űѸˤ̾졤̾졤ƻʤɤμ» (substantive) γ (case) Ȥ (instrumental) ƻĤäƤѸޤǤˤܴۤ˾üƤޤűѸǤϤޤѤ롥
ʤδŪʵǽ3Ĥ롥(1) ʤˡɽ魯ˡ(2) ¾ȤƤˡ(3) ֤ɽ魯ˡǤ롥Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (47) ꡤʰѤ褦
Instrumental
88. The instrumental denotes means or manner: Gāius se cāsere, ōþre naman Iūlius 'the emperor Gaius, (called) Julius by another name'. It is used to form adverbs, as micle 'much, by far', þȳ 'therefore'.
It often expresses time when: ǣlċe ȝēare 'every year'; þȳ ilcan dæȝe 'on the same day'.
ʤϤǤ˸űѸޤǤ˿षƤƤˡűѸǤи٤Ϲ⤯ʤŪˤͿ (dative) ζ֤뤳Ȥ¿ĤäƤȤƤʤиòΤʤʤ褦˻פ롥ӸŪʴζʤοˤĤƤϡ#3994. űѸͿʷε ([2020-04-03-1]) Ȥ줿ۤ˶ʤȤƤϡ#811. the + ӵ + for/because ([2011-07-17-1]) ȡ#812. The sooner the better ([2011-07-18-1]) ⻲ȡ
Davis, Norman. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.
ε#5307. Birmingham 3Ĥȯ ([2023-11-07-1]) ΰѤˤڤä褦ˡ̾ϸŤϰ̳ʡʸűѸʹߤͿʡˤη뤳Ȥ¿äƱֻͤȼä뤳Ȥ⡤Ϥ¿äϹͤƤߤмΤȤǤ롥ȡͿʸֻ줬Τޤ̾Τΰ˼ޤƤޤФƤ롥ˡηȾ˺ȡʬ (metanalysis) 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ʻʪ̾˻ĤäƤ롥
Clark (476--77) ˤȡ㤨 Attercliffe ϸűѸ *æt þǣm clife (DB Atecliue) "beside the escarpment" ͳ褷Byfleet ϸűѸ bī flēote "by a stream" ˡBygrave ϸűѸ bī grafan "beside the diggings" ˤ줾ͳ褹롥
괧 the ΰ̾˼ޤƤޤ⤢롥㤨 Thurleigh ϸűѸ (æt) þǣre lēage "at the lye" ̤롥Noke Ѹ atten oke ˡ켫ΤϸűѸ *(æt) þǣm ācum "at the oak-trees" ̤Ȥ顤Ƭ n ϷζΡѷ˰ƤȤ롥Rye Rea ƱͤǡűѸ (æt) þǣre īege/ēa "at the water" ΰʬϤˤȯãɽ魯
⤦1Ķ̣Τ Scarborough, Edinburgh, Canterbury ʤɤ˸ borough ֻԡפΰ۷֤űѸμʡг -burg ͳ褹Τ -borough/-burgh Ȥʤ뤬Ϳ -byrig ͳ褹Τ -bury Ȥʤ롥
ʣˤĤƤƱͤɤ줬졤Hastings -s ʣʡгʷ̤뤬Barking, Reading ʤɤʣͿʷ̤ȤʸűѸʣͿʷ -um 줬ʳŪ˼岽ƾüˡ
ʾ塤ֻ졤졤ʷȤʣ߹礤̾η֤ʣ˭ʤΤˤƤȤʬ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
ꥹԻ Birmingham ȯ /ˈbəːmɪŋəm/ Ǥ롥ꥹ̾ˤ褯뤳ȤĹˤΤʤȯû岽Ƥ̤Ǥ롥̾ξ -ham ƬҲæƤޤäƤ롥
Ʊ̾ΥꥫԻԤǤϡ h ¸Ƥ /ˈbɚːmɪŋhæm/ ȯ롥/h/ ¸ƤȤϡषֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) Ȥ褵줿ȤۤŬڤ⤷ʤ
ơꥹԻԤˤĤƤϡ⤦1Ū罰ŪȯȤ /ˈbrʌməʤm̩/ ȤΤǤ롥ȤμդˤĤơClark (476) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Further complications arise from a sporadic palatalisation and assibilation of -ing(-) > [ɪnʤ] that affects suffix and infix alike: e.g. Lockinge, Wantage < OE Waneting (also originally a stream-name --- PN Berks.: 17--18, 481--2), and also the traditional, now vulgar, /brʌməʤm̩/ for Birmingham (PN Warks.: 34--6). Explanations have ranged from variant development of gen. pl. -inga- . . . to fossilised survival of a PrOE locative in *ingi, assumed to have dominated development of the names in question in the way that dative forms not uncommonly do . . . .
