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future - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-06-02 Mon

#5880. [tense][category][preterite][future][verb][terminology][aspect][mood][inflection][periphrasis]

ε#5879. ΰͤ ([2025-06-01-1]) (tense) ˴Ϣ夲ޤĤơ#3693. ˤȤϲ ([2019-06-07-1]) ǻˤĤƹͤȤ⤢롥
ƻȤϲʤΤ긵ˤ International Encyclopedia of Linguistics TENSE ƤߤߤƤߤ褦 (223--24)

          Definition
   Tense refers to the grammatical expression of the time of the situation described in the proposition, relative to some other time. This other time may be the moment of speech: for example, the past and future designate time before and after the moment of speech, respectively, while the perfect (or anterior) designates past time which is relevant to the moment of speech. Or it may be some other reference time, as in the past perfect, which signals a time prior to another time in the past---as in I had just stepped into the shower when the phone rang, where the first clause signals a time prior to that of the second. The most commonly occurring tenses are past and future; however, perfect tenses are also common, as are combinations of perfect with past and future. Some languages show degrees of remoteness in the past or future: distinctions are possible between past situations of today vs. yesterday, yesterday vs. preceding days, or recent time vs. remote time. Analogous distinctions are possible in the future but not as common. Tense is expressed by inflections, by particles, or by auxiliaries in construction with the verb; it is rarely expressed by derivational morphology . . . .


ǤϡλˤƸɽΤ (224)

          Expression
   According to the traditional view, tense is a verbal inflectional category expressing time; however, the possibility of tense being realized also by periphrastic constructions is usually acknowledged. There are several difficulties in applying this view to actual languages. First, the semantics of many inflectional categories contain aspectual and modal as well as temporal elements: e.g., perfective aspect in many languages is restricted to past time reference, and future tenses almost always have modal overtones. Furthermore, if a language has several tense distinctions, they often have rather different modes of expression. An example is the past/non-past and future/non-future oppositions of English; the former is inflectional, and the latter periphrastic . . . .
   An alternative is to view "tense" as a cover term for those inflectional categories whose semantics is dominated by temporal notions. In inflectional systems, then, the most common tense oppositions are past/non-past and future/non-future. Less common, but by no means rare, are distinctions pertaining to degrees of remoteness, e.g. recent and remote past. At least four or five such degrees can be distinguished in certain systems, but the main remoteness distinction is generally between 'today' and 'not today'.
   Tense in finite verb forms normally expresses the relation between the time referred to in the sentence and the time of the speech act (absolute tense); in non-finite verb forms, and sometimes in finite subordinate clauses, tense is relative, expressing the relation between the time expressed by the verb and that of a higher clause. Categories such as perfects and pluperfects, which signal that a situation is viewed from the perspective of a later point in time, have a debated status; they are usually expressed periphrastically, but can also occur in inflectional systems.


ǽ¦̤Τ뤤Ϸ鸫ΤˤäƤȤƤªѤäƤޤ̸Ūˡ෿Ū˴ϢݤƤȤɬפ

Frawley, William J., ed. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003.

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2023-06-12 Mon

#5159. Ѹˤ̤ƻϤɽƤ [sobokunagimon][tense][future][preterite][progressive][perfect][verb][aspect][grammaticalisation]

Ѹˤˤƻƥ꡼бɽϤФѲƤ㤨С̤ΤȤؼΤˤɤΤ褦ɽѤƤˤ˱äƤɤäƤߤȡűѸ줫ѸˤƤϸ߻ѤƤѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤ shall/will ʤɤѤŪɽѤ褦ˤʤä
Görlach (100) ϡƥ꡼ᤰѸ˾ѲγάɽˤޤȤƤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

Tense Expressions in HEL by Goerlach



äȤޤȤƻͤˤ줿

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-01-1]

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2023-05-16 Tue

#5132. ʤ be going to ̤̣Ρ --- ʸˡפȤѤʵ [sobokunagimon][tense][future][grammaticalisation][reanalysis][metanalysis][syntax][semantics][auxiliary_verb][khelf][voicy][heldio][hel_contents_50_2023][notice]

ɸ¿αѸؽԤȤΤ뵿ǤϤʤǤ礦
ܲ khelfʷѸ˥եˤǤֱѸ˥ƥ50褬ŤƤޤ413Ϥơkhelf СˤѸ˥ƥĤ1ĤĸƤƤޤƥĸ khelf θĥå @khelf_keio ⤪Τ餻ƤޤΤǡҥեޥȤƤѤ
ơɸεˤĤ422˸줿ƥ#9. ʤ be going to ̤̣ΡҲ𤷤ޤ


#9. ʤ be going to ̤̣Ρ



ˡΥƥĤ heldio ǤޤƥĺԤȤ̤ȤǡѤʵäƤޤ#711. ʤ be going to ̤̣ΡȤۿƤޤҤİ



ƥĤǤǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡɤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ǤѸ˸Ǥ˽פʳǰѸǤΤǡܤƤܥ֥Ǥ¿εǼ夲ƤΤǡĤ󤲤Ƥߤޤ

#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1])
#1972. Meillet ʸˡ([2014-09-20-1])
#1974. ʸˡȯŸȳ (1) ([2014-09-22-1])
#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1])
#3281. Hopper and Traugott ˤʸˡܼ ([2018-04-21-1])
#5124 Oxford Bibliographies ˤʸˡγס ([2023-05-08-1])

Ȥ櫓 be going to ˴ؤʸˡεȴϢơʲ򻲾ȡ

#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])
#3272. ʸˡ2ĤΥᥫ˥ ([2018-04-12-1])
#4844. ̤ɽȯѥ ([2022-08-01-1])
#3273. Lehman ˤʸˡμ١6 ([2018-04-13-1])

ʸˡ˴ؤȤƤϡ#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ݺƻͺʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯˤǤ

ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2022-08-01 Mon

#4844. ̤ɽȯѥ [tense][future][grammaticalisation][auxiliary_verb][cognitive_linguistics][semantic_change]

ѸŵṲ̄ɽǤϡwill, shall, be going to Τ褦ʡʽ˽ư (auxiliary_verb) Ѥ롥褯ΤƤ褦ˡɽϸϸŪʰ̣äƤˤ̤ơ̤פɽ魯褦ˤʤäƤĤޤꡤŵŪʸˡ (grammaticalisation) λʪǤ롥
will, shall γ˿Ūʰ̣Ϥ줾ְջ֡סֵ̳פǤꡤbe going to Τϡ֡ؤΰưפǤ롥ޤޱѸǤϡְջ֡סֵ̳ס֡ؤΰưפͳ褹̤ɽ줾ȯãƤ褦ˤߤ뤬θϤƤ⡤3ŵṲ̄ɽǤʤΤǤ롥Bybee (123) ϡڤ뤿ˡ͡ʸ̾󤲤Ƥ롥Ū˴طΤʤδ֤ǡƱȯãǧȤΤݥȤǤ롥

a. Volition futures: English, Inuit, Danish, Modern Greek, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian, Sogdian (East Iranian), Tok Pisin
b. Obligation futures: Basque, English, Danish, Western Romance languages
c. Movement futures: Abipon, Atchin, Bari, Cantonese, Cocama, Danish, English, Guaymí, Krongo, Mano, Margi, Maung, Mwera, Nung, Tem, Tojolabal, Tucano and Zuni; and French, Portuguese, and Spanish.


