤˤȤʤ̤ΥΤμѤȸμѤκۤˤĤơʾĤäǵ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤεǤϡ⤦겼Ƥߤ
ΤμѤȸμѤΰ㤤Ƥߤ褦
(1) ΤڤȤˤϤƤĤ뤬ڤȤˤϵĤʤʤΤʤʤȤ˾ˡּڤפȤǤ롥
(2) Τξ硤ߤߤȤǧ뤬ξ硤ߤߤȤǧʤ
(3) Τߤ餽ߤμ긵ʤʤ뤬ߤȤƤ⡤ȤƤߤμ긵˻ĤäƤ롥ĤޤꡤξˤϰưǤϤʤԡäƤ롥
(4) ߤ(2)(3)ΤȤꡤߤӼʤʤΤǡڤä֤ɬפʤȤ֤Ȥǡߤμ긵ˤƱΤǤˤΤΤξˤϡߤˤӼ뤫⤷ʤ
嵭ΥݥȤϡǽפǤ롥¾줫ѤȤϡïˤǤˡΡȤǼ˿ʹܤղäȤǤ롥μѲܼưǤϤʤԡǤ뤳ȤǽˤƤ롥ưξˤϡǥΤ̤ѤԡξˤϡǥΤ̤롥
ʪǤϡ¾Ѳ12ˤ뤳ȤԲǽǤ롥⤷2ˤʤäȤ顤ɬ褽1åäƤϤǤ롥ФơǤϤȤñ12ˤ뤳ȤǤ롥κݡïˤӼϤʤ˽Ǥ롥
ΤȤϡ줬뤤ϸĤɤ̵ͤ¤βǽƤ뤳ȤƤΤǤϤʤ
ѸˤԵ§Ѳư줬250ʾ夢Ȥ뤬ΤʤǤäԵ§㤷ư go 롥go -- went -- gone ȳѤ롥ʬ gone Ϥޤʬ뤬 went go ȤδϢޤääƸʤ¾Ե§ưϡmake -- made -- made ˤ([2009-06-09-1])夲 drive -- drove -- driven ˤȤδϢ롥teach -- taught -- taught Ǥ顤go ٤дϢꤽȤȤϸȴ롥
ºݡwent ϸ츻Ū go ȤϤޤäطʤwent wend ָ롤פȤ̤ưβǤ롥ֹԤפȤ̣˶ᤤȤϤ狼뤬Ȥä go βΥåȤˤ褽 went äƤȤΤϤɤȤ
ưγѤˤָߡʬפΤ褦˰ΥѥबȤΤ줫ΥåȤˡޤä츻ΰۤʤ֤ळȤ롥佼ˡ ( suppletion ) ȸƤ֡go βȤƤ went ϸѸ˸佼ˡΰǤ롥
佼ˡ¾ȤƤϡƻѲ롧good -- better -- bestbad -- worse -- worstޤ§ŪʷƻΥڥ quick -- quickly Τ褦Τۤ -ly ĤΤ̾([2009-06-07-1])good -- well Τ褦̸촴Ѥ⤢롥ξ⡤well 佼줿ȹͤ롥
ѸˤƺǤ⤭ä佼ˡϡbe ưǤ롥I amyou areshe is ʤɡ٤ưۤʤ촴ȤäƤ롥
ʤ went 佼줿ȤͿ뤳Ȥ뤳Ȥϡ佼ˡϹٸΥѥ˵뤳Ȥ¿ȤȤǤ롥ֹٸ̯ʤȤװȤ褦
ѸԵ§ưФȤָ߷ -- -- ʬפλĤΤǤ롥drive -- drove -- driven Ȥäˤ
ȤűѸζѲưʸѸԵ§ѲưˤǤϻͤĤη֤ŵɬפ롥λͤĤȤϡ -- -- -- ʬפǤꡤƱưǤߤ drīfan -- drāf -- drifon -- drifen Ȥʤ롥
Ѹβ drove ϡűѸ drāf ͳ褷 drifon ϼƤޤä
⤽ȤϤɤȤʬƤΤ̾ñȲʣȤȤ狼Ȥꡤ줬ñʣˤäƤɤθ촴Ф뤫ޤä촴Ȥ̤ˡȿ;ΤǶޤ뤳ȤαդĤġľˡζɽߤƤߤ褦
| Preterite Indicative of drīfan | ||
| Person | Sg. | Pl. |
