
2022ǯνdzŤ줿֥ȥФκŵפȤ٤絬ϤŸФƤޤǤ礦伫ȤäȤŸϤηǴؤ餻ƤΩ̱²ʪ̱ۡˤŸHomō loquēns ؤ٤ҥȡ --- ȤФԻĤʳؤפǤܥ֥Ǥ⡤#4876. Ω̱²ʪۤǸդŸϤޤäƤޤ ([2022-09-02-1]) #4955. Ω̱²ʪۤŸ֤٤ҥȡפγŤ1123ʿˤޤǤǤ ([2022-11-20-1]) Ǽ夲Ȥޤ
̱ˬǤʤä뤤Ÿζʳ⤦̣襤ȤϯǤ١ƱŸΥǤޤʲꥢƤߤƤ
Homō loquēns ؤ٤ҥȡ --- ȤФԻĤʳؤץ֥
ǤǤϡºݤŸǾҲ𤵤ƤƥĤǥ륢֤ηǺƹƤޤ֥ȥФ뤷ߡס֥ȥФΤΤߡס֥ȥФȤˤĤ뤷ߡס֥ȥФ¿ס֥ȥФȥҥȤδط¿ס֥ȥФθ¿פȤä¿ˤ錄ơޤ夵ƤꡤʤˤƸؤκ˿뤳ȤǤޤ
ơ伫ȤΥץȤˤŸϤȤƴؤ餻ƤΤϡָʬפ˴ؤ륻ǤֱѸ300ǯ֡פꤹޤǡˤѸŪʳȡȼ¿ͲʬˤƤޤ
ָʬѸ300ǯ֡
ǤϥꥹäƤѸνѼ郎١Ȥʤäơ饢ꥫեꥫ˥سȻƤѼ郎ƤͻҤϼŪƤޤ줬ŪΥ졤֤ηвȤȤȼοʲ뤲ƤͻҤϡΥʥߥޤѸˤȤּλȡѸؤȤּλ̣ͤ臘ȤǤȻפޤ
Υ֥Ȥϡ̤ʬ⤢ޤ缡ƤȤˤʤȤΤȤǤŸǤŸѥͥΥƥȤɽΤ褦˸뤳ȤǡΥ٥Ȥǽ뤳ȤʤؤѸˤγؽȤƱ³Ū˳ѤǤ褦ˤʤäȤϡȤƤͭյʤȤǤ
̱Ÿǰݤ줿ǯФޤƥǤȤƺƲƤߤȡƥȥФȤ¸ߤα˵Ťޤҳ⡤ΥǥŸˬƤߤƤ
ʤŸڤδۤϡheldio ۿȤƤϿƤޤؿΤϡ#536. ̱Ÿ֤٤ҥȡפˬİС

211īʹˤơ褿221ڡˤ˳Ťī㡼ɶǤֺ̹¡AI ˤɬפʡָŪ͡פȤϡפҲ𤵤ޤε #6113. īǰʼȡAIˤɬפʡָŪ͡פȤϡ --- ֤Τۤʤǵǰ ([2026-01-21-1]) ǤΤޤʹȤΤ̤Ʋ¿ˤֺ̹¤ΤΤ餻ϤȤפޤ
ʹǤϡΤ褦˾Ҳ𤵤Ƥޤ
AIפɬ
AIǸդɤ뺣ʤؤؤؤ³ɬפΤǤ礦ʼδָؤǥå衪ѸΡؤʤ١סʥʥĥҡˡ̿νǵǰֺ¤Ǥ綵ʼδ줵礦֣ɻˤɬפʡظŪ͡٤Ȥϡפ21()630ʬ4235ߡ饤ͳֺ¡ʿɶ
ιֺ¤ϡǯ10˴ԤʼȤζ ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤסνǵǰȤ֤ŤǤñʤܤβˤȤɤޤĤϤޤषܽκˤ2ͤθդؤλεʶۤβǤAIȤδؤˤƥåץǡȤߤȤʤޤ
ߡ䤿AIζðŪʿʲܤˤƤޤ٤Ͼ夬ꡤäȤ餷ʸϤֻ褦ˤʤޤ츫ȡɤϵѤˤäƹĤĤ뤫Τ褦˻פޤǻ䤿ΩߤޤäƹͤɬפޤAIäȤ餷ʸϤȤˤϿʹ֤դ¤ȤԲķʰ̣ʸ̮뤤ؤθȤäҲŪʱĤߤ¸ߤƤΤǤ礦
夵ǤҲؤϡ줬ҲǤɤΤ褦˵ǽʹִطۤ뤫餫ˤޤǤѸˤ˸ؤϡ줬֤ήǤɤΤ褦ƤλѤ˻äΤȤ̻Ūʻޤ2Ĥλʤ顤AIˤʹ֤θդȤϲʤΤȤܼŪ䤤ؤΥҥȤƤϤǤ
̤ǤϡAI ƥȤԤʤǡ䤿θ촶ФɤΤ褦ƤΤƸؤؤ֤Ȥˤƿʹ֤餷ȯȤʤΤˤĤơǮijڤŸȻפޤ
ŪͤϡñʤμѤǤϤޤȻפäƤդ¦ˤȤߤˤռȽŪˡĿ뤿δ㺹ΤȤǤδ㺹ĤȤǡAI ˿ΤǤϤʤAI ȤʤĤġ˭ʥߥ˥ĤळȤǽˤʤȹͤƤޤ
ֺ¤221ڡˤ18:30Ǥ夵Ͽɤζǡϥ饤Ťޤ Zoom Ǥäޤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤܺ٤οߥڡ
AIθդ̤ˤĤơȰ˹ͤƤȻפäƤޤ

ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥĥҡ2025ǯ

īۿƤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơȤѸˤ˴ؤѸ켭ŵȤΤϤΤǤ礦ȤϡȤФ뤷ʤȤФʤȤȤˤʤ롥
ޤ֤ʤפȤ¦̤顥ѸˤŪι⤤Х˥åΰǤ롥ʬѸ켭ŵԻǤˤϡʤμפޤʤФʤʤǤϥ˥åʱѸˤȤʬѸ켭ŵϡǰʤΩҤȤƽǤ줿ΤϤʤ
ˡ֤פȤ¦̤ˤĤơѸѸ켭ŵϾ嵭̤¸ߤʤΤΡϾͤȤ̤ꡤ1ľΥƥǤֱѸءפѸ켭ŵǤСܸǤѸǤ⤤ĤǤƤ롥ϡ¼Ū˱ѸѸ켭ŵ̤ƤƤȤäƤ褤ѸˤμפʽѸϡƤѸءѸ˼ŵΩवƤ뤫ɽŪʱѸؼŵȤƤϡ#5830. Ѹ˳ν2025ǡˡ ([2025-04-13-1]) βΡֱѸˡѸؤλͿפȤ줿
ޤѸǽ줿ΤǤϡѸˤ˶ᤤʬʤ˸ (historical_linguistics) ò Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007) Ȥʾŵ롥ˡѸ˳δˤѸ콸 (glossary) դƤ뤳Ȥ¿ͭѤ
ơäˤᤷΤغǿѸءѸ켭ŵ١ʳҡ2015ǯǤ롥μŵˤϡ伫Ȥ⼹ɮԤ1ͤȤƴؤäƤ롥
Ѹ켭ŵκħϡѸءؤιϤʬ夷ĤġʬȤ˾ϤΩƤѸ⤷Ƥˤ롥11Ϥιϰʲ̤ꡥ
1ϡء
2ϡ
3ϡ
4ϡ̣
5ϡ
6ϡҲ
7ϡѸˡ˸
8ϡ
9ϡǧθ
10ϡѸ
11ϡѥء
7ϡֱѸˡ˸ءפܤ줿ξ (pp. 238--70) ϡ켫ΤΩѸѸ켭ŵȤѤǤ롥㤨СѸ˳ؽԤɬвѸ1ġ첻 (gvs) ιܤƤߤ褦
Great Vowel Shift 첻ܡˡѸ줫ѸˡĤ٤ƤĹ첻˵ä絬ϤʲѲĶǡ鷺첻Ͼ徺첻첻첻첻ȶ첻ξ徺Τ줬˵äˤĤưոʬ롥⤽絬ϤϢǤäɤˤĤƤФƤ롥 DRAG CHAIN; PUSH CHAIN
¤줿Τʤǡݤ塤оݡơƳؽŪޤǤʷˤޤȤƤ롥Τ褦ˡѸˤΥɤ30ڡˤ錄äƲ⤵ƤꡤؼԤȤޤǡɼԤΥˡ˱ƤȤʤäƤ롥
ѸˤγؤϿͤ줾ǤѸ켭ŵ긵֤ƤȤϡؽפȤ礤ΩĤϤҲ𤷤غǿѸءѸ켭ŵϡθȤơäƿǤ1Ǥ롥
δ ůͺʴƽˡغǿѸءѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2015ǯ
ܥ֥ǤĤεǸڤƤ (linguistic geography or geolinguistics) Ȥʬ롥ָءءפȤпˡء (dialectology) פ⤫֤ؤϤȤϰۤʤ롥ξʬϴϢؿΰŤʤΤϻ¤ǤϤ롥ܸظŵ٤ָءפɤǤߤ褦