Bybee (123) ϡʸˡȯãϩ򼡤Τ褦˰̲Ƥ롥

volition
obligation> intention > future (prediction)
movement towards


ҤȤӤˡ̤פȯã櫓ǤϤʤְտޡŪפȤʳޤȤפǤ롥Ū򼨤 to ⤷Фָ̤ȸ뤬ȯãϩطƤ
Ѹ̤ɽˤĤƤϡ#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])#2209. ĸˤư̤ޡ ([2015-05-15-1]) ޤ future γƵɤ

Bybee, Joan. Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-16-1]

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2022-07-15 Fri

#4827. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ17֤ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][subjunctive][verb][tense][link][conditional][be][mood][future]

δñѸ in English٤8椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ17ϡ֤ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷פǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ8



If it is fine tomorrow, I will go shopping. Τ褦ʸǡ餫ˡפȤ̤ΤȤʤΤˡ*If it will be fine tomorrow, . . . . Τ褦 will ѤʤȤˤʤäƤޤϡعʸˡΥإƥʵ§κǤΤ1ĤǤ礦Ѹϰ̤˸ߡ̤Ȼ (tense) ˤ뤵ʤΤǤγˤϡֻɽפ̰Ƥ褦˶줷ߤޤ
εϡѸˤδȸѤޤŤϡֻפȤϡˡ (mood) äǤѸޤǤϾ嵭ʸ If it be fine tomorrow, . . . . Τ褦ˡֲˡߡפѤƤޤθ塤ˡʸߡˤοबʤߡľˡʸߡˤ֤줿 If it is fine tomorrow, . . . . ȤʤäƤ롤ȤΤŪаޤǤηаޤˤϡȤȻιθäƤ;ϤϤʤäȤȤǤ
ϰʲ̤ꡤhellog, heldio ʤɤǤ֤ⷫ夲ƤޤϢܵǤϽˤ򤷤䤹褦פ⤷Ƥߤޤʸˡ˱Ѹˤδ뤪⤷̣äƤ館ФȻפޤ

hellog #2764. رѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2016-11-20-1])
- 4.1.1ˤơֻǤ̤ΤȤǤ will ѤʤפȤ夲Ƥޤ
hellog #2189. ˤ will Իѡ ([2015-04-25-1])
hellog #4408. ̤ΤȤʤΤ˸߷ɽ魯 ([2021-05-22-1])
heldio #33. Ǥ̤Ǥ⸽߷Ѥ롩2021ǯ704

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2021-07-15 Thu

#4462. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ5֤ʤ̤ˤ will ȤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][tense][future][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb]

NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ8ΥƥȤȯޤֱѸΥܥʵפϢܤƤޤ5Ȥʤޤϡ֤ʤ̤ˤ will ȤΡפǤĤΤ褦ɽˡʤ٤פ⤷ޤ

δñѸ in English2021ǯ8



ǤפʥݥȤϡѸϤȤ륲ޥˤϡȤ̤Ȥ (tense) ϤʤäȤȤǤ2ĤʤԤߤ̤˰ƤޤŤ˾ջ̳֡ʤɤްդ will shall Τ褦ˡư (auxiliary_verb) ¸ߤƤޤˡưϡѤƤ뤦δްդޤꡤñʤ̤ɽ魯ˡؤȯŸƤޤ줬Ѹʹߤ˰Ṳ̄ɽΤѤ褦ˤʤꡤߤ˻ޤ츫Ȥβ̤ơ2ʬäѸλߡ̤3ʬ˰ܹԤ褦ˤߤޤ̤ will/shall ŪˤϿԤˤޤΤǡޤ˱ѸληϤΤʤ˴˥եåȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ꡹ˤΰΤǤ
̤ will Ū˽и夷ƤطʤϡѸˤǤ͡˸椵ƤƤޤܥ֥ǤϢ뵭񤤤ƤޤΤǡܤŪΤꤿϡʲεɤߤ

#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])
#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])
#2189. ˤ will Իѡ ([2015-04-25-1])
#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ ([2019-06-06-1])
#4408. ̤ΤȤʤΤ˸߷ɽ魯 ([2021-05-22-1])
#2209. ĸˤư̤ޡ ([2015-05-15-1])

ޤ74դֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸ˤơϢֻǤ̤Ǥ⸽߷Ѥ롩ޤΤǡβ⤪İ

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2021-06-08 Tue

#4425. ջ̤ǤϤʤñ̤ɽ魯̤ʹԷ [aspect][tense][future][progressive][semantics][verb][functionalism][bleaching][grammaticalisation][auxiliary_verb]

