228ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ11ߴȤƤ2ˤ֤ޤܤñϡthat --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤפǤ
Ѹˤ that ϡؼ졤ط졤³ϤȤ͡ʸˡṲ̄¿Ǥ¿εǽϤǤ˸űѸˤߤޤơεǽϤɤΤ褦ˤƵꡤȯŸƤΤǤ礦Ķ٤ñǤ⤢ꡤˤȤʤȻפޤܤŪȯŸɤƤߤޤֵϡthat Ȭϻ群γ̩ǻ̩90ʬȤʤޤ
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#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-11-10-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6098. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤9one --- ñʤ͡ˡعäפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-01-06-1])
#6139. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤10very --- ʪפ纮ζոءפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-02-16-1])
12328ڡˤǡǯ٤κǽȤʤޤơޤϡbe --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ưפǤַϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 Ȥʤޤī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧ
ޤ2026ǯ٤īǤαѸ˹ֺ¤³ޤȤƤơޤ2025ǯ٤Ρ˾äȤԻĤʱñפѤޤʻߤȤơظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ȤűѸѸθʸĩൡ䤷ƤͽǤܺ٤θڡꤴ

ǯ٤Ϸ1ī㡼ɶDZѸ˹ֺ¤Ƥޤȥϡ˾äȤԻĤʱñפǤŪǤʤˤ䤤勞ꤲطʤäƤñ1ӡرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡεҤȤʤ顤ñ̥ϤꡤƱ˱ѸˤΥʥߥⴶƤޤ
228ڡˤιֺ¤ߴ2Ȥʤޤ夲Τϡޤ¿¿ǽΤʤΤʬʤʤꤽ that Ȥñܤޤ1ξʸǤ̣DZʸˡäƤ뤫Τ褦Ȭϻ群γεȯŸɤȡñͯƤ뤳ȴְ㤤ʤǤ
ʲthat ᤰäƤɤΤ֥쥹˽ФƤߤޤ
Is that that that that that that refers to? / That that is is that that is not is not is that it it is.
that 괧 the δطϡ
ؼ th- ȵ wh- δطϡ
ľñ줿this, these, that, those
this ñȤǤϿͤؤ뤱ɡthat ñȤȼˤʤΤϤʤ
those who ʤɤ those ͡ؤΤϤʤ
I think that . . . . ʤɤ that Ϥˤޤ줿
뤤Ƴ that
ط̾ that ϡ¾δط̾ȲۤʤΤ
that Ρ־άס뤤ϵ that ˤĤ
ۤˤϵäƤΤȻפޤthat Τ٤Ƥ90ʬǸԤȤϤǤޤˤɤ뤳Ȥḁ̇̄Ϥ֤ФȻפޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡ⥪饤äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
ʤߴ3ϰʲ̤ͽǤդ˸ơѸˤγؤӤ夲Ƥޤ礦
12328ڡ 15:30~17:00be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ư
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
1220ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ93ȤƳ֤ޤơޤϡone --- ñʤ͡ˡعäפǤ
ޤñǤѸŪˤϼ¤˱οùܤǡäվޤͤоݤǤˤƴŪʿ䤫顤ʸˡФ괧Ȥʤꡤ̾ȤʤꡤȤʤäΤǤ礦ܸˡФϢ¿1ĤҤȤĤϤ궽̣ˤɤäƤޤºݡֵ90ʬǤϸ꤭ʤۤɤǤۤ one ϿƹƿΤǤ
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#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-11-10-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
ϼߴޤ10Ͽǯ131ڡˤˡvery --- ʪפ纮ζոءפꤷƳ֤ޤַϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ǤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤйǤ
űѸο ān ̾괧 (indefinite article) ȯã褦ˡǤűѸ ǣniȝ ̾ƻ줬ȯãa(n) any ϡΤ褦˵ȯãˤ¿ᡤ̣ˡˤĤƸߤ˾줷Ƥȸ¦̤롥
㤨СѸǤäƱӤιʸˤơ괧 a(n) ͽۤȤ any 륱롥괧ȤƤ any ˡMustanoja (263) 긫Ƥߤ褦
In second members of comparisons, particularly in comparisons expressing equality, any is not uncommon: --- isliket and imaket as eni gles smeþest (Kath. 1661); --- tristiloker þan ony stel (RMannyng Chron. 4864); --- his berd as any sowe or fox was reed (Ch. CT A Prol. 552); --- as blak he lay as any cole or crowe (Ch. CT A Kn. 2692); --- fair was this younge wyf, and therwithal As any wezele hir body gent and smal (Ch. CT A Mil. 3234); --- his steede . . . Stant . . . as stille as any stoon (Ch. CT F Sq. 171); --- þ maden as mery as any men moȝten (Gaw. & GK 1953; any with a plural noun); --- also red and so ripe . . . As any dom myȝt device of dayntyeȝ oute (Purity 1046). The usage goes back to OE: --- scearpre þonne ænig sweord (Paris Psalter xliv 4).