ʤ꤬ˡڲؤȤ⤤ȼʸŪĶȤδϢͻѲȤŤװŪʬ۹¤餫ˤʳء츽ݤŪʤΤʬ줾ŪѰˤĤƤιͻȯ롥äȤƼΤ褦꤬롥(1) θ츽 A Ϣ³Ūΰľ硤ΰγθ츽ݤˤϡŪʴϢäȹͤAʬۡˡ(2) Ω츽 AB ΰ褬ŪܤƤˤϡܿƮ褬ꡤŪ˰¾Ƥ礬¿ȹͤABʬۡˡ(3) A ΰδ֤ˡA ΰʬǤ B ΰ褬ǧϡ㳰ơ쵭βỌ̇̄ηӤĤ̵«θˤäơB ΰξüǡ̵طƱ A ȤϹͤʤȤŪˡŤι A ΰȯ B ʬǤƸ줿ȹͤABAʬۡˡʸ濴ǿɽ줬ϤȡޤǤѸ줬¦˲롥μβ٤ȡȤԻԤ濴ˡΥ˱ƴĤΤդ뤤ȤϰؤǤŤۤ濴˸롥ݤ뤿ĹˤϡפȤҸ̥ޥޡͤѤ(3) δŤˤŤʤäΤȤǤ롥ʾϡФȤФŪŪʬۤƤƤȤǤ롥оϰΤΤʤɤñ̤ȤΤޤǡ롥оݤϡŪݤ֤Ȥ¿ޤǤʤʸˡݤ¾ˤڤ֡Ūʸˡˤ뤳Ȥ顤ָϿޤκפ칩Ȥ롥ϿǤ츽ݤʬΰγϤפȤǰϤޤ줿ϰˡΩ̸ݤ¸ߤʤȤΤǤϤʤϰ褬뤫Ǥ롥оݤȤ뤳Ȥ顤¨ؤȤͤ뤬ϡؤȸؤ̤ƣͿϡؤηϤΰؤ֤Ť롥İɧϸŪݤϤָءפФơФˡפŬѤ롥
ؤϡʸϤȴΤǤС֤ȤФŪŪʬۤƤƤפ˿ԤΤǤϤʤĤޤꡤ̻ŪǸء뤤ư֤δѻؤܼȡϤߤƤ롥
ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ2007ǯ
1. Ϥ
شĶκĤȤСؤȤФȻ͡١سؤӤȤϲ١ƶǯǤϽĴȤζظܼ٤ʤɤǹΤƤޤ졤ǧΡȯãȤäΰǤ뤽θϡءȤ櫓ѸˤȤΩ줫鸫Ƥ⡤٤¿ޤΡָإХפǤϡȤγŪɤʤ顤θ츦ؤδؿ˨ȯŸˤĤƻǤޤ
2. Ϥޤϡ˹ξס
γŪʽȯճˤλˡäꥹȶˤˤäȤΤϰճޤػˤϻɤळȤƬĤĤ⡤Τ̤Ʋ˿뤳ȤؤζؿƤȤޤ˳ؤʸ桤ʤɤळȡפ˽Ť֤ƤȡΨľˡ֥ƥ줬̲ƻʤפȴȤ顤̤ƻõ褦ˤʤäǤ
3. İפȤáפȡּ¸פ
Ƨ줿ΤؤǤäȤޤİȡפܤȤ륢ץˡȤȤΥȤޤषּʬΰոäפȤߵ줬Ūˡ¾ŪʥץȤ붵鿴ءǧοؤΥߤؤȤĤʤäȤΤȤǤŤ˼뤳ȤνĤĤ⡤䤤ȯäڤƤؤδθκθŤ褦Ǥ
4. ꥫαؤȸؤδؿβ
ꥫؤαؤϡ֤ξضȤϰŪʱˤäƼ¸ȤޤϢԤȤƤΥꥢ礭äȤʤäΤǤ͡
αǺָΤϡָءפΤΤǤϤޤǤϡι¤ʬоݤȤֿͤɤΤ褦˸ȤʤƤΤפȤץ˴ؿäȸƤޤؤˤ͡ʬޤδؿϿءǧβʳءΰ˸äƤȤˤʤޤ
5. γˤ --- ΰ̣Ѹ
Τ褦ʴؿϡŪ䤤ؤȷ뾽Ƥޤ㤨СҶϡ֤פȤդʹȤŪΤ餺Ȥ⡤ưʪƥեե路ĹʪˤȤǧ¾Ρ֤פˤŬѤǤΤϤʤǤ礦ɤޤǤ֤פǡɤ餬ǤϤʤΤǤ礦ϡΰ̣ʤ̣κŪ䤤Ǥꡤθ濴ơޤȤʤäƤޤ䤤ϡ˥ؤȯŸظܼ٤ǤפʳǰȤŸ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ˡܸüԤȤƤλ⸦ǽפǤä褦ǤѸˤΤʲĻ̾ԲĻ̾ζ̤ޤܸˤбʸˡŪʶ̤ޤˤ⤫餺ܸüԤΤʪ˶̤Ƥޤθ֤оȡ٤ʹ֤ǧǽϤؤ䤤ϡॹŪʸˡѡʤʸˡФиγСʸ̤ǰۤνĴΩؤȤĤʤäƤޤ
6. ȤФθȤª
γŪɤޤȡδؿŪʸηϤΤΤ⡤ʹ֤ɤΤ褦ˤȤФȽв̣ǧƤΤȤŪ䤤˸äƤ뤳Ȥ狼ޤϡŪνޤȤƤǤϤʤưŪθȤªȤޤ˳ؤءǧβʳؤؤȥեɤܤʤ⡤Ӥơֿʹ֡פȡ֤ȤСסợְפδطõᤷ³ƤפˤϸޤθϡءءǧβʳءؤȤä¸γʬζۤơ䤿˿䤤ꤲƤޤ
ˤƤ⡤ΡָإХפǤϤǻ̩̤λ֤ᤴȤǤޤ̤Ϥޤޤ³ޤ轵2ɤڤߤˡ
pos Υ夤ĤεǡʻȤϲƤؼŵ˵äơʻˤĤƤInternational Encyclopedia of Linguistics pp. 250--51 ꡤ8ʤ PARTS OF SPEECH ιȤ˰Ѥ褦
PARTS OF SPEECH. Languages may vary significantly in the number and type of distinct classes, or parts of speech, into which their lexicons are divisible. However, all languages make a distinction between open and closed lexical classes, although there may be relatively few of the latter in languages favoring morphologically complex words. Open classes are those whose membership is in principle unlimited, and may differ from speaker to speaker. Closed classes are those which contain a fixed, usually small number of words, and which are essentially the same for all speakers.
ʻϤˡޤäֳ줿饹 (open class) ȡĤ饹 (closed class) 礭2ʬƤ롥2ʬˡŪǤ뤳Ȥ⤫롥
The open lexical classes are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Not all these classes are found in all languages; and it is not always clear whether two sets of words, having some shared and some unshared properties, should be identified as belonging to distinct open classes, or to subclasses of a single class. Criteria for determining which open classes are distinguished in a given language are syntactic and/or morphological, but the names used to identify the classes are generally based on semantic criteria.
ֳ줿饹פˤĤƤϤޤ롥ˤ뤬̾졤ư졤ƻ졤줬˰̣Ūʴˤ̤Ȥ