will be doing ηɽ蘆̤ʹԷ (future progressive) ˡˤĤơǤ̤λȤϡ̤ΤˤƿʹνɽȤΤǤ롥߿ʹԷλ߻ǤꡤʹԷλǤΤȤޤäʿŪˡ̤ξѤΤ̤ʹԷȤȤWe'll be waiting for you at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning. When you reach the end of the bridge, I'll be waiting there to show you the way. Τ褦ʸǤ롥ˡ礭褷ʤ
̤ʹԷΤ⤦1ĤˡϡŪñ̤ʡԤ̤סˤˡǤ롥ñ̤ will do η̤ˤäƤɽǤ뤬Ȱջ̤ɤߤȶ̤ĤʤʤȤ롥㤨 I'll talk to him soon. ǤϡüԤΰջ֤ΤäֶᤤäĤפΰ̣ñʤԤΡֶᤤä뤳Ȥˤʤפۤɤΰ̣ʸ̮λ٤ʤ¤ξŪȤʤ롥Τ褦ʾ I'll be talking to him soon. ̤ʹԷˤ뤳ȤˤꡤԤɤߤŪ˼ȤǤ롥
Ʊͤ Will you come to the party tonight? ϡ֤ʤեѡƥʤפȤͶΰ̣ʤΤ֤ʤեѡƥ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ͡פۤɤνʵ䤢뤤ϳǧΰ̣ʤΤξŪȤʤꤦ롥Ԥΰ̣Ūɽ路ˤϡWill you be coming to the party tonight? Ѥ뤳ȤǤ롥
Ūˤ will do ̤ɽϡ˾ջ֤ɽ路ư줬ΰ̣ɺ (bleaching) ɽ魯νưؤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ΤȤcf. #2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])ˡνư will ȤƤäñ̤פɺ򤷤櫓ǤϤʤ򤢤ٻĤְջ̤פʿԤƹԤʤƤ롥ʸˡˤФز (layering) λǤ롥زη̡ξŪȤʤäƤޤä櫓ʤΤǡΰ̣Ƥǡ̤򻲾ȤʹԷפȤȯãƤ will be doing η򡤡ñ̤פΤˤήѤȤȯۤޤ줿ʸˡζͤΤ褦ʤȤäƤ褦Ƕ̣
嵭Τ褦ʻ𤬤뤿ᡤ̾ϸߡʹԷȤʤư줬̤ʹԷȤƤѤǽФƤ롥He'll be owning his own house next year. Τ褦ʸ򻲾ȡ
ʾ塤Ȥ Quirk et al. (4.46) 򻲾ȤƼɮʤ̤ʹԷȯã19ʹߤŪݤǤ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2021-05-22 Sat

#4408. ̤ΤȤʤΤ˸߷ɽ魯 [future][preterite][tense][khelf_hel_intro_2021][sobokunagimon]

ֱѸƳ2021ΰĤȤơꥳƥ֤ʤ̤ΤȤɽʸˡ will be going to ¸ߤΤåפޤѤʵ륳ƥĤȤơؤǫ˽񤫤Ƥޤ⤽ư̤ɽȤϲ߷ȤɤۤʤΤ (tense) ȤϲȤä˴ؿϡҤɤ
Ѹ̤ɽȤ will be going to פ⤫Ӥޤ¤̤ɽ魯Τưθ߷Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤQuirk et al. (4.94) ˤȡѥ4Ĥޤ
1ĤϡṲ̄ǤäƵ뤳Ȥμ»뤵ʪˤϸ߷Ѥޤƥ The meeting begins at 4:30. ưͽǤ̤ѤޤThe plane leaves for Ankara at eight o'clock tonight. Τ褦ʥƱͤǤ˥ХХۤɳŪ Tomorrow is Sunday. ʤɤ⸽߷Ǥcf. Yesterday was Friday.)
2ĤϡعʸˡǤֻǤ̤ΤȤˤ⸽߷ѤפȤǤHe'll do it if you pay him. I'll let you know as soon as I hear from her. ʤɤˤƽ°ưϸ߷ȤäƤޤʤˤ 'll (= will) Ƥޤˡ
3Ĥϡ2;̾ѤؼʸˤƤϸ߷Ѥޤ㤨СΤ褦ƻʸ󤲤ޤ礦You take the first turning on the left past the police station, then you cross a bridge, and bear right until you see the Public Library.
4ĤϡܤΤʤԤǽФƤս˸ڤ硤In the next chapter we examine in the light of this theory recent economic developments in the Third World. Τ褦˸߷Ѥޤ
̤פΤȤʤΤˡָ߷פɽ魯ȤΤϥϥΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ޤ͡򤷤Ƥ٤פʤȤϡʪŪǧŪ time ʻ֡ˤȸդηޤȤƤ tense ʻˤϡ̤γǰȤȤǤξԤԥäȰפ뤳Ȥ¿ΤϳΤǤɬפʤȤ⤢ȤȤǤˤƤϡtime tense 򥤥ǶӤĤƤʤΤȤǤ
Ѹ̤ɽ˴ؤȤƤϡŪʴʲε⤴

#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])
#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1])
#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])
#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ ([2019-06-06-1])
#3718. Ѹ̤ʤȹͤͳ ([2019-07-02-1])
#2189. ˤ will Իѡ ([2015-04-25-1])
#3693. ˤȤϲ ([2019-06-07-1])

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-15-1] [2021-07-15-1]

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2019-07-02 Tue

#3718. Ѹ̤ʤȹͤͳ [future][tense][category][grammaticalisation][auxiliary_verb]

#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ ([2019-06-06-1])#3693. ˤȤϲ ([2019-06-07-1]) Ǵñ褦ˡѸˤ̤¸ߤĹ餯ŪˤʤäƤ̤ǧ٤ʤΤǧȤФκϲ뤤ϡǧ٤ǤϤʤΤȤФκϲرѸ׸켭ŵ٤ future tense ι (269) 󤵤ƤֱѸ̤ʤפȤκ򼨤

(1) ̤ˡwill/shall + פȤ̤פȾΤ̤פɽ魯Τ򤵤Ƥ뤬ϤޤŪʼʤѤƤˤʤȤդɬפǤ롥ȤƳΩƤָ߻פȡֲפϡgo went Τ褦ưޡѲŪʼʤˤָ߷פȡֲפƤꡤwill/shall go Ȥϥ٥뤬ۤʤ褦˻פ롥will/shall go ΩΤϤष would/should go ǤꡤΩΤɤΤȤָ߻Сֲפ˴ԸȤ٤ǤϤʤ

(2) 嵭Τ褦ʼʤ̤ˤƤ⡤will/shall ɤޤʸˡŪʸǤ뤫ȤˤĤƤ⵿롥Ƹϸְջ֡סġ̳פɽ魯ưǤꡤư첽ȤǤ⤽θϤٻĤäƤ롥¾ˤտ̣Ȥơֿ̡סɬפʤɤΰ̣ĤäƤꡤˡ̤פΰ̣ôΤȤϤʤäƤʤ can, may, must, ought, be going to, be (about) to ʤ¾Ρʽ˽ư⡤¿쾯ʤ̤פΰ̣ôƤ뤿ᡤ⤷ will/shall ̤פνưǧΤǤСƱͤǧʤаݤƤʤäȤ⡤ˡŪʴްդȼʤʡ̤פɽ魯㤬will/shall ˸ȤΤ¤ǤϤ롥ʲλ򻲾ȡ

My babe-in-arms will be fifty-nine on my eighty-ninth birthday ... The year two thousand and fifteen when I shall be ninety. --- [F. R. Palmer]


