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ǯ٤Ϸʸʸ칶λΥߤ5ܤ´ʸФ졤´ʸܤ̵˽λޤޤDzǯ٤´ܰܥ֥ sotsuron ˤƷǺܤƤޤΤǡǯ٤5ܤܤ⤳˵ϿʤȤҲˤƤޤ
"The Analysis of French Loanwords Meaning Animals and Their Meat"
"A Chronological Study of the Noun Apple in Complexes of Fruit (or Vegetable) Names Using TOE and OED"
"The Conditions of Third-Person Singular Verbal -s Inflection in African American Vernacular English: Analyzing Kendrick Lamar's Lyrics"
"The Distribution of the Agent Suffixes -er and -or"
"Taboos and Slang: A Study Focusing on Euphemisms for Death in the 19th and 20th Centuries of America"
ܤ鱮̤ꡤǯ٤ϸ¿äǤäȤʤäƤƤ⡤ץϰ̣Ҳؤʤɤ¿ˤ錄äƤޤޤOED 䥳ѥѶŪѤΩޤʸˡŪʸȤƤϡAAVE ˤ3ñ -s ꤬ޤ
Ѹˤ칶Ȥ䤬ô를ߤ´ǤϤäƤ⡤ɬŪ̻Ū˸ꤵ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤǯ٤Ūʴʤǻä褦˻פޤ
ǯδۤǤϤޤ꤬¿ˤ錄äƤ뤳ȤǤ͡߸ڤγˤ⡤ʳΰ̤´ơޤõäƤˤ⡤ܰͤˤʤФȻפޤ
(phoneme) ϡؤǤɬ夲δŪñ̤ǤȤʤ顤¤͡ˤꡤؾäȤޤߤγǰѸ1ĤǤ롥ػ˾褬䤨ڡΩ뤳ȤΤǤʤǤ롥ؤǤϡˤƤΤ褦ޤߤε롥㤨С (word) ȤŪñ̤顤ؤǤϤޤФͿƤʤ (cf. ָʤפεå)
ǤȤΤäԤʤʤˤʤ櫓ˤ⤤ʤΤǡޤѸ켭ŵεҤäƤߤ褦ĤäƤߤΤΤ䤳ȿǤƤɤҤȥ졼ȤǤʤΤʤǤʬ䤹äΤ Crystal Ѹ켭ŵäΤǡóݤȤĹȰѤȤŪʬ䤹Ȥе䡥줯餤鿴Ԥˤϡʼ¤Ȥˤ˼äĤˤѸ졦ǰ
phoneme (n.) The minimal unit in the sound SYSTEM of a LANGUAGE, according to traditional PHONOLOGICAL theories. The original motivation for the concept stemmed from the concern to establish patterns of organization within the indefinitely large range of sounds heard in languages. The PHONETIC specifications of the sounds (or PHONES) heard in speech, it was realized, contain far more detail than is needed to identify the way languages make CONTRASTS in MEANINGS. The notion of the phoneme allowed linguists to group together sets of phonetically similar phones as VARIANTS, or 'members', of the same underlying unit. The phones were said to be REALIZATIONS of the phonemes, and the variants were referred to as allophones of the phonemes . . . . Each language can be shown to operate with a relatively small number of phonemes; some languages have as few as fifteen phonemes; othes as many as eighty. An analysis in these terms will display a language's phonemic inventory/structure/system. No two languages have the same phonemic system.
Sounds are considered to be members of the same phoneme if they are phonetically similar, and do not occur in the same ENVIRONMENT (i.e. they are in COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION) --- or, if they do, the substitution of one sound for the other does not cause a change in meaning (i.e. they are in FREE VARIATION). A sound is considered 'phonemic', on the other hand, if its substitution in a word does cause a change in meaning. In a phonemic transcription, only the phonemes are given symbols (compared with phonetic TRANSCRIPTIONS, where different degrees of allophonic detail are introduced, depending on one's purpose). Phonemic symbols are written between oblique brackets, compared with square brackets used for phonetic transcriptions; e.g. the phoneme /d/ has the allophones [d] (i.e. an ALVEOLAR VOICED variant), [d̥] (i.e. an alveolar devoiced variant), [d̪] (i.e. a DENTAL variant) in various complementary positions in English words. Putting this another way, it is not possible to find a pair of words in English which contrast in meaning solely on account of the difference between these features (though such contrasts may exist in other languages). The emphasis on transcription found in early phonemic studies is summarized in the subtitle of one book on the subject: 'a technique for reducing languages to writing'. The extent to which the relationship between the phonemes and the GRAPHEMES of a language is regular is called the 'phoneme-grapheme correspondence'.
On this general basis, several approaches to phonemic analysis, or phonemics, have developed. The PRAGUE SCHOOL defined the phoneme as a BUNDLE of abstract DISTINCTIVE FEATURES, or OPPOSITIONS between sounds (such as VOICING, NASALITY), and approach which was developed later by Jakobson and Halle . . . , and GENERATIVE phonology. The approach of the British phonetician Daniel Jones (1881--1967) viewed the phoneme as a 'family' of related sounds, and not as oppositions. American linguists in the 1940s also emphasized the phonetic reality of phonemes, in their concern to devise PROCEDURES of analysis, paying particular attention to the DISTRIBUTION of sounds in an UTTERANCE. Apart from the question of definition, if the view is taken that all aspects of the sound system of a language can be analysed in terms of phonemes --- that is, the SUPRASEGMENTAL as well as the SEGMENTAL features --- then phonemics becomes equivalent to phonology (= phonemic phonology). This view was particularly common in later developments of the American STRUCTURALIST tradition of linguistic analysis, where linguists adopting this 'phonemic principle' were called phonemicists. Many phonologists, however (particularly in the British tradition), prefer not to analyse suprasegmental features in terms of phonemes, and have developed approaches which do without the phoneme altogether ('non-phonemic phonology', as in PROSODIC and DISTINCTIVE FEATURE theories).
Ǹ˽ɤθάҤƤ뤬䡤¤
(phone) Ȳ (phoneme) Ȥΰ㤤ˤĤơޤǤ˼Τ褦ʵƤΤǡ⻲ȡ
#669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1])
#3717. ؤȲϤɤ㤦ΤǤ ([2019-07-01-1])
#4232. ؤȲϡ֤ι¤ȥ ([2020-11-27-1])
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Ⱥε#4292. Trier Ρְ̣ξפθػ˾ΰյ (1) ([2021-01-27-1]) ȡ#4293. Trier Ρְ̣ξפθػ˾ΰյ (2) ([2021-01-28-1]) ǤϡTrier Ρְ̣ξ (semantic_field) γػŪطʤߤϡTrier ƱˤʤۤʤΡְ̣ξפ Porzig ܤƤߤȤʸϺƱ Öhman Ǥ롥
Trier Ρְ̣ξפ paradigmatic ʻΤΤǤΤФPorzig Ρְ̣ξפ syntagmatic Ǥ롥νѸǤиζ (collocation)뤤϶¤ȯۤ˶ᤤޤTrier ϡְ̣ξפΤ̾Ż뤹뤬Porzig ưƻʤɤνҸŪʸäŻ뤹롥
The field concept of Porzig is of quite a different type than Trier's. Porzig finds certain "essential semantic relationships" between verbs and nouns or between adjectives and nouns. 'To go' presupposes 'the feet', 'to grasp' presupposes 'the hand', and 'blond' (in German and English) presupposes 'the hair'. These relationships form the basic articulations of the meaning system and therefore Porzig calls them "elementary semantic fields" (elementare Bedeutungsfelder). The nucleus of such a semantic field can only consist of a verb or an adjective, because these classes of words have a predicative function and are therefore less ambiguous than nouns. One can grasp with the hand only, but one can do many things with the hand. (129)
ξԤΤ⤦1Ĥ礭ʰ㤤ϡTrier Ρְ̣ξפǽŪˤϰ̣äΤʤ繽¤ȤƤΤФơPorzig ΤϴŪǶŪʾ˼礿ؿȤԤˤϸǧΰ̣Ụ̄ⴶ롥
Trier protests against Porzig's use of the term "field" in this new sense. Trier based his theory on the entire vocabulary, dividing it into large field units, and subdividing these until he reached the smallest entities---single words. Porzig's field, on the other hand, is conceived as primitive concrete situations linguistically designated. By means of it the speech community succeeds in grasping higher and more abstract spheres.
ߤθؤǤְ̣ξפγǰѸϡʤˤΤȤѤƤ褦˸롥δˤطʤΤ˳ػˤ֤äƤߤ뤳Ȥפȡ
Öhman, Suzanne. "Theories of 'the Linguistic Field'." Word 9 (1953): 123--34.