ɽϸűѸ줫⤢ȤΤȤˤʤΤϡξ any Ͻ a(n) ѤʤΤȤΤϡѸ He is as wise as any man. Ϥˤ餺פ any ˡ۵뤫ñʤ괧Ȥ⡤any Ѥ궯Ĵΰ̣礤ФȤȤϤʤΤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Ūʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ߤƤȡबʸˡȤΤϤĤɤ㤬гμ¤ʸˡȸڤ뤫Ȥ˽Ф魯롥ʸˡϷǤƱ˰̣Ǥ⤢뤬̣ϸԤԹ褯ɤ߹פȤǤƤޤäơ֤ʸǤʸˡǤƤפȼĥ뤿ˤϡʤ٤ѤӤơҴŪ˳ǧǤϤΤŪɬפ롥ä˷Ūʴ鼨ȥ٥ȤǤ롥
㤨С one ϤĤ괧 (indefinite article) ʸˡΤȤͤƤߤ롥ŪˤϸűѸ ān ޤä an a ȤʤäȤȹͤʤ뤬ѸˤϸϢʤ one ޤᡤ¿¿ͤʶƤꡤ줾줬Ȥ괧ȤǤ㤬ꡤ夬Ĥʤ1200ǯ˽줿Ƥ The Owl and the Nightingale ll. 3--4 "Iherde ich holde grete tale / An hule and one niȝtingale." ʤɤȤ줿
Ūʴˡꤽɸ an one man Τ褦ˡ2Ĥ "one" ¤Ǹ륱ξ硤1Ĥ an 괧ǡ2Ĥ one Ǥ롤ȷŤΤϼǤϤʤԤϡֽС¸ߡפɸʸˡŪʵǽôäƤΤФԤϡ1͡Ŀ͡פ̣ȤƵǽƤȤƲǤ롥ϲͶζǤϤʤMustanoja Ѹ Gower ºߤɽǤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ (291)
For thei be manye, and he [i.e., the king] is on; And rathere schal an one man With fals conseil, for oght he can, From his wisdom be maad to falle (Gower CA vii 4161)
ѸǤϡ괧 a + one + ̾פȤϵʤѸˤϤ줬ߤ줿ʤäȤ⡤ˤޤäȤ Mustanoja (291) Ҥ٤Ƥ뤬ˡʤߤˡ괧 the + one + ̾פϸѸǤ on the one hand, the one thing, the one exception ʤɤ̤ˤߤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
one ˤĤơѸǤϼƤޤäŪˡ롥֤1͡1ġ~פ̣ only alone ˶ᤤˡűѸѸǤ̤˸졤ƱŪ̾ȷӤĤˤ one Ū˰פƶѲΤǡȤƤϷƻȤäƤ褤̾줫ͷΥ֤֤뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤŪȤ⤤Τ
Mustanoja "exclusive use" ȸƤӤĤġ one ˡˤĤƾܽҤƤ롥ʲѤ褦 (293--94)
EXCLUSIVE USE. --- The OE exclusive an, calling attention to an individual as distinct from all others, in the sense 'alone, only, unique,' occurs mostly after the governing noun or pronoun (se ana, þa anan, God ana), but anteposition is not uncommon either (an sunu, seo an sawul, to þæm anum tacne). It has been suggested by L. Bloomfield (see bibliography) that anteposition of the exclusive an is due to the influence of the conventional phraseology of religious Latin writings (unus Deus, solus Deus, etc.). After the governing word the exclusive one is used all through the ME period: --- he is one god over alle godnesse; He is one gleaw over alle glednesse; He is one blisse over alle blissen; He is one monne mildest mayster; He is one folkes fader and frover; He is one rihtwis ('he alone is good . . .' Prov. Alfred 45--55, MS J); --- ȝe . . . ne sculen habben not best bute kat one (Ancr. 190); --- let þe gome one (Gaw. & GK 2118). Reinforced by all, exclusive one develops into alone in earliest ME (cf. German allein and Swedish allena), and this combination, after losing its emphatic character, is in turn occasionally strengthened by all: --- and al alone his wey than hath he nome (Ch. LGW 1777).
ѤκǸΤǤϡ alone all alone θ츻˿Ƥ롥פˤϡϤʤŪ one ˡѤǻĤäƤɽȤȤˤʤ롥ơ only ޤ one Ǥ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Bloomfield, L. "OHG Eino, OE Ana = Solus." Curme Volume of Linguistic Studies. Language Monograph VII, Linguistic Soc. of America, Philadelphia 1930. 50--59.
127ˤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥ#391. ʤ no Ǥ⸵Ȥ --- no money no No, I don't. noǤ3֤ۤ#387. ѸˤϤʤ줬Ρܸˤϴ줬ʤѸδȻƤΤܸΤפΤۤ͵Ȥʤä1.45İˤΤǡ (article) ³ԤȤĤäϤΤǤ³ΥȥԥåȤ no ˸ڤȤ夵ष˥ݥåȥ饤ȤơΥȥȥͤˤʤäǤ̤Ȥơ¿˻İƤɤäǤ꤬Ȥޤ
δǤäΤǤ괧 a/an ϡȤȿ one ͳ褷ƤΤǡܼ¸ɸˤȤߤʤޤФơ no ܼϡޤԺɸǤa/an no ϡ̣жˤˤΤȤȤ館ޤ¸ߤΤʤΤ10Ȥǡ괧 no įƤߤǤ
δ鸫ȡʸˡǽ few a few ΰ̣ΰ㤤Ǥޤfew ϸ many еǤꡤ¿ʤפȤŪʰ̣礤Ǥ¸ɸ a ĤƤߤȤɤʤǤ礦֤ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ϤʤפȤ few ˷̣ˡa ־ʤʤ¸ߤϤƤפȤŪʥ˥奢դä̤Ȥơ־ϤפؤỌ̇̄Ĵ롤ȲǤ櫓Ǥ
ơ a/an no Ω¤ơޤʤΤǤưǻİԤγǤääƼߤΤϡȥˤ⤢̤ꡤ2Ĥ no ̸츻äȤ¤ǤϤʤǤ礦ѸǤϡƻȤƻȤ no ȡȤƻȤ no ޤƱֻȯˤʤäƤޤ¤Ūʥ롼ĤϰۤʤΤʤΤǤ
ʲʤȤäƤñǤ⡤Υ롼Ĥɤȡä褦ˤƤΤǤ⤳ԻĤ no ˤ YouTube ưdzǧƤߤƤŪŪɷ㤵뤳礤ǤޤȤơޤϡ¤ʬϤˤĤʤ礭ǤΤǡ¿Ū˷겼ƤȹͤƤޤ
μͭӥ mond ˡ֤ʤƻ̾ (she, it, mine) ǤʤǤפȤ䤬ޤ;̾ϡ (definiteness) ΰ̣ħļ礿뵡ǽֻؼפǤȤƤߤޤβϡȤ櫓¿ˤɤߤƤ褦ǤˬƤߤƤ

βκǸ Quirk et al. §6.20 ȤȽҤ٤ޤʬʲ˰ѤƤޤ "Modification and determination of personal pronouns" ꤹΰǤ
In modern English, restrictive modification with personal pronouns is extremely limited. There are, however, a few types of nonrestrictive modifiers and determiners which can precede or follow a personal pronoun. These mostly accompany a 1st or 2nd person pronoun, and tend to have an emotive or rhetorical flavour:
(a) Adjectives:
Silly me!, Good old you!, Poor us! <informal>
(b) Apposition:
we doctors, you people, us foreigners <familiar>
(c) Relative clauses:
we who have pledged allegiance to the flag, . . . <formal>
you, to whom I owe all my happiness, . . . <formal>
(d) Adverbs:
you there, we here
(e) Prepositional phrases:
we of the modern age
us over here <familiar>
you in the raincoat <impolite>
(f) Emphatic reflexive pronouns . . .:
you yourself, we ourselves, he himself
Personal pronouns do not occur with determiners (*the she, *both they), but the universal pronouns all, both, or each may occur after the pronoun head . . .:
We all have our loyalties.
They each took a candle.
You both need help.
괧ޤ (determiner) ;̾դȤϤʤ褦Ǥ͡;̾줬ǤˡפǤꡤפ2ɸˤʤäƤޤǤ礦;ܼ̾ŪħˤĤƹͤǤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
heldio/helwa ꥹʡ umisio 䤬ޤ
turn ưΡѤפǻȤȤˤ̾괧դʤΤϤʤǤ
Τˡ#1347. a lawyer turned teacher ([2013-01-03-1]) Ǽ夲ޤᡤturn ˤϴ줬դʤΤ̤Ǥͤ͡ƤߤСʤۤɡ̯ʸݤǤa poacher turned gamekeeper ̩ļžľ֡סturn traitor to ... ...ڤפʤɤɽäƤޤOED ȤȡŪˤ괧դޤturn wiseman, turn monster, turn coward ʤɤ̵㤬Ѹ˳Τ˸ޤ
¾¿Υ衼åѽȤϰۤʤꡤѸǤΩIJĻ̾ñˤϴդΤ̤ǤOtani is a baseball player. Otani is the man. Τ褦ˤǤʤ뤤ŪƱɽˤ̵ͣ (unique role) ӤӤƤˤϡ줬դʤȤޤQuirk et al. (§5.42) Ƥߤޤ
Maureen is (the) captain of the team.
John F. Kennedy was (the) President of the United States in 1961.
As (the) chairman of the committee, I declare this meeting closed.
They've appointed Fred (the) treasurer, and no doubt he will soon become (the) secretary.
Anne Martin, (the) star of the TV series and (the) author of a well-known book on international cuisine, has resigned from her post on the Consumer Council.
ʤۤɡ̤Ȥϻפޤ a lawyer turned teacher turn traitor 줬̵ͣפɽ路Ƥ뤫ȤСΤ褦ˤϲǤޤºݡQuirk et al. Ʊս [b] ˤơΤ褦âդƤޤ
The complement of turn (cf 16.22) is exceptional in having zero article even where there is no implication of uniqueness:
Jenny started out as a music student before she turned linguist. BUT: . . . before she became a linguist.