Ѹ̤ϤΤʤΤȤϡ̤ˡͿθबʸˡƤǤȤߤʤˤϡɤΤ褦ʾ郎ƤФ褤ΤȤܼŪ䤤ؤȤĤʤäƤʸˡѤ˴ؤ뤭礭ʥȥԥåǤ롥

߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ׸켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ298--99ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-01-1] [2021-05-22-1]

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2019-06-07 Fri

#3693. ˤȤϲ [tense][category][preterite][future][verb][conjugation][historic_present][sobokunagimon]

ε#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ ([2019-06-06-1]) ơϸˤ (tense) Ȥʸˡ (grammatical category) ˤĤƹͤƤߤ롥
ؿѸؼŵ٤ˤСtense ȤϡưˤŪط򼨤ʸˡƤ򤤤ŪˤϡδطüԤäƤ濴Ȥΰ򸽺ߤȤơ̤ʬפȤ롥
ˤͤݤ1դƤΤϡεǤҤ٤褦ˡ¤ˤֻפȸƤȤƤΡֻפȤϡɬ⤭줤б櫓ǤϤʤȤȤŪˤϡֲפѤƤʤ顤̣ŪˤϡָߡפؤƤ What was your name? ʤɤ㤬뤷εդδطΩŪ (historic_present) ʤˡΤƤ롥Τ褦ʥϥˤߤȻȤбطϡ礦ɸűѸ stān (= stone) ŪˤǤǤʤȤ٤ʸˡ̾ȤȤˤʤäƤ롤ʸˡ (grammatical gender) θݤ˻Ƥ롥ȸƤϡɬб櫓ǤϤʤΤǤ롥ޤɽ塤Ƥ֤ζܡȤиߤȲߤ̤ȤζܤɬϤäȶ̤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤˤդפ롥
ʬˡˤ͡ʤΤ뤬Ѹλ˴ؤƤСŪʴΩ (preterite tense) ȸ߻present tense) ʤ뤤(non-preterite tense) 2Ȥߤ븫򤬸Ť餢롥¾ΥޥʤΤưηѲˤäɸǤΤϡȤ sing ʸ߷뤤ˤФ sang ʲˤʤ츫ȡ̤פǤ뤫Τ褦ˤߤ will/shall sing ưηѲˤΤǤϤʤ顤̤ǧʤȤΩ
̣ŪʴΩĤΤǤСsing, sang Ф will/shall sing ȼλؤƤΤ顤1ĤȤǧ٤Ȥͤ⤢롥ĤޤꡤѸλϡΩˤä2Ȥ3Ȥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ѸλˤĤʤΤϡưΤȤϡФн˻ɸ櫓ǤϤʤ (aspect) ˡ (mood) Ȥä¾ʸˡƤεǽ碌ɸ뤳Ȥơεǽߤ߹äƤꡤ򤭤줤ʬ뤳ȤǤʤȤ𤬤롥
ѸλϡʸˡʤɤŪʬϤƤƤʤ̤ȤäƤ褤ҤȤĽפŪ׸Ȥơ#2747. Reichenbach λ ([2016-11-03-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.

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2019-06-06 Thu

#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ [tense][category][preterite][future][verb]conjugation]

ѸˤμȤʤɤǡűѸưλ (tense) ˤϡ (preterite tense)ȸߡʤ뤤˻ (non-preterite tense) 2षʤȽҤ٤ȡɬȤäƤ褤ۤɡ֤Ǥϡ̤ΤȤϤɤäɽ路Τפȼ䤬ʤ롥ѸǤ⡤Ūʴ餤Ѥ餺ȸ߻2Ĥʤˤ⤫餺Ǥ롥äȤСܸˤʥˤ󥿷ˤ2Ĥʤ櫓ǡűѸȤ⸽ѸȤۤʤȤʤѸޤ᤿ޥɤνܸȤϤǤϤ褯ƤΤǤ롥
ŪˤߤСѸŪ˲ (preterite tense) ȸ߻present tense) ʤ뤤 (non-preterite tense) 2λäƤʤäΤϻ¤Ǥ롥ѸǤ̤ΤȤϼȤƸ߷ɽ路ƤΤǤꡤ߻ȶ̤̤̤ȤΤ¸ߤʤäϥޥ˶̤ħǤꡤŪطʤϡ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1])#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1]) Dz⤷̤Ǥ롥
嵭ϡַŪˤߤСפȤâ񤭤βǤ롥#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡűѸ衤will shall ʤɤνưѤŪʱŪˤ̤פƤΤϻ¤ǤꡤγΩλˤĤƤϵΤΡˤΤʳ̤פѸλƤ˲ää뤳ȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Ѹλ2ĤʤΤ3ĤʤΤȤʸˡȤΤǤĹ餯³ƤꡤŪϽФƤʤäȽפϡΡֻפȸˤֻפȤ̤򤷤ƤʤФʤʤȤȤˤäƤϡξԤפƤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤷ɬ⤽ǤʤȤ⤢롥ʤǧˤˤƤϸߡ̤3Ԥ̤뤫Ȥäơʸˡ (grammatical category) ˤƤƱ褦3Ԥ̤Ȥϸ¤ʤΤǤ롥űѸ⸽Ѹܸ⡤3Ĥλ̤ƤΤФǤ2Ĥλ˶̤ƤˤʤΤǤ롥
⤽⡤ˤȤϲʤΤεǹͤ

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2019-03-27 Wed

#3621. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (2) [imperative][mood][subjunctive][tense][future][category][elt][3sp]

ε˰³ָ̿ˡפ˴ؤꡥϺѤʸȤ̤δϢʸΤʤǡͤùѸ춵δ餳ڤǤ롥ָ̿ˡפ򲡤ФȤǡϢݤȤȤ˰Ӥʸˡ󶡤ǤΤǤϤʤȤΡ֤ޤȤפѤ (78)