⤬Ȥȡ -ing εȤʤ첻ξʰ㤤ˤäơȯ /ˈbəːmɪŋəm/ 罰Ūȯ /ˈbrʌməʤm̩/ ʬƤޤäȤˤʤ롥ơΰ۷֤ɤ줬ˤäƤ1500ǯۤɤˤͭ뤫⤷ʤȤȤˤʤ롥
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
γʸֻʬߤƤ⤽η֤ߤ̾ʶˤǤʸǤƯˤߤȤƵǽƤޤֻ (preposition) ĤƤʬ䤹⤷ޤĤƤޤ̾ʶˤʤΤ˵ǽȤΤϲäƤ褦˻פޤΤ褦ϱѸǤӤˤȤޤޤ
I got up at five this morning.
Every day they run ten kilometers.
He repeated the phrase twice.
She lives just three doors from a supermarket.
We cook French style.
You are all twenty years old.
They travelled first-class.
嵭Τ褦ŪѤ̾ϡŪˤŪг (adverbial_accusative)ŪͿ (adverbial dative)Ū° (adverbial_genitive) ʤɤȸƤФޤܥ֥ǤŪʴ͡˼夲ƤǤ
رˤɽ줿ֱѸƳ2021ΤΥƥֻ줤ʤǤϡ˱Ѹˤδäɤߤ䤹ƳŪƥĤǤűѸλʤ顤Ǹϡ̾줬ƯȤΤϡѲ˭ǤäűѸˡˤĤäΤʤΤǤפäƤޤ
űѸ̾ʶˤѲŪѤƤΤѸʹߤ˳ѲäⲽŪĤäƤȤϡ褽̤ȹͤƤޤǡǤϤʤȤפäƤޤȤ櫓֤֡֡˴ؤ줬̾ʶˤȯãȤȤϡŪʳѲǰƬˤȤ⡤̸ŪˤդƤ褦˻פ뤫ǤܸΡֺסֺסס轵סǯפϤȤû֡סȾס̤ʹפסɭסաפŪˤŵŪ̾Τ褦ˤߤޤǽŪˤѤ뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ礦
嵭ƥ㼨Ƥ褦ˡűѸˤ̾줬гʡͿʡ°ʤ˶ޤȤѤƤ¿ޤ㤨 hwīlum ("sometimes, once"; > PDE whilom) ʤɤϡ츻Ūˤϸ -um ʣͿʤɽ魯ȤϤǤ˸űѸλǸòƤȹͤޤ̾ hwīl (> PDE while) ʶޤΤǤȤռϡűѸüԤˤ鵩äΤǤϤʤΤǤޤοԤơűѸˤ̾ͳ hwīlum ǤȤǧƤʤ⤷ǧ뤳ȤäȤơˤΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ѸʹߤγѲοबˤĤʤŪ̾ʶˡפγ˹ȤǧĤĤ⡤ŪаޤȤ̵طˡ֤֡֡ʤɤɽ魯̾ʶˤ첽뷹ϰŪˤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ɸϡ̿ΥǥȡֱѸˡפŻҷǼĤǤѤʵǤ
with me, for her, against him, between us, among them ʤֻθ˿;̾줬ȤˤŪʤ˳ѤѤޤʤʡʸФηˤѤƳơ *with I, *for she, *against he, *between we, *among they ȤʤʤΤȤǤϤɽʸˡǧʤȤǤˡ
ǤñʲϡֻŪȤʤ뤫פǤưŪ줬;̾ξŪʤη᤹褦ˡֻŪ;̾ŪʤɬפȤȤȤǤưΤˤ¾ưˤˤƤֻˤƤ⡤줬ɽ魯ưطΡоݡפȤʤΤɬľޤΡоݡפɽ魯礬ŪפǤꡤ줬Ρʼˤȶ̤äʷäƤСʸˡεǽܤˤ̤䤹ʤǤ
ʸ¾ưֻ줬ǤСθΤɬŪŪȤȤˤʤꡤäʷɬפϤʤΤǤϤʤȤ䤬ޤºݡʸˡϥ嵭 *with I, *for she, *against he, *between we, *among they Ǥ̣Ϥ褯Ǥޤ¾ưθǤ *Do you love I/he/she/we/they? ʸˡŪ˥ȸƤ⡤¤ϰ̣̤Ƥޤ櫓Ǥ
ǤϡεˤĤƱѸˤλäƤߤޤ礦ǯۤθűѸλˤϡ̾˸¤餺٤Ƥ̾줬ֻθǤŵŪˡͿʡפȸƤФ뤳ȤƤޤֻμˤäƤϡͿʡפǤϤʤгʡפ°ʡפη⤢ޤˤͽ줿ʼʰʳΡ˳ʤηᤵƤΤǤcf. #30. űѸֻȳʡ ([2009-05-28-1])ˡʤʤߤˡѸΡŪʡפϸűѸΡͿʡפгʡפѾΤǤ
̾˴ؤƤϡƤʤ -e դΤͿʤȤʤäƤޤ㤨Сֿϡפ God ǤֿΤˡפ for Gode ȤäǤ³ѸλˤơͿʸ -e ޤäƾäƤäˡξǼʤȶ̤Ǥʤʤ for God ȤʤޤäơѸ for God God ϡλˤäƤϡ-e Ƥǡ¤ͿʤʤΤȸʤȤʤΤǤ
;̾˴ؤƤϡʤȶ̤줿Ϳʤη褯ĤޤűѸǡֿפ;̾Ǽ硤ֿϡפ He ǡֿΤˡפ for Him ȤʤޤξϸǤޤäѤäƤޤ;̾̾Ȱۤʤ٤⤯椨ͿʤΤ -e ʤɤθĤȤñʤѤʤäᡤʤȤζ̤塹ޤݻ䤹äΤǤyou it ˴ؤƤϡˤβ͡ʻФơŪʤʤȹ줷Ƥޤޤ
ѸǤϡưŪˤֻŪˤ衤̾ʤмʤƱäƺѤޤ褦ˤʤäƤꡤäϤʤ櫓Ǥ顤;̾ˤƤ⡤ʤƱäȤϵʤǤ;̾ˤĤƤϲδѤˤꡤޤ with me, for her, against him, between us, among them ʤɤŪʡʤĤƤͿʡˤѤƤΤǤפˡ;̾ϡ̾줬иƤͿʤμʤȤιפȤѲΥԡɤ夤Ƥ줺ˤǤ֤꤫⤷ޤĤ;̾ͿʤĤ˼ʤȹ줹äƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦λˤϡμ줿 with I, for she, against he, between we, among they ʹƤϤǤ
Dumfriesshire Ruthwell Cross ϡűѻ The Dream of the Rood Ҥ롼ʸǹޤ줿ͭ̾Ǥ롥8ƬΤΤȹͤƤ롥˸űѸ쥢ե٥åȤž "kristwæsonrodi" ɤʸ롥ʬ "krist wæs on rodi" (Crist was on the rood) Ȥʤ롥űѸʸˡˤСǸֻ̾ on ˻ۤƤꡤǤͿʷ rode ȤʤϤºݤˤη rodi ѤƤΤǡʸؾȤƤ10 Vercelli Book ˼ƤƱʤбսǤϡ̤ on rode Ȥˡʤ rodi η֤ȤʤäƤ롥