turn traitor (to) ˤĤƤϡȤƸꤷƤ뤫Ȥǽ⤷ޤʳˤĤƤϡϤߤȤǤturn traitor (to) ǥȤʤäơʳɽˤȵڤȹͤʤСϼ¾ڤɬפޤ뤤ϡOED 1582ǯνȤ turne Christian Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤ȤƷƻ̾줬ΩĥȤʤäơΤ褦Ե§ʸˡޤ줿Ȥͤ뤫⤷ޤʳǤϻפĤβˤޤޤǤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
1116ˤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥˤ#387. ѸˤϤʤ줬Ρܸˤϴ줬ʤѸδȻƤΤܸΤޤơޤִ (article) ȤʪäǤ礦ޤǤ褯İƤޤīλǻİ1ĶƤꡤȯǤ
(the, a/an) ϱѸؽԤˤȤäƱʱβǤȤΤʤܸȤԤˤȤäơȤ櫓ܤǤ⡤ʤѸˤϤΤ褦ʤΤΤȤäȻפäƤޤפˡϺŪ䤤ʤΤǤ
ʤ줬Τ䤤ϡѸˤδɳƤߤȡޤä٤¤Ϥޤޤ괧 the ǤϡѸޤ¿Υ衼åѸˤơɬǽ餫¸ߤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤˤǡŪˤʤäƤѤ褦ˤʤäֿԡפʤΤǤ
űѸλˤ⡤the ϳΤ¸ߤޤϸŪʳΩˡʻȤƻȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤ٤¸ߤˤȤɤޤäƤޤȤȡ֤ס֤פȤạ̈ɽ魯ؼ (demonstrative) äΤˤλؼϤñ˴ΤΤΤǤ뤳ȤɸʸˡŪǤؤѲƤä̤Ȥޤ줿ΤǤΤ褦ʡȤȤΰ̣ޤꡤʸˡŪʵǽĤ褦ˤʤѲʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȸƤǤޤϱѸˤˤ˽פʥơޤǤꡤܥ֥Ǥ١夲Ƥޤ
ŪʷаޤΤȡǽѤʵ֤ʤ줬Τפϡ֤ʤѸϡ虜虜ؼʸˡɬפäΤפȤ꿼䤤ؤȾڤޤʤʤ顤ΤʤܸüԤϡΤʤؤȤϴƤʤǤ
䤤Ф1ĤθȤʤΤܸν֤פȡ֤ϡפǤưǤϡΡ֤ס֤ϡפλȤʬѸδȻƤ¦̤뤳ȤŦ¤ (information_structure) δŸޤ
κǤŪϡäʹδ֤ǤǤ˶ͭƤʡˤǤʤʿˤ̤뤳ȤˤޤεǽϡܸΡ֤ס֤ϡפôȸ˥ѥʤΤǤܤäˤȤäƤߤޤ礦
ΡȤˡʡῷˤȤФʡῷˤޤʵˤϻؼǴˡФʡˤ˹Ԥޤ
Ѹˤȡ1ʸǤ괧줬2ʸǤ괧줬ѤϤǤ줾ܸν֤ס֤ϡפбޤ
ܸΡ֤ס֤ϡפλȤʬˤߤ뿷ζ̤Ȥˡϡ춦ƱΤˤȤäŪʤΤǤΥˡμʤϡ줴Ȥ˰ۤʤäƤǽˤޤܸϤǤȯãƤȤӡѸϤޤˤäؼʸˡȤƻȤ櫓Ǥ
λ¤ϡѸδν˶ϫ䤿ˡƶͿƤޤѸδλȤʬˤϡطʤˤή졤ʤ¤ɬפ롤ȤȤǤѸδδФϡܸüԤ̵ռΤˡ֤ס֤ϡפȤʬƤ롤δФȷҤäƤΤǤ
ϡüԤΥߥ˥ΥˡȡλѲǽʸʣ߹äƷƤޤ̣Ǥϼ¤˿ʹ֤ʪʤΤǤҤεưǤ⤪餤
(article) 괧괧ˤμ¸ϡѸѼˤäƤ⡤üԸĿͤˤäƤ⡤ˤäƤ͡Ǥ롥ŵŪʵǽȤƶȼ variants äƤȤ⤢ꡤϤޤޤʣȤʤcf. #3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])ˡˡ³줬ҲǻϤޤ뤫첻ǻϤޤ뤫ˤäƤѰۤΤǡ
Ȥ櫓괧μ¸ˤĤƤϡ#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1])#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1])#2236. 첻 the ȯˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2015-06-11-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
ơϰѼˤäƤ¸ϤޤޤΤ褦New Zealand English ξƤߤ褦Bauer (391) ˤȡ³ˤ餺괧 /ðə/ 괧 /ə/ ȯ뷹Ȥ첻³ˤϤƤĺĤʤȤ롥
As in South African English . . . , the and a do not always have the same range of allomorphs in New Zealand English that they have in standard English. Rather, they are realised as /ðə/ and /ə/ independent of the following sound. Where the following sound is a vowel, a [ʔ] is usually inserted.
ܲ˥塼ں NZE ˤƤ뤬⤽ⴧϼ夯ȯ뤳Ȥ¿ɤѼǤ variants ¿뤳ȤȤƤäƤΤǡۤɥޡƤʤäϰռʹΩƤƤ
LPD the ƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
the strong form ðiː, weak forms ði, ðə --- The English as a foreign language learner is advised to use ðə before a consonant sound (the boy, the house), ði before a vowel sound (the egg, the hour). Native speakers, however, sometimes ignore this distribution, in particular by using ðə before a vowel (which in turn is usually reinforced by a preceding [ʔ]), or by using ðiː in any environment, though especially before a hesitation pause. Furthermore, some speakers use stressed ðə as a strong form, rather than the usual ðiː.
