hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 4 ڡ / page 1 (4)

tense - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-03-22 Sun

#6173. 328ڡˡīֺ¤ߴ3be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ưפ֤ޤ [asacul][notice][hel_education][helkatsu][be][verb][auxiliary_verb][aspect][tense][mood][suppletion]


asacul_20260131.png



ǯ٤ī㡼󥿡ɶˤơ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñפꤷơѸˤΥ꡼ֺ¤ŸƤޤرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡˤ򤪶ˡŪñ1ļ夲IJ̵Ԥ˹귡겼ꤷĤġʥߥåʱѸˤ̣浪ȤݤǿʤƤޤ
٤βϡǯ٤Υ꡼ȤƤϺǸȤʤ12ǤȤƤϡǽñȤ be ưӤޤ90ʬǤϤȤƤԤˤʤʪñǤǽ˽в񤦱ñ1ĤǤꡤIJǯѸؤǤƤɬ⤦ޤȤʤʤ be ư̥Ϥޤ
ʲbe ưᤰäƤɤΤ֥쥹˽񤭽ФƤߤޤ

be ưεϡ
be ưŪ۷Ƥߤ褦
be ưü5
be ưưǤ⤢ưǤ⤢
¸ߤɽ魯 be ư
Ϣ뼭 (copula) ȤƤ be ư
ˡ If I were/was a bird, . . . ᤰͻ
be λȤϡ
be ưϿ;Ρꡦ֡ˡɽ魯ȤǤ
be ư
ain't ᤰҲŪͻ
ɸѼˤ be ưλȤ

ۤˤפĤ󤢤ޤֺ¤Ǥϡʤ٤¿˿졤ΤΤʤդäƹԤʤʥư90ʬҤäƤޤ礦
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡ⥪饤󻲲äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧơҤ긵ˡرѸ츻ŵ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤⤴Ѱդֺ¤ܤڤʤޤ
⤷ֺ¤ΤΤ餻ϡ heldio Ǥ#1754. 328īֺ¤ be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ưȤͽԤϤޤΤǡ碌Ƥİ

ơ2025ǯ٤Υ꡼ϰڤȤʤޤ42026ǯ٤ο꡼Ϥޤޤ꡼ϤȤϤäƤ⡤ʤȤմˤĤƤϡ2025ǯ٤Υ꡼μ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñפϰѤǤͽǤ1ĤαñܤƥʥߥåʱѸˤưɤäƤޤǯ٤225˸Ҥ괩Ԥ줿ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡθŤѸθʸƥȤ򻲾ȤĤŸͽǤǯٽմˤĤƤϡǤīθΰФƤޤΤǡ餫ܺ٤򤴳ǧ

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-06-02 Mon

#5880. [tense][category][preterite][future][verb][terminology][aspect][mood][inflection][periphrasis]

ε#5879. ΰͤ ([2025-06-01-1]) (tense) ˴Ϣ夲ޤĤơ#3693. ˤȤϲ ([2019-06-07-1]) ǻˤĤƹͤȤ⤢롥
ƻȤϲʤΤ긵ˤ International Encyclopedia of Linguistics TENSE ƤߤߤƤߤ褦 (223--24)

          Definition
   Tense refers to the grammatical expression of the time of the situation described in the proposition, relative to some other time. This other time may be the moment of speech: for example, the past and future designate time before and after the moment of speech, respectively, while the perfect (or anterior) designates past time which is relevant to the moment of speech. Or it may be some other reference time, as in the past perfect, which signals a time prior to another time in the past---as in I had just stepped into the shower when the phone rang, where the first clause signals a time prior to that of the second. The most commonly occurring tenses are past and future; however, perfect tenses are also common, as are combinations of perfect with past and future. Some languages show degrees of remoteness in the past or future: distinctions are possible between past situations of today vs. yesterday, yesterday vs. preceding days, or recent time vs. remote time. Analogous distinctions are possible in the future but not as common. Tense is expressed by inflections, by particles, or by auxiliaries in construction with the verb; it is rarely expressed by derivational morphology . . . .


ǤϡλˤƸɽΤ (224)

          Expression
   According to the traditional view, tense is a verbal inflectional category expressing time; however, the possibility of tense being realized also by periphrastic constructions is usually acknowledged. There are several difficulties in applying this view to actual languages. First, the semantics of many inflectional categories contain aspectual and modal as well as temporal elements: e.g., perfective aspect in many languages is restricted to past time reference, and future tenses almost always have modal overtones. Furthermore, if a language has several tense distinctions, they often have rather different modes of expression. An example is the past/non-past and future/non-future oppositions of English; the former is inflectional, and the latter periphrastic . . . .
   An alternative is to view "tense" as a cover term for those inflectional categories whose semantics is dominated by temporal notions. In inflectional systems, then, the most common tense oppositions are past/non-past and future/non-future. Less common, but by no means rare, are distinctions pertaining to degrees of remoteness, e.g. recent and remote past. At least four or five such degrees can be distinguished in certain systems, but the main remoteness distinction is generally between 'today' and 'not today'.
   Tense in finite verb forms normally expresses the relation between the time referred to in the sentence and the time of the speech act (absolute tense); in non-finite verb forms, and sometimes in finite subordinate clauses, tense is relative, expressing the relation between the time expressed by the verb and that of a higher clause. Categories such as perfects and pluperfects, which signal that a situation is viewed from the perspective of a later point in time, have a debated status; they are usually expressed periphrastically, but can also occur in inflectional systems.


ǽ¦̤Τ뤤Ϸ鸫ΤˤäƤȤƤªѤäƤޤ̸Ūˡ෿Ū˴ϢݤƤȤɬפ

Frawley, William J., ed. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003.