ε˰³Trier ˵ְ̣ξפˤĤơ˶Ƥä Öhman ˤϢʸɤΡ־ (Feld, or field) ػˤΤ褯ޤȤޤäƤٶˤʤä
Humboldt üȯ20Ⱦ Ipsen, Trier, Jolles, Porzig ؤȤĤʤɥĤ濴Ȥسˤơ͡ʡ־פªƤ뤳Ȥˤʤäطʤˤϡ奿ȿؤαƶȤ (Öhman 124) ạ̈ġιŪįƤǤԽʬǤꡤνĤΤȤƤȤ館ɬפǤȤ줿Сġι¤ΤʤɬפȤȤǤꡤϤޤ˥塼ϻϤ¤θѤˤۤʤʤ
ˡ־פȤäƤ⡤Ipsen, Trier, Porzig Ρ־פªϤ줾ۤʤäƤ롥Öhman ʸǤϳơβɾʤƤ뤬Ǥϸ˻ޤǶƶϤ³Ƥ Trier Ρְ̣ξܤ
Ǥϡְ̣ξ (semantic_field) ϡָäξ (lexical field) ȤۤƱѤƤꡤ㴳֤ΰ㤤СΤ˶̤Ƥʤ褦˸롥Trier ϡξԤϸߤ˴طΤΡ2Ĥΰۤʤ־פǤȹͤƤ
Trier investigates language as ergon or, in the Saussurean terminology, as langue rather than parole. His (sic) distinguishes conceptual and lexical fields. The conceptual field exists independently of, or at least beside, the lexical fields. The lexical field is formed by a word and its conceptual cognates and corresponds to the entirety of the conceptual field. The latter is divided into parts by the word mosaic (Wortdecke) of the lexical field. A word alone has not meaning but acquires one only through the opposition between it and neighboring words in the pattern. For instance, in the grading of examination results as excellent, good, fair, poor, very poor, the word poor acquires a meaning only when one knows that the scale of grading consists of five degrees and that poor lies in the lower half between fair and very poor. (Öhman 126--27)
ޤTrier ϡξˤĤƤ⡤ʣξ줬ޤäơ礭ʾ夲ǽŪˤ줬ɽ魯̣äΤˤɤ夯ȤʾηϤͤƤ
The linguistic field, Trier stresses, is no isolated sphere in the vocabulary, even if this at first appears to be the case. Just as sections of a lexical field border on one another and form a whole, corresponding to the conceptual field, so do the lexical as well as the conceptual fields, according to Trier's theory, join together to form in turn fields of higher orders, until finally the entire vocabulary is included. The fields of lower order "articulate" (ergliedern sich) to form those of higher order, while the fields of higher order "resolve" (gliedern sich aus) into those of lower order. In treating his field as a closed unit, Trier uses a working hypothesis which is necessary to make the analysis at all possible. (Öhman 127)
ˤ¤ŪʸѤǤϤ롥ΰ̣椬餫ˤƤ褦ˡºݤΰ̣ˤäˤ衤ϳ餵ŪʾηϤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤषŤʤ礤ưŪǤ⤢ʣηϤʤΤǤϡTrier ΰ̣ξ⡤ˤ³äȸ虜ʤȤϤ̣γػ˾塤פž1ĤǤäȤɾǤ
Öhman, Suzanne. "Theories of 'the Linguistic Field'." Word 9 (1953): 123--34.
塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure; 1857--1913) ȯ빽¤ؤήΤʤǡð̣ΰǡ־ (Feld, or field) γǰΩΤϥɥĤʸؼ Jost Trier (1894--1970) Ǥ롥1931ǯ Der deutsche Wortschatz im Sinnbezirk des Verstandes: Die Geschichte eines sprachlichen Feldes (Heidelberg: Carl Winter) ˤ־סäˡָפ (Wortfeldtheorie) Ͼ
Trier ϡְ̣ξ (Bedeutungsfeld, or semantic_field) γΩԤȤƸڤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ΤˤСѸΩ Ipsen ΤΤǤ롥Ipsen, Porzig, Weisgerber Trier ȤοǶƯơ־פγǰؤ˹ƤäȸФ褤
ָξ (sprachliche Felder) ȤϰŪѸǤꡤβ̶ʬ Wordfelder ʤˤβ morphologische Felder syntagmatische Felderˤ Gedankenfelder (ˤβ Begriffsfelder Kontextfelderˤ롥ϡߴطˤäƷӤĤΤޤȤޤʤ褦ʸνؤθäϤΤ褦ʽγȿȤΩƤȸʤפȲ⤵ʻۤp. 24ˡ
ְ̣ξפϤȤ־פγǰळȤˤä Trier 餬߽ФӤϡΰ̣̣ѲʬϤˤơġθܤΤǤϤʤ콸Ǥ־פñ̤ȤʬϤδפȤˤ롥ȤʤäƤʤ餫ʬˤָ췲ñ̤ˤäự椹Ȥˡηϲ줿Τäȯۤ˰͵ơñΰ̣ѲȤΤñȤƤǤϤʤϢ췲־פؤ (Umgliederung der Wortfelder) Ȥư褦ˤʤäΤ˹ͻ٤ñ̡פꤵ줿Ȥǡػ˾ΰյͭ롥
äΤʤĤ֥åȤȤƤΡְ̣ξפϡϰϤꤵƤ˸椷䤹Ȥ⤤롥줬ʤΤȤ⤢뤳ȤϻŦƤ
˰졤 塤 ŵ ԡˡذ̣١ұѸʸꡡ7ҡ2005ǯ
#2743. ʾȸ ([2016-10-30-1])#2746. ʾȸ (2) ([2016-11-02-1])#2755. ʾȸ (3) ([2016-11-11-1]) ³5ǯ˼夲ꡥΩĤΡظ٤ꡤեůؼ Jean-Joseph Goux ΡָȲʾץפ˴ؤ (68--73) ɤ
ʾϷкѤˤơָΥƥפμȤʤ롥Ω뤿ˤϲ餫ΡסƱפɬפǤꡤʾΤΡְʪפ̤Ƥȹͤ롥Goux ϡְʪϽФΥᥫ˥ϡʾкѤΤߤʤ餺ʹ֤Фħ뤹٤ƤθƥˤߤΤȤߤʤʹ¦ǽϤ˰ĤƸСʹ֤ˤϡ־ħǽϡפȤðۤǽϤ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥ϡָ¤¸ߤ뤢Ȥ뺹ۡѲΤʤѤΤΡ١ƱΤΡ٤Фǽϡ (71) ΤȤǤ롥кŪˤϤϲʾȤƸ뤬Ūˤ˺濴ȤơŪˤϷȤơŪˤϰȤƸȤްŪʥƥǤȤ롥
ޤǤСƱȤˤƤϤޤͽۤ뤳ȤʤGoux ϡ⤦1Ĥοʹ֤ΡָΥƥפμȤߤʤƤ롥ŪˤС濴Υƥ𤷤ƤȹͤƤ롥Goux ˤȤäơ쵭Ȥϸ¤ԡƸ뤿ΥƥްŪǤʤΤǤ롥
Τˡʾ⡤ҲˤƼŪˤƱ˲ްⴶʪǤ롥ܼȤơۤ¿Ĥ֤äƤ뤫ǡۤ¿ɤƤä鶦ѶȤƤΩʤʤ뤳Ȥ⡤ʬ롥ʾȸϡˤƤƤ롥
εϡ̷⤹2Ĥ뤳ȤפФƤ롥üԽĴ֤Ǥ mutual intelligibility ܻؤȡġüԤ identity marker ȤƵǽǤ롥
Ω ظ١˼ҡ1990ǯ
as ... as ƱӤ꤬ not so ... as Ȥʤ뤳ȤϡعʸˡǤ褯ΤƤ롥ȤƤκǽ as ʸ̮Ǥ so ˤʤȤȤΤȼΤϡŪˤԻĤϤʤ#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡas ϸ츻Ū so ζĴη֤Ȥ⤤so ... as Ūˤ˳ʤǤⲿǤʤ
̩ˤиѸˤƤ not as ... as ̤˸롥ĤޤꡤΤƤ not as ... as ϡnot so ... as ȸ뤳ȤǽȤˤʤñ٤ǤС¤ not as ... as ΤۤȤƤ¿ΤǤ롥Ӻʤ⡤ BNCweb "not as (_{ADJ} | _{ADV}) as" "not so (_{ADJ} | _{ADV}) as" ǸƤߤȡ줾1,355313ԤŪȤʤ81.24%)
Quirk et al (15.71) ˾ܤnot so ... ä˹ޤΤϡǸ as ʲάȤȤʤĤޤ not so ... as ȤʤʤȤˡʲȡ
He's not as naughty as he was.
He's not so naughty as he was.
He's not so naughty (now).
ޤƱˤСüԤˤäƲϰۤʤ褦not so ... as (presupposition) üʿȤ
Some prefer to use so . . . as with negative clauses. But for some people so tends to carry the absurd implication of a possibility that is then negated, and they therefore find it odd to say:
(?)Her baby is not so old as I thought.
The reason is that for them the sentence implies that a baby can be old. In other words, an unmarked term old . . . cannot be used in this context to cover the whole scale.