The noun/verb distinction is apparently universal. Although the existence of this distinction in certain languages has been questioned, close scrutiny of the facts has invariably shown clear, if sometimes subtle, grammatical differences between two major classes of words, one of which has typically noun-like semantics (e.g. denoting persons, places, or things), the other typically verb-like semantics (e.g. denoting actions, processes, or states).
Ȥ櫓̾ư2ĤʻˤĤƤϡۤŪ˶̤ȤäƤ褤
Nouns most commonly function as arguments or heads of arguments, but they may also function as predicates, either with or without a copula such as English be. Categories for which nouns are often morphologically or syntactically specified include case, number, gender, and definiteness.
̾ŵŪʵǽͭƤҲ𤵤롥
Verbs most commonly function as predicates, but in some languages may also occur as arguments. Categories for which they are often specified include tense, aspect, mood, voice, and positive/negative polarity.
ˡưŵŪʵǽͭƤˤĤơ
Adjectives are usually identified grammatically as modifiers of nouns, but also commonly occur as predicates. Semantically, they often denote attributes. A characteristic specification is for positive, comparative, or superlative degree. Some languages do not have a distinct class of adjectives, but instead express all typically adjectival meanings with nouns and/or verbs. Other languages have a small, closed class that may be identified as adjectives --- commonly including a few words denoting size, color, age, and value --- while nouns and/or verbs are used to express the remainder of adjectival meanings.
³ƷƻŵŪʵǽ롥ˤäƤϷƻȤΤˤ⤿ʤΤ⤢롥
Adverbs, often a less than homogeneous class, may be identified grammatically as modifiers of constituents other than nouns, e.g. verbs, adjectives, or sentences. Their semantics typically varies with what they modify. As modifiers of verbs they may denote manner (e.g. slowly); of adjectives, degree (extremely); and of sentences, attitude (unfortunately). Many languages have no open class of adverbs, and express adverbial meanings with nouns, verbs, adjectivesr, in some heavily affixing languages, affixes.
줬ŪޤȤޤΤʤʻȤƾҲ𤵤롥̾ʳȤợ¿ͤǤ롥
Some commonly attested closed classes are articles, auxiliaries, clitics, copulas, interjections, negators, particles, politeness markers, prepositions and postpositions, pro-forms, and quantifiers. A survey of these and other closed classes, as well as a detailed account of open classes, is given by Schachter 1985.