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2025-06-01 Sun

#5879. ΰͤ [tense][sequence_of_tenses][backshift][terminology][agreement][aspect][category][preterite][latin]

ܥ֥ǤϡޤǡֻΰספˤĤƹͤ뵡񤬤ʤäʸˡˤ뤳̾ˤĤơ塤ŪʻޤĤġޤޤ˹ͤƤȻפ
ֻ̾ξȱ (sequence_of_tenses)뤤ä˻ˤ餹Ǥϡָžܡ (backshift) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢롥
ˤѸѸ켭ŵΤĤäƤߤŪʴͻäƤΤϤʤޤ Bussmann βɤǡhellog ˤͻϵȤ

sequence of tenses
Fixed order of tenses in complex sentences. This 'relative' use of tenses is strictly regulated in Latin. If the actions depicted in the main and relative clauses are simultaneous, the tense o the dependent clause depends on the tense in the independent clause: present in the main clauses requires present subjunctive in the dependent Cal's; preterite or past perfect in the main clause requires perfect subjunctive in the dependent clause. This strict ordering also occurs in English, such as in conditional sentences: If I knew the answer I wouldn't ask vs If I had known the answerer I wouldn't have asked.


ֻΰספˤĤƤϺä긡ƤƤ (tense) Ȥʸˡ (category) ΤΤˤĤƤϵƤȤ櫓ε򻲾Ȥ줿

#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])
#2747. Reichenbach λ ([2016-11-03-1])
#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ ([2019-06-06-1])
#3693. ˤȤϲ ([2019-06-07-1])
#3718. Ѹ̤ʤȹͤͳ ([2019-07-02-1])
#4523. --- ޸ο򤯤̤ĤäưΥƥ꡼ ([2021-09-14-1])
#5159. Ѹˤ̤ƻϤɽƤ ([2023-06-12-1])

Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1] [2025-06-02-1]

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2025-05-29 Thu

#5876. λʹԷνϸѸ [tense][progressive][perfect][verb][aspect][eme][grammaticalisation]

Visser (§2148) ˤȡ'He has been crying' 'He had been crying' ΥפδλʹԷϡѸ Cursor Mundi ˽㤬ǧ롥

13.. Curs, M. 5256 he three dais had fastand bene. | Ibid. 10305, fastand had he lang noght bene. | Ibid. 14240, mari and martha had been wepand þar four dais. | Ibid. 26292, if þi parischen In sin lang has ligand bene. | Ibid. 28176, Oft haue i bene ouer mistrauand. | Ibid. 28941, þin almus agh þou for to bede, And namli til him þat has bene Hauand ..., And falles in-to state o nede plight-less.


θ Chaucer ޤ᤿ѸΥƥȤ㤬³Ǥᤤ㤬ѸˤĤǧ뤫Ȥäơɬ⸽ѸοdzΩƤ褦1ĤλȤơǤˤѤƤȤȤǤϤʤºݡԤΤʤˤϡγΩ϶ѸʹߤǤ롤ˤäƤϸѸǤȽҤ٤ƤΤ⤢롥Visser ȤϾ嵭ƱˤơΤ褦⤤Ƥ롥

These types, traditionally called the 'perfect progressive' or 'expanded perfect' and the 'pluperfect progressive' or 'expanded pluperfect', are not represented in Old English. They appear for the first time on paper in the 14th century, and it took them about a century to develop into a well-established and not infrequently used idiom. In the subjoined list all the 14th, 15th, 16th and 17the century instances available are mentioned (and it is therefore not a selection like the rest), in order to show the erroneousness of various statements concerning date of earliest appearance and the incidence in earlier English (often called 'rare').. Thus Åkerlund (1911 p. 85) states: "These tenses do not occur in Old English, nor in the earlier part of the subsequent period. Later on, they creep slowly into existence---even as late as Shakespeare there are strikingly scarce; but they are not employed frequently enough." Kisbye (An Historical Outline of Eng. Syntax I 1971 p. 47) observes: "The expanded pluperfect was instance only once [italics added] in Northern ME ...---This compound tense ... being uncommon till the 19th century [italics added]." In Barbara Strang's The History of English (1970 pp. 207--8) it is averred that the periphrastic perfect did not become fully current till the 18th century, and that the periphrastic pluperfect showed its full maturity fro the time of the Restoration. (But see e.g. the quotations from Lord Berners below). As to her statement that a pluperfect progressive arose "a little earlier [than a perfect progressive] in the 14th century", see earliest examples of the perfect progressive is from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1386).


Դ֤ˤäªäȤȤϡ٤˺ꡤ¤ͭƤʤäȤȤǡλʹԷνиΤۤߴλʹԷΩäƤȤ¤϶̣

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

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2024-10-16 Wed

#5651. Ф븽ߴλΰ̣ŪħϡפǤ [definiteness][perfect][preterite][aspect][tense]

ѸληϤϤʣǡȤ櫓ؼԤˤȤäƾ㳲ȤʤΤߴλ (present perfect) Ǥ롥 (preterite)ȤϤɤۤʤΤޤܼĤߤˤ͡뤬Ѹˤθ Visser ˤСߴλȰۤʤϤΡ (indefiniteness) ˤȤ㳰ʤ櫓ǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ĥġߴλܼ򼡤3ˤޤȤƤ (III, §2004 [p. 2193]) Visser ǰƬˤƤΤϡѸεʸˡȤ⡤̻֤ռ˱ʸˡǤ뤳Ȥդ줿

   The present perfect is generally preferred to the preterite
(a) when in the sentence there is no past-time adjunct and at the same time any definite idea of past-ness of the action is excluded as e.g. in 'I have been in Brasil';
(b) when there is a temporal adjunct in the sentence which does not clearly refer to a definite point of time but rather to a certain space of time, such as 'long ago', 'in my youth', 'before this time', 'once', 'often', 'ere now', 'recently', 'formerly', etc.
(c) when there is a temporal adjunct in the sentence referring to a period of time that stretches from a point in the past to the moment of speaking, e.g. 'this month', 'ever since', 'hitherto', 'of late', 'this twelvemonth', 'for many years', 'the whole afternoon', etc.