ȿոͭɸˤĤƤϡ#1804. gradable antonym ΰ̣ ([2014-04-05-1]) Ȥ줿
ƱӤιʸ˴ؤƤϡϢơ#3346. A is as . . . as B. ϡA Bס ([2018-06-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ѸˤϡʸȤƤϽΤȯʤۻ (silent_letter) 㤬¿ߤޤdoubt <b> receipt <p> ʤɡˤȤޤޤΤʤˤϽѸǸ˽פñäƤޤ㤨 island Ǥ<s> ʸޤȯȤƤϼ¸ޤ͡¿αѸؽԤˤȤäԻԻĤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
Ѹˤδߤȡ줤˲褷ޤä٤𤬤äΤǤɤ
פ̣űѸñϡȤʣ īegland ǤֿΡʾΡΦϡפۤɤΰ̣ǤѸǤϡʣ1Ǥ첻Ѳ iland ʤɤȤʤޤ
ƱѸ˸ťեǡפ̣ ile ѤƤޤcf. ե îleˡϡƥ insula 츻ȤǤťե ile Ѹ iland ϷϻƤޤޤä̸츻Ǥ뤳ȤդƤ
Τ˻ƤΤǺƱޤѸ iland ťե ile land ѤΤȤƲᤵƤޤäΤǤ
ơ16αѹͥˤʤȡμͤδ֤˥ƥֻؤƴ줬ޤե ile ߽Фƥ insula s ޤǤޤΤǡѸ iland ˤƥ̣̣뤿 s 褦ȤưäΤǤ
αѸؽԤˤȤäƤǤʤȤˡ s 褦ȤưϤơ island ȤֻȤ夷ƤޤäΤǤͥμͤ;פʤȤƤޤޤǿɴǯδ֡ѸǤ s ʤǼ¸ƤȯνΤϡѤޤǤ˻ޤǤȤȤǡȯϸűѸΥꥸʥǤ s ʤȯǡκޤǷ³ƤΤǤ͡
Τ褦ʥͥμͤˤ;פʸϡ¿αñ˳ǧޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȸƤФ븽ݤǤˤĤƤ##580,579,116,192,1187εå⤪ɤߤ
ɸʬ˴ؿijȶƤΤǡܵǼóݤνñΰ̣Ѳ̣ˤĤ´ԤʤȻפΤǤСޤΰ̣ѲζȡΥѥΤɬפ롥Ĥޤ̻Ūʰ̣Ѳפɬפ롥ξǡ⤽̣Ȥϲ̣ȤϸŪˤɤФΤȤŪ䤤ؿʤȤ褤ԤϡֶŪʰ̣פγؽǤ롥
̾ϱñΰ̣˴ؤơֶŪʴؿ̻ŪʴؿءפȿʤΤʤ⤷ʤΤǤС˥ɥåʽϩȻפ뤬ȶʥ߳ˤ̻ŪŪʴؿԤƤͤ⤤Τǡष̻ŪʴؿʶŪؿءפȽ¤٤Ƥ
Ρ̻ŪʴؿΤ --- ñΰ̣ѲˤĤƤΤ
߷ ⡡رñ --- ¿Ọ̇̄Ѳ鸫١ҡӡ2016ǯ.
δ졡8ϡ̣ѲѲס˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3 ԡˡīҽŹ2018ǯ151--69ǡʼ̣Ǥcf. #3283. ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡϤǤޤ ([2018-04-23-1])
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.ʤ긵ˤƤcf. #4243. ñΰ̣Ѳμŵ --- NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings ([2020-12-08-1])
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
Waldron, R. A. Sense and Sense Development. New York: OUP, 1967.
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975. ܽ p. 191ʹߤ褯̣ѲȤʤäƤ
ΡŪʴؿΤ --- ̣Ȥϲؤ֤Τ
졼̡ ءοǡϰ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ2013ǯ
ԡˡذ̣١īҽŹ2012ǯ
ԥ롦 ƣ ذ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ1990ǯ
Hofmann, Th. R. Realms of Meaning. Harlow: Longman, 1993.
Ogden, C. K. and I. A. Richards. The Meaning of Meaning. 1923. San Diego, New York, and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.
Saeed, John I. Semantics. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
Ullmann, Stephen. The Principles of Semantics. 2nd ed. Glasgow: Jackson, 1957.
伫ȤδؿФ꤫顤嵭ǧθŪʰ̣ȤȤŪʰ̣˴ؤȤʤäƤʤ餺ˡ̣ˤĤƹηŪ˳ؤӤϡһ¾ԡˤθұѸʸ7ذ̣٤Ȥ줿
˰졤 塤 ŵ ԡˡذ̣١ұѸʸꡡ7ҡ2005ǯ
ε#4287. 她α̿ ([2021-01-21-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ她Ϻǽ˥饴ʸ (Glagolitic) ǡ˥ʸ (Cyrillic) Ǥ줿ԤϸǤ濴ΥѤƤꡤ˾ʤ̱ƶϤʸǤ롥饴ʸȥʸΩߴطˤĤơޤȥꥷʸδطˤĤơ (82--87) ˾ܤʲ褦
饴ʸϡεǤҤ٤褦ˡ9ȾꥷͤΥƥΥȤηȥǥؤΥꥹȶ۶Ū˥ʸϸʡ她ˤФȤƱ߽Ф줿ʸǤ롥ƥΥιͰƤäȤ롥ơλä9Υߥ̥ΤΥꥷʸפȤʤäƤݡŦƤ롥ꥷˤϤʤˤ¸ߤ벻Ǥбʸä졤ɽòʸηϤȤ롥 *
885ǯΥȥǥλ塤她Ҥˤäƥ֥륬ꥢػۤ졤ȯŸ뤳Ȥˤʤäκݡ¸Υ饴ʸ˰ꤺɽʵǽݻĤĤ⡤ȤƤϻȤ줿ꥷʸ˻ʸηϤͰƤ줬ʸǤ롥Ūˤϡ9ΥꥢΤΥꥷʸۤܤΤޤѤƤꡤإ첻ɽ魯˥饴ʸʸäƲäȤʸηϤǤ롥 *
ʤ֥פ̾ϡƥΥνƻ̾ͳ褹롥ʸϥȥǥҤͰƤΤǤꡤƥΥʡᥭˤͰƤΤΥ饴ʸǤ롤Ȥʬˤ𤬤Τա
θ塤ʸϹŸƤäǥ饴ʸϿषƤäԤϰǤϤäȸˤޤǼѤ줿ɥꥢޥʸߤΥΡˤǤϡ¤20˻ޤǡζˤƥ饴ʸǽ줿ŵ١ѤƤȤ
ʸظ她ˡ١ҡ2020ǯ
ǯǤ줿ظ她ˡ٤ɤ˥ä٤ǥϤθʻˡˤˤ¤Τǡܥ֥Ǥ⥹ (slavic) ˴ؤƤϤޤ국ƤƤʤΤ褦ʼԤˤȤäơؤɤߤ䤹ؤ֤Ȥ¿ä
⤽她 (Old Slavic [Slavonic]) Ȥϲ (114--16) ȤĤ褦9ȾФ̤롥Υˤϡ¿Ϥäˤ趦̥ȸƤ٤줬ԤʤƤȹͤ롥Ͻդդ뤳ȤϤʤä862ǯꥷпȤΥƥΥȤηɥƥʸߤΥˤ˥ǥꥹȶ۶٤ŵΤΥʸϸȡΥ饴ʸͰƤʸԤˤĤơ#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1]) ȡˡοʸϸ줳ָ她פΤǤ롥
ʸϸˤ۶ϽĴ˿ʤ⳰椨ˡ885ǯΥȥǥλ塤̵˵Ҥ֥륬ꥢǼĹܥꥹ߸˵ڤǡ她ϿŷϤˤƱ̿ȯŸ뤲롥Υ饴ʸεǽŪĹݤĤġ͡ȤƤꥷʸλƳ餿˥ʸ줿Ȥ֥륬ꥢ䤬˴她ϺƤӿδˤ餵줿˴٤ä她ϡ3ܤںϤĤա롼Ǥ롥989ǯ˥ո饸ߥ뤬ꥹȶȡϤˤƸ她줬Ѥ뤳Ȥˤʤä
10ΤʳޤǤˡäդȤƤΥФƤա롼Ǥ⡤͡ȡʸϸȤƤ̤Ƥ她ȤκΩäƤƤΤǤ롥她ηŵϡ̤ƤˤĤŪǤ¿Ĥʸ她ȸƤʤۤɤޤǤˤʤäʳäơ她ϡ֥פָʸפȸƤ֤٤ΤѲȹͤƤ롥她ϾǤˤϤʤΤˤϡ֥פƱۼƤäȤ롥
她ϡΤ褦9Ⱦ1100ǯۤɤޤǥͤѤʸϸǤäˤ1ޤȤФŪʰյȤ (5) 2Ƥ롥
Τ褦ˤǸȡ她ȤϤɤΤ褦ʽĤΤǤޤ她ˤäƥͤϽʸ졤ʸϤȤϤĤޤꡤͼȤθդˤäʸĤ褦ˤʤäỤ̵̄뤷Ǥˡͤϡʬθդ̤ƥꥹȶȴؤĤȤˤꡤ¸ߴ˹Ƥ椯Ȥˤʤ롥Ȥ櫓ηˤơ˷Ҥ褦礭¸ߤȤʤäƤ椯ȤϽפǤ롥
ؤٶˤʤäɡ뤤Ϥ깭ХȡɤˤĤƤϡ#1469. Хȡָɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-05-05-1]) ȡ
ʸظ她ˡ١ҡ2020ǯ
ѸγؽԤˤȤäߤΤʤʸˡƥ (category) Ҳ𤷤Υƥˤп (ξȤ⡨dual number) ֤Υƥˤư (ưȤ⡨middle_voice)