ɡѸ̿ưǤϡʤȤŪ¤ϡ̿ˡθư׷ǤäȤƤ⡤ȼư֤ʤʾˡָˡפªưˡפδϷ褷ƤȸƤ֤櫓ˤϤʤʸˡפȤƤȤ⸫ʤΤǡΰ̣ǡ̿ʸפȸƤ֤ȤǽǤȷŤ롥⡤°³ˡ߷Ǥ⡤ˡư줬ʤȤˤϡ̿Ʊͤ˸ΤߤȤ븫ϡε̳䴫ɽ̣ǽȤοȤؤäơ촶ΤªȸäƤ̿ˡ³ˡ߷򸶷ɽŪˡǰª뤳ȤǤȤȤǤ롥ΤˡˡפγǰΤϱѸ춵θǤ׻뤵ƤܤǤָפȤˤ褯ȤƤ븽ͤȤष̤˲ФƳˡˤ礤˥åȤȻפ롥
عǤϡ뻰ñ -s ˤĤƤϡʤ˽פǡԲķʡľˡȤǰ̵뤷ơ䤫ޤƳ뤬˿øȿ롤°³ˡ߷ he do ȤϢ򤹤뤿ˤϡˡ˴ؤƤμɤƤɬܤǤ롥ǤȤˡפȤդϻȤʤˤƤ⡤ξԴ֤ˤȤΩ򶵰ȤŦʤФʤʤκݡưΡָפŪˡʤΰˤôȤͤͤ뤳Ȥϡˡΰ̣Ū򿼤Ǥ⽽ʬͭǤ


̻Ūʻ¤ʬ˲ǡƤȯ̤ۤŪηϲޤȤԤλϡ˿ȤޤѸȾˤ褦ˡ΢ä3ñ -sפȤⴹǤǡ٤ࡥ

ʡ---Ѹ̿ʸפˤĤ---סطضס632014ǯ73--79ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-01-1] [2020-03-23-1]

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2019-03-26 Tue

#3620. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (1) [imperative][mood][subjunctive][tense][future][category][elt]

ѸˤĤ̿ˡ (imperative mood) ǧ뤫ݤȤϡѸؤǤ⤿ӤӵʤƤˡ (mood) ˷Ūʥƥ꡼Ȳ򤹤ʤСʸˡǤưΡ̿פϸˤƱǤ뤫顤ȼˡꤹɬפϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥षˤܤ˿ơˡ1ĤȤ̿ˡȹͤۤäꤹ롥̿ˡȸ¾νˡˤϡ̣Ūʡפ̣ŪʡפȤ̹⸫Ф졤ǤŪԹ礬褤ˤС³ˡߡפȸƤФƤΤŪˤϸȰۤʤʤΤ顤ϤƱ롼פ뤳Ȥˤʤºݡ³ˡߡפϤޤˡפ碌Ƥ롥
ǽҤ٤ƤȤϡ̿³ˡ߷ȤˡϡפˡȤ1Ĥˤ뤳ȤǤȤƤ̣ǡפŵȤ⤤̤פؤθڤƱʡḶˤˤäôʤΤϤʤȤϻĤ롥ֲפֻ׹͡פɽˤƤƱͤǤ롥Τ褦ˡʤɤνƥ꡼ʣ˸򰷤ΤϷ褷ưפǤϤʤ̿ˡפΰ褦Ȱ첡ȡ̤פΰԹ礬롤Ȥäͤ뤫
εϡ褽εǤ롥ʸǤϡ̻ŪŪʴ餳äƤ뤬Ρ֤ޤȤפϼ̤ (98)

٤˶ޤŵǤϡˡ̤ΩƤϽʬۤɤꡤ¸߰յޤʬˤäȤޤǤϸƱư֤ʣˡɽȤä餯Τ褦ʷ־νʣȤ̤ȡľˡߤ̤λݤޤǤ뤳ȤǽäȤ̣Ū¦̤Ȥޤäơͭɸ³ˡǤϤʤ̵ɸľˡΤʤ̤ꤹ뤳ȤֲƤΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥
ФơưθѲűѸ٤ƶˤƴDz줿ѸǤϡϤư֤ȤƤˡ뤳ȤǤʤˤ뤬ǤŪˡϡά'stance' marker ȤƵǽ롥will ʤɤˡư if ʤɤüʥޡӡ°򽾤Ǥ⡤suggest require ȤäưλỊ̇ˤäƲ­̵뤳ȤǤ롥Τ褦˹ͤС̤λؼϡŵŪˤˡư will Ȥ stance marker ˤꡤŪˡɽͭɸʹ¤ª뤳ȤǤˤľˡ³ˡȤäˡǰä˻ɬפϤʤȤˤʤ롥դäСŪˡɽͭɸ¤ˤϡȤƽ°ˡ᤿ʤưǤ븶ˤ롥̤θ򤹤СάŪ̿ˡ򡤤ưưǤϤʤˤȸʤ硤ޤˤ̿ˡ°ޤƤȤͤ櫓ǡȤȵդˡŪˡɽˤΰˡȤƽ̿ˡª뤳ȤǤ̿ˡΤˡΰȤΩƤˤɬפƱˤʤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥


ѸŪˡ̿פɤ٤ȤϡʤѸ춵ˤؤäƤ

ʡ̤ˡֻפϤΤ---Ѹľˡ³ˡ---סطضס622013ǯ91--100ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-01-1] [2020-03-23-1]

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2018-04-13 Fri

#3273. Lehman ˤʸˡμ١6 [grammaticalisation][category][tense][future][prototype]

̻ŪǤ춦ŪǤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ˤ硤ꤢƤ㤬ɤ١ʸˡפ餷ΤʸˡŪפʤΤȽǤबɬפǤ롥Τ褦ʴꤹ뤳ȤϡʸˡͿ뤳Ȥˤۤʤ餺麤ʲǤ뤳ȤؤʤΤ褦ʴࡤʤѥ᡼ȤƤϡLehmann ƤŵŪʤΤȤƤ롥ϤΤΡȤƽפǤ롥Hopper and Traugott (31) Lehmann Υѥ᡼Τ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǡѤ褦Ϣطμ (paradigm) 3طμ (syntagm) 3Ǥ롥

   Of relevance on the paradigmatic axis are:
   1. the "weight" or size of an element (Lehmann refers to "signs"); weight may be phonological (Lat. ille 'that' has more phonological weight than the French article le that derives from it) or semantic (the motion verb go is thought to be semantically weightier than the future marker go) --- "Grammaticalization rips off the lexical features until only the grammatical features are left" (1995: 129);
   2. the degree to which an element enters into a cohesive set or paradigm; e.g., Latin tense is paradigmatically cohesive whereas English tense is not (contrast the Latin with its translation in amo 'I love,' amabo 'I will love,' amavi 'I have loved');
   3. the freedom with which an element may be selected; in Swahili if a clause is transitive, an object marker must be obligatorily expressed in the verb (given certain semantic constraints), whereas none is required in English.
   Of relevance on the syntagmatic axis are:
   4. the scope or structural size of a construction; periphrasis, as in Lat. scribere habeo 'write:INF have:1stSg', is structurally longer and weightier and larger than inflection, as in Ital. scriverò, 'I shall write';
   5. the degree of bonding between elements in a construction (there is a scale from clause to word to morpheme to affix boundary, 1995: 154); the degree of bonding is greater in the case of inflection than in that of periphrasis;
   6. the degree to which elements of a construction may be moved around; in earlier Latin scribere habeo and habeo scribere could occur in either order, but in later Latin this order became fixed, which allowed the word boundaries to be erased.