ǸˡĤ饹פñ˿롥
Ū˱Ѹ١ʻȤʤäƤ봶Ϥ뤬䤹Ǥ롥ιμɮԤǤꡤǸ˸ڤ⤢ Schachter ˤܳŪʻͤ褦
Frawley, William J., ed. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003.
Schachter, Paul. "Parts-of-Speech Systems." Language Typology and Syntactic Description. Vol. 1. Clause Structure. Ed. Timothy Shopen. p. 3?61. Cambridge and New York: CUP, 1985. 3--61.
YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥκǿƤޤ#317. ǯؤϸθؤ˲ĤǤ
ܥ֥Ǥǯ (glottochronology) ˤĤ͡ʵƤޤĤԥååפƤߤޤ
#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1])
#1729. glottochronology ˬ ([2014-01-20-1])
#2659. glottochronology lexicostatistics ([2016-08-07-1])
#2660. glottochronology ȴܸá ([2016-08-08-1])
#4685. Campbell ˤ glottochronology Ƚ ([2022-02-23-1])
ۿ heldio/helwa Ǥ⡤ʲβǸǯؤˤĤƤäƤޤ
helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #91ꤵ줿ָǯءס (2024/02/08)
heldio #1339. ǯ --- ػˤΰ (2025/01/28)
heldio #1340. ǯؤؤȽؤ٤뤳ȡ (2025/01/29)
θؤʬϡǤϸػˤΰ쥳ޤȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ǤǥΤϻ¿äȻϹͤƤޤȽ¿ǤαԤȽΤʤΥԥ졼ӽФؤΰѤ˼㤤郎줿ΤǤӸؤʻɷ׳ (lexicostatistics) ȯŸܸäȤϲȤ䤤̣Ǥ˴ؤ⸫ľޤȽˤĹŪˤϥݥƥʰյ뤳ȤƤ빥Ǥ
Ūʳη굯ݥƥʺƲᡤŪѤϡͭפʻߤǤ͡
ظλŵ٤įƤȤѲ (language_change) Ȥδؿʬ˴ؤ͡ʵܤӹǤѲˤĤƤϻܥ֥¾͡˹ͤƤԤ10ͤ10̤θѲѤ롥ϡظλŵ٤ pp. 560--62 ˵ܤƤ롤ԻˤָѲװȤΥᥫ˥פꤹ1Ѥ롥
ѲװȤΥᥫ˥
ȤФϻήѲ³ΤǤꡤ˶٥ǤѲ˵ŤˤϤƤ֤ȤФפȤª졤оݤȤʤ롥Ȥʿ»ʸغʤ䡤ñʸȯΤʤɤСѲïܤˤ餫Ǥ롥äơޤȤФѲΤޤǤȤȯΩäƸ츽ݤƤȤפǤ롥Ĥƥ塼Ferdinand de Saussure, 185--1913ˤذ̸عֵ (Cours de linguistique générale)٤̻ (diachronic linguistics) ȶ (synchronic linguistics) ̡˸椹٤ǤȽҤ٤ΤϡޤǯʸˡɤŰ줷ˡ§õ˷پĤ餹ǤäȻפ뤬ɤʸǤ⤵ޤޤʥ٥ǾѲοʹʳˤΤǡŪԤʤǤ̻Ūʻ³뤳ȤڤǤ롥
ǤϤʤȤФѲΤǤŪװȤƤϻҶθ콬βҲŪѰۡŪװȤƤϸܿͤ롥Ҷͤζʤȯäʹʤû֤Τ˸ʸˡηϤ뤬ͤˤʤäƤϤۤɴñˤѲʤĤޤҶθ콬β˸ѲװǤȻפ롥ޤθ츽ݤवޤޤʼҲŪѰۤɤ줬ˤɤΤ褦ʷǺѤƤΤͽǤʤɤ⡤ȤΡ֥ɡפϡ֥ԲפȤιήؤȸָסֿ٤פʤɤΡ֤ȴաפ夷ƤΤ⤷ʤʬβˤϡָ콬פּҲءפθ̤ԲķȤ롥ܿˤѲϡŪܤ֤ʤɤȯѤ뤤¿Ѥˤ륳ɴ֤δĤˤäͶȯ롥ܺ٤ˤĤƤϸҤ롥
ƶ٥ǸѲβ˵ŤȤ⤢뤱ɤ⡤Ѳɴǯǯñ̤ǸˤꤤäϤäǧ롥λ庹ѻ뤿ˤϲʸԲķǤ롥ĤޤꤽΤ褦ʸäƽƸѲװȤΥᥫ˥βǽˤʤȤ롥λŪ椬ˤ礭ȯŸΤ⡤¾θ²ʤʸϿ¿¸ߤǤ롥ʸϲ٤ݼŪǤʤɡɬ줬ΤޤϿƤ櫓Ǥʤαդ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥
ûʸϤΤʤˡѲκǤפǻ̩˵ͤޤƤ롥ǽפΤ٤Ƥ夷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ̩٤϶ä٤䤬ǤͤȽǤ5ȴФ
(1) ֤ȤФѲΤޤǤȤȯΩäƸ츽ݤƤȤפǤ
(2) ֶŪԤʤǤ̻Ūʻ³뤳ȤڤǤ
(3) ֤ʤȤФѲΤǤŪװȤƤϻҶθ콬βҲŪѰۡŪװȤƤϸܿͤ
(4) ֤ʬβˤϡָ콬פּҲءפθ̤ԲķȤ
(5) ʸϲ٤ݼŪǤʤɡɬ줬ΤޤϿƤ櫓Ǥʤαդ뤳ȤɬפǤ
ԡָѲסظλŵ١ ʿԡˡīҽŹ2005ǯ560--82ǡ
ε#5790. ʻȤϲ --- OED "part of speech" ɤ ([2025-03-04-1]) ʤɤǿƤʻ (pos) ȽŤʤĤĤ⡤äȴˤǤ (word_class) ˤĤ OED Ƥߤ
A category of words of similar form or syntactic characteristics; esp. a part of speech.
1882A root is an abstraction of all word-classes and their differences. (E. Channing, translation of A. F. Pott in translation of B. Delbrück, Introd. Study Language v. 74.