| 1st | drāf | drifon |
| 2nd | drife | |
| 3rd | drāf | |
ɴǯ˵ڤֿˤǤϡȯϤʤǶΤȤǤ뤷ʸȯϤ˺ǶǤ롥
50ǯ Homo erectus Homo sapiens ʬ줿Ƭη顤ϸäʤä褦10ǯ顤Ƭηβ桹ΤΤƤ褦ǡ餯ȯ⤳Τ餤ȹͤ롥ʸȯϡ߳ǧƤǤŤΤǡ褦䤯5500ǯۤɤ̤뤯餤Ǥ롥
嵭οˤδ顤äʸǯƤߤ褦
| ?ǯ | |
|---|---|
| ȯ | 5,000,000? |
| Homo erectus ȯ | 2,000,000 |
| Homo sapiens ȯ | 500,000 |
| ȯ | 100,000 |
| ʸε | 5,500 |
| ץʸε | 5,300 |
| ݥߥʸε | 5,100 |
| ε | 3,500 |
| ҥåʸε | 3,500 |
| ޥʸε | 2,500 |
| ڥ륷ʸε | 2,500 |
| 奤ʸε | 2,250 |

ѸǤϡ -ly ƻ줫ŵŪǤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥nice - nicelyquick - quicklyterrible - terribly Ǥ롥ŪǤꡤ§ȤƤɤηƻˤդ롥
Ȥ-ly ϼºݤˤ̾줫ƻȤƵǽ뤳Ȥ⤢롥㤨Сbeastlycowardlyfatherlyfriendlyknightlyrascallyscholarlywomanly ʤɡ֤ɽdailyhourlyweeklyyearly ƱͤǤ롥ܼˤƻܼˤʤꤦ뤳 -ly ȤϤäʤΤ츻õäƤߤ褦
űѸб -līċ Ǥ롥līċ ñΤȤƤϡַΡפ̣̾Ǥ롥ϸѸ like ?Τ褦ʡ?˻פθ츻Ǥ⤢롥-līċ Ȥ¾̾դȡ֡̾ˤη֤̾ˤΤ褦ʡפȤƻỤ̄ѸǤϡ-like դƻ¸ߤ뤬ΩȤƤ -ly ȤޤäƱȤȤ狼㡧businesslikechildlikelifelikeˡºݡƻȤƤ -like -ly ʾŪǤꡤ¾ɤ̾ˤդơƻ뤳ȤǤ㡧doglikejerry-likesphinxlikeˡ
ʾǡ-ly ( < OE -līċ ) ޤǽ˷ƻǤ뤳ȤʬäǤϡȤƤ -ly Ϥɤ褿ΤűѸǤϡƻͿʤ˶ޤ쵡ǽ̤ȤǤsee [2009-06-06-1]ˡ-līċ դƻͿʷϡ <e> ղä -līċe ǤäȤѸˤƵäξüˤꡤͿʸ <e> Ū˷ƻ -līċ ƱˤʤäƤޤäˡ餯ťΥɸб -lig- αƶˤꡤѸޤǤ -līċ κǸλҲ岽üߤΤ褦 -ly η夤
ʾߤƤ褦ˡѸ -ly Ȥϡ츻ŪˤϸűѸηƻܼ -līċ ܼ -līċe ξб֤Ǥ롥Ѹˤη֤ΩƤϡƻܼȤƤܼȤƤΤۤ礭ʤꡤ̤ -ly 줬ޤ줿Τ褦ʻ Ѹ -ly ŵŪȤߤʤ뤳Ȥ¿櫓ȤƤϡޤƻȤƤ䤬ˤäȤƤɬפ
[2009-05-24-1]Ǥߤ褦˸űѸ̾ζޥפϤ뤬Ѥζ롥ʣͿʤ -um Ǥ롥̾ޥפˤ餺ʣͿʤȤ -um Ȥ롥Ѹʹߡह˵ڤ -um ⼺Ƥ椯̿ä櫓λह٤̿ޤӤԼԤ¸ߤ롥whilom Ǥ롥