Ѹʸˡݤ˾Ȥ餷Ƥߤ褦㤨СѸˡư will ˤ̤פȯãϤɤΤ餤ʸˡŪ#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1]) 褦ˡˡư will ȯãʸˡŵ1ĤȹͤƤ뤬嵭2鼨̤ꡤѸ will ˤ̤פϢطδ顤ۤ cohesive ȤϤʤ褦ˤפ졤ɤޤǻȤʸˡƥ꡼ȤưΤ䤬Ĥ롥󡤤 Yes/No ǤϤʤ٤ǤꡤץȥŪ򤹤ɬפϤ6ĤΥѥ᡼򤹤٤ʻʸˡפȤƤޤȡ¿ȤƤޤȤˤʤ롥

Lehmann, Christian. Thoughts on Grammaticalization. Munich: Lincom Europa, 1995.
Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Grammaticalization. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2018-04-12 Thu

#3272. ʸˡ2ĤΥᥫ˥ [metaphor][metonymy][analogy][reanalysis][syntax][grammaticalisation][language_change][auxiliary_verb][future][tense]

ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ŵȤơ̤ɽ魯ư be going to ȯã (cf. #417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1])#2106.ֶʸˡȡֹʸˡ ([2015-02-01-1])#2575. Ѳΰ ([2016-05-15-1]) ) λѤơʸˡޤ̣ŪѲ2Ĥμ˱äơĤޤ2ĤΥᥫ˥ˤäȯʹԤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ΤHopper and Traugott (93) Ǥ롥2ĤΥᥫ˥Ȥϡsyntagm, reanalysis, metonymy åȤǹᥫ˥ȡparadigm, analogy, metaphor ʤᥫ˥Ǥ롥ʲοޤ򻲾ȡ

          --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Syntagmatic axis
                                                                                 Mechanism: reanalysis
                                                                                                 |
          Stage I          be                  going            [to visit Bill]                  |
                           PROG                Vdir             [Purp. clause]                   |
                                                                                                 |
          Stage II         [be going to]       visit Bill                                        |
                           TNS                 Vact                                              |
             (by syntactic reanalysis/metonymy)                                                  |
                                                                                                 |
          Stage III        [be going to]       like Bill                                         |
                           TNS                 V                                                 |
             (by analogy/metaphor)                                                               |
                                                                                     Paradigmatic axis
                                                                                    Mechanism: analogy

Stage I ʸˡξ֤ǡbe going ϤޤǡֹԤäƤפȤ̤ΰ̣ʤŪˡ to visit Bill ղäƤȲᤵʳǤ롥
Stage II ˤơɽطμ (syntagm) ˱äƺʬ (reanalysis) 롥ܤɤδ֤ǤκʬϤʤΤǡβ˥ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) θƯƤȹͤ롥ơbe going to ϡ䤳ΤޤȤޤˤä̤ȤɸʸˡŪǤȲᤵ˻롥
Stage II ˤƤϡޤ visit Τ褦ʹ԰٤ΰ̣äư췲դʤä be going to ʸ¾ư췲褦˳硦ȯŸƤСŬϰϤưäȤϢطμ (paradigm) ˱ä (analogy) ˤäƳȤäƤβ˥᥿ե (metaphor) ͿƤ뤳Ȥ򤷤䤹ʸˡϡΤ褦1ᥫ˥ˤ곫Ϥ졤2ᥫ˥ˤ礷ĤĿʹԤȤȤ狼롥
ʸˡˤ2ĤΥᥫ˥बŪ˺ѤƤȤ嵭Hopper and Traugott (93) εҤˤƤ

In summary, metonymic and metaphorical inferencing are comlementary, not mutually exclusive, processes at the pragmatic level that result from the dual mechanisms of reanalysis linked with the cognitive process of metonymy, and analogy linked with the cognitive process of metaphor. Being a widespread process, broad cross-domain metaphorical analogizing is one of the contexts within which grammaticalization operates, but many actual instances of grammaticalization show that conventionalizing of the conceptual metonymies that arise in the syntagmatic flow of speech is the prime motivation for reanalysis in the early stages.


Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Grammaticalization. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2016-11-03 Thu

#2747. Reichenbach λ [tense][aspect][deixis][perfect][preterite][future][semantics]

ˤͭ̾ʻߤˡReichenbach ΤΤ롥3ĤλȻѤ뤳Ȥǡ礿Ū褦ȤΤ3ĤλȻȤϡʲ̤Saeed (128) ѡˡ

S = the speech point, the time of utterance;
R = the reference point, the viewpoint or psychological vantage point adopted by the speaker;
E = event point, the described action's location in time.


S, R, E λּŪʰִطԤˤ "<"Ʊξˤ "="³ˤ ">" εɽ뤳Ȥˤ롥㤨Сʸ "I saw Helen", λʸ "I had seen Helen"̤ʸ "I will see Helen" Τ줾λϡʲΤ褦ɽ魯ȤǤ

                                           
"I saw Helen"        >
(R = E < S)               R, E             S
                                           
"I had seen Helen"   >
(E < R < S)                E       R       S
                                           
"I will see Helen"   >
(S < R = E)                S              R, E

SRE ʬϤˤȡѸληϤϰʲ7Ĥ˶ʬ (Saeed 132)

Simple past(R = E < S)"I saw Helen"
Present perfect(E < S = R)"I have seen Helen"
Past perfect(E < R < S)"I had seen Helen"
Simple present(S = R = E)"I see Helen"
Simple future(S < R = E)"I will see Helen"
Proximate future(S = R < E)"I'm going to see Helen"
Future perfect(S < E < R)"I will have seen Helen"


SRE 3δط͡S = R ȤʤΤߴλñ㸽ߡ̤3ĤξΤߤǤ뤳Ȥܤͤ롥ѸüԤˤ򤷤ˤߴλΡָߤؤδͿ (relevance to "now") Ȥ¦̤ϡReichenbach ǤϡS = RפȤɽΤǤ롥

Reichenbach, Hans. Elements of Symbolic Logic. London: Macmillan, 1947.
Saeed, John I. Semantics. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