1914Other word classes which are not expressed by formational similarity. (L. Bloomfield, Introduction to Study of Language iv. 109)
1924We have a great many words which can belong to one word-class only: admiration, society, life can only be substantives [etc.]. (O. Jespersen, Philosophy of Grammar iv. 61)
1953The so-called parts of speech (still more inappropriately word-classes) are classes of stem-morpheme. (C. E. Bazell, Linguistic Form vi. 76)
1998All of the general properties shared by whole word classes..are assumed to be within the competence of the grammar rather than of the lexicon. (Euralex '98 Proceedings vol. I. ii. 261)
Ф1882ǯǡŪˤϿ츻ˤϥɥĸ Wortklasse (1817) ΤʤȤμ⤢롥
̣ǤʻƱͤѤ뤳ȤǤΤΡñϤ褦ˤǤʬǤդʬˤĤƸ뤳ȤǤ뤿ˡŪˤϤͭѤѸǤ롥
Ѹǡʻפɽ魯 part of speech (pos) ϡɤΤ褦ƤΤƤĽФΤOED Ǥ part (NOUN1) I.1.c. part of speech ΩवƤ롥Ѥ褦
I.1.c. part of speech noun
Each of the categories to which words are traditionally assigned according to their grammatical and semantic functions. Cf. part of reason n. at sense I.1b.
In English there are traditionally considered to be eight parts of speech, i.e. noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection; sometimes nine, the article being distinguished from the adjective, or, formerly, the participle often being considered a distinct part of speech. Modern grammars often distinguish lexical and grammatical classes, the lexical including in particular nouns, adjectives, full verbs, and adverbs; the grammatical variously subdivided, often distinguishing classes such as auxiliary verbs, coordinators and subordinators, determiners, numerals, etc. See also word class n.
In quot. c1450 showing similar use of party of speech (compare party n. I).
[c1450Aduerbe: A party of spech þat ys vndeclynyt, þe wych ys cast to a verbe to declare and fulfyll þe sygnificion [read sygnificacion] of þe verbe. (in D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts (1984) 6 (Middle English Dictionary))
c1475How many partes of spech be ther? (in D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts (1984) 61 (Middle English Dictionary))
1517For as moche as there be Viii. partes of speche, I wolde knowe ryght fayne What a nowne substantyue, is in his degre. (S. Hawes, Pastime of Pleasure (1928) v. 27)
. . . .
Ǥϡʻ줬ʸˡỤ̄ŪʵǽˤäʬवƤ뤳ȡѸǤŪ8ġʾˤäƤ9ġˤʻ줬ǧƤȡʻʬ˽सƸ (word class) ȤʬˡŪ饹ʸˡŪ饹ʤɤʬ뤳ȤʤɤҤƤ롥
ǽʸ1450ǯΤΤȤʤäƤ뤬Ǥ party of spech θǤ뤳Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥ˤȴϢ party of reason part of reason Ȥ OED ˺ϿƤꡤ˸1450ǯƱ D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts ʸȤƤ뤳ȤŦƤ
ޤpart ñΤȤơʻפ̣ˡꡤƥɽΤʤȤ̤ǻʤűѸʸڤƤÆlfric ʸˡˡ
OEÞry eacan synd met, pte, ce, þe man eacnað on ledenspræce to sumum casum þises partes. (Ælfric, Grammar (St. John's Oxford MS.) 107)
OEÞes part mæg beon gehaten dælnimend. (Ælfric, Grammar (St. John's Oxford MS.) 242)
part of speech ȤѸθϡűѸ˳ǧƥʸˡŪѸ츯ˤ䤫ĤġѸ˸졤θѤ褦ˤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥
ʻͤˤĤƤ pos δϢȤ櫓ʲεȡ
#5762. ʻȤϲ --- ܸΡʻפŵŵĴ٤ ([2025-02-04-1])
#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1])
#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1])
#5771. ʻȤϲ --- ʬ ([2025-02-13-1])
#5772. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˰̣ˤʬϲǽ ([2025-02-14-1])
#5773. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˵ǽˤʬλߡ ([2025-02-15-1])
#5782. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˷֤ˤʬहȤɤʤ뤫 ([2025-02-24-1])
ϡʻᤰʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1])
#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1])
#5771. ʻȤϲ --- ʬ ([2025-02-13-1])
#5772. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˰̣ˤʬϲǽ ([2025-02-14-1])
#5773. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˵ǽˤʬλߡ ([2025-02-15-1])
