hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ڡ / page 1 (11)

inflection - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-06-21 Sun

#6264. űѸ̾ޤη̤Ψ [oe][inflection][gender][paradigm][frequency][statistics]

#6250. ʤűѸʸˡ̾ޤ֤ stan ʤΤ (2) ([2026-06-07-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤإᥤȤ ykagata 󤬡֡θűѸ̾ɽ stn ǻϤޤܡϤޤʤܡƤ롥 Smith (66) ѤƤ롥ʲ˺ƷǤ褦

OE nouns can be classified into five groups, or declensions. In decreasing order of frequency of occurrence in OE, these declensions are:

(1) General Masculine Declension
(2) General Feminine Declension
(3) General Neuter Declension
(4) the -an Declension
(5) Irregular Declensions


ǡ̾ޤηˤĤŪ̻Ūʥ٥ѤŪŪʥ٥ѤƤ뤳Ȥykagata Ͼ޻Ƥ롥
(1) (5) ٤ι⤤¤٤ƤȤȤΡ١פΥϤɤƤΤ餯ˤǤϤʤűѸŪQuirk and Wrenn (20) ε󤲤ƤΨʤ뤤Ϥ餫Υˤ˰͵򤷤ƤΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥οͤɽǤޤȤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤͽ̤ۤꡤŪ̻Ūʥ٥뤬ѤƤաˡ

Noun Class Value
masculine a-stems 0.36
masculine n-stems and minor declension 0.09
feminine o-stems 0.25
feminine n-stems and minor declension 0.05
neuter a-stems 0.25
neuter n-stems insignificant


1ĵˤʤΤϡ Qurik and Wrenn οͤ˴ŤƤΤƱƤʤȤȡ٤ǤϤʤ٤ǿƤꤵ뤬¸θűѸ켭űѸʸˡΥå꡼ʤɤðǰĴ٤Τ

Smith, Jeremy J. Essentials of Early English. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2005.
Quirk, Randolph. and C. L. Wrenn. An Old English Grammar. 2nd ed. London: Methuen, 1957.

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2026-06-07 Sun

#6250. ʤűѸʸˡ̾ޤ֤ stan ʤΤ (2) [oe][inflection][gender][case][paradigm][comparative_linguistics][nazesantangen]

ε ([2026-06-06-1]) ³ɸ夲롥ȤΤ⡤إᥤȤ ykagata 󤬡Ȥ note ǺεȿäƤΤ֡θűѸ̾ɽ stān ǻϤޤܡϤޤʤܡ졤űѸʸˡतʣĴơ̾ޤιܤѲ a-stem ̾ stān "stone" ǻϤޤʤΤ⻶뤳ȤŦƤ롥ǤϲǻϤ뤫ȤСѲ n-stem ̾ nama "name" ȤΤȤ
nama 礹ϳΤˤ롥nama - naman - naman - naman; naman - naman - namena - namum ¤ֶɽϡstān - stān - stānes - stāne - stānas - stānas - stāna - stānum Ʊ餤ˡž˺ݤƸϤ褤ޤּѲפȤäƸѲΤǡȤƤôڤstān ǤĤޤؼԤȤƤ⡤nama 餤ʤƧߤȤɤޤ뤫⤷ʤޤnama ɽѲɽϡμѲɽȤۤƱʤΤǡDZѤؽΨɤ
ʸѸ٤СȤâդǡˡֶŪʸפɸ֤űѸɽȤơѲ¤ϼʼѲ̾äƤȤϥϤ롥ޤѸ˻ĤäƤѲκפޤ̾ǡϼǤ롥oxen, children, brethren -en 򻲾ȤƤȤΤؤλǤ롥εդ­Ȼפ뤬stān ζޤϡʣ -s ͭʤ -'s ͳ򶵤ƤȤ롥
̾ǻϤȤ褤ŪϤʤθűѸʸˡɼоݡηʤɡ͡ʥѥ᡼ȳơνŤդ衤űѸʸˡतǤäȤƤ⡤ӸؤѸʸؤȤƳؽŪʬѤǽ񤫤뤳Ȥ¿ästān ǤĤޤ褦ʽؼԤǽ餫ꤷƤʤäȤ򤷤Ƥ褤ѸˤűѸؤδؿ椬Ǥ⥸兩ȹäƤʤƻȤƤϹƤ˺षפɼоݡפƹͤƤߤΤȻפɤ̾ϤΤȤ䤤ϡޤ餺⸽Ū䤤ä
μȤ򤯤äӽ ykagata ˴դޤ
ʤ610ȯͽΡرѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ٤Ǥϡ11Ǥϡפ stān ɽǺܤƤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-06-21-1]

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2026-06-06 Sat

#6249. ʤűѸʸˡ̾ޤ֤ stan ʤΤ [oe][inflection][gender][case][paradigm][comparative_linguistics]

ӽʰءˤ X OE ̾ޤäƤʤγѲ̾ stān ФƤޤ͡ȤƤä
ΤˤΤȤűѸζʽ̾ޤΥǤϡۤɬ stān "stone" ǽζɽȤú¤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ʤΩƤ stān ʤΤʤСפȤ̣ñ줬ȥåץХåФƤΤˤϱѸ˶顦ؽƤȤ櫓ؽԤؤζŪθͳĤⱣƤ褦˻פ롥ʲǵƤߤ֤ʤפФͳΤΤȤ⡤ʤβȤäۤŬڤ⤷ʤ
1طʤȤơʸˡȤҷΤΤŪ󤲤롥ϸؤΰŪʷűѸʸˡ˸¤餺褽ʸˡȤˤϡǽ˺줿֤ηΤޤ޸ζʽؼѤ䤹Ȥ롥
˲äơӸؤζǤʥ꡼طƤ롥Ӹؤˤơޥ̾ޤ򵭽ҤݤˤϡäȤϤζѲ a-stem ̾ζޤϤΤŴ§ȤʤäƤ롥űѸ stān ϡޤˤ a-stem ̾1ĤǤ롥
a-stem ̾Τʤˤϡۤˤ¿ñ줬¸ߤ롥Τʤǡʤˤä stān ФΤȤСñ줬ζޤΤʤǤäȤ⥯ʤȹͤ롥֥ʤפΰ̣5ĤδͤƤߤ