NZE ˸¤餺¾ѼˤƤ¸¿ͤȹͤƤ褤ޤĤʤĺ⡤ٰŪȤäƤ褵
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
ε˰³530ʶˤ YouTube ʸ麽սPLUS ͥǸ줿Ѹ˥ȡθԡ26ʬۤɡˤҲ𤷤ޤȥ֡ڤ䤳Ѹ줬ŪˤʤޤǡʸˡΩΤϤä250ǯan appleanϡȯ䤹뤿פǤϤʤäʤʣsФʤΤø""ḢϡǤʲưѤ֤ʤΤˡʸϤȤƤǺܤޤ
ԤǤϡƧ߹ǡʸˡѲ䡤Ѹ줬ΡפȤƤϰ̤ۤ˻äطʤʤɡ礭ʥơޤˤĤƤäƤޤ
ޤʸˡѲˤĤƤǤѸ礭ħΰĤˡ礬ʤޤäƤޤּưŪ (SVO) ȤܤǤꡤʸΰ̣̤ʤʤäꡤʸˡŪˤʤäꤷޤ1000ǯθűѸλ̤ȡϤäȼͳǤ̾γѲ˭äᡤؤƤʸιʤˤäΤǤǤϡܸӤǤ륿פäΤǤ
ѸΤ褦ʸʸˡΩΤϡŪˤߤŪǶΤȤǤ18ȾС뵬ʸˡλˡСȡ饦 (Robert Lowth) ʤɤʸˡؼԤױѸΥ롼ᡤ줬̤ƼҲ˹ޤäƤޤϡߤ˰̣̤ФǤ褤Ȥ褦ʡ꼫ȯŪήưŪʸˡήäΤǤ
ˡ̾ʣˤⶽ̣ơޤǤѸǤϡ̾ʣ99% -s Ĥ뤳ȤǺޤ˵§ŪǡؽԤˤȤäƤϤ꤬⤷ޤޤˤλʪǤűѸǤϡʣκϰͤǤϤʤɥĸΤ褦ˡ̾Ѳμˤä͡ʥѥޤ
̾ĤѸԵ§ʣȤĤäƤñ췲Ǥ㤨Сox/oxen Τ褦 -n ʣ륿סfoot/feet man/men Τ褦˸촴첻Ѳ륿ס child/children Τ褦˸űѸ̾ʣ -ru ͳ褹 -r- ޤॿפʤɤǤñ줬ʤޤԵ§ʤޤĤäƤΤȤȡƴŪäǤꡤ٤⤫äˡ-s ĤȤ§Ȥ˰߹ޤ줺Ǥ
ȡǤϡ괧 a/an λȤʬˤĤƤ⡤عʸˡǽȤϵդˤ餫ˤޤ䤿ϡּˤñ줬첻ǻϤޤȤˤϡȯص an ȤפȳؤӤޤˤο¤ϤεդǤȤ괧ϡ one ޤä an ȤޤǤĤޤꡤan apple ǥեȤηäΤǤơan book Τ褦˼˻Ҳ³ˡ/n/ /b/ ȤҲϢ³ȯˤˡn Τۤæ a book Ȥޤ줿ΤǤޤܤڤ褦ʻ¤ǤϤޤ
ƺǸˡǤ礭䤤֤ʤѸˤʤäΤפˤĤƤäޤ䤤Фϡ줽ΤΤ --- ȤʸˡñȤä˭٤Ȥ --- ȤϡۤȤ̵طǤ줬Ūϰ̤뤫ɤϡҤȤˡθä͡μҲĤġϡסʤϡϡкϡϤȤäѥ˰¸ޤ
Ѹξ硤18ʹߤΥꥹŸȡ20ʹߤΥꥫ罰ΰŪʹϤθز븶ưϤȤʤޤ˾塤ʸݸ줿餷Ϥ䡤ƥ衼åѤθѸȤϤȡޤäƱǤαƶϤϡ˼ҲŪϤθۤ˱äơ夫鲼ؤήΤǤ
Τ褦ˡѸˤؤ֤ȤϡñʤŵǤϤʤѸλѤظˤʥߥåѲβȡطʤˤ͡μҲʸĤߤǤָդפò⡤ĹˤΥǸС줬ƤڤȤƤμѲ1ޤ˲ʤȤƤޤ
ȡԤȹ碌ƤȤǡѸȤΩŪʻѤƤ뤳ȤȻפޤ
528ˡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤζΤȡheldio ˤϽؤʾءX @scunogawaˤȤȤˡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåפ饤ǤϤޤͻҤȤƤǤ YouTube ǤǸƤ뤳Ȥϡε#5851. ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ ܥΥå --- GW with ϽؤפΥ YouTube ۿޤ ([2025-05-04-1]) Ǥ̤Ǥ٤ heldio ΥȤƤۿޤǽʬȤʤİȤϡ#1439. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå --- GW with Ͻؤꤴİ褯Ԥ65ʬۤɤĹǤ
ܥΥåǼ夲Ѥʵ15濫ޤ5ܡԤ26ʬ18դ꤫ˤܤޤμݤȤƤϡ괧 an/a λȤʬan apple vs. a penˤθݤϡꥷͳƬ an-/a- θݤƱǤפȤΤǤԤΤι٤ʻŦˤषٶˤʤäݡϤȥ饤Ǥ줿̤Ǥ
Ĵ٤ƤߤȡΤξԤˤơan- ŪˤηǤǤ첻ʤ뤤 hˤǻϤޤǤ³ˤϡؤˤǤ n æa- Ȥ۷֤ѤƤޤ줤ʿŪȤޤ
Webster μ3Ǥ˽ A Dictionary of Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms ˤȡꥷͳƬ a-, an- ˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ҥޤ
2a- or an- prefix [L & Gk; L a-, an-, fr. Gk --- more at UN-]: not: without <achromatic> <asexual> --- used chiefly with words of Gk or L origin; a- before consonants other than h and sometimes even before h, an- before vowels and usu. before h <ahistorical> <anesthesia> <anhydrous>
ΤʤǼƤ̤ꡤΥꥷͳƬϡѸƬ un- ȤƱǤ롥ĤǤƱŵ un- ιܤƤ
1un- prefix [ME, fr. OE; akin to OHG un- un-, ON ō, ū-, Goth un-, L in-, Gk a-, an-, Skt a-, an- un-, OE ne not]
űѸ꼭 ne ⤳ƱǤ뤫顤ĤޤȤ not, never, no ʤɤȤ̤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ƤѤʵ䤫ŸǤؤٶˤʤޤ