Ť˸ΤǡºݡűѸˤ;̾ˤпߤ줿 (cf. #180. űѸο;̾о ([2009-10-24-1])ˡǤ˷ƤϤưѤ hātan "be called" ʤư⤢äѸǤϤϷŪˤϴ˼ƤޤäƤ뤬ǽŪˤбΤϤ롥пˤ you two, a pair of . . ., a couple ʤɤɽб뤷ưˤϼưֹʸƵư칽ʸʤɤб롥
Ѹ줫ϷŪ˼ƤޤäпưξեѤƤ줬奮ꥷǤ롥ůؼԤοˤơˤĤơޤߤˤĤƤȤƤʬ䤹ȯŪʥåäκˡפƤ (46--47)
ܸϡ̾Ρñפȡʣפζ̤ΤǤʤΤǡѸؤֻ괧 a ĤΤĤʤΤ s ĤΤĤʤΤ¤Ȥˤʤ뤬ꥷˤϡñפȡʣפΤˡˡпפȤΤ롥פˡĤǤҤȤΤΤޤȤɽǡ˹碌ưѲ̤ˤ롥ܤ⤽줾ĤʤΤǡȤȹͤСƱȤʤ롥
Ʊưǽư֡ư֤Ϥ狼䤹ܸΥꥷ춵Ǥϡɤ櫓ȸƤ֡ˡưפȤΤϡǽưȤưȤʤΤǡȤмʬΤȤϤƼʬäƤΤƤΤˡưפȤ롥
¤ϤΡпפȡưפŤʤäƤΤ롥ϡáפǤ롥äϡͤοʹ֤ԤΤǤꡤʣοʹ֤ΤǹԤˤƤ⡤١ͤĤǹԤ롥ơäפȤưϡͤäƤʥǥ쥲ȥˡפΤ褦ˡޤˡпưפѤ롥ĤޤꡤñˡäפΤǤϤʤƱˡäפȤŪʳưʤΤǤ롥
ǶƤפʤΤ뤬ϤߤŪˡäפǡäϤäȴƤ褦ʵ롥ơߤʤϡäƤޤ
ˤؤμȤ⥪饤ǥߥ˥̹ԤȤʤ뷹Ƥꡤǥ쥲ȥǤƤʤ롥
ʾ塤пư꤬äڤǤ빥Ǥ
ˡäκˡסؿΥ쥷ԡůؤθ١ȽŹ2020ǯ46--47ǡ
Shakespeare αʸػ˾ΰյˤĤƤϸޤǤʤʡֱѡפơʸػ˾ΰյȤäƤѤʤˡޤѹʸ˾ΰյƱ褦˿ޤ˼ƵˤʤʤȤȿ¿ˤʤ
Shakespeare αѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤϤɤShakespeare ѸȤͿѥȡ䤤ľƤ褤ϡ˽Ҥ٤ʸػ˾塤ѹʸ˾ΰյ٤ơѸ˾ΰյϤۤ礭ʤȹͤƤ롥ΰոʤɤʹƤȡŪˡֱʸءѹʸѸפȤΩäƤ褦ǡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյޤ礭Ȥˤʤ뤳ȤŪ¿
ʤΤǤäƤShakespeare ˻Ĥɽ졤硤ñ졤ˡʤɡˤμ˭٤ˤĤƤϡ;ϤϤʤ˻ޤǤ٤ȤȤǤС Shakespeare ȸۤɤвԤǤ롥ۤɤͭ̾ͤǤ뤫顤Ѹ˵ҤǤⲿо줹뵡¿伫ȤѸ˳μȤǽѸ⤹äơShakespeare ˿줺˺ѤޤȤϤǤʤcf. #1412. 16Ⱦ˸Ū2ͤ Thomas ([2013-03-09-1])ˡ줺˺ѤޤˤϤäʤ¸ߤǤ롥
εΥݥȤϡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյǤ롥Shakespeare ѸȤˤɤۤ¿¿ͤʥѥȤͿǤ롥˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ̾äʤɤΡɽפѸˤƳꡤꡤ夵ꤷȤ˴ؤƤϡʬѸ˱ƶͿɾǤ롥ѸȤϡΤ褦ʡɽפΤߤΩäƤ櫓ǤϤʤShakespeare ϡϤӸαѸȯ˲餫ΥѥȤͿֻˤĤƤϤɤޤʸˡˤĤƤϤɤϤޤѤˤĤƤϤˡɽפСShakespeare ѸľŪʥѥȤͿϤޤʤΤǤϤʤȵäƤ롥
ľŪǤϤʤŪʥѥȤϤɤ㤨СǤ˴Ū˹ԤʤƤȯֻʸˡѤʤɤ Shakespeare ˺Ѥ졤Shakespeare ȤƶϤΤΤˤäƹ졤˹Ԥʤ褦ˤʤäȤ褦ʤȤä֤ɽפ˴ؤƤϡľܤˤܤˤ⥤ѥȤͿȤϤäѸ뤽ʳθؤΥѥȤȤΤϡɤäΤ㤨СͷӤŷͤǤ Shakespeare ʻž (conversion) ¿ѤȤäबʻžȤŪʲѸˤ⤿餷ǽοͤʤɤǤϤʤǤϡƱѸ˹ꡤ夵ꤹΤ˰äۤɤƯϤΤˤϡShakespeare οͤǤϤʤΰȤαѸ춦ƱΤΤȤƱήԤ˹Ȥ褦˻פΤǤcf. #1414. ʻžϥͥϤθ줫 ([2013-03-11-1])ˡ
⤽οˤƸĿ̤ͤȤϡ礭ǤΤ#2022. ѲˤĿͤαƶ ([2014-11-09-1]) 褦ˡե顼ɤ䥤ꥢؤǤϡĿͤ䤬Ż뤵ΤΡȤƤϡäȤƤŪˤȤɤޤȹͤƤ롥ܼŪʸˤĤƤϡƤߤȻפäƤ롥
Ȥ Shakespeare ɽפȤɽŪˤƶͿƤʤäȤƤ⡤ǤĿͤޤǤαƶͿȤΤȤǤϤʤȤȤȤСˤϻⴰ˻Ʊ롥ĴơShakespeare ѸȤΡˤ˿ʥѥȤͿɽΤϸǤϤʤShakespeare ѸβˤɤΤ餤ƶͿΤʤ̣ۤä Shakespeare αѸ˾ΰյɾ뤳ȤˤʤȻפäƤ롥ϡѸˤˤΰյ Chaucer ΰյȤȤⶦ̤Ƥcf. #1439. ͳ褹ɽ ([2013-04-05-1])#257. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ ([2010-01-09-1])#298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) ([2010-02-19-1])ˡ
ʤ1ۤ˽#4250. Shakespeare θθ˴ؤ3Ĥ¦̤4ĤŪ ([2020-12-15-1]) ǤϡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյ餫ˤפб¦̤ŪˤϿƤʤä
I wish you a merry Christmas! Ȥά Merry Christmas! ȤʤꡤI wish you a good morning. ά Good morning! Ȥʤ롥ȶ᤹Ƶα뤳Ȥʤ⤷ʤΤ褦ʷʸ (formula) ̾ؾάˤϡڤȤȤ¿ֻʤɤȼ A merry Christmas to you! Τ褦˴줬Ĥ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤϳ餵̥롼ǤϤʤΤΡʸ⤱й⤤ۤɴޤǴޤƾά褦òŪ Charming couple!, Dirty place!, Excellent meal!, Poor thing!, Good idea!, Lovely evening! Ȥ̤礦¾ Cigarette?, Good flight?, Next slide? ʤɤεˤ̤봧ξάȤ롥ɽŪʷʸQuirk et al (11.54) 褦
GREETINGS: Good morning, Good afternoon, Good evening <all formal>; Hello; Hi <familiar>
FAREWELLS: Goodbye, Good night, All the best <informal>, Cheers, Cheerio <BrE, familiar>, See you <familiar>, Bye(-bye) <familiar>, So long <familiar>
INTRODUCTIONS: How do you do? <formal>, How are you?, Glad to meet you, Hi <familiar>
REACTION SIGNALS:
(a) assent, agreement: Yes, Yeah /je/; All right, OK <informal>, Certainly, Absolutely, Right, Exactly, Quite <BrE>, Sure <esp AmE>
(b) denial, disagreement: No, Certainly not, Definitely not, Not at all, Not likely
THANKS: Thank you (very much), Thanks (very much), Many thanks, Ta <BrE slang>, Thanks a lot, Cheers <familiar BrE>
TOASTS: Good health <formal>, Your good health <formal>, Cheers <familiar>, Here's to you, Here's to the future, Here's to your new job
SEASONAL GREETINGS: Merry Christmas, Happy New Year, Happy Birthday, Many happy returns (of your birthday), Happy Anniversary
ALARM CALLS: Help! Fire!