ʸνְ㤤Ħְ㤤Ȥ٤ˤǤϤʤȤո⤢С¾̾쥯饹η֤ǤϤʤȤޤѶŪ˸õȤߤ⤢äƤ夲 Lass ϡ̤γ٤ rodi ʬˤ֤Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤷ε#3994. űѸͿʷε ([2020-04-03-1]) ǤѤ褦ˡLass ϥޥγʤͻ (syncretism) βʣäȹͤƤ롥Ȥ櫓 Ruthwell Cross ˤߤ褦ʺǽθűѸʸˤơθŵŪűѸʸˡͽ¬Ǥʤ֤ȤȤϽʬˤ뤷षʤۤȼĥ롥θԤϡ龯Ǥæ֤ϥ顼ȹͤƤޤޤǤŵ줿űѸʸˡκˤʤäƤꡤ¤θѰۤ¿˻פڤ뤳Ȥ˺ƤޤäƤΤǤϤʤȸĴƤLass (400) Ϥλ "classicism" ȸƤǤˡ˴ؤ Lass (401) ηϼ̤ꡥ
A final verdict then on rodi: not only does it not stand in need of special 'explanation', we ought to be very surprised if it or something like it didn't turn up in the early materials, and probably assume that the paucity of such remains is a function of the paucity of data. The fact that a given declension will show perhaps both -i and -æ datives (or even -i and -æ and -e) in very early inscriptions and glosses is a matter of profound historical interest. We have as it were caught a practicing bricoleur in the act, experimenting with different ways of cobbling together a noun paradigm out of the materials at hand. Morphological change is not neogrammarian, declensions are not stable or water-tight (they leak, as Sapir said of grammars), and --- most important --- the reconstruction of a new system out of the disjecta membra of an old and more complex one is bound to be marked by false starts and afterthoughts, and therefore a certain amount of 'irregularity'. It is also bound to take time, and the shape we encounter will depend on where in its trajectory of change we happen to catch it. Systems in process of reformation will be messy until a final mopping-up can be effected.
εθդ֤С pure Ǥ purist Ǥʤ
Lass, Roger. "On Data and 'Datives': Ruthwell Cross rodi Again." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 92 (1991): 395--403.
ε#3993. Ǥư쥫ƥκ̾ⵯ䤹ä ([2020-04-02-1]) ǡűѸ̾Ϳ (dative) ε˿줿Ϳʡåʡʡ̳ʤȤˤо˴ؤ4Ĥγʤͻ (syncretism) ơʡͿʡפȤޤѤäȤȤäˤĤơLass (Old English 128--29) ˤʹƤߤ褦
The transition from late IE to PGmc involved a collapse and reformation of the case system; nominative, genitive and accusative remained more or less intact, but all the locational/movement cases merged into a single 'fourth case', which is conventionally called 'dative', but in fact often represents an IE locative or instrumental. This codes pretty much all the functions of the original dative, locative, ablative and instrumental. A few WGmc dialects do still have a distinct instrumental sg for some noun classes, e.g. OS dag-u, OHG tag-u for 'day' vs. dat sg dag-e, tag-e; OE has collapsed both into dative (along with locative, instrumental and ablative), though some traces of an instrumental remain in the pronouns . . .