ʻϡʬ˲뤫꤬礭ۤʤäƤ롥ϡ̩˷֤˴ŤʬहȤɤʤ뤫ͤƤߤȤΤϡ³ؿѸؼŵ٤ parts of speech ιǤ롥
֤˴ŤʬȤƺǤʬ䤹Τϡñ줬ŪѲ뤫ʤǤ롥٥ŽȤСѲפȡѲפդ路
º Sweet ϡδˤʻʬƤˤȡŪˤȤΡ̾סַƻסưפϡʸˡǽ˱Ʋ餫ηѲΤǡѲפȤʤ롥ֻס³סִפϸ§ȤƷѲʤΤǡѲפȤʤSweet ǤϤˡפäƤ뤬ˤѲ뤳ȤդɬפǤˡ
³ơJespersen ŪʴˤѲפȡѲפʬѲפˤϽΡ̾סַƻס̾סưפޤޤ졤ѲפˤϽΡסֻס³סִפޤޤ롥
Sweet ˤ Jespersen ˤ衤ѲפѲפγơβ̶ʬδˤĤƤϿƤ餺ɤΤȤεǽ̣ŪŤ˺ѤƤǤϤʤȤȽʤ
̾פˤ̾ȼΡưפˤưȼηѲΤǡηŪˤƲ̶ʬƤȤϲǽǤ롥ξ硤㤨̾ưǤ love Ȥξ硤ƱªΤʸˡŪƱ۵פȤưۤʤ2ªΤȤ꤬롥ŪʻʬˤƤƤꡤ̤ǤϤʤȤФʤΤ⤽ʻʬȤϲΤˤϤäΤȤΩ֤ͿƤϤ롥
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ε#5772. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˰̣ˤʬϲǽ ([2025-02-14-1]) ǡ1Ĥδ̩ŬѤʻˤĤƹͤϤ³ؿѸؼŵ٤ parts of speech ι˰͵ʤ顤ϵǽΤߤ˴Ťʻʬͼ¸Ƥߤ褦
(3) ǽˤʻʬ. Fries (1952, ch. 6) ʻ̩˵ǽˤʬह٤ǤȼĥȼʻʬƤΰ֡εǽϤˤơƱΰ֤ˤĤθˤޤȤThe concert was good (always). / The clerk remembered the tax (suddenly). / The team went there. 3ɽŪʸ (test frame) ȯȤơʸˡ¤ѤˡʸΤɤθΰ֤ˤ뤫ˤäơ4 (CLASS WORD) --- ۤƸ (CONTENT WORD) Ʊ --- ꤷʻȤ
(class 1 word): concert, clerk, tax, team ΰ֤ˤ
(class 2 word): was, remembered, went ΰ֤ˤ
軰 (class 3 word): good ΰ֤ˤ
(class 4 word): always, suddenly, there ΰ֤ˤ
ʳϵǽ (FUNCTION WORD) Ȥ A O ޤ15η (group) ʬդ٤ϡThe poorest are always with us. poorest ϡη֤ɤǤȤΰ֤Ȥ뤷ޤI know the poorest man. poorest ϡ軰ȤΤǤ롥ˡa boy friend a good friend boy good Ʊ軰Τ餫Ǥ롥ä a cannon ball cannon ̾Ǥ뤫ƻǤ뤫εƤʤ̤ξ cannon 軰Ȥʤ롥͡ʬˤСĤθ줬ĤʻʤʤΤʤĤΤȤˤʤꡤĶˤɤʸ줬뤫ȡ̾Ȥ̾ȤǤʤ1줺ĸ줦뤹٤ƤθʤФʤʤΤ褦ʬˡθ̩˲ͤϤ뤬ʸˡηΤȤƤ;̣Τʤ뤫⤷ʤ
ޤɤʬȻפֵǽפȤϡŪǽפΤȤǤ롥ΤˤϤŪ˰ӤƤ롥Ѥˤ϶Ť餤ؿѸؼŵ٤εҤˤϡʻʬϼˤꡤȤ뤳ȤǧǤ롥ϽפȻפ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ɸˤĤơ#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1])#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1])#5771. ʻȤϲ --- ʬ ([2025-02-13-1]) ǵƤ
ʻ (parts of speech, or pos) ȤΤߤȷʾ塤˴ŤʬहΤ٥ȤʤΤȤ꤬ʻߤɬפʤȤΤ1ĤΩǤϸʬΤ褤ΤȤ̤䤤ˡεǤϡŪʻʬब̣ǽ֤3Ĥδʣ˵äƤ뤳ȤǧΥСåפȤʤΤǤС줫1Ĥ˴Ť̩ܻؤ٤Ȥʤ롥
Ǥϡ̣ (semantics) ˴Ť̩ʬȤɤʤ뤫ؿѸؼŵ٤ parts of speech ιǤϡλߤϤޤԤʤƤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ褦 (p. 837)
̣ǽ֤3δΤɤѤƤ褤櫓Ǥ뤬ĤȤ硤ޤΤʬǤ뤫ɤޤˡʬǤˤƤ⡤ʬबʸˡҤͭɤͤʤФʤʤ㤨С̣ʬषƤߤȡʻ֤ζΤ˶̤뤳ȤǤꡤˤ⤷ʬषȤƤ⡤ʬबʸˡҤˤ;ͭפˤϤʤʤǤ㤨Сarrive arrival Ʊʻ줿ȤȡˡˤĤƵҤ褦ȤСʬϡȤᤫؤžȤƤ̵̣ˤʤΤ褦˰̣ʻʬ̵פ顤˵ǽ֤ˤʬबͤ롥
̣ˤʬϡޤǤʤ̣ȤƤϤ˰յΤʻڤȤƤͭפǤϤʤ褦ȤȡʻȤΤϡ⤽̣ؤ;ϤʤȤȤˤʤΤ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1]) ȡ#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1]) ʻҲ𤷤ƤϡؿѸؼŵ٤ parts of speech ιȤʤ顤ѸŪ8ʻʬˤĤƹͤƤߤ롥
ѸŪ8ʻϡ̣ǽ֤3Ĥʬब㺮ˤʤäʬǤꡤŪˤ꤬Ȥ롥ޤ̾졤ƻ졤ư졤ˤĤƤϡ˰̣ŪʴʬƤȤäƤ褤̣ŪʴȤäƤ̯ʥϤǤ⤢롥Ѹ white ϡܸǤϡפȤ̾ˤ⡤פȤƻˤ̣Ūˤϸߤ˸¤ʤᤤƱͤˡʬϷƻưι礤λҤȤäƤ褤礤λҤߤФˤ̣Ū˶ᤤˡʾ4ʻʬˤĤƤϷŪʴ⾯ʤ餺ؤäƤꡤ̣ŪʴǸ櫓ǤϤʤ¾٤ựŪʼΧȤޤƤ;Ϥ뤫⤷ʤ
̾졤졤³ϵǽŪʴˤʬˤơֵǽŪפȤΥ٥ϥСϰϤ˹ˡŪפȶƤСʤǤ뤫⤷ʤ졼ϻĤ롥³Ū˷Ǥ̾ŪǽƱ˸ŪǽӤӤƤꡤֵǽŪפΥСϰϤäȹꤷƤɬפ褦ˤפ롥
ǸֻϤɤŪˤŪʵǽδʬȤäƤ褵̣ŪʹθäƤʤȤϤʤlike worth ϸˡŪפ餷ΤȤŪˤֻŪʿŪȤΤỤ̄äƤǤϷƻݤ
ʻ֤ζܤΤǤʤȤ꼫ΤϸŤ餢ꡤġŦƤ3Ĥʬबʣ˥СåפƤȤܼŪʲƤΤǤ롥
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ε#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1]) ǡ"parts of speech" ʻˡ"word-class" ʸˡ"form-class" ʷˤȤäѸ췲ˤĤƹͤꥫ¤δ Bloomfield ϡɽŪ Language (§12.11) ˤơ3Ĥ̤ƹͤƤ롥
The syntactic form-classes of phrases . . . can be derived from the syntactic form-classes of words: the form-classes of syntax are most easily described in terms of word-classes. Thus, in English, a substantive expression is either a word (such as John) which belongs to this form-class (a substantive), or else a phrase (such as poor John) whose center is a substantive; and an English finite verb expression is either a word (such as ran) which belongs to this form-class (a finite verb), or else a phrase (such as ran away) whose center is a finite verb. An English actor-action phrase (such as John ran or poor John ran away) does not share the form-class of any word, since its construction is exocentric, but the form-class of actor-action phrases is defined by their construction: they consist of a nominative expression and a finite verb expression (arranged in a certain way), and this, in the end, again reduces the matter to terms of word-classes.