(1) ɽΤʤǸ촴βθؤʤűѸ̾ˤϡñʣ뤤ϳʤΰ㤤ˤäƸ촴˴ޤޤ첻ҲؤΤʤʤȤ dæg "day" ñʷʣʷǤ dagas Ȥʤꡤæ a ؤȸؤ롥ޤ "mouth" þēof "thief" ʤɤθ촴̵໤ñʰʳǤϡֻˤϸʤΤΡͭ롥Фơstān ϡñʤʣͿʤ˻ޤǡ촴ֻȯ stān- Ȱɤ뤬ʤ
(2) 촴1Ǥ롥cyning "king" ʤɤ a-stem ̾ν׸2̾Ǥ뤿ᡤ˶޸Ĥ3Ȥʤȡžˤ⤿Ĥ촴ñ stān ϡ޸դäȤ⥯ꥢ˸뤷žˤꥺब褤
(3) ޤǤ˰̣ؼоݤѲۤȤɤʤűѸ stān ϸѸ stone бǯ⺣ܵѤ餺СפǤ롥Ʊ褦˥ΤʤñȤ hund 󤲤뤬Τ˶ɽȤƤǡɤԤäƤ褦ˤפ뤬Ǥϰ̣֡ʰŪʡ˸ (dog) ĸ (hound) ؤȶޤäƤ롥stn ˤϤΤ褦ʰ̣ѲΥΥʤ⤦1ĻפĤ bāt "boat" ϤʤʤͭϸǤꡤºݤ stān äƺѤƤ붵ʽ񤬤ä褦˻פʶŪʽ̾ϼǰˡ
(4) ֻγؽԤܤˤȤäư۾ǤϤʤȤ fisc "fish" Ȥñ˴ŪγؽԤ򸫤ȡ <sc> /ʃ/ ȯɽ魯ʤɡűѸֻͭ§βӶޤʤФʤʤʤ롥stn ǤС stone Ȥб첻ĹС˰Ǥ롥
(5) ̣ؼоݤ̵ʪ꤬ʤʸˡ§˳ؤʳˤƤϡñ줽ΤΤỊ̇Ṳ̄ʪȤƤʤɡˤϡȤʸˡ (gender) ȺƱƳؽμȤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤫⤷ʤ̵ʪΡСפǤСʾʤ꤬ۤʤ⸽ߤ⡤ä˼ҲӤӤƤñǤʤ

ƾʤǤȡstān ȤñϡűѸʸˡ礹ؽԤˤȤäơäȤǡ볦ꥢ­ȤƵǽƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥̣ǤõʤСפȥåץХå̳Ƥظˤϡ嵭ǤζŪηäŽ̤Ƥ褦˻פ롥
ʤߤˡǯ2˿줿90ǯʾˤͭŪʽظűѸ졦ѸǤ⡤ stān ȥåץХåȤƷפƤ뤳ȤդäƤ

Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-06-07-1]

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2026-05-27 Wed

#6239. ѸѼˤߤ3ñ sפȡ3ñΥ --- eWAVE 3.0 Υǡ [ewave][world_englishes][variety][3sp][typology][inflection][conjugation][agreement][syntax]

ȺX Ƕᴩؤʤ󤿤󤲤٤ΥȥΰĤȤ2ĤƤݥȤޤˡդ礤Ƥ볧󡤤꤬ȤޤεǤϡΥȥƤƤ hellog ξǤ⿶֤ĤġѸˡ෿Ūʻ龯äƤߤȻפޤ
夲ơޤϡ㤯Ҥۤʡˡ3ñ sפΤΤǤعʸˡǤФΥ롼Ȥáޤ뤳 s ǤɸѸ줫⳰˽ФαѸѼWorld EnglishesˤܤܤȡۤʤʤäƤޤ
#4902. eWAVE 3.0 ξҲ --- ѸθŪħǼǡ١ ([2022-09-28-1]) ǤߤѸθŪħǼǡ١ eWAVE 3.0 (= The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English) ˴Ťơο;Τľˡߤưη֤˴ؤŪסagreementˤ˴ؤŪʿͤƤߤޤ礦eWAVE Υǡ١ꡤArea եɤ agreement ꤹȡŪפ͡ʸݤˤĤƤξޤΤʤǡѸ3ñ˴ؤ붽̣¤⸫Ƥޤ
ޤ줬3;ñǤäƤư s Ĥʤ3ñΥפˤĤƤǤ No. 170 "Invariant present tense forms due to zero marking for the third person singular" 򸫤ȡʲΤ褦ʶä٤ͤƤޤ

Attestation ʸΨ: 69%
Pervasiveness Ψ: 72%

eWAVE 3.0 ĴоݤȤƤ77Ѽ69%ǡ3ñΥפ1ʾֳǧ (Attestation) 졤٤ˤŤդθǤΡʿŪʡΨ (Pervasiveness) 72%ãȤΤǤɸѸStandard EnglishˤμҲŪʡֽŤߡפϤǤ̵ˤѸѼΤʤ1ĤѼȤʿ˥ȤʤСs Ĥʤ3ñΥפΤۤ¿ɤˤʤ뤳Ȥ򡤤η̤ϼޤʤeWAVE 3.0 ˤ Attestation Pervasiveness ӿͤΰˤĤƤϽʬ򤷤ƤɬפΤǡ Introduction 򤴳ǧˡ
ǤϡդΥѥϤɤǤ礦ľˡߤǤСֿ;Τˤ餺ȤˤˤǤ s ĤפȤѼNo. 171 "Invariant present tense forms due to generalization of 3rd person ?s to all persons"ˤΥǡ⸫Ƥߤޤ礦