ʤͻä䤳ʤ꤬ʤΤϡͻ礹˶̤ƤʣγʤΤ1Ĥ̾Фơͻ1ĤȤʤäΤ˳Ƥ뷹뤫űѸξˤ⡤Ϳʡåʡʡ̳ʤͻ礷1ĤˤʤäȤΤʬ뤬ʤʳʤϡͿʡפ̾դ뤳ȤˤʤäΤŪˤСͿʷϸŤͿʷʬŪˤϼѤǤ뤬षʷκפǻ
ŪˤСͿʣŵŪʶ -um ζʣͳ褹롥ͿñˤĤƤϡޥįƤߤȡ̾Υ饹ˤäƵʣ褷ƤΤͿʷˤΤܤΤ⤢Сʷ̳ʷˤΤܤΤ⤢롥űѸͿñˤĤƤС褽ͿʷˤΤܤȹͤƤ褵ˤƤⵯ˹äƤ롥
Lass ̤ͤǿͿʤ "local" ("Data" 398) ȤǤƤۤ褤ĤġޥĸʸʣʷаޤäƤƤ ("Data" 399)
. . . all the dialects have generalized an old instrumental in */-m-/ for 'dative' plural (Gothic -am/-om/-im, OE -um, etc. . . ). But the 'dative' singular is a different matter: traces of dative, locative and instrumental morphology remain scattered throughout the existing materials.
פˡűѸ䥲ޥͿʤϡ֤νпȤõʤСִӡפȤäƤ褤ʪǤ롥ӤȤȤǤС#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) Dz⤷ be ưξȰۤʤʤbe ư͡ʷ֤⡤4Ĥΰۤʤ캬줿ΤޤƼ佼ˡ (suppletion) ƱͤǤ롥 pure Ǥ purist Ǥʤ
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Lass, Roger. "On Data and 'Datives': Ruthwell Cross rodi Again." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 92 (1991): 395--403.
ӸؤȰˤߤƤȡʸˡƥ䤽ΥСν̸űѸȤˤǰƬˤƤ⡤Ȥưβη֤ϡˤΰĸˤ봰λ (perfect) ̵ (aorist) η֤ˤΤܤ롥ưλꥫƥˤäȤȤ cf. #2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ ([2015-03-19-1])#2153. Ŭˤ륫ƥȤؤ ([2015-03-20-1])#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1])ˡ
ۤˤϡĸưεˡ (optative) ³ˡ (subjunctive) ǤϤȤȰۤʤ֤ȤäƤűѸޤǤԤη֤Ԥ߹ɽȤʤäο֤դ줿̾Τ³ˡפ顤䤳cf. #3538. Ѹ subjunctive ֤ϰĸ optative ֤ ([2019-01-03-1])ˡ
̾ˤƱͤθݤߤ롥űѸͿ (dative) ϡͿʡåʡ (instrumental)̳ʤʤɤǽŪ˵ۼΤ־εˤϵ롥űѸηƻ졤졤̾ʤɤˤ鷺˺פĤʤ⡤ŪˤζʤѤΤǤϤʤȤ (Marsh 14) ¤ˤ䤳Τ
Clackson (114) ϡˤư쥫ƥκ̾ⵯ䤹äȤͳϰʲ̤ꡥ
In the documented history of many IE languages, the verbal system has undergone complex restructuring, while the nominal system remains largely unaltered. . . . It appears, in Indo-European languages at least, that verbal systems undergo greater changes than nouns. If this is the case, it is not difficult to see why. Verbs typically refer to processes, actions and events, whereas nouns typically refer to entities. Representations of events are likely to have more salience in discourse, and speakers seek new ways of emphasising different viewpoints of events in discourse.
It is certainly true that . . . the verbal systems of the earliest IE languages are less congruent to each other than the nominal paradigms. The reconstruction of the PIE verb is correspondingly less straightforward, and there is greater room for disagreement. Indeed, there is no general agreement even about what verbal categories should be reconstructed for PIE, let alone the ways in which these categories were expressed in the verbal morphology. The continuing debate over the PIE verb makes it one of the most exciting and fast-moving topics in comparative philology.
ȤȤϡ̣Ūˤư쥫ƥΤۤʣǰȤȤͽۤ줽Τ˰ŪˤäơŪ̾ưŪưΤۤˤȤΤϹ
Marsh, Jeannette K. "Periods: Pre-Old English." Chapter 1 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1--18.
Clackson, James. Indo-European Linguistics. Cambridge: CUP, 2007.