The term parts of speech is traditionally applied to the most inclusive and fundamental word-classes of a language, and then, in accordance with the principle just stated, the syntactic form-classes are described in terms of the parts of speech that appear in them. However, it is impossible to set up a fully consistent scheme of parts of speech, because the word-classes overlap and cross each other.
form-class ϸŪбñ̡word-class Ϥ form-class ŵŪʼ°Ūʶʬparts of speech Ϥ word-class ŪǴŪʷȤȤˤʤ
ƤäޤȤΤǤС줾Ūñ̡Ūñ̡á졦Ūñ̤ȤäƤ褤ʻ (parts of speech) ϼŪ椨˹ѤƤ뤬ºݤˤʣŪʤǰճʣˤñ̤ȤȤˤʤ롥
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
ε ([2025-02-04-1]) ³ʻ (parts of speech, or pos) ȤǰѸᤰꡥ Crystal θѸ켭ŵäƤߤ
part of speech The TRADITIONAL term for a GRAMMATICAL CLASS of WORDS. The main 'parts of speech' recognized by most school grammars derive from the work of the ancient Greek and Roman grammarians, primarily the NOUN, PRONOUN, VERB, ADVERB, ADJECTIVE, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION and INTERJECTION, with ARTICLE, PARTICIPLE and others often added. Because of the inexplicitness with which these terms were traditionally defined (e.g. the use of unclear NOTIONAL criteria), and the restricted nature of their definitions (reflecting the characteristics of Latin or Greek), LINGUISTS tend to prefer such terms as WORD-class or FORM-class, where the grouping is based on FORMAL criteria of a more UNIVERSALLY applicable kind.
ꥷƥʸˡΰ仺ѤŪŪʸˡ (category) Ǥ뤳ȤĴƤꡤ줬ɬΤʸäζʬǤ櫓ǤϤʤȤˤƤ롥衤ʻϳǰŪʸöʬȤ뤳Ȥ¿äºݤˤϤ "unclear" ΡˤǤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
äơCrystal ϸؤǤϤष "word-class" ʸˤ "form-class" ʷˤȸƤָ¿ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ΤˡʻפȤѸ륱ϤꤽʻפǤ줤˳ڤʤˡŪʳǰѸȤƤΡָפФȤϤȻפ
Ǥ⡤ؤˤƤϡäΩǤϤ뤬ʻפϤޤƼʤΤۤ¿ΤǤϤʤؤȤƤޤƧ߸Ǥ줿ʻפΤˤ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
ʻ (parts of speech, or pos) ϺǸŤʸˡƤ1ĤȤäƤ褤夫鸽ˤ빭̣Ǥθ (linguistics) ˤΤʤǡͭѤǤ³Ǥ롥
ܸΡʻפȤѸˤĤơ켭ŵɴʻŵεҤΤƤߤޤܹ缭ŵ٤ꡥ
Ҥ-ʻۡ̾͡ұ parts of speech ӡʡбѡparts of speech ʸˡΰյǽ֤ʤɤʬषñζʬƸγعʸˡǤϡ̤߰Ȭʻ̾졦̾졦ƻ졦ư졦졦³졦ֻ졦ˤȤ롣ʸˡǤϡ̾졦졦̾졦ư졦ƻ졦ư졦Ϣλ졦졦³졦ư졦졦ư줬뤬ʻ硢ʬ⤢ꡢޤˤäưƱ롣ʻפθϡʸˡȤƤϡǯʰȬ͡ˤ־ʸŵפǼʻ⤤ΤǤᤤʸẉ̂͡Ȭּʻ̾ܡס¯ϻỌְ̃̄ʻǡ˴ؤñɸϤȽоȤΡסʸˡ涵ʽ̣͡ʸɧӰñΰʾȬʤʻ̾Ťסʸẉ̂͡˧Ӱ졦컰ֽϼʻβˤĤ¾ʻȤδط¶Ѥʤ
ˡإǥ缭٤ꡥ
Ҥ-ʻۡparts of speechʸˡοǽˤä̤ñζʬʸˡǤϤդĤ̾졦̾졦ư졦ƻ졦ư졦Ϣλ졦졦³졦ư졦ư졦11ʻʬह롣ʬˤĤƤϡΤưǧʤΤ䡢Τۤ˿ΩƤΤʤɡˤƱ롣
ɴʻŵ٤ǤĹܤȤʤäƤ롥Ƭ1ΤߤѤ롥
ʻ Ҥ
ʸˡѸΰġ줾θˤȯäεȤʤñ̡ʤʸϡʸˡΥ٥ǤϺǽŪñʬϤʵդˤСñʸˡΤ褦ñˤϡޤ¿ʤơʤϤ椦ˡʥƥˤ¸ߤơ٤ƤñϤΤ줫°Ƥ롣ĤƤ°ñϤεǽѤʤʸΤɤΤ褦ʰ֤˸뤫ˤͭƤ롣Ƥʻ parts of speech ȸƤǤ̾ȤưȤȸƤФƤΤǤ롣
ɴ٤ǤĹܤʤΤǡǽ3Τ
ʻ Ҥ
ʸˡεҡηϲŪȤơʸˡ˴Ťʬष̡ǽʸˤʤɤδȤʤ롣ġθϤ줫ʻ˽°뤳ȤȤʤ롣
ʻ̾Τ parts of speech ʱѸˡparties du discours ʥեˤʤɤʸŵνѸȤΩΡͻˤϡʸˡȤơֻʡסʡסֶʤλפΤ褦ʤΤäʬռȤƤϡܤˤŤ餢ꡢֻסּס֤Ƥˤϡסֽסֵ٤ס̾ʤʡˡפʤɤ̾ΤΤȤ˸ʬबԤƤʻפȤϡ̤ˡʸŵ͢ˤäƿͤ줿̤ʻμࡢ̾Τˤϡˤä¿ΰƱ⤢뤬̤˹ԤƤΤϡ̾졦졦̾졦ư졦ƻ졦ư졦Ϣλ졦졦³졦ư졦졦ưʤɤǤ롣ΤοξʬǤθסѸפʤɤ̾ΡӲʬǤֳʽסַפʤɤʻȤư뤳Ȥ⤢롣ʤƬספʤɤʻ̾ΤȤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롣
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פȻפ4ФȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ʻϸյǽ֤ˤäƶʬΤǤ
⡦Ԥˤäʻζʬۤʤ
̤˶ʬ줿ʻοϾǡĤҤȤĤñϤ줫ʻ°
ܸΡʻפϡθ줫͢줿ζʬؤΤ˼ȤѤ
ϹɼԸȤʤ뤬Oxford Bibliographies Linguistics ι˽ѤƤ郎ƽǤ롥Ǥ˰ʲεǿƤ
#4631. Oxford Bibliographies ˤ̣Ѳγס ([2021-12-31-1])
#4634. Oxford Bibliographies ˤѸ˸ˡ ([2022-01-03-1])
#4742. Oxford Bibliographies ˤѲγס ([2022-04-21-1])
#5124. Oxford Bibliographies ˤʸˡγס ([2023-05-08-1])
Linguistics ι۲ˤĤơĤǤȡƽؤΥĥäƤ桦ؽΤˤɤ
Ϣ (typology) ȸ (universal) ˤĤˤƤ롥ȤäƤ⡤ζ٤ˤꡤŪ⤢СŪ뤤ϳΨŪ⤢ȽҤ٤ˤСˤϰۤʤΤΤ롥Ҳ𤹤ΤϡCrystal (85) ̤Ƥ3줾ּ¼ŪסַŪסִްŪפƤ
Substantive
Substantive universals comprise the set of categories that is needed in order to analyse a language, such as 'noun', 'question', 'first-person', 'antonym', and 'vowel'. Do all languages have nouns and vowels? The answer seems to be yes. But certain categories often thought of as universal turn out not to be so: not all languages have case endings, prepositions, or future tenses, for example, and there are several surprising limitations on the range of vowels and consonants that typically occur . . . . Analytical considerations must also be borne in mind. Do all languages have words? The answer depends on how the concept of 'word' is defined . . . .
Formal