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2015-08-31 Mon

#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã [tense][future][auxiliary_verb][category][grammaticalisation][bleaching]

Ѹˤ̤ȯãˤĤơ#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1]) εڤӴŪˡ#2209. ĸˤư̤ޡ ([2015-05-15-1]) εǼ夲will, shall ѤṲ̄ɽޤ졤ijΩȤϡѸˤνװƷ1ĤǤ뤬Ȥδ֤͡ʵ롥ϢơѸ̤¸ߤΤȤʸˡ (category) ˴ؤ礭⤢ꡤɴĤǤ롥
̻ŪķŪʴϡ̤ȤưζޤΤ⺣¸ߤ丽߷ΤˤȤ٤ˤȤ٤٤ʤȤ롥ȤʸˡƤߤ˷ŪӤ뿶񤤤򼨤ʤФʤʤȤޤ꤬櫓ǤʤŪĵǽŪʴ餹СѸ will, shall Ǽ̤ϡʤƤ߻Ӥ1ĤǤȤǧƤ褤褦˹ͤƤ롥°桦 (171) ⼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤꡤѸˤ̤ꤷƤ롥

Ѹˤϸ̤λɽϤʤOE ˤƤϸ߻äɽƤPE Ǥϡshall (should) or will (would) + פη̤ɽȤѤ졤 future tense ȸƤǤ롥shall, will ϸߤǤϤθ򼺤ޤäñ̤ɽΤѤ⤢ΤǡñʤǧᡤȤη future tense ȸƤ֤ȤϺ٤ʤ褬üԤοŪ٤򼨤ΤѤ줿ưǤꡤߤǤ⤷Ф̤ʳΰ̣Ѥ롥


Ǥϡ will, shall ѤṲ̄ȳΩλϤĤʤΤ̤ˤϤ˨ϸűѸˤߤȸ롥will, shall ʸ̮ˤơˡŪʰ̣ᡤñ̤ɽ魯˻äȽǤǤűѸ㤬ʤʤŦƤ (Mustanoja 489) ̣ɺ (bleaching) ιǤꡤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ŵǤ⤢롥κǽϡθԤˤʸ̮̯ȽǤ˰ѤͤƤꡤλҴŪ˷ꤹ뤳ȤưפǤϤʤѸ줫Ǥ顤¿ξ硤ˡŪʰ̣ɤ߼Ȥɤ߼뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥
ѸȡʤȤñ̤θȤ will, shall 㤬Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤褽̻ŪŸϿ䤷̤뤳ȤǤ롥Mustanoja (490) ˤСѸǤ shall Τ̤ۤνưǤꡤwill ϤޤˡŪʰ̣魯¿äʤ will, shall ο;ΤˤȤʬϤȤƸФΤϡ#451. shall will λȤʬ˴ؤ The Wallis Rules ([2010-07-22-1]) ǿ줿褦17ΤȤºݤˤλȤʬٳΩȤ19ʹߤΤȤǤʰ°桦ġp. 171ˡ

° ̭ ͡ΤäƤѸˡ١ҡ2014ǯ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2015-05-15 Fri

#2209. ĸˤư̤ [indo-european][tense][reconstruction][comparative_linguistics][future]

ε#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1]) ȴϢơĸˤư̤ޤˤĤƤ夲롥
Fortson (81) ˤСĸ˳μ¤ˤäǧϡpresent, imperfect, aorist 3Ǥ롥ŪˤϤΤۤ perfect ǧƤ뤬ŪȤŪʻȤߤʤ롥 pluperfect future ¸ߤĥԤ⤤롥ƱͤˡSzemerényi (231) ϡ"three to six tenses" ⤿ǡ"present, aorist, perfect; perhaps also future, imperfect, pluperfect" ǧƤ롥ˤ衤̤¸ߤϡ֤餯٤ǧƤˤʤ
ĸ̤äȼĥԤϡ̤ܼȤ *-s- *-sy- ƷƤ롥*-s- Greek, Latin, Celtic ȿǤߤ졤 "aorist subjunctive" ɽ路ΤȤƱܼ Old Irish ˤߤ졤Ūˤ "desiderative" εǽͭΤȤ롥*-sy- Old Indic, Lithuanian, Slavic ʤɤ satem Ͻˤߤ졤*-s- ȤΩε "desiderative" ɸüȯΤȹͤ롥
*-s- *-sy- Ϥ餯ߤΩƤ뤬ˤܼŪʵǽ̤ɽ魯Ȥ⡤subjunctive desiderative ɽ魯Ȥˤꡤ줬̤ŪžѤ줿Τȹͤ (Fortson 91; Szemerényi 287) Ū˰ջ֡˾̳ʤɤɽ魯ˡư줬̤ɽ魯ưؤžѤϡεǽҤ٤褦ˡޤ˱ѸǤߤ줿ȤǤꡤƱȤĸʤ¿ΰˤˤĤƤǽȤȤϼŪǤ롥ĸˤܼŪ켡Ūʰ̣Ǥ̤뤳Ȥ񤷤Τ⤷ʤ

Fortson IV, Benjamin W. "An Approach to Semantic Change." Chapter 21 of The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Blackwell, 2003. 648--66.
Szemerényi, Oswald J. L. Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics. Trans. from Einführung in die vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft. 4th ed. 1990. Oxford: OUP, 1996.

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2015-05-14 Thu

#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ [verb][conjugation][tense][auxiliary_verb][indo-european][grammaticalisation][category][language_change][causation][future][sobokunagimon]