(a) ˤСߴλϡΤĵäΤʤɤ⡤ߤޤǤ˴λƤ뤳Ȥްդ롥ִλסַ̡סַиפʤɤˡήФƤ롥
(b) ˤСߴλϲ1ǤϤʤϰϤä֤ǰƬˤƤȤַиˡ˴ط롥
(c) (b) üǤȹͤ鸽ߤޤǤδ֤ǰƬ֤졤ַ³פˡ߽ФƤ롥
ִλסַ̡סַиסַ³פʤɤѸ¤٤ȡˤɬӤΤʤФ븽ߴλħϡסȤ櫓֤˴ؤĤޤּΤ1ǰƬˤƤʤȤ˵ΤǤϤʤ

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-07-1]

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2023-06-12 Mon

#5159. Ѹˤ̤ƻϤɽƤ [sobokunagimon][tense][future][preterite][progressive][perfect][verb][aspect][grammaticalisation]

Ѹˤˤƻƥ꡼бɽϤФѲƤ㤨С̤ΤȤؼΤˤɤΤ褦ɽѤƤˤ˱äƤɤäƤߤȡűѸ줫ѸˤƤϸ߻ѤƤѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤ shall/will ʤɤѤŪɽѤ褦ˤʤä
Görlach (100) ϡƥ꡼ᤰѸ˾ѲγάɽˤޤȤƤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

Tense Expressions in HEL by Goerlach



äȤޤȤƻͤˤ줿

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-01-1]

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2023-05-16 Tue

#5132. ʤ be going to ̤̣Ρ --- ʸˡפȤѤʵ [sobokunagimon][tense][future][grammaticalisation][reanalysis][metanalysis][syntax][semantics][auxiliary_verb][khelf][voicy][heldio][hel_contents_50_2023][notice]

ɸ¿αѸؽԤȤΤ뵿ǤϤʤǤ礦
ܲ khelfʷѸ˥եˤǤֱѸ˥ƥ50褬ŤƤޤ413Ϥơkhelf СˤѸ˥ƥĤ1ĤĸƤƤޤƥĸ khelf θĥå @khelf_keio ⤪Τ餻ƤޤΤǡҥեޥȤƤѤ
ơɸεˤĤ422˸줿ƥ#9. ʤ be going to ̤̣ΡҲ𤷤ޤ


#9. ʤ be going to ̤̣Ρ



ˡΥƥĤ heldio ǤޤƥĺԤȤ̤ȤǡѤʵäƤޤ#711. ʤ be going to ̤̣ΡȤۿƤޤҤİ



ƥĤǤǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡɤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ǤѸ˸Ǥ˽פʳǰѸǤΤǡܤƤܥ֥Ǥ¿εǼ夲ƤΤǡĤ󤲤Ƥߤޤ

#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1])
#1972. Meillet ʸˡ([2014-09-20-1])
#1974. ʸˡȯŸȳ (1) ([2014-09-22-1])
#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1])
#3281. Hopper and Traugott ˤʸˡܼ ([2018-04-21-1])
#5124 Oxford Bibliographies ˤʸˡγס ([2023-05-08-1])

Ȥ櫓 be going to ˴ؤʸˡεȴϢơʲ򻲾ȡ

#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])
#3272. ʸˡ2ĤΥᥫ˥ ([2018-04-12-1])
#4844. ̤ɽȯѥ ([2022-08-01-1])
#3273. Lehman ˤʸˡμ١6 ([2018-04-13-1])

ʸˡ˴ؤȤƤϡ#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ݺƻͺʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯˤǤ

ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2022-11-03 Thu

#4938. ˡϸŪ𲽺ޤǤ [cognitive_linguistics][pragmatics][preterite][tense][mood][aspect][counterfactual][conditional][semantics][pragmatics][politeness]

ε#4937. ˡȯûˤȿ²ۤɽ魯 ([2022-11-02-1]) ˰³ˡΤ⤦1ĤνפˡҲ𤹤롥Ū𲽺 (pragmatic softener) ȤƤƯTaylor (178) Ѥ롥

   The other use of the past tense that I want to consider is also restricted to a small number of contexts. This is the use of the past tense as a pragmatic softener. By choosing the past tense, a speaker can as it were cushion the effect an utterance might have on the addressee. Thus (6b) is a more tactful way of intruding on a person's privacy than (6a):

(6) a. Excuse me, I want to ask you something.
     b. Excuse me, I wanted to ask you something.

Tact can also be conveyed by the past tense in association with the progressive aspect:

(7) a. Was there anything else you were wanting?
     b. I was wondering if you could help me.

   The softening function of the past tense has been conventionalized in the meanings of the past tense modals in English. (8b) and (9b) are felt to be less direct than the (a) sentences; (10b) expresses greater uncertainty than (10a), especially with tonic stress on might; (11b) merely gives advice, while (11a) has the force of a command.

(8) a. Can you help me?
     b. Could you help me?
(9) a. Will you help me?
     b. Would you help me?
(10) a. John may know.
      b. John might know.
(11) a. You shall speak to him.
      b. You should speak to him.