WARNINGS: Mind, (Be) careful!, Watch out!, Watch it! <familiar>
APOLOGIES: (I'm) sorry, (I beg your) pardon <formal>, My mistake
RESPONSES TO APOLOGIES: That's OK <informal>, Don't mention it, Not matter <formal>, Never mind, No hard feelings <informal>
CONGRATULATIONS: Congratulations, Well done, Right on <AmE slang>
EXPRESSIONS OF ANGER OR DISMISSAL (familiar; graded in order from expressions of dismissal to taboo curses): Beat it <esp AmE>, Get lost, Blast you <BrE>, Damn you, Go to hell, Bugger off <BrE>, Fuck off, Fuck you
EXPLETIVES (familiar; likewise graded in order of increasing strength): My Gosh, (By) Golly, (Good) Heavens, Doggone (it) <AmE>, Darn (it), Heck, Blast (it) <BrE>, Good Lord, (Good) God, Christ Almighty, Oh hell, Damn (it), Bugger (it) <esp BrE>, Shit, Fuck (it)
MISCELLANEOUS EXCLAMATIONS: Shame <familiar>, Encore, Hear, hear, Over my dead body <familiar>, Nothing doing <informal>, Big deal <familiar, ironic>, Oh dear, Goal, Checkmate
ʸ¿ϲ餫ŪάФΤǤꡤǤԵ§ȸ뤬ä͡ŪݤȤħ⤢롥㤨Сˤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ̤ο;ΤѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤܵळȤǤʤĤΤ¿ʸȤΤǡ(A) happy new year! Τ褦ˡ괧̵ͭʤɤ˴ؤ variation ĤΤ⤢ȹͤƤ롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ɸϳιͤȤʤ䤫⤷ޤago Ȥϡ?ˡפɽ魯λɽѤȤΤ褦˥ޥƤȻפޤäʤΰ̣ФΤȿ֤Ƥ⡤ʤʤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦⤽ ago θ츻ϲʤΤǤ礦İ
ǤǤ礦ago ϡư go ˰̣Ƭ a- դΡƴññʤΤǤŪˤ "XXX is/are agone." XXXδ֤äפǤbe ưܲʬ agone ηǸߴλɽ路ƤΤǤ͡䤬 agone ϸҲ ago η֤˽̾Ƥޤθ塤ʸΰȤŪ˵ǽˡbe ưʬάޤXXX (being) ago Τ褦ʬ칽ʸȤƤ⤱äǤ
ΩͤȡI began to learn English many years ago. ϡäƤߤ I began to learn English --- many years (being) gone (by now). ȤäɽλȤȤǤˤĤơ⤦ܤΤꤿϡ#3643. many years ago ago Ȥϲ ([2019-04-18-1]) εɤ
ɸ -lily ˤĤơǶε#4268. -ly 2³ -lily ϵǤ ([2021-01-02-1])#4270. Ѹˤ -ly 2³ -lily äȤä ([2021-01-04-1])#4271. -ly 2³ -lily λ Helsinki Corpus Ǹ ([2021-01-05-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥϡε#4281. ICAMET --- Ѹ컶ʸѥ ([2021-01-15-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 ICAMET Ƥߤ롥
Perl бɽȤ "\b\S+(?<!s)l[iy]l[yi](ch?)?(e(r|st)?)?\b" ȤͿ̤ФƤߤ111㤬äƤֻȤƤޤȤȡʲ41Ǥ롥
folily, folyly, holily, holyly, holyliche, seliliche, holili, hallyly, semlyly, lawlyly, iolily, hoolily, holylye, holylyche, fullyly, worldlyly, worldlily, wilyly, willyly, wilili, vnwortlily, vnreulili, semelily, selyly, selily, selili, sclyly, reulily, reulili, priuelyliche, li3tlyliche, iolyly, hoolyly, holilie, holiliche, hallily, folyliche, folyli, foliliche, folilich, folili
ùܤȤƤޤȤȡfolily (40), fullyly (2), holily (41), iolily (3), lawlyly (2), li3tlyliche (1), priuelyliche (1), reulily (2), sclyly (1), seliliche (8), semlyly (3), vnreulili (1), vnwortlily (1), worldlily (2), wilili (3) Ȥʤ롥ޤǽƤ¿μबФƤƤ줿ΤǡޤϺ ICAMET λѤȤƤ
饤įȡ̤ -ly -lily ǤϤʤΡˤ륱줿ʸƥȤȤȤ⤢ӱȤۤɤǤϤʤˤ衤ŪʸϤȤäװѤƤǽ롥ĤƤʳ ICAMET Υե̾ˡ
And with þis wurd þis knyght was confusid, & holilie and stronglie he tuke þe ordur and vttirly forsuke all þis werld. (Alpha2)[ | ѥڡ ]
lyghtly and folyly to curse another. (Caxtdoc)
how after that they leued chastely, clenly, and holyly in thaire manere (Caxtkni)
pacyently and holyly without grudchyng (Caxtpro1)
Spoushod is a stat þet me ssel wel klenliche / and wel holylyche loki uor manie skeles (Danayen)
firste for to lyue holili, and after to preche trueli (Lollard)
Alle þat wolen lyue piteousli or holili in Crist schul suffre persecucyon. (Lollard)
Iff any man holily lyue & ri3twysly, Alsso warst synnars despise he nott. (Misfire)
whanne þei ben vnmesurably and vnreulili a3ens doom of resoun, (Pecdon1)
frely forgife vnto þe þinge þat þou has anese hym mysdone, folily & vnkyndely. (Rollebok)
þis wondyrful oned may nou3t be fulfilled parfitely, contynuelly, holyly in þis lyfe, (Rollhor1)
þat þay say to þame na wordes of myssawe ne vnhoneste ne of displesance vnauyssedly, / bot serue þame mekely and gladly and lawlyly; (Rollhor1)
and ther-for the preste muste go to that body holily and deuoutly with grete reuerence and drede, as mych as he may, (Specchri)
not to lyue worldlyly ne lustly ne proudely, but to lyue in bisy trauel to kepe þer sheep & wynne hem heuene; (Wyclif2)
ICAMET (= Innsbruck Computer Archive of Machine-Readable English Texts) ϡ780ʻλäƤŤ Version 2.4 600ۤɡˤʤѸ컶ʸѥǤ롥2012ǯ긵֤ƤΤΤۤȤɳѤ뵡ΤʤäѥƱѥѤëʸˤäƻפФ补 CD-ROM ǹͭѥICAMET ʳˤ tagged Brown Corpus, Wall Street Journal, Switchboard tagged ޤޤƤICAMET Υե doc rtf ǡƥȤ annotation COCOA ͿƤ롥
ѸƥȤޤॳѥȤɽŪʤΤȤưʲפ⤫֤Υ饤ʥåפ ICAMET äȤʤʤϤۿؤ
Helsinki Corpus (HC) Ѹʬ
The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English, second edition (PPCME2)
Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse
The Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C)
The Parsed Corpus of Middle English Poetry (PCMEP)
嵭ѥˤϤ줾ħ뤬 ICAMET ܤ롥ޤȤƤѸ컶ʸΤߤޤޤƤȤðۤǤ롥ϤˤĤƤϡVersion 2.4 ˴Ťë (63) ˤС̤ꡥ
| 12 | 12--13 | 13 | 13--14 | 14 | 14--15 | 15 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ե | 3 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 14 | 13 | 111 | 159 |
| ???? | 110,454 | 58,692 | 344,268 | 3,996 | 704,137 | 378,080 | 4,349,808 | 5,949,435 |
| % | 1.9 | 1.0 | 5.8 | 0.1 | 11.9 | 6.4 | 73.1 | 100 |
ر궵ä19濴Ȥ륤ꥹʸؤΥ饤ѥ The CLiC web app Ҳ𡥱ʸػ˾塤Ȥ櫓Ѹ쾮˾ȤƤפƱξⷲ¿ϿƤ롥פԤƤߤȡAnne Brontë, Anthony Trollope, Arthur Conan Doyle, Beatrix Potter, Benjamin Disraeli, Bram Stoker, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, Emily Brontë, George Eliot, Henry James, Jane Austen, John Ruskin, Joseph Conrad, Lewis Carroll, Mary Shelley, Oscar Wilde, Robert Louis Stevenson, Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Hardy, William Makepeace Thackeray Ȳڡ