1β heldio ˤ#1413. ʤűѸθ絬§ϴˤäΤǯٽۿΥˡۿˤȤۿޤ (word_order) ȤˤưŪʤΤǡؿ⤿줿ΤǤ礦ޤǤβʿѤ¿İ褵Ƥޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ѸˤʬǡָפȤСѸǤϸ絬§ΤˡűѸǤϸ礬ŪˤäȤ椬ˤʤޤʤ֤ϤʤפȤѤʵ䤬ͯƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ϡεľΤǤϤʤФᤫΥץǤϤޤȤϲȤŪˤϿ̤ȤǤȻפޤ
ʲʸϤݤޤ촶Τ륪ꥸʥβۿˤƤİФȻפޤ
1. ⤽ָפȤϲ --- (linearity)
䤿ϡؽä˱Ѹؽ̤ơνؤӤޤѸ SVO ܤǤꡤỌ̇̄ѤäꡤʸˡŪˤʤäꤹȶäƤޤ㤨 I eat a banana. ɸŪǤꡤ*Eat I a banana. *A banana I eat. ̾ƤޤʶĴʤɤüʸ̮Ͻޤˡ
ܸǤϡֻϥХʥʤ٤ (SOV) Ǥ֥ХʥʤϿ٤ (OSV) ֿ٤롤ϥХʥʤ (VSO) ʤɤ⡤ԼϤˤ衤ʸˡŪ˴ְ㤤Ȥϸڤޤ
ǤϡʤˤϸȤΤ¸ߤΤǤ礦ϡ줬ʤ뤤ʸˤּ˱äľŪ¤٤뤳ȤˤäΩƤ뤫ǤȸƤӤޤ䤿ȯﴱʤȤ櫓ӡˤϴŪ1ĤʤΤǡʣñƱȯ뤳ȤϤǤޤäơñ֤¤٤뤷ʤΤǤϸˤʤǤꡤʪؤˤϤΤª뤳ȤǤޤ
While the dog is running in the yard, the cat is sleeping on the hot carpet. ʸäƤ֡ǭϥۥåȥڥåȤξǿƤˤȤʸϡƱ˵äƤɽ路Ƥޤ顤ɤ餫˸虜ޤ⤷˿ʹ֤2ĤӤƱ2Ĥñȯ뤳ȤǤʤ顤ι¤ۤʤäƤȤǤ礦
2. 絬§2Ĥθ
ñ֤¤٤ʤФʤʤȤ¸ͳʬޤϡ֤ɤΤ褦¤٤뤫פȤ絬§ǤθϤȡθ絬§ظˤϡ礭ʬ2Ĥΰۤʤ븶¸ߤ褦˻פޤ
(1) ʸˡθ絬§
ʸʥƥǡʼ졤ư졤Ūʤɡˤ֤ꤹ븶
ǤʸˡŪʵǽʼʤΤŪʤΤˤˤäƼ
ŵ㡧Ѹ (SVO) (SVO) ʤ
ʸˡŪʴطˤäΤˤʤȿ̡μͳ٤㤤
(2) ʸ̮θ絬§
ʸʥƥˤʸ̮áˤˤήŻ뤹븶
¿ξ硤ꡦơޡ³ǽҡ졼ޡ֤뷹
ŵ㡧ܸ졤űѸ
ή줬ˤʤʸθŪͳǡִˤפȸʤ䤹
ܸΡΡȤˡȤФޤؼǴˡפȤФͤƤߤޤ礦ǽʸǤϡθ塤Ǥ֤ȤФפ֤פȼäƸޤʸǤϡΤȤʤä֤פ֤ϡסʼˤȼäʸƬơʻؼǴ˹Ԥäȡˤ³ޤΤ褦ˡܸʸ̮ξήʼꢪҡơޢ졼ޡˤˤäɽ뤳ȤʤΤǤ
3. űѸܸ췿ä
ơǸűѸܤƤߤޤ礦ʤűѸθ絬§ϴˤäΤϡűѸ줬ѸΤ褦ʡʸˡθ絬§פ1ȤǤϤʤषܸ˶ᤤʸ̮θ絬§פŻ뤹äǤ
űѸǤϡʸ̮˱ơȸʤǤʸƬ֤³Ȥ礬ޤޤΤᡤʸ¤ȡSVO SOV VSO ǽǤꡤѸüԤλ鸫ȡ礬ꤵƤ餺ˤȴ櫓Ǥϡֵ§ʤפ櫓ǤϤʤۤʤθ˴ŤƤΤ٤ΤʤΤǤ
4. 縶žȱѸ˾Ѳ
ѸˤϡΡʸ̮θ絬§פŻ뤹륿פʸˡθ絬§פŻ뤹륿פؤȡδŪʤ礭žˤǤª뤳ȤǤޤžϡѸ˸ˤʤꡤѸˤƸ경Ƥޤ礭ʸžϡñ˸ǤʤѸ¾͡ʸˡܤˤϢŪʱƶڤܤޤ
(article) ȯãűѸˤⴧ˨ϤޤѸۤηŪʥƥǤϤޤǤ괧 the 䡤괧 a/an ȯãƤΤϡޤ˾¤ (information_structure) ʳˡǼɬޤäȤȴϢƤȹͤޤ
Ĵʸ (cleft_sentence) ȯãűѸǤϡĴǤŪͳʸƬ˰ư뤳ȤǽǤ礬경ȡΤ褦ʰư¤ޤȤơIt is ... that ... Τ褦ʶĴʸȯãǤΩ뵡ǽĤ褦ˤʤޤ
ư (passive) ¿ѡűѸˤư֤¸ߤޤ٤ϸѸۤɹ⤯ޤǤ礬경ǡŪȤʤǡʿˤʤ䤹ǡˤȤʸƬ֤ˡư֤֤ȤˤѤ褦ˤʤäƤΤȹͤޤ㤨СŪʸƬ֤ OSV θ礬ȤˤʤäˡŪˤʸƬ֤ư֤ޤ褦ˤʤäȤǤ
5. ޤȤ
űѸθ礬Ѹ줫鸫ơִˤפΤϡ絬§ʤäǤϤʤѸȤϰۤʤʸ̮θ絬§פȤŻ뤷ƤǤθϡܸȶ̤ʬ¿ޤѸˤϡδܸ礭žʥߥåʲǤꡤαƶϱʸˡ͡¦̤˵ڤǤΤǤ
űѸؤֺݤˤϡѸθŪʸѤöΥ졤־ήפȤĤȤäνˤʤ뤫⤷ޤܸüԤˤȤäƤϡषߤ䤹¦̤⤢ȤǤ礦Ȥڤ顤ѸαˤõᤷƤߤΤ⡤⤷ΤǤϤʤǤ礦

ݺƻͺءˤ Voicy heldio ˤʸˡˤޤĤ̤2ˤ錄äƤϤޤҤ2014ǯ˽Ǥ줿ʸˡѸȤʤ顤ѸˤˤʸˡζŪʻˤĤơԤ˲⤷ƤȤʴǤ2ۿʲ˵Ƥޤ
#1290. ʸˡ --- ݺȤ̡2024ǯ1210ۿ
#1293. ư do ʸˡ --- ݺȤ̡2024ǯ1213ۿ
Ѹ˾塤ƽפʸˡ2Ĥλ㡤ȯ do ˡȯŸˤĤǫ˲⤷Ƥޤ˴ؿäϡܥ֥ article do-periphrasis Υդ줿ɤǤФȻפޤ
嵭ۿǤƤޤݺȤʸˡᤰ heldio ̲ϡˤ1ۿƤޤܥ֥#5674. ݺƻͺȤ --- ʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯˤ ([2024-11-08-1]) 뤤ľ heldio #1245. ݺƻͺȤΡʸˡ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פȤ
ޤȤơݺȤ̤ˤä#1298. ݺȤΥեȡǥ֤2024ǯ1218ۿˤϿƤޤϸζŤʤ٤ǤΤǡҤİС
ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ
̾ (noun phrase) ϡȤ˽礬¿ղä졤Ĺʤ뤳Ȥ롥㤨СüˤǤä夲ǤϤ뤬all the other potentially lethal doses of poison that may be administered to humans ʸˡŪǤ롥
Τ褦͡ʽ礬ղäˤϡ̾Ǥ¤ӽ礬ޤäƤ롥Ŭ֤ƤϤʤΤѸε§Fischer (79) "Element order within the NP in PDE" ꤹɽǺܤ褦