ǽҤ٤ƤʤΤϡʤʲˡ˲Ū𲽺ޤȤƵǽΤȤȤַɤƱ󤶤פȤ褦ˡҲŪʷɰդʪŪΥȤϢưȹͤ롥Υ᥿եλŪ֤ꡤʤֱ󤵡פɽ魯ʷˤҲŪʷɰդžѤȤΤϡʤŬäȤǤϤʤȻϹͤƤ롥

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2022-11-02 Wed

#4937. ˡȯûˤȿ²ۤɽ魯 [cognitive_linguistics][subjunctive][preterite][tense][mood][counterfactual][conditional][semantics][pragmatics]

ʤưβѤȡȿ² (counterfactual) ȤʤΤѸΡֲˡפˤޤḤ̂ϡŤƤ (tense) ȤƤβ򤷤䤹ߤߤƻŪԤ˳֤äƤݤ򵭽ҤˡʷˤȤȤȤˡ (mood) δϡʷˤѤ뤳Ȥˤäơ¤ЪΥƤݡȿ²ۤ򵭽Ҥ뤳ȤǤ롤Ȥ롥Ū٤εΥʪŪ֤εΥȤƤ櫓
ȤƤβǤϤʤȿ²ۤɽ魯ˤĤơTaylor (177--78) μĥ˼򷹤褦

   The counterfactual use of the past tense is restricted to a small number of environments---if-conditionals (1), expressions of wishes and desires (2), and suppositions and suggestions (3):
   
(1) If I had enough time, . . .
(2) a. I wish I knew the answer.
     b. It would be nice if I knew the answer.
(3) a. Suppose we went to see him.
     b. It's time we went to see him.

The past tense in these sentences denotes counterfactuality at the moment of speaking, and not at some previous point in time. (1) conveys that, at the moment of speaking, the speaker does not have enough time, the sentences in (2) convey that the speaker does not know the answer, while in (3), the proposition encoded in the past tense, if it is to become true at all, will do so after the moment of speaking, that is to say, the past tense refers to a suggested future action. There are also a number of verbs whose past tense forms, under certain circumstances and with the appropriate intonation, can convey the present-time counterfactuality of a state of affairs represented in a past tense subordinate clause . . . :

(4) a. I thought John was married (. . . but he apparently isn't).
     b. I had the impression Mary knew (. . . but it seems she doesn't).

These sentences might occur in a situation in which the speaker has just received information which causes him to doubt the (present-time) factuality of the propositions "John is married", "Mary knows". That it is a present, rather than a past state of affairs, that is at issue is shown by the choice of tense in a tag question. Imagine (5) uttered in a situation in which both speaker and addressee are preparing to go to a concert:

(5) But I thought the concert began at 8, does't it?/?didn't it?

The tag doesn't it is preferential in the present tense. In (5), the speaker is questioning the apparent counterfactuality, at the time of speaking, of the proposition "The concert begins at 8".


ȤƤϡѸˤƲˡȯûˤȿ²ۤ̿ɽ魯Ȳ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥

Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-03-1]

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2022-09-06 Tue

#4880. ưסưפȤѸϤ䤳 [category][verb][finiteness][article][terminology][agreement][tense][number][person][mood][adjective]

Ѹư (verb) ˴ؤ륫ƥ꡼1Ĥ (finiteness) ȤΤ롥ư (finite form) ȤϡI go to school. She goes to school. He went to school. Τ褦ư go Ρޤä׸ؤư (nonfinite form) ȤϡI'm going to school. Going to school is fun. She wants to go to school. He made me go to school. Τ褦ư go ΡޤäƤʤ׸ؤ
פȤѸ줬䤳㤨С(to) go ȤѤ뤳ȤΤʤηʤΤ顤餳פǤϤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ̾¤ȤˡפȸΤgoes went ư go Ѳʤؤ󤲡ˤΤȤơˤפ餷ߤ뤬ष餳פʤΤǤ롥
ʬˤ finiteness פȤˤ롥finite θϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵ줿פǤꡤnonfinite ϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵƤʤפǤ롥㤨 He () to school yesterday. ȤʸˤƳ̤ go Ŭڤʷ硤ʸˡỌ̇̄δ went ηˤΤդ路դ路Ȥϡʸ̮ˤäƤʳηϵʤȤǡΤ˸ꤵ줿׸ʤΤǤ롥
̤ιͤȤƤϡưˤϤޤ GO GOING Τ褦ŪǥŪʷꡤ줬ºݤʸ̮ˤƤ go, goes, went ʤɤζŪʷȤƸΤȤȤ館Ƥ褤üŪˤ finite ϡֶŪפǡinfinite ϡŪפȤȤ
Ūˤ⤦ǫˤСưȤϡư줬;Ρˡ˱1Ĥη˹ʤޤƤ뤫ݤȤΤȤǤ롥Crystal (224) Ѥ褦

The forms of the verb . . . , and the phrases they are part of, are usually classified into two broad types, based on the kind of contrast in meaning they express. The notion of finiteness is the traditional way of classifying the differences. This term suggests that verbs can be 'limited' in some way, and this is in fact what happens when different kinds of endings are used.
The finite forms are those which limit the verb to a particular number, tense, person, or mood. For example, when the -s form is used, the verb is limited to the third person singular of the present tense, as in goes and runs. If there is a series of verbs in the verb phrase, the finite verb is always the first, as in I was being asked.
The nonfinite forms do not limit the verb in this way. For example, when the -ing form is used, the verb can be referring to any number, tense, person, or mood:

I'm leaving (first person, singular, present)
They're leaving (third person, plural, present)
He was leaving (third person, singular, past)
We might be leaving tomorrow (first person, plural, future, tentative)

As these examples show, a nonfinite form of the verb stays the same in a clause, regardless of the grammatical variation taking place alongside it.