ε#2974. 2Ū칽ʸ to ʸء ([2017-06-18-1]) κǸ˿줿褦ˡޤοȸθ경ϡʸˡˤɽ㡼Ǥ롥˶ޤοबˤäƼ줿ʸˡǽŶ뤿˸夫礬경뤳ȤˤʤäΤ뤤˸礬경η̡פȤʤäޤ夫षϤΤ⤷ϡ3θˤȡξݤΰ̴طϰŪʤΤǤϤʤ줾줬ƶ礤ʤ饹ѥ˿ʹԤƤäΤȤ⤤롥ޤ˥˥ȥǤ롥
ϲ3θ¤ȻפäƤ뤬ϢȤƤ Allen ⤳ιͤǤ롥Allen ϡ2Ū칽ʸˤ2ĤŪθǤʤ°̾Ȥ˽Ȥΰִط˴ؤѸѲˤĤƤĴƤꡤޤοबθ경ͣװǤϤʤȤƳǧƤ롥Allen (220) ۩
The two case studies [= the fixing of the order of two nominal NP/DP objects and the genitives] examined here do not support the view that the fixing of word order in English was driven solely by the loss of case inflections or the assumption that at every stage of English, there was a simple correlation between less inflection and more fixed word order. This is not to say that deflexion did not play an important role in the disappearance of some previously possible word orders. It is reasonable to suggest that although it may have been pragmatic considerations which gave the initial impetus to making certain word orders more dominant than others, deflexion played a role in making these orders increasingly dominant. It seems likely that the two developments worked hand in hand; more fixed word order allowed for less overt case marking, which in turn increased the reliance on word order.
ΰ̴طֶޤοࢪθ경פäȤǽꤳƤʤդΡָθ경ޤοפΰ̴ط椫ƤɤΤȤξݤ˼äƿʹԤȹͤΤǤȷƤ롥ޤξԤδطפƤۤñʴطǤϤʤȤϡѸˤƤʤ˶ޤλĤäƤʤɤǤ⡤űѸθ礬Τޤ¸Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤդ˶ޤषƤƤűѸŪʸ礬¸Ƥ㤬뤳Ȥ⸫Ƽ뤳ȤǤ
Allen, Cynthia L. "Case Syncretism and Word Order Change." Chapter 9 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 201--23.
ε#2973. ʤ٤κ ([2017-06-17-1]) ˰³Allen ͤ
2Ū칽ʸֻ to Ѥ빽ʸ֤äƤΤϡѸǤ롥űѸԤ⸫줿ǽưμब¤ʤɤħäѸˤʤȡ٤ƤФ꤫ư¤ʧ褦ˤʤ롥ߥȤƤϳʶޤολȽŤʤꡤ̴طʤ뤬Allen ϡطȤϤʤ⿵ŤʵŸƤ롥ΥƥȤˤƤϡǤʬŪʹʸ夷Ƥեαƶ餢뤳Ȥ⼨ƤꡤñʡʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ȤФԤäƤ롥Allen (214) Ѥ롥
It can be noted . . . that we do not require deflexion as an explanation for the rapid increase in to-datives in ME. The influence of French, in which the marking of the IO by a preposition was already well advanced, appears to be the best way to explain such text-specific facts as the surprisingly high incidence of to-datives in the Aȝenbite of Inwit. . . . [T]he dative/accusative distinction was well preserved in the Aȝenbite, which might lead us to expect that the to-dative would be infrequent because it was not needed to mark Case, but in fact we find that this work has a significantly higher frequency of this construction than do many texts in which the dative/accusative distinction has disappeared in overt morphology. The puzzle is explained, however, when we realize that the Aȝenbite was a rather slavish translation from French and shows some unmistakable signs of the influence of its French exemplar in its syntax. It is, of course, uncertain how important French influence was in the spoken language, but contact with French would surely have encouraged the use of the to-dative. It should also be remembered that an innovation such as the to-dative typically follows an S-curve, starting slowly and then rapidly increasing, so that no sudden change in another part of the grammar is required to explain the sudden increase of the to-dative.
Allen ϶ޤοȤݤ deflexion ɽƤ뤬ϤդȤƤʤ⡤νѸȤäȤʤäѸ1ĵȤͯΤϡѤκǸΤȤǡto-dative ؤΰܹԤˤĤƸóȻSȤȤڤƤ뤬δŪ˵Ҥ줿ϤΤȤȤޤοȸθ경ȤѸʸˡ˾礭⡤ޤޤ겼褦ꤽ
Allen, Cynthia L. "Case Syncretism and Word Order Change." Chapter 9 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 201--23.