ɸμݤμ䤬󤻤줿ΤǡˤĤŪʴͤƤߤѸưˤϡνɽ魯ΤŵŪѤ롥Ʊͤˡߡʤ뤤סˤνŪɽ魯ˤϡưŵŪ˸߷dzѤ롥̤ν˴ؤƤϡư̤Ȥƶޤ褦ˡ¸ߤʤ will, shall, be going to ʤɤΡʽ˽ưѤȤŪˡȤƤ롥ĤޤꡤѸˤṲ̄Ϥˤ衤Ṳ̄ϤʤȤäƤ褤ñˡ̤פȤѸǤϡ졤֤ΤΥ٥ˤַפˤĤƸ򾷤ǽ뤳Ȥ顤ѸʸˡǤϤѸ줬򤱤뷹ΤǤϤʤ
ʽ˽ưѤŪ뤤ϱṲ̄ɽϡ餯űѸʹߤ will shall ʤɤŪˡŪʵǽĽư줬ջ֤̳ΰ̣ᡤñ˻֤ȤƤ̤ɽ魯ˡؤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ȥˤλˤϡñ̤ɽ魯ΤòɽϡŪˤŪˤʤˡŪʰ̣ȼ鷺̤ɽʤϷ礱ƤȤäƤ褤űѸǤϡŪˤϸ߷ʤ뤤ΤˤˤѤ뤳ȤǸߤΤߤʤ餺̤ΤȤɽ魯ȤǤΤǤꡤƥ꡼ˤơ丽ߤȶ̤٤ʬȤƤ̤Ȥȯۤϴäθ will ʤɤѤ̤ɽиǤ⡤夫λƥ꡼ΤȤ館礭Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤѸǤ̤Ȥʬ⤤Ƥ봶롥Ѹ̤Ȥǰ¸ߤʤȸڤΤϡŪˤϸ᤮Τ餤褦˻פ
嵭Τ褦ˡűѸλƥ꡼ϡŪˤСʤФСָߡפȸƾΤˤ2ʬʤäƤǸѸδ뵿ʤƼºݤ˴󤻤줿ˤϡʤűѸǤ̤ʤäΤʤư̤ζޤȯãʤäΤȤ䤤Ǥ롥μľΤϤ䤹ʤŪʳ٤4ŦƤ
ޤμˡߡ̤3ʬˡȤḽŪʻ֤δǰȻפ뤬֤ΤȤ館뤤ϤθؤȿǤǤƥ꡼ǡɬ⤳ȤƤ褤Ϥʤܿͤޤ᤿¿θͤˤȤäơ3ʬˡλִФ϶ˤƼ˻פ뤬줬ˤȤäƤ̵ͣλִѤǤȤߤʤȤϤǤʤޤ˷3ʬˡλִѤѤ줿ȤƤ⡤3ʬˡ줤ˤΤޤ޸ξˡƥ꡼ȤȿǤΤʤΤɤǤ롥ϥԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ˴ؤǤꡤ̤ǤȽҤ٤ˤȤɤƤ
2ܤˡ¾ΰˤ⡤ܸˤߤ褦ˡ̤ɽϡƤջ֤̳ʤɤˡŪʵǽķʸˡ뤳Ȥˤȯ뤳Ȥ¿Ҥ̤ꡤϱѸˤˤƤѻ줿Ǥꡤɤ̸ŪˤߤΤΤ褦Ǥ롥ߡ̤3ʬˡǤϡ̤Ťߤäξˤ֤Ƥ뤫Τ褦ˤߤ뤬⤷ȸ첽ǤξԤνŤߤϡФаۤʤΤ⤷ʤʤȤ⤤Ĥμ׸ˤ򻲾Ȥ¤ꡤ̤ϲ椷ƸȯŪǤꡤŪǤ뤳Ȥ¿
3ܤˡ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȤ2ʬˡϡʸš˱Ѹ˸¤餺ޥ˶̤פħ1ĤǤ롥ޤƱ²ϸŤҥåȸƱ2ʬˡäƤꡤĸˤƥ꡼Ʒä褷Ƥ롥̤ưĸ̤ȸƤӤΤäΤʤäΤ뤤ϡäȤơŪʤΤʤΤŪΤʤΤĤޤꡤ嵭μϡűѸФ٤ˤȤɤޤ餺ĸФƤ٤Ǥ⤢롥ĸ餫餭줤ʲߡ̤3ʬˡλäƤΤɤȤδ֤褬롥
Ǹˡ׿ʤȤ뤳Ȥ餬󥸥󥰤ʲǤȤǡ׿ʤȤʤä뤳Ȥ϶ˤ񤷤ΰ̣ǡűѸˤƤʤ̤ȯãʤäΤ򼨤Ȥϡ˾ŪʺȼѲŪΩ줫ϡϤפǤϤ롥#2115. ݻȸѲؤ񹳡 ([2015-02-10-1]) Milroy θѲ˸ڤʤ󵯤褦ˡʤѲΤƱͤˤʤѲʤäΤȤ⡤ä٤

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2015-04-25 Sat

#2189. ˤ will Ի [auxiliary_verb][subjunctive][tense][future][sobokunagimon]

εʸˡˤϡǤ̤ΤȤǤäƤ will ѤʤȤब롥㤨СIf it rains tomorrow, we will stay home. Τ褦ʸ˸褦ˡif ξǤϡפΤȤˤ⤫餺ư˸߷ rains ѤƤ롥̤ɽ魯 will ٸΤ顤°Ǥ will ޤΤ;Ǥ롤ʤɤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Τ褦Ūˤʤ
ѸˤϡǤϡޤ¾Ǥ⹭ưľˡ (indicative) ǤϤʤ³ˡsubjunctive; ߤβˡˤη֤äʸǤСѸޤǤ if Ǥľˡ߷3ñ -s դ rains ǤϤʤ³ˡ߷ʸѸѸǤϲˡ߷ˤ rain Τ̤ä֤⤷ʤСפǤСif it be fine tomorrow Τ褦ľˡ is ǤϤʤ³ˡ be ѤΤǤ롥
Ť̤ΤȤؼΤ̤ will Ѥ٤ȤȯۤϤʤषɽ魯Τ³ˡưѤ٤Ȥռä衤Ѹλ (tense) Υƥ꡼ˤ̤ȤΤʹϤʤʸߤ̤ޤˤ2ζ̤ʤäȤط롥̤ϸ߷ѤƤΤǤꡤ³ˡָߡ׷ȤСϼưṲ̄ؼ뤳ȤǤˤƶռ줿Τϡ̤Ȥ֤Ȥ⡤ƬΤʤǤΡߤײǽˤĤƤäζŪʴϡ̤νȤ will Ѥ٤Ǥˤ⤫餺 will ʤΤϤʤפȤռ̻Ūʴϡ will ȤηӤĤϺǽ餫ԺߤäΤǤ롥
ɸפϡѸޤǤ if it rain tomorrow if it be fine tomorrow Τ褦³ˡ߷ѤΤ̤äˤ⤫餺ѸǤϤʤľˡ߷Ѥ if it rains tomorrow if it is fine tomorrow Ȥ褦ˤʤäǤ롥ϱѸˤˤ³ˡ뤤ϲˡοࡤľˡˤִȤ礭ʥơޤΤʤ٤ǤꡤǷڡ˰ȤϤǤʤĴȤϡɸѤʵظˤ䤦٤Ѹ˾礭꤬ǤȤȤǤ롥³ˡߤʤɤΤ褦˶Ѹʹߤ˿षľˡߤ˵ۼƤäȤ礭ʲ꤬Ƥ롥

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