ʸǰƬˤѥǡʤԤȤ˥֥ѥǤ롥ޤܳŪ˻ȤäƤʤ嵭ե仡ˡ㤨мΤ褦ʤȤǤ
Texts ֤ˤꡤƥȤΤΤɽǤ
⳰ΥƥȡϤʸˤ̤ƸоݤȤƻǤ
Keywords ֤ˤꡤȥѥꤷĤġʡʷˤ keywords Ǥ
Clusters ֤ˤꡤn-gram ˤ붦ɽθǤ
ϡơޤˤꡤθΩĥѥ¸ߤ뤫뤤ǽȤ䤤 Yes ǤСɤΤ褦˻Ȥ뤫Ū˹ͤƼºݤ˻ȤäƤߤȤΤŪʼȤʤ뿷ѥĤ顤ϤɤʥѥǡǤʤǤʤˤΤ䤦ƤߤơξǡʸݤˤϻȤʡդƤդμ⡤Ȥͭ
ϱѸȤƳؤǤ뤹٤ƤγؽԤˤȤäܼŪʵǤޤ˴Ūˤ뵡ۤȤɤʤȤʤ֤ˤʤäƤ䤤ȻפޤȤƤפǤŪʱѸؽΤˤ⡤Ѹ춵뤿ˤ⡤٤Ƥ䤤ϤʤФʤޤ
⤽䤿ϤʤѸؤ֤ȤˤʤäƤΤǤ礦ϱѸ줬ȤͭѤǤ͡ǤϡʤѸ줬ȤʤäƤΤǤ礦ϱѸˤȤʤз褷Ʋ褷ʤ䤤ǤαѸʤǤҲʤǤʤʤΤǤ
ȤϤñǤȴۤɴñǤİ
Ѹ줬¾ͥ줿Ǥ뤫顤ǤϤޤΤ褦ʤȤϷ褷ƤޤѸߤŪħʸˡáȯʤɡˤˤäơθ줬ͭϤȤʤȤȤϡ˾塤٤⤢ޤǤ泤θŵꥷ졤Υƥ졤Υӥ졤쥢ʤɤ⡤λ夽ϰΡפȤäƤ褤ƶϤΤǤŪħˤäƤǤϤʤüԤ --- 奮ꥷ͡͡ඵ̡ͤ --- ŪʼҲŪϤäƤˤޤ
ѸƱǤѸ줬ȤʤäƤΤϡḽˤˤơѸäꤿʶŪˤ18ʹߤΥꥹ礿륤ꥹͤȡ20ƸȤȤʤäꥫ罰ΥꥫͤˤŪϡкϡϡʸϡϤä˿ʱƶͿƤˤޤθǤ뤫餳ѸϰҿǹؤФ뵡ΤǤѸ켫Τͥ줿ǤⲿǤʤΤǤʤǤäǤ⤢ޤˡ
ϢȵˤĤơ##1072,1082,1083,2487,2673,2935,3470εå⤪ɤߤ
ηϤˡƱŪʣλΤֽвä̡פȤȤ館븫ˤĤơؼԡųؼԤΥ֥顼 (George Kubler [1912--96]) ѡȤʤ#3911. ηϤϡƱŪʣλΤֽвä̤Ǥ ([2020-01-11-1]) εޤ֥顼ή˴ѡִѤ˿ȯơ¾ˤ#3083. ֱѸΥڥƲΤ褦Ǥס ([2017-10-05-1])#3874. ֱѸˡϥѥΤ褦ԲǤס ([2019-12-05-1])#3912. ʵΡ˸츻ŪֻŪɾ (1) ([2020-01-12-1])#3913. ʵΡ˸츻ŪֻŪɾ (2) ([2020-01-13-1]) εƤ
֥顼ΡػΤ٤λ줬ΤʤѲƤֻ֡פˤĤơƹͤ餻Ѳ® (speed_of_change) ˤˤʬ (periodisation) ˴ؤƥԥ졼ʬ礭ΤǡϢʬ˺ϿŪ˰ѤƤ
ʪζ֤Ǥ褦ˡʪλ̵֤¤ˤ櫓ǤϤʤ֤μʬह뤳ȤΤϡ³֤˸äˡĤФȤäǤ롥³Ҥ褦ȤƤ⡤餫줿٤Ƿ¬Ƥ뤦ˡεҤϽοܤȤȤѲƤޤ˳ؤˤ줿ɽʤʬʤۻȡʬˡΤߤǡ֤ι¤ˤĤƤϰڤʤäΤǤ롥
Ϥ٤ȼʤΤʬԲǽȤ褦ŪʹͤȤ餺ˤϤʬǽȤ븶ȹͤСʬव줿ϡ̩Ѳä֤ΰȤƷƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥νΤΤʤˤϡ³ġνˤäƤ郎ѲƤ褦ʽФơŪʲȤƷӤĤޤޤƤ롥κݡ®Ϣ³Ф̩Ȥʤꡤ¿ǤȼϢ³Ǥ¤Ȥʤ롥ѻˤǤϤȤꡤ塤ˤϰĿͤҤȤĤΥˤȤɤޤ餺ϢΥΤΤʤǡ¿οϰ̤뤳Ȥ롥жˤȤơβ꤬褵ʤޤ塤Ȥˤϲˤ錄丳뤳Ȥ⤢롥(189--90)
ȤĹ
ơʪϤ줾˰ۤʤäǯ˵ħĤǤʤʪ֤줿夬⤿餹ħ䳰ѤȤƤΤޤȤޤäʣΤȤʤ롥ʪȿƱͤǤ롥ӮξǤСηդȿФʪˡǯŪʸϤǤˤۤʤäƤ뤷Ȥ줾ȿϤηǯȰۤʤäƤ롥
ʪλ³֤ǯȷǯȤդĤδǷ¬ǽǤ롥ΤŪ֤̤褫鸽ߤ̲ᤷƲؤ³ñǯή˲äơǯȤ¿餫鹽ƤȤߤʤȤǤ롥ϡ⡤줬Ǥ뤽Ƥˤäƻ³֤ꤵ뤿ˡسԤ¿ͤʤΤȤʤ뤬羮ΰۤʤäηϤפʬह뤳ȤǤ롥ï⼫ȤΤʤƱ٤νΤȸΤʤ뤳Τ褦ʥѥ¸ߤФȤǤ뤬ǡĿͤλ֤ˤ٤ʷˤޤΩĤϤʤϡۤοäλ³ˤ錄ΤޤǡĿͤΤи˸ФȤǤ롥䤿ܤΤϡͤΰĹŪ˻³ʣοͿʬλ֤ƤˤĤƤǤ롥ΤʤǺǾηϤǰˤĤ夲줿ǯήԤǤ롥ϡξȲ줿ǤȤˤΤǤꡤȳ̿ˤϵεˤΤǤäǤϤήԤ夳ʤȤŪ˺ǤΤʾήξڤäΤǤ롥Τ褦絬ϤʷΤޤȤϤ鷺Ǥ롥Ͽλ֤ŪˤȤ館ˤ˻פ⤫٤ΤΤǤ롥ʤʸʸ뤤ˡ̤ϤμҲʤɤǤ롥ƺȺǾ֤ˤϡ佽ˡˤȤŤŪʻ֤롥Ȥñ̤ͥϡ餯ݤˤ⡤ޤ줬Ǥ졤ͰŪʽΥꥺˤбƤʤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ㳰ϡǯŤȤ˽Ūʷϵ͡äȤ䡤ե̿˶Ԥ줿켷塻ǯȤñʤͤȬ塻ǯʹߤ̵ϴȤ餤Ǥ롥(193--95)
䤿ϡάͻ֤ήݤ«ꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥줾ݤϡưΤξȤɬפ˱ݤĹɬפȤФλ³˱ƤޤޤǤ롥äơʸ«ϡȤݾΤޤޤĹδ֤ǹ롥ĹϤƤĹΤûΤ¿롥ϤۤȤɶˤä¤٤졤ռŪʾؤŸ˾̩ʷײˤä¤٤뤳ȤϤäˤʤΤǤ롥(228)
ǸΰѤˤȤƤϤСηϤȤϰۤʤĹʤݤ«̤ǤȤˤʤ롥ָηϡפʬǤˡסֲηϡסָηϡפʤɤ֤Ƥ褤ȴϢǤ䤹ܶȤơ줫ʤû1ĤαʸͤƤߤȤ褤ιǤǤƸθ츻ͳǯˤϸߤ˰ۤʤäƤꡤθ벻ֻ䡤ӤĤƤʸˡ§⡤ơŪȯŸƤΤǤ롥ûʸϡۤʤĹλ֤ǤġʤΩäƤꡤˤνִ֤Ȥ߹蘆ơΰ̣ϽФƤΤǤ롥
֥顼硼ˡë Ρ ˡػΤʪˤᤰäơ١Dz2018ǯ
ɸಽ (standardisation) ɸɤߤ뤫ȤϡҲؤνפʥȥԥåǤ롥ѸǤСɸѸ (Standard English) ȤϲȤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ͡ʷǰäƤ##1228,1237,1245,1247,1275,1396,3207,3232,3499,3780,4093εåȡˡ
ɸˤϰҿ (prestige) տ路ƤΤ̤Ǥ롥ʿɸ¾ѼְΤסְΤפȤäƤҲŪˤޤޤΤ褦դƤȤ̣ǡְΤפΤǤäơŪ¾ѼͥƤȤޤߤäơְΤפ櫓ǤϤʤԤΰ̣ˤơְΤפΤǤȺФƤޤȤ¿ˤդ٤Ǥ롥
ǤϡҲŪˡְΤפȤϤɤȤ¤ϰΤⲿȤʤΤǤ롥1ĤμȤƼҲ濴˿ƤꡤΥӥ뤿ˡͭ̾ܤ䤹ȤȤˤʤǤϡ̹դ̥ޥʡʤɤμह롥νȤ Horobin (72--73) ΤΤǤ롥
. . . many people today insist that Standard English is inherently superior. Such a view implies a misunderstanding of a standard language, which is simply an agreed norm that is selected in order to facilitate communication. We might compare Standard English with other modern standards, such as systems of currency, weights and measures, or voltage. No one system is inherently better than another; the benefit is derived from the general adoption of an established set of norms.
Another useful analogy is with the rules of the road. There is no reason why driving on the left (as in England) should be preferred over driving on the right-hand side (as on the continent and in the USA). The key reason to choose one over another is to ensure that everyone is driving on the same side of the road.
ɸϡƱդƤҲŪʼǤꡤ餳ҲŪʤΤǤ롥Ȥä¾Ѽ٤ܼŪͥ줿ѼǤ櫓ǤϤʤҲŪʼѤСɸȤʤѼѤ뤳Ȥ롥äƤޤС٤ʪǤ롥դä겡Ƥ
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
ư say /seɪ/ Ķ٤θǡؼԤ⤹˳Ф뤳ȤˤʤܸǤưβ said ⤭ƹ٤ʤ櫓ǤֻȤԵ§ǤФ꤫¤ȯˤƤԵ§Ǥͽۤ2첻 /seɪd/ ȤϤʤ餺û첻 /sɛd/ ȤʤΤǤƱ褦Ե§3ñ -s դˤĤƤ⤤ޤֻ says ȵ§Ū˸ޤȯϤϤ2첻 /seɪz/ ȤϤʤ餺û첻 /sɛz/ ȤʤäƤޤޤʤ said, says ϤΤ褦ȯʤΤǤ礦ˤŪʷаޤޤɤ
¤ϡѸüԤȯĴƤߤޤȡ˥ФϤΤΡͽ̤ۤ2첻ȯ /seɪd/, /seɪz/ ԤʤƤΤǤޤɸŪǥޥʡȯȤƤǤΤǡ䤿ȤƤԵ§ʤϤû첻 /sɛd/, /sɛz/ μ¤˽ƤΤ̵Ǥ礦
ŪʲѲηаޤмΤ褦ˤʤޤȤư say ϡѸޤǤϡֻ̤ /saɪ/ Ǥ˽äơ /saɪ(ə)d/3ñ /saɪ(ə)z/ ȵ§ŪȯƤޤȤ17ޤǤ2첻 /aɪ/ Ĺ첻 /ɛː/ ؤѲΤǤ礦ܸΡ֥Хפᤤȯǡ֥١פȤʤΤ˻ɤθˤ褯벻ѲǤ̤Ѳ餺褽ʳˤȤɤޤäޤ˻äƤΤǤСǤ§Ū say /seɪ/, said /seɪd/, says /seɪz/ ȤʤäƤǤ礦ʼ¤ΤȤ2ĤޥʡȯȤƤ뤳ȤϾҤޤˡ
Ȥ3ñˤĤƤϡθ⤦1̤βѲޤĹ첻 /ɛː/ ûû첻 /ɛ/ ȤʤäΤǤ say /seɪ/ ФԵ§ˤߤ /sɛd/, /sɛz/ ƤޤäΤǤƱѲ˴ޤ줿̤ñȤơagain against Ƥޤ礦û첻 /əˈgɛn(st)/ ͥǤ2첻 /əˈgeɪn(st)/ ¹ԤʹȤˤʤäƤޤ
ʤ3ñǤΤ첻ûΤȤΤϡɬƤʤǤsaid ˈhe, says ˈshe Τ褦Ѥ¿̾ФŪư줬夯ȯΤûȤƤƤޤ1Ĥβˤޤ
ϢȵˤĤơ##541,543,2130εå⤪ɤߤ
2 (double_negative) 뤤ϤŪ¿ (multiple negative) ϡʸˡˤǺᤵƤǤܤǤcf. #301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1])ˡŪˤСȤƤϸűѸ줫ΤƤꡤ̣ǽȤƤ꼭ĤĤ̾Ρʤ뤤϶Ĵ줿ˡפä꼭ĤˡǤääơֹפȤŪȯۤʤɡȤȤʤäΤǤ롥λפǤ18˥֡Ȥʤäϼ (prescriptivism) Ȥθʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ˤꡤ2ǡȤƱѸΥˤΤ夬äȤ롥
κǽλųݤͤϡAn Essay Towards a Practical English Grammar (1711) 路 James Greenwood Ǥ롥 Benjamin Franklin ȽȤʸˡʸˡǤ (cf. #2904. Ѹˤˤ Benjamin Franklin ([2017-04-09-1])ˡ1753ǯ ǤȤ p. 182 ˤ "Two Negatives, or two Adverbs of Denying, do in English affirm." ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
θ塤 Greenwood Ρפ¾εʸˡȤˤ⥳ԡ졤γعʸˡˤޤǾäפĤȤˤʤäƶĴƤGreenwood λϤλˤƤ⡤2Ͻ̣Τ˾ѤƤɽǤ롥ɽǤʤСդ˿侩ɽǤʤ˥塼ȥ롤˼夲뤳Ȥʤۤɤʿޤɽˤʤä줬Greenwood ʤȤɿԡˤˤʰǡͥƥʲͤդ줿ȤΤ⡤λνȤϤԻĤǤ롥Horobin (64) ƱݤǡʤƤ롥
As is usual in such works, no support for the claim is offered; it is certainly not based on practice, since double negatives had been common since Old English. A famous instance appears in Geoffrey Chaucer's description of the knight in the Canterbury Tales, who 'nevere yet no vileynye [evi] ne sayde . . . unto no maner wight [person].' Since there are four negatives here (nevere, no, ne, no) a prescriptivist might be inclined to claim that Chaucer is signalling the knight's rudeness, but this is self-evidently not the implication; the incremental build-up of negatives is intended to underline the knight's purity of speech and good manners.