Attestation: 35%
Pervasiveness: 45%

I Ǥ they Ǥ s ̲ƤޤѼ⡤Ѽ35%dzǧƤꡤΨ45%˵ڤӤޤη̤ˡפä̤ˤʡȤݤä¿ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
˸ؤ෿δͤȡI love, he loveˤ줹Τ⡤ sI loves, he lovesˤ줹Τ⡤;Υѥ̤ưݤ뤿ᡤåꤷηϤǤȤϤޤ
˰䤿Ū˻ȤäƤɸѸΡ3ñ s ĤפȤȾüʥѥϡƵҴŪįȡƥХ󥹤ӤĤʥƥǤɸѸϡ෿Ūˤϡ̤Ǥʤ̯ѼǤȤ虜ޤ󡥤ʤɸѸ줬ӤĤʷ虜虜ݻƤΤȤѸˤ̣ȻפޤˤĤƤϤޤƵƤФȻפޤ
ؤʤ󤿤󤲤٥ȥƤϺ³ޤSNS Ǥϥå奿 #ʤ󤿤󤲤 դơҰ夲ƤйǤ

δ رѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ NHKǡNHKǿӡ2026ǯ

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2026-05-25 Mon

#6237. be ˤĤƤαѸŪ [oe][be][od_dialect][inflection][suppletion][etymology][participle][imperative][oe_dialect]

be ưϡܥ֥Ǥ¿夲Ƥ Lass θűѸ˴ؤ򻲾ȤơȤ櫓 b- η֤˴ؤ뻨ŪƶҲ𤷤
ޤbe ưν޷εˤʬLass (170) Ѥ롥

(a) an s-root (eom, eart, is, sindom = L s-um, e-s, e-s-t, s-unt);
(b) a b-root (bēo, bist, biþ, bēoþ, cognate to Skr bhu- 'remain', Latin perfect of 'be' fū-ī, OCS byti 'be', Gr phú- 'become';
(c) a w-root, in the inifinitive wesan, pres part wesende, preterite wæs, wǣron; this is cognate to OIr feiss/foss 'remain', Skr vásati 'he dwells'. Wesan is a defective cl V verb (as wesan/wæs/wǣron suggest), whose PRET1/PRET2 serve as the only past for the other stems.


Τʤ b- ˻Ѥޥ췲ǤȯãǤꡤŪˤä٤ηǤȤ (Lass 171)

The incorporation of the b-root into this group seems to be a WGmc innovation.


ޤʲ˸ڤűѸθʬʬ b- °뤬űѸˤƤϤٺ餭Ȥ (Lass 171)

. . . until the eleventh century the only present participle is wesende, and there is no past participle. After this pres part bēonde and pp be-bēon (> ModE been) appear.


űѸ b- ޤ̿ˤĤƤϡʬۤʤɤʣǡΤ褦ˤ (Lass 171)

The imperative is usually in b- in earlier texts: sg bēo, pl bēoþ; later wes, wesaþ appear (wes remains buried in wassail < wes hāl 'be healthy'). There is some regional differentiation, with b- imperatives in WS and Merc, and wes Northumbrian, though wes also occurs in WS and Mercian.


Ҥ뤬äƸɸѸˤ b- ϤϤɤȤȡŪˤϿषƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ (Lass 171)

The standard ModE system suggests more radical loss of the b-forms than was actually the case; as late as the 1950s some conservative rural varieties in old West Mercian and West Saxon territory (e.g. the W Midlands and West Country) preserve paradigms like I bin, thee bist, Her is (Cheshire and Shropshire), I be, you be, her is, they be (Warwickshire, Somerset), or be for all persons and numbers (Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Somerset).


b- η֤˾ƤˤƤߤΤ⤪⤷

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2025-06-02 Mon

#5880. [tense][category][preterite][future][verb][terminology][aspect][mood][inflection][periphrasis]

ε#5879. ΰͤ ([2025-06-01-1]) (tense) ˴Ϣ夲ޤĤơ#3693. ˤȤϲ ([2019-06-07-1]) ǻˤĤƹͤȤ⤢롥
ƻȤϲʤΤ긵ˤ International Encyclopedia of Linguistics TENSE ƤߤߤƤߤ褦 (223--24)

          Definition
   Tense refers to the grammatical expression of the time of the situation described in the proposition, relative to some other time. This other time may be the moment of speech: for example, the past and future designate time before and after the moment of speech, respectively, while the perfect (or anterior) designates past time which is relevant to the moment of speech. Or it may be some other reference time, as in the past perfect, which signals a time prior to another time in the past---as in I had just stepped into the shower when the phone rang, where the first clause signals a time prior to that of the second. The most commonly occurring tenses are past and future; however, perfect tenses are also common, as are combinations of perfect with past and future. Some languages show degrees of remoteness in the past or future: distinctions are possible between past situations of today vs. yesterday, yesterday vs. preceding days, or recent time vs. remote time. Analogous distinctions are possible in the future but not as common. Tense is expressed by inflections, by particles, or by auxiliaries in construction with the verb; it is rarely expressed by derivational morphology . . . .


ǤϡλˤƸɽΤ (224)

          Expression
   According to the traditional view, tense is a verbal inflectional category expressing time; however, the possibility of tense being realized also by periphrastic constructions is usually acknowledged. There are several difficulties in applying this view to actual languages. First, the semantics of many inflectional categories contain aspectual and modal as well as temporal elements: e.g., perfective aspect in many languages is restricted to past time reference, and future tenses almost always have modal overtones. Furthermore, if a language has several tense distinctions, they often have rather different modes of expression. An example is the past/non-past and future/non-future oppositions of English; the former is inflectional, and the latter periphrastic . . . .
   An alternative is to view "tense" as a cover term for those inflectional categories whose semantics is dominated by temporal notions. In inflectional systems, then, the most common tense oppositions are past/non-past and future/non-future. Less common, but by no means rare, are distinctions pertaining to degrees of remoteness, e.g. recent and remote past. At least four or five such degrees can be distinguished in certain systems, but the main remoteness distinction is generally between 'today' and 'not today'.
   Tense in finite verb forms normally expresses the relation between the time referred to in the sentence and the time of the speech act (absolute tense); in non-finite verb forms, and sometimes in finite subordinate clauses, tense is relative, expressing the relation between the time expressed by the verb and that of a higher clause. Categories such as perfects and pluperfects, which signal that a situation is viewed from the perspective of a later point in time, have a debated status; they are usually expressed periphrastically, but can also occur in inflectional systems.