whilom ְˡΡפϡ̾ while ֤Ȥ֡פʣͿʷ̤ while ³ˡϤ̾ˡžѡˡűѸηǵС̾ hwīl ʣͿʷ hwīlum Ȥʤ롥̾ͿʤṲ̄ᡤʣͿʷ hwīlum ʸֻ̤ˡפΰ̣ä줬ˡְˡΡפΰ̣ؤž֤ -um -om ؤѲߤη夤
פθ츻夲[2009-05-10-1]ΤȤʣθбθ츻٤ȡ͡ȯۤäƶ̣ȤäΡӸ츻ءפˤĤ¿ȿäΤǡϤƤȤơ֤פ夲
ޤѸ줫鸫Ƥߤ褦ͼΰŤʤϤӤΤȤѸǤ twilight ȤθΩñǡtwo + light Ǥ롥ͼƤ֤ͼǤιθ礦ӤޤˤǤ롥
two ʬϡ뤤 between Ȳ᤹ۤĤߤ䤹⤷ʤbetween by two Ǥ롥ĤΤСפǤꡤʤĤδ֡פȤȤˤʤ롥ΥǤ twilight ϸǤذܤѤ֤ιȤȤˤʤ롥
ǤȯۤƤΤȤƴ夲褦ϴǤϡֲפȽֲפ뤤ΰդǤꡤֺפϰŤΰդǤʡֺ֡פȤϰռðŤʾ֤ΤȤǤˡƤߤȡȯۤϱѸƱĤθפꤢŪʥǤ롥ѸˤƤˤƤ⡤ΥʤȤƤ롤ʤʤ˱Ūʸ츻Ǥ롥
εǿ줿Ȥꡤ츻ȤΤˤϤäȥɥߤơɥȤ̣襤ΤϡŪܸ¸ˤΡ֤פǤ롥
֤פȤϤʤïפǤ롥դ꤬ŤʤޤȽ̤Ǥ͡δ餬ŤʤäƤ롥ǡ֤οͤϤɤʤǤ礦פȿҤͤʬˤʤ롥ʤΡäƤͤïǤ뤫ȽȤʤȤդȸĤơïפȤĤ֤䤤ȤͼȤʤꡤϩޤ͡ԤïפȤĤ֤䤯ʻӤʤΤǤ롥
ʤߤˡܸˤϡ֤פ̤θȤơ֤錄פȤɽ⤢롥֤錄פȤϡïפǤꡤïפȤޤäƱȯۤǤ롥
ΡפˤĤƤϡѸܸʴˤΤۤɥꡤȯۤ˭ǤΡ֤פϤɤtwilight ֲפα⤤⤷ʤͤ贶δܸθ츻ˡ϶椫롥ɼԤΤոϤˡ
űѸνޤǤˡ֥ƥϾʤȤ5̱²ˤ뿯̱²äƤϡ͡ʷDZѸˤפĤƤƸαѸˤˤյ⤷Ƥߤ롥
(1) Celtic
ȸɡ6000ǯꡤΦ֥ƥ˰֥ܽƥǤϥȸɤΤ Brythonic 롼פ°줬äƤѸؤαƶȤƤϡä˥֥ƥ̾˸ʺפĤ
(2) Latin
åɡ֥ͤƥϤΦˤꡤǤ˥ͤȤ̤ܿƥޥˤϥƥ줬äƤˡ֥ƥ礬ޤλ۲ˤä˥֥ƥΥȿͤ˺դƥñ줬Τ˱ѸˤѤ줿űѸˤϡꥹȶȤȤ¿Υꥹȶطñ줬Ѥ줿ʹߡä˥ͥˤ̤Υƥ줬Ѹ˼Ѥ줿
(3) English
ޥɡΤʤǤޥɤ°롥ΦΥ͡ʼºݤˤϥ͡͡塼ȿͤξʤȤ3̱²ޤ[2009-05-31-1]ˤ5˥֥ƥ˻ǤꡤѸ˾ΰյϤϤꤷʤȤ⡤ѸˤγϤΤΤǤ롥
(4) Old Norse
ޥɡΤʤǤ̥ޥɤ°롥̲ĤǤꡤťΥɸȸƤФ롥8ʹߡ֥ƥؿ꽻ȼťΥɸȱѸκʤ̾̾Τۤδܸä䵡ǽ֤ʤɡѸ¿ʱƶͿťΥɸαѸ˾ΰյðۤǤ롥
(5) French
åɡƥ줫ΰġ1066ǯΥΥޥͤ衤եñɽ̤˱Ѹήեʤȥƥˤñήˤꡤäδ鸫¤ꡤѸϤϤʥޥϤθȤϸƤ֤ȤǤʤȸäƤ褤
ʾ夬֥ƥؤ5̱²οȡ̱²θ줬ѸͿƶǤ뤬⤦ĿƤ줬롥إ˥åɤ°ŵꥷǤ롥Ѹʹߡʸ̤Ƹŵꥷͳñ줬̤˱ѸäѸ졤Ѹ줬¿ߤǤŵꥷͳ褹 bio-eco--logy ʤɤܼŪǤ롥ޤƥ켫Τŵꥷ줫¿ñѤƤꡤѸϥƥ줫ľܡ뤤ϥեͳǡ餿ƼѤƤΤǡʾ˱Ѹˤϥꥷ쵯ñ줬¿
˵ΤϡѸ˵ڤܤƶä礭ΤߤǤ롥ѸϤۤˤɴθ줫羮αƶƤΤǤꡤλ¤˺ƤϤʤʤ