ʤѸˤϴˤꡦȤ̤뤷űѸˤϷƻˤꡦζ̤äΥƥ꡼դ줿٥ "finiteness" ǤϤʤ "definiteness" Ǥ롥γѸϸ򾷤䤹ΤդǤ롥

Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

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2022-08-01 Mon

#4844. ̤ɽȯѥ [tense][future][grammaticalisation][auxiliary_verb][cognitive_linguistics][semantic_change]

ѸŵṲ̄ɽǤϡwill, shall, be going to Τ褦ʡʽ˽ư (auxiliary_verb) Ѥ롥褯ΤƤ褦ˡɽϸϸŪʰ̣äƤˤ̤ơ̤פɽ魯褦ˤʤäƤĤޤꡤŵŪʸˡ (grammaticalisation) λʪǤ롥
will, shall γ˿Ūʰ̣Ϥ줾ְջ֡סֵ̳פǤꡤbe going to Τϡ֡ؤΰưפǤ롥ޤޱѸǤϡְջ֡סֵ̳ס֡ؤΰưפͳ褹̤ɽ줾ȯãƤ褦ˤߤ뤬θϤƤ⡤3ŵṲ̄ɽǤʤΤǤ롥Bybee (123) ϡڤ뤿ˡ͡ʸ̾󤲤Ƥ롥Ū˴طΤʤδ֤ǡƱȯãǧȤΤݥȤǤ롥

a. Volition futures: English, Inuit, Danish, Modern Greek, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian, Sogdian (East Iranian), Tok Pisin
b. Obligation futures: Basque, English, Danish, Western Romance languages
c. Movement futures: Abipon, Atchin, Bari, Cantonese, Cocama, Danish, English, Guaymí, Krongo, Mano, Margi, Maung, Mwera, Nung, Tem, Tojolabal, Tucano and Zuni; and French, Portuguese, and Spanish.


Bybee (123) ϡʸˡȯãϩ򼡤Τ褦˰̲Ƥ롥

volition
obligation> intention > future (prediction)
movement towards


ҤȤӤˡ̤פȯã櫓ǤϤʤְտޡŪפȤʳޤȤפǤ롥Ū򼨤 to ⤷Фָ̤ȸ뤬ȯãϩطƤ
Ѹ̤ɽˤĤƤϡ#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])#2209. ĸˤư̤ޡ ([2015-05-15-1]) ޤ future γƵɤ

Bybee, Joan. Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-16-1]

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2022-07-15 Fri

#4827. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ17֤ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][subjunctive][verb][tense][link][conditional][be][mood][future]

δñѸ in English٤8椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ17ϡ֤ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷פǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ8



If it is fine tomorrow, I will go shopping. Τ褦ʸǡ餫ˡפȤ̤ΤȤʤΤˡ*If it will be fine tomorrow, . . . . Τ褦 will ѤʤȤˤʤäƤޤϡعʸˡΥإƥʵ§κǤΤ1ĤǤ礦Ѹϰ̤˸ߡ̤Ȼ (tense) ˤ뤵ʤΤǤγˤϡֻɽפ̰Ƥ褦˶줷ߤޤ
εϡѸˤδȸѤޤŤϡֻפȤϡˡ (mood) äǤѸޤǤϾ嵭ʸ If it be fine tomorrow, . . . . Τ褦ˡֲˡߡפѤƤޤθ塤ˡʸߡˤοबʤߡľˡʸߡˤ֤줿 If it is fine tomorrow, . . . . ȤʤäƤ롤ȤΤŪаޤǤηаޤˤϡȤȻιθäƤ;ϤϤʤäȤȤǤ
ϰʲ̤ꡤhellog, heldio ʤɤǤ֤ⷫ夲ƤޤϢܵǤϽˤ򤷤䤹褦פ⤷Ƥߤޤʸˡ˱Ѹˤδ뤪⤷̣äƤ館ФȻפޤ

hellog #2764. رѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2016-11-20-1])
- 4.1.1ˤơֻǤ̤ΤȤǤ will ѤʤפȤ夲Ƥޤ
hellog #2189. ˤ will Իѡ ([2015-04-25-1])
hellog #4408. ̤ΤȤʤΤ˸߷ɽ魯 ([2021-05-22-1])
heldio #33. Ǥ̤Ǥ⸽߷Ѥ롩2021ǯ704

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2022-06-15 Wed

#4797. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ16֤ʤˡǤ if I were a bird ȤʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][subjunctive][verb][link][conditional][tense][be][mood]

δñѸ in English٤7椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ³Ƥޤ16ϡѸؽԤˤ˴󤻤֤ʤˡǤ if I were a bird ȤʤΡפ夲ޤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ7



ѤʵϡѸ˴ϢܤʤɤǤˤ˼夲Ƥޤ伫Ȥ hellog 䤽¾ΤǷ֤ܤƤޤرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ١ʸҡ2016ǯǤ4.2ˤơ֤ʤ If I were a bird ȤʤΤˡοȻ¸פȤƲäƤޤ
ޤŪˡפɼؤ򥿡åȤ˿˥ȥ饤ȤϤʤäΤǡɤޤǽҤ٤٤ˤϿʤۤ褤Τʤɡʤʤ忴ޤʤʤϾĩŪƧ߹ߡ⤽ֲˡפȤϲ䡤ȤܼäƤߤޤϤƤޤäƤǤ礦ͤˤȽǤƤۤޤ
ʲϡޤǸɽƤ if I were a bird ˴ؤ hellog 䲻ưǥǤΥƥĤǤ͡ʥ٥ǽ񤤤ƤޤΤǡϢܵȹ碌ƤʤˤĤƤϽФԤޤ͡ˡ

#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ ([2016-06-10-1])
#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])
#3983. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (1) ([2020-03-23-1])
#3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) ([2020-03-24-1])
#3985. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (3) ([2020-03-25-1])
#3989. űѸǤȿŪˤϲˡѤ줿 ([2020-03-29-1])
#3990. ʤˡˤϿ;ѲʤΤǤ (1) ([2020-03-30-1])
#3991. ʤˡˤϿ;ѲʤΤǤ (2) ([2020-03-31-1])
#4178. ʤˡǤ If I WERE a bird Τ褦 WERE ȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-10-04-1])
#4718. ˡľˡ were ˤĤƤޤȤ ([2022-03-28-1])