ǽ¦̤Τ뤤Ϸ鸫ΤˤäƤȤƤªѤäƤޤ̸Ūˡ෿Ū˴ϢݤƤȤɬפ

Frawley, William J., ed. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003.

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2025-05-06 Tue

#5853. wange (cheek) --- űѸΤ⤦1ĤѲ̾ [oe][neuter][noun][inflection][kochushoho]

Ҳ𤷤ŤѸȤ̾⤤ظűѸ졦Ѹ١2ǡˤ p. 12 ˡּѲ̾ ēage 'eye' ēare 'ear' 2ǤפȿƤꡤēage ζɽΤ褦˵󤲤Ƥ롥

 ēage (n.) 'eye' 
 ñʣ
硦гēage (-e)ēagan (-an)
°ēagan (-an)ēagena (-ena)
Ϳēagan (-an)ēagum (-um)


Τ˸űѸѲ̾ϰ̤ˤϤ2ΤߤȤ롥٤С⤦1Ĵ̡ˡפɽ魯̾ wange ⤳ΥפǤ롥wange ˤĤƤ϶Ѳ̾ȤƤ¦̤⤢롤ȤΤ2ȤϰۤʤȤCampbell (§618) ˼Τ褦ˤ롥

The only invariably weak neuters are ēage eye, ēare ear; wange, cheek (also þunwange), can be weak, but has also strong forms partly masc., partly fem.: g.s. wonges, d.s. -wange, n.p. wangas, -wonge, -wonga, g.p. -wonga; so (þun)wenġe, a strong form, has weak inflexion, d.s. -wenġan.


űѸѲ̾ϡΤˤϡܡפȡּפȡˡפ3ȤäȤ

Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡҡ1986ǯ
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

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2025-03-05 Wed

#5791. "word class" ʸˤ OED ˤ1882ǯ [oed][pos][terminology][linguistics][category][morphology][inflection][word_class][loan_translation][german]

ε#5790. ʻȤϲ --- OED "part of speech" ɤ ([2025-03-04-1]) ʤɤǿƤʻ (pos) ȽŤʤĤĤ⡤äȴˤǤ (word_class) ˤĤ OED Ƥߤ

A category of words of similar form or syntactic characteristics; esp. a part of speech.

1882A root is an abstraction of all word-classes and their differences. (E. Channing, translation of A. F. Pott in translation of B. Delbrück, Introd. Study Language v. 74.
1914Other word classes which are not expressed by formational similarity. (L. Bloomfield, Introduction to Study of Language iv. 109)
1924We have a great many words which can belong to one word-class only: admiration, society, life can only be substantives [etc.]. (O. Jespersen, Philosophy of Grammar iv. 61)
1953The so-called parts of speech (still more inappropriately word-classes) are classes of stem-morpheme. (C. E. Bazell, Linguistic Form vi. 76)
1998All of the general properties shared by whole word classes..are assumed to be within the competence of the grammar rather than of the lexicon. (Euralex '98 Proceedings vol. I. ii. 261)


Ф1882ǯǡŪˤϿ츻ˤϥɥĸ Wortklasse (1817) ΤʤȤμ⤢롥
̣ǤʻƱͤѤ뤳ȤǤΤΡñϤ򤤤褦ˤǤʬǤդʬˤĤƸ뤳ȤǤ뤿ˡŪˤϤͭѤѸǤ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-04 Tue

#5790. ʻȤϲ --- OED "part of speech" ɤ [oed][pos][terminology][linguistics][category][morphology][inflection][loan_translation][latin][oe][aelfric]

Ѹǡʻפɽ魯 part of speech (pos) ϡɤΤ褦ƤΤƤĽФΤOED Ǥ part (NOUN1) I.1.c. part of speech ΩवƤ롥Ѥ褦

I.1.c. part of speech noun
   
   Each of the categories to which words are traditionally assigned according to their grammatical and semantic functions. Cf. part of reason n. at sense I.1b.
   
   In English there are traditionally considered to be eight parts of speech, i.e. noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection; sometimes nine, the article being distinguished from the adjective, or, formerly, the participle often being considered a distinct part of speech. Modern grammars often distinguish lexical and grammatical classes, the lexical including in particular nouns, adjectives, full verbs, and adverbs; the grammatical variously subdivided, often distinguishing classes such as auxiliary verbs, coordinators and subordinators, determiners, numerals, etc. See also word class n.
   
   In quot. c1450 showing similar use of party of speech (compare party n. I).
   
      [c1450Aduerbe: A party of spech þat ys vndeclynyt, þe wych ys cast to a verbe to declare and fulfyll þe sygnificion [read sygnificacion] of þe verbe. (in D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts (1984) 6 (Middle English Dictionary))
      c1475How many partes of spech be ther? (in D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts (1984) 61 (Middle English Dictionary))
      1517For as moche as there be Viii. partes of speche, I wolde knowe ryght fayne What a nowne substantyue, is in his degre. (S. Hawes, Pastime of Pleasure (1928) v. 27)
      . . . .