Ū [z] [r] ˶ᤤǤ롥ԤͭԤͭʸ˻ܶȸƤФ롥[z] [r] ؤβѲŪ¿θǵäƤꡤޥˤⵯäƤ롥 [z] [r] ؤѲϡrhotacism ȸƤФʥꥷ "r" ɽ <> "rho" ͳˡ
ѸǤ⡤츻Ū˴ϢοĤη֤ˤ <s> <r> ֤꤬ؤ㤬롥ɽ㤬 was were Ǥ롥űѸǤϡ줾 wæs wæron ȤäԤñб֤Ǥꡤ -on դΤԤʣб֤ä-on դȤˤäơ[s] 첻˶ޤĶȤʤꡤ[z] ؤͭơͭ [z] rhotacism ˤ [r] ȤʤäΤǤ롥 wæron θ n Ͼü첻ۣ沽 were Ȥʤä
äơwas were δطԵ§ǤɤʾβθСष§ŪȤ롥
ѸǸؤ¾ȤƤϡ
us / our ( OE ūs / OE ūre )
lose / lorn ( OE -lēosan / OE loren )
raise / rear ( ME reise / OE rǣran )
Ūˤϡis are λҲб rhotacism ͿƤȹͤ롥
finger Ȥϡ츻̤ five ƱǤ롥[2009-05-27-1]ǹͻȤꡤȯۤȤƤϤϤ5ܻءפʤΤǤ롥Ʊθ fist ְꤳ֤פ뤳ȤʬȤꡤּꡤءפȡ5פϴϢ褦Ǥ롥
ơfive ϥɥ衼åѸκƷ *penkwe ̤롥̤˥ɥ衼åѸ /p/ ϥޥǤ /f/ Ѳʥˡ§ˡϢȤƤϡpentagon ָѷס the Pentagon ֡ʸѷΡƹʡסˤꥷ줫Ѹäpunch ֥ѥסʤȤ5ʬ碌ˤϡܤǤϡعε뿩ΥǥȤ֡ʡˡ֥ե롼ĥݥפΤ롥
[2009-05-27-1] thumb ΰ̣ˤĤƹͻƱñΥڥˤĤơѸˤ <mb> ǽñ줬Ĥ뤬ʸ̤ /mb/ ǤϤʤ /m/ Τߤȯ롥Ĥޤꡤ<b> ۻ ( silent letter ) Ǥ롥<mb> ǽñ췲ϤΩηаޤˤ껰Ĥʬ롥
(1) climb, comb, dumb, lamb, tomb, womb: ĤƤ /mb/ ȯƤΡ츻Ū
(2) crumb, limb, numb, thumb: ˶Ѹˡ餯(1)ǥȤ߽Ф줿 reverse spelling츻Ū
(3) bomb: ѸθǤη֤ȤƸ <b> ղäΡѸȡ
(1) ϸűѸ¸ߤǤꡤȤ <mb> ֤ /mb/ ȯäƤ tomb ΤѸ˥եäѸˡѸ꼡 /b/ Ԥ /m/ ƱĴ˴ؤչƱˤ졤Ѹˤϴ˾üΤ褦ȯѲ֤ϸꤵ줿ᡤߤξԤЪΥ
(2) ϤȤȤ֤ȯ b ⤿ʤä餯(1)Υ롼פαƶǡ16-17 <b> ֤꤬ղä줿 reverse spelling ȸƤ֡ȯϽ̤ݤ줿ΤǡΥפñǤ˾ /b/ ȯ줿ᤷʤȤˤʤ롥thumb ˤĤƤϡ<b> 13źáʸ嵭2011/04/21(Thu) (2) εҤפ롥[2011-04-21-1]εȡ
(3) bomb 16˥ڥ <bome> Ȥä17˥ե <bombe> Ȥ <b> ղä줿Ρ츻ˤΰۤʤ줫κƼѤȤߤʤȤǤ롥
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