ѸˤϡɸΤ褦˿ñ̤ФʣƻȤʤɽ롥#1766. a three-hour(s)-and-a-half flight ([2014-02-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡŵŪˤñ̤̾ʣȤʤ㳰⤢뤬̤ˤ *a six-feet man *a ten-miles drive ȤʤʤʤʣˤʤʤΤ
¤ϡηŪˤʣ°ʤ̾ĤǤ롥äơ衤ʤʣäȤ˲ѲŪñƱ夤ƤޤäȤΤμǤ롥
űѸǤϡΤ褦ɽˤñ̤ɽ魯̾ʣ°ʤ˶ޤ줬̾Ƥfōt mīl ξˤϡΤޤޤñʤη֤ǤϤʤʣ°ʤη֤˶ޤ fōta, mīla ȤȤѸˤʣ°ʤɽ魯 -a /ə/ ؤȿʿ˸ˤϴ˾ṳ̈Ȥơ֤ȤƤϲ⺯פĤȤʤΩäΤʣ°ʤεǽӤӤˡΤΤϷȤƼѤ졤ߤ˻äƤ롥Ѹͽۤʣ *six-feet *ten-miles ˤʤäƤ餺츫Ե§ʸˡˤߤ뤬ϸűѸʸˡܤʤΤǤ롥
űѸ̾γʶޤη֤Τ褦ȤʤäƸѸ˻ĤäƤϡʤ㤨С#380. often <t> ǤϤʤ <n> ⤷ ([2010-05-12-1]) ǿ줿 whilom, seldom, often θΡ첻ɡפαˡĤƤʣͿʸ -um ѷΤ뤳ȤǤ롥ޤalive ʤɤˤϡűѸֻ on līfe ˵§Ūˤߤ줿ñͿʸ -e ʤȤֻĤäƤ롥ۤˤϡLady Chapel ladybird 1 lady ̵Τ褦ˤߤ뤬ĤƤñ°ʸ -e դƤ줬˿ʿüˡŪˤϺפĤƤʤǤ롥
ʾ塤Algeo and Pyles (105) ͤˤƼɮ
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
к۰Сɤμǡ27դεȤhelp oneself to Ȥɽˤ to ˤĤơȤ꤬Ƥ롥Ѥֻ줬ʤ to ʤΤȤ䤤ϳΤѤʵǤ롥кβŪͤƤꡤ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǡľܤеɹ뤬äȤդȤƸŪѸŪ¦̤饳ȤƤߤ褦Ȼפ
Ѹ help ܸΡֽפˤԤäб褦˴졤ͤɽ魯ľŪ줬³ΤȤФ롥ŪϸűѸǤгʡľŪˤǤϤʤͿʡʴŪˤ°ʤäȤ顤ȤƤϡ֡ʿ͡ˤ˼ߤס֡ʿ͡ˤΤصפס֡ʿ͡ˤΩġפۤɤäȻפ롥ѸޤǤͿʤгʤ˷Ūͻ礷Ƥޤäˡߡʤζ̤ϤۤȤɴʤhelp ѤƼθˡ乽ʸˤϡͿʤ̣ĤäƤ褦˴롥嵭Τ褦濴Ūʰ̣ϡ֡ʿ͡ˤΩġפȤŪʤΤǤ뤫顤Ū̾ʸ̮ǤϡΩĤΤʤصʤΤɤΤ褦˽ΤˤĤɬפǤ롥ǡФСhelp + Ūפθˤϼ硤ֻ硤礬³?Ǥ褦˿ͤ˼ߤƤפۤɤ̣뤳Ȥˤʤ롥help him out (of the trouble), help her with her homework, help them across the street, help us (to) carry the luggage (see #971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1])#972. help + פλỤ̄ ([2011-12-25-1])) ʤɡǤ help Ū줿̣ͤ塤³ղȷӤĤưФưȤʤäƤꡤʸΤȤơֿͤ?뤳ȤƤפ̣Ū˺ʬϤ뤳ȤǽȤʤ롥Сhelp him out he (be) out ΤǤꡤhelp her with her homework she (do) her homework ΤǤꡤhelp them across the street they (go) across the street ȤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤhelp θˤϡJespersen Τͥط (nexus) ŵŪ³Τ褦˹ͤȡʪδؤ Help yourself to some cake. ʤɤǤϡyou (come up) to some case ʤξּסˤȤȤˤʤꡤ̤Ȥơּͳˤ夬꤯פΰ̣Ȥʤ뤳Ȥʬ
OED help ... to ... ιʸˤõȡֻ to Ūϡɬʪ˸¤ʤä褦褦Ǥ롥Ѹ Wycliffe ˡνȤƵƤꡤǤ to ŪȤƤϰʪʳʪ⤢뤷ʤɤ⤢롥षʪŪ˼ˡϡѸˡŪʾ嵭ˡȯãΤΤ褦OED Ǥϰʪν1688ǯˡ
⤷Τϡ餯ΰʪǤˡʬ夷19Ƭˡʪ help Ū˼ꡤͤ to Ū˼롤 help some cake to yourself εž礬뤳ȤǤ롥
1805 Emily Clark Banks of Douro II. 191 A goose..which [she] carved and helped to every person that chose to have any of it.