Ǥϡʻ줬ʸˡỤ̄ŪʵǽˤäʬवƤ뤳ȡѸǤŪ8ġʾˤäƤ9ġˤʻ줬ǧƤȡʻʬ˽सƸ (word class) ȤʬˡŪ饹ʸˡŪ饹ʤɤʬ뤳ȤʤɤҤƤ롥
ǽʸ1450ǯΤΤȤʤäƤ뤬Ǥ party of spech θǤ뤳Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥ˤȴϢ party of reason part of reason Ȥ OED ˺ϿƤꡤ˸1450ǯƱ D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts ʸȤƤ뤳ȤŦƤ
ޤpart ñΤȤơʻפ̣ˡꡤƥɽΤʤȤ̤ǻʤ᤯űѸʸڤƤÆlfric ʸˡˡ

OEÞry eacan synd met, pte, ce, þe man eacnað on ledenspræce to sumum casum þises partes. (Ælfric, Grammar (St. John's Oxford MS.) 107)
OEÞes part mæg beon gehaten dælnimend. (Ælfric, Grammar (St. John's Oxford MS.) 242)


part of speech ȤѸθϡűѸ˳ǧƥʸˡŪѸ츯ˤ䤫ĤġѸ˸졤θѤ褦ˤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥
ʻͤˤĤƤ pos δϢȤ櫓ʲε򻲾ȡ

#5762. ʻȤϲ --- ܸΡʻפŵŵĴ٤ ([2025-02-04-1])
#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1])
#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1])
#5771. ʻȤϲ --- ʬ ([2025-02-13-1])
#5772. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˰̣ˤʬϲǽ ([2025-02-14-1])
#5773. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˵ǽˤʬλߡ ([2025-02-15-1])
#5782. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˷֤ˤʬहȤɤʤ뤫 ([2025-02-24-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-02-24 Mon

#5782. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˷֤ˤʬहȤɤʤ뤫 [pos][terminology][linguistics][category][morphology][inflection]

ϡʻᤰʲεǼ夲Ƥ

#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1])
#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1])
#5771. ʻȤϲ --- ʬ ([2025-02-13-1])
#5772. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˰̣ˤʬϲǽ ([2025-02-14-1])
#5773. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˵ǽˤʬλߡ ([2025-02-15-1])

ʻϡʬ˲뤫꤬礭ۤʤäƤ롥ϡ̩˷֤˴ŤʬहȤɤʤ뤫ͤƤߤȤΤϡ³ؿѸؼŵ٤ parts of speech ιǤ롥
֤˴ŤʬȤƺǤʬ䤹Τϡñ줬ŪѲ뤫ʤǤ롥٥ŽȤСѲפȡѲפդ路
º Sweet ϡδˤʻʬƤˤȡŪˤȤΡ̾סַƻסưפϡʸˡǽ˱Ʋ餫ηѲ򼨤ΤǡѲפȤʤ롥ֻס³סִפϸ§ȤƷѲ򼨤ʤΤǡѲפȤʤSweet ǤϤˡפäƤ뤬ˤѲ뤳ȤդɬפǤˡ
³ơJespersen ŪʴˤѲפȡѲפʬѲפˤϽΡ̾סַƻס̾סưפޤޤ졤ѲפˤϽΡסֻס³סִפޤޤ롥
Sweet ˤ Jespersen ˤ衤ѲפѲפγơβ̶ʬδˤĤƤϿƤ餺ɤΤȤεǽ̣ŪŤ˺ѤƤǤϤʤȤȽ򤱤ʤ
̾פˤ̾ȼΡưפˤưȼηѲΤǡηŪ񤤤ˤƲ̶ʬƤȤϲǽǤ롥ξ硤㤨̾ưǤ love Ȥξ硤ƱªΤʸˡŪƱ۵פȤưۤʤ2ªΤȤ꤬롥ŪʻʬˤƤƤꡤ̤ǤϤʤȤФʤΤ⤽ʻʬȤϲΤˤϤäΤȤΩ֤ͿƤϤ롥

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-08-1] [2025-03-04-1]

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2025-02-18 Tue

#5776. ³passers-by Τ褦Ⱦüʰ֤ -s Ĥ̯ʣ [plural][compound][morphology][inflection][phrasal_verb][french][syntax][noun][suffix]

ε#5775. passers-by Τ褦Ⱦüʰ֤ -s Ĥ̯ʣ ([2025-02-17-1]) ³ʣ -s ʶǤˤĤơ Poutsma 򻲾Ȥ (142--43)
ե󥹸δѶͳ褹ʣ̾ʶˤ¿ϡѸäƤե󥹸ȿǤơ̾ǡܷƻǡפνˤȤɤޤ롥ѸȤƤϡθʣˤäơ̾Ǥ -s ĤΤŪǤ롥attorneys general, cousins-german, book-prices current, battlesroyal, Governors-General, damsels-errant, heirs-apparent, knights-errant Τ褦ˤʤattorney generals, letters-patents ⤢ˡ
ȯüǤ passer(s)-by Υסʤ̾Ǥθֻ硦줬դʣ⡤̾Ǥ -s դʣΤŪcommanders-in-chef, fathers-in-law, heirs-at-law, quarters-of-an-hour, bills of fare; blowings-up, callings-over, hangers-n, knockers-up, lookers-on, lyings-in, standars-by, whippers-in, goers-in, comers-out, breakings-up, droppings asleep, fallings forward ʤ (cf. men-at-arms)
ɽϥե̵ͭʤɤˤĤƤФɤ줬̤ꡤơɽˤĤˤ䴷ѤΤȻפ졤̲§ߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤θˤȤ롥

Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.

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2025-02-17 Mon

#5775. passers-by Τ褦Ⱦüʰ֤ -s Ĥ̯ʣ [plural][compound][morphology][inflection][phrasal_verb][conversion][noun][suffix]