| Predeterminer | Determiner | Postdeterminer | Premodifier | Modifier | Head | Postmodifier |
| quantifiers | articles, | quantifiers, | adverbials, | adjectives, | noun, proper name, | prepositional |
| quantifiers, | numerals, specialized | some adjectives | adjuncts | pronoun | phrase, relative | |
| genitives, | adjectives | clause (some | ||||
| demonstratives, | adjectives) | |||||
| possessive/ | (quantifiers?) | |||||
| interrogative/ | ||||||
| relative pronouns | ||||||
| half | the | usual | price | |||
| any | other | potentially | embarrassing | details | ||
| a | pretty | unpleasant | encounter | |||
| both | our | meetings | with the | |||
| chairman | ||||||
| a | decibel | level | that made your | |||
| ears ache | ||||||
| these | two | criminal | activities |
#5565. ѸŪư̾ι¤6 ([2024-07-22-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡư̾ˤĤƤϡȯãˤ͡ʸѥ
Visser Ȥ-ing ˰̣μ줬ȡ̣Ū줬ˤĤơŪѥƥѥˤĤơVisser ΩƤƤΤǡܼ (Vol. 2, xiii--xiv) ǤΤᤤVisser 夲ƤΤ -ing ˴ؤǤꡤư̾Τߤʤ餺ʬޤޤƤ뤳ȤդɬפǤ롥
THE SUBJECT OF THE FORM IN -ING
Type 'They doubted the truth of the boy's being dead'
Type 'It's a curious thing your saying that'
Type 'From the arysing of the sonne'
Type 'At the sun rising'
Type 'I hope it's all right me coming in'
Type 'Everybody was talking about you going over there'
Type 'They knew about it being so serious'
Type 'Don't talk of there being no one to help'
THE OBJECT OF THE FORM IN -ING
A. Object before the form in -ing
Type 'Thou desirest the kynges mordryng'
Type 'Excuse his throwing into the water'
Type 'Restrayne yow of vengeance taking'
Type 'To þi broþur burieng fare''
Type 'Hope-giving phrases'; 'his heart-percing dart'
Type 'The maner of þis arke-making'
Type 'His love-making struck us as unconvincing'
Type 'To be present at the iudgement geuing'
Type 'In dyteys-making she bare the pryse'
B. Object after the form in -ing
Type 'A daye was limited for justifying of the bill'
Type 'Wenches sitt in the shade syngyng of ballads'
Type 'He went prechynge cristes lay'
Type 'I slow Sampsoun in shakynge the piler'
'The reading the book' versus 'the reading of the book'
ư̾ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ۿ2Ĥ⻲ȡ
#1150. ư̾Ȥ --- His/Him speaking Japanese surprised us all.