ϡǧΰ̣ǤФм夲 John loaded hay onto the truck. vs John loaded the truck with hay. ˤߤŪֻθظݤפcf. ܸΡ֥ڥɤɤפȡ֥ڥɤɤסˡʤŪ transposition ˤĤƤϡ#1775. rob A of B ([2014-03-07-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
θ塤19Ⱦư̾ helping Ĥաפΰ̣̾ȤȤΩƤȤˤƤ (cf. a second helping 2ܡˡˡޤľܤδطϤʤThomas Carlyle (1795--1881) ¤ self-help ʼΩˤ줿Τ⤿ޤƱ1831ǯǤ롥Samuel Smiles (1812--1904) ̾ Self-Help (1859) ϡ椬Ǥ¼ľ (1832--98) Ωԡ (1871) Ȥ˷ؽȤƥ٥ȥ顼ȤʤäͤƤߤСּΩפδܤϡȤǿäƤ뤳ȡפǤ롥help ... to ... ˡʪòΤ⤦ʤ褦ʵ
ѸˤơƵ̾ (reflexive pronoun) ȤѸ줫۵Τϡ̾kill oneself turn oneself Τ褦ưưŪλؼоݤΤΤƱǤѤ롤üʿ;̾η֤Ǥ롥ˡ by oneself ʤɤ̤ȤС줬Ƶ̾ΤۤͣˡǤȹͤƤ롥behave oneself, pride oneself on, oversleep oneself Τ褦Ʊ褦˹ͤƤ褤Ĥޤꡤbehave, pride, oversleep ¾ưǤꡤŪ줬ƱΤؼ뤬椨˺Ƶ̾줬ѤƤΤȹͤƤ褤Τkill oneself ȤۤʤäƤ褦˴ʤ
¤ϡŪˤϡbehave, pride, oversleep ˸³Ƶ̾ϡгʡưľŪˤǤϤʤͿʤäĤޤꡤ"for oneself" "to oneself" ۤɤΰ̣ɽ路ưȤϤޤǴŪ˷ӤĤƤˤʤСưϤޤǼưȤѤƤȤȤѸ䤽θζѸ˻ޤǡƵ̾Ϸ֤Ȥ -self ȼΤȡ-self ȼʤñȤ¸ƤᡤѸ줢Ǥ⡤ñѤμϻ礫ʤٹϤͿʤκƵ̾ˡȿŪ (reflexive object) ȸƤǤꡤʸĤƤ (137--38)
Hie thee hence! Fare thee well! / I fear me that thou hast overreached thyself at last. ---H. R. Haggard.
I followed me close.---Shakespeare.
They knelt them down.---Scott.
Then lies him down the lubber fiend.---Milton.
I sat me down and stared at the house of shaws.---Stevenson.
Would it not be better to absent himself from the concert and nurse his dream?---Edith Wharton.
Behave yourself!---Joyce.
I to the sport betook myself again.---Wordsworth.
In this perplexity, he bethought himself of applying for information to one of the warders.---Ainsworth.
Aunt Winifred prides herself on her coffee.---Galsworthy.
They entered the vestibule and sat themselves down before the wide hearth.---H. R. Haggard.
She's not very ill any more. Console yourself, dear Miss Briggs. She has only overlaten herself.---Thackeray.
He started up in bed, thinking he had overslept himself.---Hardy.
⡤ФȤƤϤʤƵ̾줬ѤΤʬ꤫ͤФǤ롥ȯμưȺƵ̾줬㤬¿ˤĤƤϡ#578. go him ([2010-11-26-1]) ǿ줿̤Ǥ롥
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
for the nonce ʤäơ¤ϡʬˤȤ礬롥The team is called "the Lions," at least for the nonce. Τ褦˻Ȥ롥ɽˤϡ괧 the ΤĤƤζ̾Ĥߤ졤츻Ū˶̣
ߤη֤ľܤˤĤʤϡ1200ǯ餤κȤ Ormulum ˤ forr þe naness ȤƸ롥3θƬ n ϡľ괧νѸǤñͿʶ þen θ n ʬ (metanalysis) 줿ΤǤꡤ촴ΰȺƲᤵƸߤ˻äƤ롥ĤƤñͿʶճʤȤDzŪĤäƤǤ롥
ζϡŪˤ̣Ūˤ⸽ѸǤ *for the once б뤫Τ褦˸뤬Ūˤ3 once 뤤 one's [2009-07-18-1]ε#81. once twice -ce ȤϲפȡˤѸ°ʤ˴Ťɽľͳ褹Ȳˤ롥OED ˤС°ʷϳΤ˴ŪˤϴͿζϡषűѸ˸ to þam anum νѸ to þan ane ʤɤӤ٤one ͿʤޤɽȤƻϤޤäΤǤϤʤȤ夷°ʷϡͿʷִ줿Τȹͤ롥ִͳȤƤϡְ١פ̣Τ°ʤͳ褹 anes, ones ¤ǡͿʤͳ褹 ane, ene Ѥ줿Ȥ顤ξԤθؤäΤǤϤʤ
ѸǤϡʬϤη֤η֤¸ƤꡤMED ˤ ōnes (adv.) θ5 nōnes (n.(1)) θ1ξˡζ礬ϿƤ롥ԤˤСߤˡפȡ¤ϡפθΤۤˡոȤ "indeed" ۤɤθ䡤ΧŪȤƤΰ̣δˡȵܤƤ롥դ뤤ȤƤBliss Sir Orfeo (Auchinleck MS, ll. 51--56)
Þe king hadde a quen of priis Þat was y-cleped Dame Heurodis, Þe fairest leuedi, for þe nones, Þat miȝt gon on bodi & bones, Ful of loue & of godenisse; Ac no man may telle hir fairnise.