ʣǤʤʣ̾ˤĤơʣϸˡĤޤǽǤ -s ղäФ褤ȤΤŪʵ§Ǥ롥brother-officers, penny-a-liners, forget-me-nots, go-between, ne'er-do-wells, three-year-olds, merry-go-rounds Τ褦ˤǤ롥
Ȥɸ passers-by Τ褦ˡζư (phrasal_verb) ˤͳ褷줬ʻžत̾˴ؤƤϡ𤬰ۤʤ륱롥ǽǤȤʤ뾮ֻƱθˤ뤳Ȥˤʤäơľ -s դΤ뤫*passer-bys ǤϤʤ passers-by ȤʣΤ
#5215. ư줫ʻžʤ褦ˤߤ̾졦ƻΰ ([2023-08-07-1]) 򻲹ͤˤȡpassers-by ʣȤΤȤ crossings-out, lookers-on, tellings-off, tickings-off, turn-ups 󤲤뤳ȤǤ롥
ǤϹԤʤƱפ˸Ƥ⡤絬§˽äƸ -s դ turn-ups, hand-me-downs, lace-ups, left-overs, makeshifts, onlookers 㤬ФƤ롥
Ϣơ -ful(l) ǸǤȤƤʣϡɤ줬롥ѸǤϤʤѸλǤ뤳ȤǤĤġ§Ȥ handfuls (of marbles), bucketfulls (of fragrant milk) ʤɤȺǸǤ -s դʣ뤬Ȥ (two) table-spoonsfull (of rum), (two) donkeysful (of children), bucketsfull (of tea) Τ褦1Ǥ -s Ĥ۷ߤ줿
ʾ塤Poutsma (141--43) 򻲾ȤƼɮñˤäɤ줬ȤȤϡ̣Ūʹθ̻Ū¦̤δͿ⵿롥̣

Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-02-18-1]

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2024-10-07 Mon

#5642. ͭ̾ˤ -s -ne [personal_pronoun][genitive][inflection][suffix][me][analogy][french]

Ѹο;̾ˤϡ~ΤΡפΩɽ碌ͭ̾ (possessive pronoun) Ȥब롥󤹤 mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs 6Ȥʤ롥˸Ťᤫ2;ñ thou бͭ̾ thine äƤ褤ޤ3;ñ it бͭ̾Ϸ礱ƤȤ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1]) ӡ#197. its Ωˡä! ([2009-11-10-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
¿ -s ǽꡤͭʤ -'s Ȥδط۵뤬mine thine ˤĤƤä -ne ߤΩġ -ne ϤɤƤΤ
ͭ̾η֤ζ̣ˤˤĤƤϡMustanoja (164--65) INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVE ꤹDz⤷ƤƤΤǡѤƤ

          INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVE

   FORM: --- As mentioned earlier in the present discussion (p. 157), the dependent and independent possessives are alike in OE and early ME. In the first and second persons singular (min and thin) the dependent possessive loses the final -n in the course of ME, but the independent possessive, being emphatic, retains it: --- Robert renne-aboute shal nowȝe have of myne (PPl. B vi 150). In the South and the Midlands, -n begins to be attached to other independent possessives as well (hisen, hiren, ouren, youren, heren) after the analogy of min and thin about the middle of the 14th century: --- restore thou to hir alle thingis þat ben hern (Purvey 2 Kings viii 6). In the third person singular and in the plural, forms with -s (hires, oures, youres, heres, theirs) emerge towards the end of the 13th century, first in the North and then in the Midlands: --- and youres (Havelok 2798); --- þai lete þairs was þe land (Cursor 2507, Cotton MS); --- my gold is youres (Ch. CT B Sh. 1474); --- it schal ben hires (Gower CA v 4770). In the southern dialects forms without -s prevail all through the ME period: --- your fader dyde assaylle our by treyson (Caxton Aymon 545).
   The old dative ending is preserved in vayre zone, he zayþ, 'do guod of þinen' (Ayenb. 194).

   Imitations of French Usage. --- The use of the definite article before an independent possessive, recorded in Caxton, is obviously an imitation of French le nostre, la sienne: --- to approvel better the his than that other (En. 23); --- that your worshypp and the oures be kepte (Aymon 72).
   The occurrence of the independent possessive pronoun (and the rare occurrence of a noun in the genitive) after the quasi-preposition magré 'in spite of' is a direct imitation of OF magré mien (tien, sien, etc.): --- and God wot that is magré myn (Gower CA iv 59); --- maugré his, he dos him lute (Cursor 4305, Cotton MS). Cf. NED maugre, and R. L. G. Ritchie, Studies Presented to Mildred K. Pope, Manchester 1939, p. 317.


ͭ̾˴ؤϡʲ hellog Ǥ夲ƤΤǡ碌ƤȤ

#2734. ͭ̾ hers, his, ours, yours, theirs -s ([2016-10-21-1])
#2737. 奤ꥹѸˤͭ̾ hern ʬۡ ([2016-10-24-1])
#3495. Jespersen ˤФ ([2018-11-21-1])

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2024-10-05 Sat

#5640. It rains. ᤰä [3ps][impersonal_verb][verb][inflection][voicy][heldio][hellive2024][hel_herald][khelf][sobokunagimon]



ΤȤˤʤޤ925ʿˤ Voicy heldio ˤ#1214. khelf Ĺ ŷ it äƲ #Ѹ˥饤2024פۿޤkhelf ΥС濴礤˵夬ޤkhelf helwa ǤϡΤ褦ʱѸ̵ӻǤꡤ⤢ޤ󡥤̤˸Ƥߤޤ顤¿˥åʥνĤȤƴǡʡˤ褦ǡФ¤ǤʴǡhelŸƤޤ
ʤ It rains. ʤΤȤᤰäƤϡŪƤ櫓ǤϤޤ󡥤षȤ̵ΤڤǤޤȤݤδǤ⡤ꥹʡˤä夬äƤޤΤǡҤɤߤ
ܥ֥ǤϡϢʲεǼ夲Ƥޤ

#4208. It rains. Ϲ԰ټԺߤǡֹ߱פۤɤΰա ([2020-11-03-1])
#4210. ;Τνи3;Τ˻Ϥޤꡤ12;ΤؤŸ ([2020-11-05-1])
#4211. ϡֽ̤פֹ԰ټԤꤹפء ([2020-11-06-1])

ޤϿΤʤǤ⿨Ƥޤkhelf ˤرѸ˿ʹ92023ǯ512ȯԡˤ1̲Ǥŷ it äƤʤפȤƼ夲Ƥޤ
ͥˤ30ʬϡǵ³줿ȻפޤޤǡֱѸ˥饤2024פΤʤǤΤȤȤʤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-09-17 Tue

#5622. methoughts Ƥ [3ps][impersonal_verb][verb][inflection][preterite][analogy][methinks][eebo][corpus][emode][comment_clause]