#1151. ư̾Ϥޤޤä
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
ɸˤĤơ켣 (274) ˤꡤTajima (1985) Ȥ6ι¤Ѹ첽ֻȤȤ˰Ƥ롥
I°Ūư̾졤: at the king's crowning ʲ˲ĺȤ
IIŪư̾졤: other penance doing ʤۤι뤳ȡ
IIIư̾of̾졤: choosing of war (襤뤳)
IVư̾of̾졤: the burying of his bold knights ͦʵΤ뤳ȡ
Vư̾Ū졤: saving their lives ̿뤳ȡ
VIư̾Ū졤: the withholding you from it ʤ뤳ȡ
Ū줬ư̾Ф֤뤳Ȥ⤢и֤뤳Ȥ⤢äԤξˤֻ of ȼ¤⤢ạ̈ޤư̾μ줬°ʡʸνͭʡˤȤ̳ʡʸŪʡˤȤξߤƤΤܤ٤Ǥ롥ˡư̾Τ괧 the ɤȤ⡤˾νפʥݥȤǤ롥

Tajima, Matsuji. The Syntactic Development of the Gerund in Middle English. Tokyo: Nan'un-Do, 1985.
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
ε#5544. űѸζʤεǽ3 ([2024-07-01-1]) ˰³ (instrumental) ˤĤơűѸ괧ʤ뤤Ϸ (definite article or determiner) ζɽ#154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1]) Ǽˤȡþȳ, þon Ȥäȼη֤ȤʷäȤ狼롥Ʊͤ˵̾˻ (interrogative_pronoun) ˤĤƤ⡤ζɽ#51. 5W1Hפʤ̡6Hס ([2009-06-18-1]) ˼ˤ hwȳ Ȥʷ롥
Lass (144) ˤȡζʷӸŪˤ⡤ľϤǤŤ̤ΤȤʸ츻ͤȤˤ褦դλľ Lass ˸äƤ餪
There are remains of what is usually called an 'instrumental' in the masculine and neuter sg; this term as Campbell remarks 'is traditional, but reflects neither their origin nor their prevailing use' (1959: §708n). The two forms are þon, þȳ, neither of which is historically transparent. In use they are most frequent in comparatives, e.g. þȳ mā 'the more' (cf. ModE the more, the merrier), and as alternatives to the dative in expressions like þȳ gēare '(in) this year'. There is probably some relation to the 'instrumental' interrogative hwȳ 'why?', which in sense is a real one (= 'through/by what?'), but the /y:/ is a problem; hwȳ has an alternative form hwī, which is 'legitimate' in that it can be traced back to the interrogative base */kw-/ + deictic */ei/.
Ӹؤμ˳ݤäƤ⡤٤Ƥθ츻ɤ餫ˤ뤳ȤϻζȤΤ褦
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
űѸˤ̾졤̾졤ƻʤɤμ» (substantive) γ (case) Ȥ (instrumental) ƻĤäƤѸޤǤˤܴۤ˾üƤޤűѸǤϤޤѤ롥
ʤδŪʵǽ3Ĥ롥(1) ʤˡɽ魯ˡ(2) ¾ȤƤˡ(3) ֤ɽ魯ˡǤ롥Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (47) ꡤʰѤ褦
Instrumental
88. The instrumental denotes means or manner: Gāius se cāsere, ōþre naman Iūlius 'the emperor Gaius, (called) Julius by another name'. It is used to form adverbs, as micle 'much, by far', þȳ 'therefore'.
It often expresses time when: ǣlċe ȝēare 'every year'; þȳ ilcan dæȝe 'on the same day'.
ʤϤǤ˸űѸޤǤ˿षƤƤˡűѸǤи٤Ϲ⤯ʤŪˤͿ (dative) ζ֤뤳Ȥ¿ĤäƤȤƤʤиòΤʤʤ褦˻פ롥ӸŪʴζʤοˤĤƤϡ#3994. űѸͿʷε ([2020-04-03-1]) Ȥ줿ۤ˶ʤȤƤϡ#811. the + ӵ + for/because ([2011-07-17-1]) ȡ#812. The sooner the better ([2011-07-18-1]) ⻲ȡ
Davis, Norman. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.
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