Ȥưʳˤ⡤nonce ˤϡΡפȤƻȤƤˡ롥̾ȤȤ˰ʣơؤνѸȤ nonce-word ˡnonce-form ˤʤɤȻȤˡνϡOED Ի James Murray 1884ǯ OED ǤѤȤǤ롥
1884 N.E.D. Fasc. 1, p. x, Words apparently employed only for the nonce, are, when inserted in the Dictionary, marked nonce-wd.
OED ˤλݤܤܤƤΤ顤OED ˤ뼫ˡȤäƤ褤
Bliss, A. J., ed. Sir Orfeo. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
ŪͿʤˡ1Ĥˡethical dative ȸƤФԻĤˡ롥ֿŪͿʡפ뤳Ȥ¿褦ٹ (125) ϡִͿʡפƤꡤԤΤۤѸȤƤäȤ狼䤹 "for me" ۤɤΰ̣ź dative of interest ͿʡˤȯŸΤפﳲȤްդϤʤäƤꡤФǤФʤɸѸǤϤܻۤѤäȤäƤ褤ˡ夫Ƥߤ褦
He would sweep me these rascals. बͤɤɤʧäƤ
I say, knock me at the gate. (Shakespeare)ʤ
As I was smoking a musty room, comes me the prince and Claudio, hand in hand . . . (Shakespeare) ʻ䤬͡ӽ֤ƤޤɤǤ礦ͤȥǥȤ˼äƤǤˤʤޤ
Ǥ me ԤǤȤĥषüԤ۾ʴФƤ뤳ȤżƤ롥ʹդϲ̤Ƥ褦顤ethical dative ʸˡŪǽȤϽṲ̄ΤѤƤȤäƺ٤ʤ3Ϻٹ (126) ˤΤò佪֤͡פˤäб̤Ф褦忴Ƥꡤethical dative ΥʵǽȤνṲܸ̄촶ФȤäƤ롥
Ѹ줫ˤĤƤϡMustanoja (99--100) Ƥ롥
Another shade in the use of dative of interest is seen in what is customarily called the ethical dative. This occurs only in the first and second persons: --- ilc prince me take his wond (Gen. & Ex. 3821); --- so wiste I me non other red (Gower CA i 108); --- þay fel on hym alle and woried me þis wyly wyth a wroth noyse (Gaw. & GK 1905).
νˤƱͿʤˡ롥ٹ (126) žܤ褦
ꥷ:(= What am I to learn for thee?); ƥ: Quid mihi Celsus agit? (= How is Celsus me getting on?); ڥ: Me han muerto à mi hijo (= They have killed me my son); ե: Que me faîtes-vous là? (= What are you going [sic] me there?); ɥĸ: Sieh mir nicht so finster aus (= Don't look me so sullen).
ɤ ethical dative ϸ˹븽ݤΤ褦ǤꡤŪΩ줫ͻäȤ⤷ŤѸǤѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦ѸˤƤܴۤ˼ƤäطʤⵤˤʤȤǤ롥
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
ѸǤϤ̤˸뤬λ鸫̯ʹ¤롥go ˼бŪ̾줬տ魯빽¤ǡˤ he goes him Τ褦ɽǤ롥ŪˤϼؼƵ̾ȹͤ뤬himself Τ褦ʣѤ뤳ȤѸˤϤʤ, p. 187ˡǽŪˤϰ ethical dative ȹͤ뤫⤷ʤȤƤ⤽εǽϤʤʤ褦˻פ롥
㤨СChaucer "The Physician's Tale" (l. 207) ʰѤ The Riverside Chaucer ˡ
He gooth hym hoom, and sette him in his halle,
ι¤ˤĤƤäĴ٤¤ǤϡޤܤȤʬʤΤOED Ǥ "go" θ45ȤưʲεҤä
45. With pleonastic refl. pron. in various foregoing senses. Now only arch. [Cf. F. s'en aller.]
ʸȤƤϡѸ4ȡʬȴ֤1892ǯΤΤ1㤢Τߤä
Middle English Dictionary ΥȥƤߤȡ2a.(b) ˴Ϣ뵭Ҥää˲ϤʤפäƤȤѸǤϼ¤ˤ˵빽¤Ǥʤ顤äĴ٤餤ǤϤޤܤܤäƤʤΤǤ롥 (187) ˤСѸǤ gon Τۤarisen, feren, flen, rennen, riden, sitten, stonden ʤɤαȯμư줬ι¤Ȥ뤳ȤΤƤ롥
Ѹäι¤ϡѸǤϤɤʤäΤHelsinki Corpus go him 濴ȤƤߤѸ줫10ʾ夬äΤΡѸ1ʤä칽¤϶ѸѤƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ɤäаޤäΤ
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ
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