#5385. methinks ˤޤĤ̯ʸ򤤤ĤҲ ([2024-01-24-1]) ȡ#5386. Ѹ˾夭˳ʤ3ñ -s ([2024-01-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤ methoughts Ȥʸˡ˾ʤȤ̯ư֤ޤʤΤ -s դȤäθǤ
ϡmethoughts νѸ EEBO corpus ȴФƤߤޤʥ󥳡󥹥饤Υƥȥեˡ10ǯߤǤΥҥåȿϡ̤Ǥ

 ALL1600s1610s1620s1630s1640s1650s1660s1670s1680s1690s
METHOUGHTS184   16618377541


15--16ˤ1⸽ʤäΤɽˤϼޤǤ17ꡤȤ櫓Ⱦʹߤʬۤ򿭤ФƤƤޤEEBO ɤΤϤޤǤǤθ18ʹߤʬۤⵤˤʤȤǤ
󥳡󥹥饤įƤȡmethoughts ϼôȤ⡤Ǥɾ (comment_clause) ȤŪѤƤ㤬¿Ȥޤʤ켫Τϡб븽߷ methinks 䤫ưפͽۤޤˡ
ޤmethoughts ζ᤯Ȥ٤ seem ⤤Ĥǧ졤ɾᤫ餵ȯŸơ٤ãƤȤ鵿ۤɤǤ

1676: methoughts she seem'd though very reserv'd, and uneasie all the time i entertain'd her
1678: methoughts my head seemed as it were diaphanous
1679: nay, they so beautiful, so fair did seem, methoughts i took and eat'em in my dream
1695: yet methoughts you seem chiefly to place this vacancy of the throne upon king iames's abdication

Ѹ˾û̿˽ä̯ʤθܤΥޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-08-21 Wed

#5595. poor poverty [v][sound_change][adjective][inflection][noun][me][french][loan_word]

#1348. 13ʹߤ v ([2013-01-04-1]) ǡƻ poor θˤĤƤ⿨줿θϸťե󥹸 povre ͳ褷 v äƤѸ¦ v üȤȤäб̾ poverty Ǥ v üƤʤϤʤȤ䤬󤻤줿
Ԥˤ̾ղäƤꡤȤ v θ벻Ķۤʤ뤿ξο񤤤ۤʤΤȡܤ˹ͤƤŪˤĴ٤Ƥߤʤʬʤ
ǡȤ Jespersen äƤߤ v ˤĤơMEG1 2ĤΥ򸫤Ĥ뤳ȤǤޤ §2.532. Ѥ롥

§2.532.A /v/ has disappeared in a great many instances, chiefly through assimilation with a following consonant: had ME hadde OE hæfde, lady ME ladi, earlier lafdi OE hlæfdige . head from the inflected forms of OE hēafod; at one time the infection was heved, (heavdes) heddes . lammas OE hlafmæsse . woman ME also wimman OE wifman . leman OE leofman . gi'n, formerly colloquial, now vulgar for given . se'nnight [ˈsenit] common till the beginning of the 19th c. for sevennight. Devonshire was colloquially pronounced without the v, whence the verb denshire 'improve land by paving off turf and burning'. Daventry according to J1701 was pronounced "Dantry" or "Daintry", and the town is still called [deintri] by natives. Cavendish is pronounced [ˈkɚndiʃ] or [ˈkɚvndiʃ]. hath OE hæfþ. eavesdropper (Sh. R3 V. 3.221) for eaves-. The v-less form of devil, mentioned for instance by J1701 (/del/ and sometimes /dil/), is chiefly due to the inflected forms, but is also found in the uninflected; it is probably found in Shakespeare's Macb. I. 3.107; G1621 mentions /diˑl/ as northern, where it is still found. marle for marvel is frequent in BJo. poor seems to be from the inflected forms of the adjective, cf. Ch. Ros. 6489 pover, but 6490 alle pore folk; in poverty the v has been kept . ure† F œuvre, whence inure, enure . manure earlier manour F manouvrer (manœuvre is a later loan). curfew, -fu OF couvrefeu . kerchief OF couvrechef . ginger, oldest form gingivere . Liverpool without v is found in J1701 and elsewhere, see Ekwall's edition of Jones §184. Cf. further 7.76.


Jespersen ϡƻˤ v üϡ޷ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȤv ľ̤λҲ³ v æ첻³ݻ롤ȤͤΤ褦ˤ費Ķˤä v 뤫Ĥ뤫ޤȤΩäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ͤޤǤˡv üˤĤƤϡ §7.76. ꡤطǽѤ褦

§7.76./v/ and /f/ are often lost in twelvemonth (Bacon twellmonth, S1780, E1787, W1791), twelvepence (S1780, E1787), twelfth (E1787, cf. Thackeray, Van. F. 22). Cf. also the formerly universal fi'pence, fippence (J1701, E1765, etc.), still sometimes [fipəns]. Halfpenny, halfpence, . . .


ˤĤƤϡ⤦ܤĴ٤ƤɬפꤽʲϢ hellog 󤲤Ƥ

#1348. 13ʹߤ v ([2013-01-04-1])
#2276. 13ʹߤ v (2) ([2015-07-21-1])
#2200. ʤ *haves, *haved ǤϤʤ has, had ʤΤ ([2015-05-06-1])

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-08-13 Tue

#5587. űѸ niht "night" ζ [oe][inflection][gender][case][paradigm]

Ѹ night бűѸñ niht Ǥ롥ϸűѸη֥ƥ꡼ȤƤѲ̾ʤΤѲ̾¿ɤȤϾۤʤ޷򼨤ɤΥ롼פ°̾ʤΤդɬפǤ롥
ŪˤС¿ɤǤñʤñгʤȤ٤ȤǡԤ -e դȤۤߤΤɤǤξԤ̵ƱȤʤΤǤ롥ޤɤǤϡʣʡгʤ -a 餺 -e ǰפ Ȥħ⤢롥
ɽ (paradigm) 󤲤ΤᤤޤѲ̾¿ɤ°2Ĥ̾졤û캬 ġiefu "gift" Ĺ캬 lār "teaching" ζɽ򼨤