This is not just a quirk of the English language; multiple negation as a form of reinforcement is found in other languages, like French, where 'je ne veux rien' uses both the negative ne and rien 'nothing'---'I don't want nothing'.
ǡGreenwood ʤȤɿԡˤˤʰǡǺᤵ줿ȽҤ٤ΤΡȤϰۤʤ븫 --- ޤǤ2λѤϲФˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤ --- ФƤ뤳ȤոƤˤĤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1]) ȡ
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
Ǥ줿رѸȽˡɤޤƤ褦ǧβʳؤ˴ŤŪʱѸؽλǤ롥λȤܤΤϡ5ϡѥˤѸ쥹õˡӡפȡ6ϡѥˤѸ쥹õˡӡפǤ롥ǤϡؽԤ˵ΤϼȤγؽǤϤʤѥѤǽưŪʳؽǤ⤫졤Ūʥ饤ѥˡ롥åȤȤʤñˤĤƥѥͿƤ١ʸϢʤɤξȤˡñ˴ؤ륹ޤ齬ƤȤǤ롤ȤݤǵƤ륳ѥޤ饤ġΤ̵ѤǤΤƤʺ桤259--60ˡ
Weblio ¡±Ѽŵ
Cambridge English Dictionary
SkELL (= Sketch Engine for Language Learning)
COCA (= Corpus of Contemporary American English)
WordNet: A Lexical Database for English
ܽ56ϤΤۤõӡפꤹ50ڡĶʬǤϡѸؽΤߤʤ餺ѸؤθơޤȤʤ꤬Ĥ夲ƤꡤѸءѸˤ칶ˤȤäƤͭѤǤ롥ѥѤΥҥȤȤʤ
ܽӤɡ֥ޡפϡɹο̲μפȤƤ롥Ѹñɽ˽뤿ˤϡ괬ɴʼŵŪμ֥ޡפ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥ѸñɽνΤˤϡΤɬפǤ롥
ʤϲİˤƼ顥˰ѸȤ뤿ˤϡѸΥޤƤɬפ롥Ѹ괬ҲŪʴĶǤȤѸѸ줿餷ƤˡʡѸˡˤ˴ؤμǤ롥ɹο̲ˤɴʼŵŪμǤꡤˤϿȤˤĤ뤳ȤǤʤϤǽưŪ˳ؤǤɬפ롥
ܽɤߡѸˤϡֱѸΥޡסֱѸȤɹɽ̲μפΰΤäΤʡȵŤ补
ĤߡرѸȽˡ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2020ǯ
ѸǺǤ٤ι⤤ϡ괧 the Ǥ롥#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1]) ΤɤɽߤƤ⡤Ū1̤Ǥ롥ȤۤɽפʸǤʤָŪʰ̣פϤʤΤϡʸˡŪʵǽפΤߤǤ롥the ϡ̤ˤΤΤΤΤΤؼôäƤȤ졤ʸˡŪǤƱŪŪʸǤ⤢롥
̤괧֤Τ괧 a(n) ̵ˡδ֤λȤʬȤϤĤȤΤƤ롥§Ǥ뤳ȤǤ㳰¸ߤ롥ޤƱѸǤѼ֤ǻȤʬۤʤ롥֥Ƥפ play the guitar ʤΤ play guitar ʤΤơפ in hospital ʤΤ in the hospital ʤΤ
Ѽ֡ʤüԸĿʹ֡ˤǰۤʤΤϡȤˤȤɤޤʤȯ [ðə], [ði], [ðiː] ʤɤѰۤ롥Τ褦ʸ줬ȥĤĶٸǤȤΤ⡤ͤƤߤФؤääǤ롥
ˤˤĤƤϤɤűѸ䡤Ǥ륲ޥĸ졤ƵˤĤĸǤ⡤ΤϤʤäѸˤߤƤ⡤ꡦ˴ȤϡűѸˤ¸ߤѸʹߤȯãƤԤǤ롥űѸˤ this that ؼ¸ߤƤꡤ˸ԤǴ줬ޤƤȤаޤ롥줬ѸʹߤˤϡʤƤϤʤʤŪʸؤФͤƤ櫓顤ԻĤä
the ˤĤܤ30ʬΥ饸ȤҲ𤷤褦BBC Radio 4's Word of Mouth: The Most Powerful Word Ǥ롥ѸˤȤthe ԻĤ̥Ϥ;ȤʤäƤ롥ȤƤޤȤɤᤷѸˤδϡȤ櫓Ⱦ "Origins" ͭѡ
ʤܥ֥Ǥ the ˤĤ͡˰äƤ##3831,154,156,2144,2855,2856,906,907,2236,4132εåɤ
Ѹ1Ĥθ졤ܸ1ĤθʤΤǡ碌2Ǥۤ͡˥ե졤ڥ졤ɥĸ졤졤졤ڹʤΤäƤ̾碌ƤȡϤƸˤϤĤθ줬뤳ȤˤʤǤ礦100Ĥ餤뤤1,000ġ⤷10,000ġΤ褦ʵȤʤĤʤȤ¿⤷ޤ
¤θؤˤƤ⡤͡ͳˤꡤΤʿФȤϤǤޤԤˤäɤ줬ߤΤǤդλޤơDz⤷Ƥޤ礦ʲİ
ؼԤ֤ȤĴĥäƸƤСΤʿФΤǤϤʤȵ˻פ⤷ޤ No ǤؼԤĥäƤ⡤Τʸ뤳ȤԲǽǤȤΤϡϸǤϤʤǤʤΤǤθȤȤϡäɤΤ褦ʹ٤ʤΤ䤤פʤ褦˻פޤ
ǤΤꤿȤΤ;Ǥ Ethnologue 23ǡ2020ǯˤȤƤߤޤȡθο7,117ȥȤƤޤȤ1ĤλͤˤޤΤǤդѤʵФƤϡȤƤϡֿ١פƨƤȻפޤ
ȤꡤӤ˴ϢȤơ##3009,270,1060,274,401,1949εå碌Ƥɤߤ
#4268. -ly 2³ -lily ϵǤ ([2021-01-02-1])#4270. Ѹˤ -ly 2³ -lily äȤä ([2021-01-04-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ³ Helsinki Corpus Ѥơ̻Ū -lily
ϡŤѸǤϸŪ -ly Τߤʤ餺-li, -lic, -lich, -liche ʤֻ͡ǸƤcf. #1773. ich, everich, -lich ch ä ([2014-03-05-1])#1810. ѰۤΥȥԡ ([2014-04-11-1])#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1])ˡǡŪʰֻС Perl бɽȤ "\B(?<!s)l[iy]l[yi](ch?)?(e(r|st)?)?\b" ꤷ Helsinki Corpus ˸ȤűѸ줫ϳ㤬1ĤäƤʤäѸʹߤ餤Ĥ㤬줿
[ M1 (1150--1250) ]
CMSAWLES(14658): ter hire; turne+d <P 178> ham treowliliche to wit hare lauerd. & to +teos fowr sus
[ M2 (1250--1350) ]
CMAYENBI(7376): te+t +tet we loki ine oure herte holylyche +tane holy gost +tet is oure wytnesse.
