ư -s ˤĤơhellog ǤŪʴ͡˼夲Ƥ
ɸѸǤ3ñ (3sp) ˤΤ -s դȤȤˤʤäƤ뤬ŪʱѸѼ䡤Ǥϰ衦ҲѼˤơ3ñʳΥåȤ -s դȤϷ褷ʤդˡ3ñǤäƤ -s դʤѼȤΤ⡤ŪˤⶦŪˤäʤư -s ȤΤϡ¤ϻפƤ⡤ʤʤʤΤǤ롥
Ϣ뵭䲻ۿƤ
#2857. Ϣ2֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤס ([2017-02-21-1])
#3557. Ѹˤ3ñѰۡ ([2019-01-22-1])
#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲס ([2016-05-06-1])
#3542. CNN English Express2αѸýǺܤޤ ([2019-01-07-1])
#2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])
heldio #177. 3ñΥ
#4693. YouTube 2ơʣ3ñEbonics ([2022-03-03-1])
;Τˤ餺ľˡ߷Ǿ -s ȤȤƤϡ륺륺ν롥Ǥ I likes it., We goes home., You throws it. ʤɤ -s Ѥ롥do Ȥư졦ưˤĤƤСǤϡưȤƤϾ dos /du:z/ ưȤƤϾ do ȤȤ褦ˡˡʬƤȤ (ex. He dos it every day, do he?) ʤߤˡǤưȤƤβ doneưȤƤβ did ѤȤ顤ʤ餪⤷ (ex. He done it last night, did he?)
嵭Ȥ̤ˡåȥɤ̥ɤ¿Ǥϡ12;Ρ3;ʣˤơνȽҤ٤Ūߡ (historic_present) ˡȤơư -s (ex. I goes down this street and I sees this man hiding behind a tree.)
ʾ塤Hughes et al. (28--29) ˰͵ƵҤ
Hughes, Arthur, Peter Trudgill, and Dominic Watt. English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles. 4th ed. London: Hodder Education, 2005.
ε#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ ([2019-06-06-1]) ơϸˤ (tense) Ȥʸˡ (grammatical category) ˤĤƹͤƤߤ롥
ؿѸؼŵ٤ˤСtense ȤϡưˤŪطʸˡƤŪˤϡδطüԤäƤ濴ȤΰߤȤơ̤ʬפȤ롥
ˤͤݤ1դƤΤϡεǤҤ٤褦ˡ¤ˤֻפȸƤȤƤΡֻפȤϡɬ⤭줤б櫓ǤϤʤȤȤŪˤϡֲפѤƤʤ顤̣ŪˤϡָߡפؤƤ What was your name? ʤɤ㤬뤷εդδطΩŪ (historic_present) ʤˡΤƤ롥Τ褦ʥϥˤߤȻȤбطϡ礦ɸűѸ stān (= stone) ŪˤǤǤʤȤ٤ʸˡ̾ȤȤˤʤäƤ롤ʸˡ (grammatical gender) θݤ˻Ƥ롥ȸƤϡɬб櫓ǤϤʤΤǤ롥ޤɽ塤Ƥ֤ζܡȤиߤȲߤ̤ȤζܤɬϤäȶ̤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤˤդפ롥
ʬˡˤ͡ʤΤ뤬Ѹλ˴ؤƤСŪʴΩ (preterite tense) ȸpresent tense) ʤ뤤(non-preterite tense) 2Ȥߤ븫Ť餢롥¾ΥޥʤΤưηѲˤäɸǤΤϡȤ sing ʸ߷뤤ˤФ sang ʲˤʤ츫ȡ̤פǤ뤫Τ褦ˤߤ will/shall sing ưηѲˤΤǤϤʤ顤̤ǧʤȤΩ
̣ŪʴΩĤΤǤСsing, sang Ф will/shall sing ȼλؤƤΤ顤1ĤȤǧ٤Ȥͤ⤢롥ĤޤꡤѸλϡΩˤä2Ȥ3Ȥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ѸλˤĤʤΤϡưΤȤϡФн˻ɸ櫓ǤϤʤ (aspect) ˡ (mood) Ȥä¾ʸˡƤεǽ碌ɸ뤳Ȥơεǽߤ߹äƤꡤ줤ʬ뤳ȤǤʤȤ𤬤롥
ѸλϡʸˡʤɤŪʬϤƤƤʤ̤ȤäƤ褤ҤȤĽפŪȤơ#2747. Reichenbach λ ([2016-11-03-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Chaucer κʤɤǤȡɸŪʽձѸǤϵʤλž롥νϢʸǡ߷Ȳư줬ؤΤǤ롥ʲ The Reeve's Tale (lines 4057--72) ΤƤߤ褦ֻưθ߷Ļưβɽ鷺16Ԥδ֤ܤޤ뤷 tense switching äƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Out at the dore he gooth ful pryvely,Whan that he saugh his tyme, softely.He looketh up and doun til he hath foundeThe clerkes hors, ther as it stood yboundeBihynde the mille, under a lefesel;And to the hors he goth hym faire and wel;He strepeth of the brydel right anon.And whan the hors was laus, he gynneth gonToward the fen, ther wilde mares renne,And forth with wehee, thurgh thikke and thurgh thenne.This millere gooth agayn, no word he seyde,But dooth his note, and with the clerkes pleyde,Til that hir corn was faire and well ygrounde.And whan the mele is sakked and ybounde,This John goth out and fynt his hors away,And gan to crie "Harrow!" and "Weylaway!"
Chaucer tense switching ϤʷǸ椵ƤƤ褦ǡ³ȴλ ( aspect ) ž䤬ȤνҤˤ븽߷λѤˤäʪȳˤƤϤޤŪŪƤɽʤɤΰƤƤ (Horobin 8--10)ʸ̮ǤʤɤФ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤϡ historic present Ū ˡǤϤʤhistoric present ϸѸǤ̤Τ˸ΤǤ褯Ѥ롥Ѹĵ褦
I couldn't believe it! Just as we arrived, up comes Ben and slaps me on the back as if we're life-long friends. 'Come on, old pal,' he says, 'Let me buy you a drink!' I'm telling you, I nearly fainted on the spot. (cited from Quirk ''et al''., p. 181)
The Reeve's Tale fabliau Ȥ°ɽΤȤƽ̱ŪǸɽ¿βսǤ⡤ܤޤ뤷 tense switching 뤳Ȥ̤˥ꥺͿƤȲǤȴϢơΧԹ tense switching ȤƤȤȤְ㤤ʤΥꥺʤ褦ˡ߷ʬʤ̣襤սǤ롥
Fisher, John H. and Mark Allen, eds. The Complete Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.
Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
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