 Sing.Pl.Sing.Pl.
N.ġief-uġief-a, -elārlār-a, -e
A.ġief-eġief-a, -elār-elār-a, -e
G.ġief-eġief-a, -enalār-elār-a, -ena
D.ġief-eġief-umlār-elār-um


niht Τ褦˾ɤ°Τϡ̤ζޤ򼨤

 Sing.Pl.
N.nihtniht-e
A.nihtniht-e
G.niht-eniht-a, -ena
D.niht-eniht-um


niht פνѲ̾¾˵󤲤ȡǣht "property", brȳd "bride", cwē "queen", cyst "virtue", dǣd "deed", fierd "army", hǣs "command", lyft "air", miht "power", nīed "need", tīd "tide", wēn "hope", wynn "oyj", wyrd "fate", wyrt "plant" ʤɤ롥
ʾ Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer §§17--18 򻲾Ȥ

Davis, Norman. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.

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2024-07-27 Sat

#5570. űѸư dugan agan γ [oe][preterite-present_verb][inflection][beowulf][voicy][heldio][etymology][hajimeteno_koeigo]

#5542. ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ Part 9 with Ͻؤ󡤤ޤˤ¼Ϻ ([2024-06-29-1]) ǤϡVoicy heldio ο͵꡼κǿȤʤ#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼ϺҲ𤷤ޤۿǤϡϤˤäƼ夲줿 Beowulf 1ʸȤʤޤ

Wyrd oft nereð/ unfǣgne eorl, þonne his ellen dēah. (ll. 572b--73)

"Fate often saves an undoomed earl, when his courage avails."

ֱ̿ϤФлह٤̿ˤʤͦΤߤͦΩĻˡ


ѤκǸθ dēah ϡ "to be good, to be strong, to avail" ̣ dugan Ȥư3ñηǤ̯ʷ֤Ǥ⤽ΤϤŪˤư (preterite-present_verb) ȸƤФüʷưǤcf. #66. ư ([2009-07-03-1]
Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (37) ꡤưγɽ򡤤⤦1ĤΤ褯֤ư āgan "to own, possess" ¤٤ƷǤޤ礦

Infin.  dugan 'avail'āgan 'own'
Pres.sing.1, 3.dēahāh
Pres.sing.2. āhst
Pres.pl. dugonāgon
Pres.subj. dyge, dugeāge
Pret.  dohteāhte
Pastpart.  āgen (only as adj.)


ư⡤θʣˤ򤿤ɤޤdugan ˤĤƤϡdoughty ͦʡͭǽʡˡdow ʡåȥ롤ޤˤϢȤƸäƤޤ

Davis, Norman. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.

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2024-07-20 Sat

#5563. űѸ§ư (anomalous verbs) [verb][oe][conjugation][inflection][paradigm][suppletion][auxiliary_verb][be]

ʸˡǤϡư§ư (regular verbs) Ե§ư (irregular verb) Ȥʬ롥Ե§ưΤʤǤȤ櫓Ե§η㤷ư㤨 be, have, can ʤɡˤϡ§ư (anomalous verbs) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ롥§ư§ϡŪˤϤ٤ǤΤΡʣǤ뤳ȤϳΤǤꡤŪʴϡ§פȤ롼פɤäƽƤȤˡŪ˺ѤƤ롥
űѸˤ⡤Ūʴ§ư¸ߤwillan (= PDE "to will"), dōn (= PDE "to do"), gān (= PDE "to go") Ǥ롥űѸˤƤ鶦Ūˡ§פȤդƤޤΰۿưζɽHogg (40) Ǥ褦Ť§ŪäΤ

Pres.willandōngān
1 Sing.wille
2 Sing.wiltdēstgǣst
Sing.wiledēðgǣð
Pluralwillaðdōðgāð
Subj. (Pl.)wille (willen)dō(dōn)gā(gān)
Participlewillendedōnde---
Past   
Ind.woldedydeēode
Participle---ġedōnġegān


ޤǤʤ bēon (= PDE "to be") ⡤űѸΤ⤦1Ĥ§ưǤ롥ưˤĤƤϡ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Hogg, Richard. An Introduction to Old English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-07-16 Tue

#5559. űѸηƻμѲѲޤϤɤ褿Τ [oe][adjective][inflection][germanic][noun][personal_pronoun][suffix][indo-european][terminology]

#2560. űѸηƻ춯Ѳޤ̾̾κѥ ([2016-04-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡűѸηƻζޤˤ̣Ū˱ƼѲ (weak declension) ȶѲ (strong declension) ̤롥
줾ηŪʵϡεǽҤ٤̤ǡ̾μѲȶѲ˥ȥ졼Ȥб櫓ǤϤʤäƤ롥ƻμѲϡΤ̾μѲб롥n-stem ҲȤڤ̤ꡤ޸ n ΩġFertig (38) ˤȡѲζ޸ϡȤȤϸ̲ǽ (= "individualizing function") ͭüȯȤ̲ơפɽ魯餳ޥɤǤ "definiteness" ȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäΤ
ƻζѲζ޸ϡɬ̾ζѲΤ˻ƤʤषŪˤ̾Τह롥ˤ̾Ūʶ޸ƻ˿ѲȤʤΤϤ褯ʬʤˤäƷƻ줬Ūˤ̾Ȱ褹ؤȯŸƤäȤϳΤ
Fertig (39--40) ꡤϢƤ

   Originally, the function of this new distinction in Germanic involved definiteness (recall the original 'individualizing' function of the -en suffix in Indo-European): strong = indefinite, blinds guma 'a blind man'; weak = definite, blinda guma 'the blind man').
   The other Germanic innovation which may not be entirely separable from the first one, is that many of the endings on the strong forms of adjectives do not correspond to strong noun forms, as they had in Indo-European. Instead, they correspond largely to pronominal forms . . . .


űѸ̾졤ƻ졤ưǤȤΡּѲפȡֶѲפϡ줾̣礤ۤʤ뤳Ȥ˲դ

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

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