#30. ʤˡǤ If I WERE a bird Τ褦 WERE ȤΤǤhellog-radio: 2020ǯ104
#36. was were --- 2Ĥͣưheldio: 2021ǯ77
#301. was were δطˤĤƤޤ礦heldio: 2022ǯ328
#102. ʤ as it were ֤Сפΰ̣ˤʤΡheldio: 2021ǯ911
I wish I were a bird. were Ϥ were Ȥ̤Ρ--СڰʼδѸظإͥ #9 YouTube: 2022ǯ327

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2022-01-24 Mon

#4655. ưΡפäƲǤ [aspect][tense][category][sobokunagimon][verb][terminology][perfect][progressive]

¿θˤϡ (time) ˴Ϣ복ǰɸ뵡ǽޤޤܸˤѸˤ⤢äʬ䤹Τ (tense) Ȥ (category) Ǥ͡ߡ̤ȤּΥݥȤ򼨤Ǥ
⤦1ġ褯ʹΤ (aspect) Ǥaspect Ȥñϡֶ̡¦̡֡¡פۤɤ̣Ƥ褵ǤǤʬˤפȤʤäƤΤǺޤ񤷤ʤۤؽѸȤƤ꤬ȤäΤǤ礦͡ޤ괶Ǥޤ󤬡夷ƤޤäΤ̵뤹櫓ˤ⤤ޤΤǡϡפ̤ޤ
ơaspect פˤĤƻͽĴ٤Ƥߤȡ͡⤬󤲤Ƥޤߤ˼ݤ礭ۤʤޤ

ư˴ؤʸˡƤΰĤǡưɽ魯ư֤ΤȤ館Ӥ򼨤ʸˡ򤤤ʡؿѸؼŵ, p. 96


The grammatical category (expressed in verb forms) that refers to a way of looking at the time of a situation: for example, its duration, repetition, completion. Aspect contrasts with tense, the category that refers to the time of the situation with respect to some other time: for example, the moment of speaking or writing. There are two aspects in English: the progressive aspect ('We are eating lunch') and the perfect aspect ('We have eaten lunch'). (McArthur 86)


A grammatical category concerned with the relationship between the action, state or process denoted by a verb, and various temporal meanings, such as duration and level of completion. There are two aspects in English: the progressive and the perfect. (Pearce 18)


ȾǯۤΤȤǤ饤ȤκˡꥺХפäƲǤȤ䤬åȤǴ󤻤ޤΤȤ˼¨ʤβ򤷤ȤפФޤΤǡ˺ƸޤȤȤ⤢ꡤξǤʬ䤹Ż뤷奢ǻŪʲˤϤʤäƤޤäʬ䤹⤷ޤ

꤬Ȥɤ㤦ȤƤǤ礦͡Ȥä񤷤ΤǤ褯Τϡפưɽ魯ư֤ꡤֻפưɽ魯ưγ֤Ȥޤ
㤨 jump ķ֡פγ֤ʬ䤹ơķסķ֡סķ֤פǤ֤͡ȤΤϡķ֡פȰǤäƤ⡤ӤζĥķӻϤ褦ʤȤʳʡˤ⤢СºķӻϤƤȤʳʡˤ⤢뤷ķǤƶˤʳʡˤ⤢Сķӽäʳʡˤ⤢Сķӽääʳʡˤ⤢Ȥ褦ˡǤϾʤȤ5ʳ餤櫓Ǥ⡼βΤɤǻߤ褦ȤäǤκ٤ʳɽ魯ΤפǤ֤ؤäƤǤ϶̤ƤޤֻפȤ̼λ֤ªǤ͡


ˤפγǰΰΤߤĤޤβˤޤ󤬡ͤˤʤС
⤦ܳŪˤϡ#2747. Reichenbach λ ([2016-11-03-1]) ⻲ȡ

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Pearce, Michael. The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-19-1]

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2021-09-14 Tue

#4523. --- ޸ο򤯤̤ĤäưΥƥ꡼ [inflection][conjugation][ilame][verb][noun][category][tense][mood][person]

űѸʰˤ˻ϤޤѸ򤫤Ƥܴۤ뤷޸οϡѸˤ˾νäȤäƤ褤ˤѸθȤƤ෿Ҥä֤äƤޤäȤäƤǤϤʤȤ櫓̾졤ư졤ƻη絬Ϥʺ;ʤ졤ʻȷӤĤƤʸˡƥ꡼ (category) Ȥؤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
̾ˤĤƤСűѸǤ (gender) (number) (case) 3ƥ꡼λ̰ΤȤ٤ǽƤѸǤϤ褽ȳʤΥƥ꡼岽üˤ餵졤ͥȤʤäƺ˻롥
ưˤĤƤϡűѸǤϿ; (person) (number)ˡ (mood) (tense) ǽŪä޸οιȤ졤ʳΥƥ꡼θ礬ޤä٤ƤΥƥ꡼ޤӤƤȤϤṲ̄ͥΤϻǤ롥
Lass (161) ϡḽѸưΥƥ꡼Ūʶ̤ȤΤ褦˿޼

TENSE  pres.  MOOD  ind.  NUM.  sing.   PERS.   1, 2      -0
                                                                         
                                                                          3     -s
                                                                           
                                                  pl.    
                                                                       
                              subj./imp. 
        
        
         past   -d

ưꤹǽץƥ꡼ȤƻפˤƤˡ̤ʤȤʤäƤ롥Lass (159--61) ˸űѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹбޤ⤢롥Ӥȷκ褯ʬ롥

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-01-1]

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2021-07-31 Sat

#4478. ٤Ǥߤ be λο [perfect][be][verb][aspect][tense][auxiliary_verb][frequency]