Formal universals are a set of abstract conditions that govern the way in which a language analysis can be made --- the factors that have to be written into a grammar, if it is to account successfully for the way sentences work in a language. For example, because all languages make statements and ask related questions (such as The car is ready vs Is the car ready?), some means has to be found to show the relationship between such pairs. Most grammars derive question structures from statement structures by some kind of transformation (in the above example, 'Move the verb to the beginning of the sentence'). If it is claimed that such transformations are necessary in order to carry out the analysis of these (and other kinds of) structures, as one version of Chomskyan theory does, then they would be proposed as formal universals. Other cases include the kinds of rules used in a grammar, or the different levels recognized by a theory . . . .
Implicational
Implicational universals always take the form 'If X, then Y', their intention being to find constant relationships between two or more properties of language. For example, three of the universals proposed in a list of 45 by the American linguist Joseph Greenberg (1915--) are as follows:
Universal 17. With overwhelmingly more-than-chance frequency, languages with dominant order VSO [=Verb-Subject-Object] have the adjective after the noun.
Universal 31. If either the subject or object noun agrees with the verb in gender, then the adjective always agrees with the noun in gender.
Universal 43. If a language has gender categories in the noun, it has gender categories in the pronoun.
As is suggested by the phrasing, implicational statements have a statistical basis, and for this reason are sometimes referred to as 'statistical' universals . . . .
ʾ3θޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ
1. ¼Ū (Substantive universals): ̾졤ʸ;Ρ첻ʤɡʬϤɬפʴŪ (category) Τȡ٤Ƹ˶̤¸ߤǤ⤢Сֻ̤Τ褦ɬŪǤʤǤ⤢롥
2. Ū (Formal universals): ʸι¤뤿ɬפŪʾʸˡ§Τȡ㤨Сʿʸ鵿ʸؤѴ§ʤɤޤޤ졤ॹǤϡΤ褦ѷ§ϷŪȤư롥
3. ްŪ (Implicational universals): ֤⤷ X ʤ YפȤɽ蘆֤δطΤȡŪʷ˴ŤƤꡤ㤨 VSO θǤϷƻ줬̾θ뷹λŦʤ롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ε#5666. ˸ء ([2024-10-31-1]) κǸˡؤγʬϡָȤΥȥͥۤʤ鷡ʤƤȤ㤤ˤʤפȽҤ٤ (typology) ȸ (universal) θϡˡŪˤ礭ۤʤäƤ롥ԤϤʤ٤¿θĴưƱΤФơԤ϶üʾˤ1Τߤ椹лȼĥ뤫Crystal (85) "BREADTH OR DEPTH?" ꤹ1Ƥ롥
The distinction between typological and universalist approaches to language study is doubtless ultimately an arbitrary one; and both have considerable insights to offer. But the two approaches, as currently practised, differ greatly in their procedures. Typologists typically study a wide range of languages as part of their enquiry, and tend to make generalizations that deal with the more observable aspects of structure, such as word order, word classes, and types of sound. In contrast with the empirical breadth of such studies, universalists rely on in-depth studies of single languages, especially in the field of grammar --- English, in particular, is a common language of exemplification --- and tend to make generalizations about the more abstract, underlying properties of language.
This focus on single languages might at first seem strange. If we are searching for universals, then surely we need to study many languages? Chomsky argues, however, that there is no paradox. Because English is a human language, it must therefore incorporate all universal properties of language, as well as those individual features that make it specifically 'English'. One way of finding out about these properties, therefore, is the detailed study of single languages. The more languages we introduce into our enquiry, the more difficult it can become to see the central features behind the welter of individual difference.
On the other hand, it can be argued that the detailed study of single languages is inevitably going to produce a distorted picture. There are features of English, for example, that are not commonly met with in other languages, such as the use of only one inflectional ending in the present tense (third-person, as in she runs), or the absence of a second-person singular/plural distinction (cf. French tu/vous). Without a typological perspective, some say, it is not possible to anticipate the extent to which our sense of priorities will be upset. If languages were relatively homogeneous entities, like samples of iron ore, this would not be a problem. But, typologists argue, languages are unpredictably irregular and idiosyncratic. Under these circumstances, a focus on breadth, rather than depth, is desirable.
ʬˤäơȥͥǤʤΤΤ礭ۤʤ뤳Ȥǧ´ϤɤΥפǤ礦
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
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