[ M3 (1350--1420) ]
CMBOETH(11516): , "see now how thou mayst proeven holily and withoute corrupcioun this that I ha
CMBOETH(49069): is, or elles thei scholden fleten folyly. "For whiche it es that alle thingis se
CMCLOUD(50919): peke +tus childly, & # as it were folily and lackyng kyndly discrecion; for I do
CMCTPROS(21119): surably, <P 234.C1> for they that folily wasten and despenden the goodes that th
CMCTVERS(35881): at moste I thynke. I have my body folily despended; Blessed be God that it shal
CMWYCSER(2866): eth herynne +tat God may not iuge folily ony man; and so, as oure wille ha+t ned
CMWYCSER(45437): kyng, he wolde not +tus reigne worldlily, ne # hym was owed no sych rewme, si+t
[ M4 (1420--1500) ]
CMGAYTRY(5492): +tat Haly Kirke, oure modire, es hallyly ane thorow-owte +te werlde, that es, #
CMGAYTRY(8961): +te thre +tat ere firste, awe vs hallyly to halde anence oure Godd, and +te Seue
CMROLLPS(48489): . bot be ware that +ge deme # not folily him that is goed, wenand that he be ill
CMROLLTR(3701): erue +tam mekely, and gladly and lawlyly, +tat +tay may wyn +tat Godde hyghte to
[ E1 (1500--1569) ]
CEFICT1A(24697): that some curatys that loke full holyly be but desemblers & ypocrytis. <S SAMPL
[ E2 (1570--1639) ]
CEBOETH2(7618): Looke how proonest thou that most holyly & without spot, that we say God is the
[ E3 (1640--1710) ]
ʤ
ʾΤ褦ˡHelsinki Corpus dzǧ¤ꡤŪˤ -lily ٤ä褦ˤߤ뤬ʳǰŪʤȤŤΤϹƤƻܤä絬ϤʥѥѤ٤ȤäǷŤɬפ
ޤǿˤ錄äơ-ly 2³ -lilyˤĤƹͤƤ츻δ1αդƤ٤롥뤤ϤޤǤε㼨ƤΤ follily, holily, jollily, melancholily, oilily, sillily ˤĤƤϡ¦ -ly ˴ηƻ˻Ĥ -ly ϡ¤Ϸƻ -ly ΤΤǤϤʤ촴ΰäꡤ뤤Ϥ̤ -y տ路Τäꤹ롥Τ褦ʸ츻Ū -lily εƲǽ˱ƶƤΤȵ뤬ɤͤ³Ƥ
#4268. -ly 2³ -lily ϵǤ ([2021-01-02-1]) εǡ -ly 2ĤĤ -lily η֤줬ѸˤƤϵǤ뤳ȤǧĴԹˤ haplology ʽŲæˤθ̤ȤߤƤ褤
ŤѸˤƤƱĴԹפƤɤĴ٤ʤФʤʤȤΤϡѸƥȤɤǤȡ-lily Τ褦˽вȤޤޤ뤫ˤβ haplology Ф֤ŪˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȡϵäƤ롥
ޤϡľλǤѸˤĤĴ٤ƤߤƱΥѥ CLMET3.0 о줷Ƥ餪ΥѥФơʤԺˤɤĤ"\B(?<!s)l[iy]l[yi](ch?)?(e(r|st)?)?\b" Ȥ Perl бɽˤƸƤߤη̤3ĤλȤΤʲǤ롥
11710--1780ǯ: surlily (11 times), livelily (3), sillily (2), immortalily (1), jollily (1) --- total 18 examples
21780--1850ǯ: surlily (13), holily (3), jollily (2), sillily (2), lovelily (1) --- total 21 examples
31850--1920ǯ: sillily (2), surlily (2), jollily (1), melancholily (1), lovelily (1), oilily (1), statelily (1) --- total 9 examples
ε ([2021-01-02-1]) ǼѸ BNCweb Ф٤Ƥߤʬ褦ˡѸˤ -lily ȤƸμˤϴˤꤽjollily, sillily, surlily ʤɤ٤ʤ⡤ɤλˤ⸽Ƥ롥
1줫ʤ BNCweb ФΤϼ¼Ū15㡤3,400줫ʤ CLMET ФΤ48㡥ñĴӤǰŪ˷Ť뤳ȤϤǤʤѸǤϸѸ -lily 줬ƤʵƤƤˤ褦ˤߤ롥
ǯ³ؤȤʤ¿ȿ¿쾯ʤ֥饤פ侩뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ȻפޤʲҤ1ǯۤΩ2018ǯ12ˡǤ˷кѻȾʤ֥ǥȥեʤ뤿Υɥ饤DXʥɥ饤ˡ (PDF) ȯɽƤꡤ DX ϩξˤޤޤʤƤΤͽۤޤ
Ǥdigital transformation άʤ *DT ǤϤʤ DX ʤΤ˻פޤDX Τۤ餫˶̤Ūdzʹ褤ǤǤ X ϤäɤƤΤǤ礦
¤ϡϰθͷӤǤʸͷӤʤΤǤİ
trans- ȤΤϥƥƬǡѸˤ through across ޤacross ǤȤȤݥȤǤtrans- across cross X Ȥ츻Ȼ˰äθͷӤˤꡤƬ trans- X ɽ褦ˤʤäΤǤ¤ DX = digital transformation ȤΤϤޤ䤵ۤǡXMIT, X-ing, XREF, Xmas, Xian, XTAL ʤɤά⤢ޤ줾첿άʬǤ礦
Τ褦 X ˴ؤͷӡʸͷӤ˴ؿäϡ##4219,4189,4220εåȤX ϼ¤ˤ⤷ʸǤ
-ly μդˤĤƤ -ly ¿εǰäƤŪˤߤƤ꤬˭٤ǡ#1032. -e ο -ly ȯã ([2012-02-23-1]) #1189. Ѹˤ -ly ε§طʡ ([2012-07-29-1]) ʤɤǡΤ⤷Ҳ𤷤Ƥ
#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1]) Dz⤷Ƥ褦ˡߤǤŪȹͤƤ -ly ϡȤȤϷƻäξڵ friendly, scholarlywomanly, daily, weekly, yearly ʤɤϼ˷ƻȤѤ롥 -ly ƻ줫бˤϤɤФ褤줿顤ȤƤ -ly ˲äơfriendlily ʤɤȤΤ
Ū -ly ΤȤǤ롤ϳΤ friendlily ηϤ뤷¡ϿƤΤ⤢롥ºݾ¿ˤܤˤʤʸǤ롥ƻƱ friendly Ѥꡤin a friendly manner ʤɤȱŪɽΤ̤/-lɪli/ ³ĴŪ˸Ϥ (cacophony) ΤͳȻפ롥̤Ȥơhaplology ʽŲæˤ1Ĥ -ly ˤޤȤƤޤΤcf. #2362. haplology ([2015-10-15-1])ˡ
-lily Ǥ뤳ȤϸѸ쥳ѥǤñ˳ǧǤ롥㤨СBNCweb "*l[i,y]ly_{ADV}" Ȥñ㸡Ƥߤȡ106郎äƤ롥Ƹ٤ȡslyly (90), jollily (4), sillily (4), surlily (2), beastlily (1), ghostlily (1), oilily (1), possiblily (1), seemlily (1), uglily (1) Ȥʤ롥Ǥ٤ι⤤ slily δΤȤʤƻ sly /slaɪ/ Ǥꡤ ly ϤޤǸ촴ΰˤʤᡤδؿоݤ鳰Ƥ褤2̥ jollily, sillily ˤĤƤ⡤Τηƻ jolly, silly ˴ޤޤ -ly ϡŪˤϤ餯ȴƤʤΤǤϤʤʸ츻Ūˤ silly -ly ϳΤܲܤƤͳ褹Τˡpossiblily ˤĤƤϡʸ̮ǧ̾ possibility ΥߥڥǤ뤳Ȥʬꡤθ鳰Ƥ褤̤Ȥơ-lily ϤƵǤ뤳Ȥ狼
ޤƤǤȤޤǯϳˤȤäɤǯˤʤ뤳Ȥڤ˵äƤޤäƤؤӤߤޤʤ褦Ѹ˥֥ȤƤǯ³Ƥޤ³ꤤ夲ޤ
1ǯ֤ǤɤΤ褦ʵ褯ɤޤƤäĴ٤Ƥߤޤ1230դΥ (access ranking) Υȥå500ʻͤޤǤ˺ǯǤΡ#3901. 2019ǯˤ褯ɤޤ줿 ([2020-01-01-1]) ɤˡȤ櫓ǯ˼ɮܥ֥εΤʤǤ褯ɤޤ줿Τʲ˰Ƥޤ
#4044. ʤΤȥ֥åΤξʸ <a> λϰ㤦ΤǤ ([2020-05-23-1]) (2335)
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#4045. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ1385クޤ ([2020-05-24-1]) (752)
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ۤˡǯ6դ꤫鿷ߤȤ hellog 饸 ϤޤʲҤǤȤΤ饤ȤʤꡤPC䥹ޥۤȤˤäλ֤Ȥ⤢ꡤôڸΤˤ⡤λɷΤˤ⡤ּױѸ˥֥˥ƤߤޤѤʵؤβ濴Ȥʤ٤ϡɥ㤤ƤꤽƤޤǯ⡤饸ǤˤƤԤˤƤ⡤Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ¿夲ƤͽǤϢơͤޤǤѸ˴ؤѤʵΰɤ
ǯ¿쾯ʤ쥪饤ǤγؤӤ³ȤȻפޤѸˤؤ֤ hellog γˡȤơ#4019. ұѸ˳ؽΤ hellog γѤ ([2020-04-28-1]) εɤ
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