ѸˤǤϡ᤯űѸꡤλɽ魯Τ have λ be λ2बԤʤƤbe λϼư졤褽ưư˸ꤵ졤have λ٤ФȤΩʤ¸ߤǤϤäѸˤ have λޤޤˤӡưư have λؤȾ괹Ƥä
嵭ϡbe λοˤζʽŪʳѤǤ롥Ϣ뵭Ȥơ#1653. be λˡ ([2013-11-05-1])#1814. 18--19 be λο CLMET dzǧ ([2014-04-15-1])#3031. have λ be λ --- Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy ([2017-08-14-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Ƕ be λ have λΨ̻Ūܤ餫ˤ Smith (2012: 1537) ĴߤĤΤǡҲ𤷤Ƥ头Ȥ type ٤ token ٤Ψʤӳ١ˤƤʴȤʤäƤΤ Smith ̤2001ǯ "Role" ʸˡ

TypeToken
BehaveBehave
OE16% (11)84% (57)21% (18)79% (85)
EME11% (12)89% (92)24% (69)76% (214)
LME11% (9)89% (70)11% (12)89% (96)
EModE8% (10)92% (115)4% (13)96% (319)
19th C3% (8)97% (311)4% (38)96% (839)


have λȤưμ٤⡤Ȥ갵Ū¿ɤäȤʬ뤬夬ˤĤƽƤȤ褯ʬ롥ޤǽƤȤפǤ롥դߤСȤ be λȤäƤư줬have λˤ趯񹳤ƤȤȤˤʤ뤫
ޤǤ be λ be gone Τ褦귿ȤѤˤȤɤޤꡤ¾ܴۤ˿षƤޤäȤäƤ褤ʤߤˡHe is gone. He has gone. ΰ㤤ˤĤƤԤ be λǤϡԤäƤޤäߤη̡ʤֺϤ⤦ʤפȤ¦̤˾ƤȤ롥Ԥ have λϡŪԤԤȤưΤΡӤθߤؤδͿȤ¦̤˾Ƥ졤褽ֹԤäȤפ˶ᤤ̣Ȥʤ롥λΤȤȤΰ̣ϡַ̡פǤꡤǤϷŪ˸Ť be gone ̣Ū˸Ťַ̡פôäƤꡤŪ˿ have gone ̣Ū˿פôäƤȤʿϤ⤷ (Smith, "New" 1537--38) Ϣơ#3631. ʤ?˹ԤäȤפ have gone to . . . ǤϤʤ have been to . . . ʤΤ ([2019-04-06-1]) ⻲ȡ

Smith, K. Aaron. "New Perspectives, Theories and Methods: Frequency and Language Change." Chapter 97 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1531--46.
Smith, K. Aaron. "The Role of Frequency in the Specialization of the English Anterior." Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure. Ed. by Joan Bybee and Paul Hopper. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2001. 361--82.

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2021-07-15 Thu

#4462. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ5֤ʤ̤ˤ will ȤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][tense][future][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb]

NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ8ΥƥȤȯޤֱѸΥܥʵפϢܤƤޤ5Ȥʤޤϡ֤ʤ̤ˤ will ȤΡפǤĤΤ褦ɽˡʤ٤פ⤷ޤ

δñѸ in English2021ǯ8



ǤפʥݥȤϡѸϤȤ륲ޥˤϡȤ̤Ȥ (tense) ϤʤäȤȤǤ2ĤʤԤߤ̤˰ƤޤŤ˾ջ̳֡ʤɤްդ will shall Τ褦ˡư (auxiliary_verb) ¸ߤƤޤˡưϡѤƤ뤦δްդޤꡤñʤ̤ɽ魯ˡؤȯŸƤޤ줬Ѹʹߤ˰Ṳ̄ɽΤѤ褦ˤʤꡤߤ˻ޤ츫Ȥβ̤ơ2ʬäѸλߡ̤3ʬ˰ܹԤ褦ˤߤޤ̤ will/shall ŪˤϿԤˤޤΤǡޤ˱ѸληϤΤʤ˴˥եåȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ꡹ˤΰΤǤ
̤ will Ū˽и夷ƤطʤϡѸˤǤ͡˸椵ƤƤޤܥ֥ǤϢ뵭񤤤ƤޤΤǡܤŪΤꤿϡʲεɤߤ

#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])
#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])
#2189. ˤ will Իѡ ([2015-04-25-1])
#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ ([2019-06-06-1])
#4408. ̤ΤȤʤΤ˸߷ɽ魯 ([2021-05-22-1])
#2209. ĸˤư̤ޡ ([2015-05-15-1])

ޤ74դֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸ˤơϢֻǤ̤Ǥ⸽߷Ѥ롩ޤΤǡβ⤪İ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-06-08 Tue

#4425. ջ̤ǤϤʤñ̤ɽ魯̤ʹԷ [aspect][tense][future][progressive][semantics][verb][functionalism][bleaching][grammaticalisation][auxiliary_verb]

will be doing ηɽ蘆̤ʹԷ (future progressive) ˡˤĤơǤ̤λȤϡ̤ΤˤƿʹνɽȤΤǤ롥߿ʹԷλ߻ǤꡤʹԷλǤΤȤޤäʿŪˡ̤ξѤΤ̤ʹԷȤȤWe'll be waiting for you at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning. When you reach the end of the bridge, I'll be waiting there to show you the way. Τ褦ʸǤ롥ˡ礭褷ʤ
̤ʹԷΤ⤦1ĤˡϡŪñ̤ʡԤ̤סˤˡǤ롥ñ̤ will do η̤ˤäƤɽǤ뤬Ȱջ̤ɤߤȶ̤ĤʤʤȤ롥㤨 I'll talk to him soon. ǤϡüԤΰջ֤ΤäֶᤤäĤפΰ̣ñʤԤΡֶᤤä뤳Ȥˤʤפۤɤΰ̣ʸ̮λ٤ʤ¤ξŪȤʤ롥Τ褦ʾ I'll be talking to him soon. ̤ʹԷˤ뤳ȤˤꡤԤɤߤŪ˼ȤǤ롥
Ʊͤ Will you come to the party tonight? ϡ֤ʤեѡƥʤפȤͶΰ̣ʤΤ֤ʤեѡƥ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ͡פۤɤνʵ䤢뤤ϳǧΰ̣ʤΤξŪȤʤꤦ롥Ԥΰ̣Ūɽ路ˤϡWill you be coming to the party tonight? Ѥ뤳ȤǤ롥
Ūˤ will do ̤ɽϡ˾ջ֤ɽ路ư줬ΰ̣ɺ (bleaching) ɽ魯νưؤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ΤȤcf. #2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])ˡνư will ȤƤäñ̤פɺ򤷤櫓ǤϤʤ򤢤ٻĤְջ̤פʿԤƹԤʤƤ롥ʸˡˤФز (layering) λǤ롥زη̡ξŪȤʤäƤޤä櫓ʤΤǡΰ̣Ƥǡ̤򻲾ȤʹԷפȤȯãƤ will be doing η򡤡ñ̤פΤˤήѤȤȯۤޤ줿ʸˡζͤΤ褦ʤȤäƤ褦Ƕ̣
嵭Τ褦ʻ𤬤뤿ᡤ̾ϸߡʹԷȤʤư줬̤ʹԷȤƤѤǽФƤ롥He'll be owning his own house next year. Τ褦ʸ򻲾ȡ
ʾ塤Ȥ Quirk et al. (4.46) 򻲾ȤƼɮʤ̤ʹԷȯã19ʹߤŪݤǤ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2021-05-22 Sat

#4408. ̤ΤȤʤΤ˸߷ɽ魯 [future][preterite][tense][khelf_hel_intro_2021][sobokunagimon]

ֱѸƳ2021ΰĤȤơꥳƥ֤ʤ̤ΤȤɽʸˡ will be going to ¸ߤΤåפޤѤʵ륳ƥĤȤơؤǫ˽񤫤Ƥޤ⤽ư̤ɽȤϲ߷ȤɤۤʤΤ (tense) ȤϲȤä˴ؿϡҤɤ
Ѹ̤ɽȤ will be going to פ⤫Ӥޤ¤̤ɽ魯Τưθ߷Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤQuirk et al. (4.94) ˤȡѥ4Ĥޤ
1ĤϡṲ̄ǤäƵ뤳Ȥμ»뤵ʪˤϸ߷Ѥޤƥ The meeting begins at 4:30. ưͽǤ̤ѤޤThe plane leaves for Ankara at eight o'clock tonight. Τ褦ʥƱͤǤ˥ХХۤɳŪ Tomorrow is Sunday. ʤɤ⸽߷Ǥcf. Yesterday was Friday.)
2ĤϡعʸˡǤֻǤ̤ΤȤˤ⸽߷ѤפȤǤHe'll do it if you pay him. I'll let you know as soon as I hear from her. ʤɤˤƽ°ưϸ߷ȤäƤޤʤˤ 'll (= will) Ƥޤˡ
3Ĥϡ2;̾ѤؼʸˤƤϸ߷Ѥޤ㤨СΤ褦ƻʸ󤲤ޤ礦You take the first turning on the left past the police station, then you cross a bridge, and bear right until you see the Public Library.
4ĤϡܤΤʤԤǽФƤս˸ڤ硤In the next chapter we examine in the light of this theory recent economic developments in the Third World. Τ褦˸߷Ѥޤ
̤פΤȤʤΤˡָ߷פɽ魯ȤΤϥϥΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ޤ͡򤷤Ƥ٤פʤȤϡʪŪǧŪ time ʻ֡ˤȸդηޤȤƤ tense ʻˤϡ̤γǰȤȤǤξԤԥäȰפ뤳Ȥ¿ΤϳΤǤɬפʤȤ⤢ȤȤǤˤƤϡtime tense 򥤥ǶӤĤƤʤΤȤǤ
Ѹ̤ɽ˴ؤȤƤϡŪʴʲε⤴

#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])
#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1])
#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])
#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ ([2019-06-06-1])
#3718. Ѹ̤ʤȹͤͳ ([2019-07-02-1])
#2189. ˤ will Իѡ ([2015-04-25-1])
#3693. ˤȤϲ ([2019-06-07-1])

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-15-1] [2021-07-15-1]

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2020-07-05 Sun

#4087. ʤߴλϲɽ魯ȶǤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][perfect][verb][aspect][tense][adverb][present_perfect_puzzle]

ʤΤǵڤ˱Ѹ˥ͥ򡥤ȤȤhellog 饸4ƤǤϳعʸˡǤɬߴλ yesterday Τ褦ʻȤΰˤĤơʤʤΤͤƤߤޤ
ѸΡʸߡ˴λȤΤϡޥ򤷤ˤʸˡɽʤǤ͡ߴλϡ?פȤ?ƤޤäפȤ¿Τǡȶ̤ĤˤΤǤξԤϻȤƤޤäۤʤΤ͡櫓Ǥ顤° yesterday Τ褦ʻϡߴλƱ路ƤϤʤΤ櫓ǤϤ褯Ǥޤ
ϡŪˤ "Present Perfect Puzzle" ȤƤФƤޤ䤿ԥʤΤ̵ϤʤȤޤβǤ⡤åȲȤȤˤϤʤޤΤǡ餺ξǡʲβɤ



Ƥޤᡤ⤽ⴰλȤϲȤˤĤƾܤΤꤿȤϡ##2633,2492,2749,534,2750,2763,2747,2490,2634,2635εå

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