hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ    

how_and_why - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-03-06 Thu

#5792. ָѲװȤΥᥫ˥ --- ظλŵ٤1 [language_change][saussure][synchrony][diachrony][sociolinguistics][acquisition][linguistics][writing][grammatology][medium][spelling_pronunciation_gap][contact][ranuki][causation][how_and_why][multiple_causation]

ظλŵ٤įƤȤѲ (language_change) Ȥδؿʬ˴ؤ͡ʵܤӹǤѲˤĤƤϻܥ֥¾͡˹ͤƤԤ10ͤ10̤θѲѤ롥ϡظλŵ٤ pp. 560--62 ˵ܤƤ롤ԻˤָѲװȤΥᥫ˥פꤹ1Ѥ롥

ѲװȤΥᥫ˥

ȤФϻήѲ³ΤǤꡤ˶٥ǤѲ˵ŤˤϤƤ֤ȤФפȤª졤оݤȤʤ롥Ȥʿ»ʸغʤ䡤ñʸȯΤʤɤ򸫤СѲïܤˤ餫Ǥ롥äơޤȤФѲΤޤǤȤȯΩäƸ츽ݤ򸫤ƤȤפǤ롥Ĥƥ塼Ferdinand de Saussure, 185--1913ˤذ̸عֵ (Cours de linguistique générale)٤̻ (diachronic linguistics) ȶ (synchronic linguistics) ̡˸椹٤ǤȽҤ٤ΤϡޤǯʸˡɤŰ줷ˡ§õ˷پĤ餹ǤäȻפ뤬ɤʸǤ⤵ޤޤʥ٥ǾѲοʹʳˤΤǡŪԤʤǤ̻Ūʻ³뤳ȤڤǤ롥
ǤϤʤȤФѲΤǤŪװȤƤϻҶθ콬βҲŪѰۡŪװȤƤϸܿͤ롥Ҷͤζʤȯäʹʤû֤Τ˸ʸˡηϤ뤬ͤˤʤäƤϤۤɴñˤѲʤĤޤҶθ콬β˸ѲװǤȻפ롥ޤθ츽ݤवޤޤʼҲŪѰۤɤ줬ˤɤΤ褦ʷǺѤƤΤͽǤʤɤ⡤ȤΡ֥ɡפϡ֥ԲפȤιήؤȸָסֿ٤פʤɤΡ֤ȴաפ夷ƤΤ⤷ʤʬβˤϡָ콬פּҲءפθ̤ԲķȤ롥ܿˤѲϡŪܤ֤ʤɤȯѤ뤤¿Ѥˤ륳ɴ֤δĤˤäͶȯ롥ܺ٤ˤĤƤϸҤ롥
ƶ٥ǸѲβ˵ŤȤ⤢뤱ɤ⡤Ѳɴǯǯñ̤ǸˤꤤäϤäǧ롥λ庹ѻ뤿ˤϲʸԲķǤ롥ĤޤꤽΤ褦ʸäƽƸѲװȤΥᥫ˥βǽˤʤȤ롥λŪ椬ˤ礭ȯŸΤ⡤¾θ²ʤʸϿ¿¸ߤǤ롥ʸϲ٤ݼŪǤʤɡɬ줬Τޤ޵ϿƤ櫓Ǥʤαդ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥


ûʸϤΤʤˡѲκǤפǻ̩˵ͤޤƤ롥ǽפΤ٤Ƥ夷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ̩٤϶ä٤䤬ǤͤȽǤ5ȴФ

(1) ֤ȤФѲΤޤǤȤȯΩäƸ츽ݤ򸫤ƤȤפǤ
(2) ֶŪԤʤǤ̻Ūʻ³뤳ȤڤǤ
(3) ֤ʤȤФѲΤǤŪװȤƤϻҶθ콬βҲŪѰۡŪװȤƤϸܿͤ
(4) ֤ʬβˤϡָ콬פּҲءפθ̤ԲķȤ
(5) ʸϲ٤ݼŪǤʤɡɬ줬Τޤ޵ϿƤ櫓Ǥʤαդ뤳ȤɬפǤ

ԡָѲסظλŵ١ ʿԡˡīҽŹ2005ǯ560--82ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

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2022-03-02 Wed

#4692. ෿3Ĥꡤ෿ȸѲδطˤĤ [typology][diachrony][language_change][how_and_why]

෿ (typology) ϡ̸ŪˤߤŪ򰷤ʬǤ롥෿оݤȤʬ¿ˤ錄뤬Ʊʬ路 Whaley (28) 3ĤŦƤ롥

The starting point for all typology is the presupposition that there are recurrent structural patterns across languages that are not random or accidental. These patterns can be described in statements called language universals.
   Once one grants this simple assumption, myriad questions arise. . . . [T]ypologists explore both absolute properties of language and probabilistic properties. In addition, they are concerned with the connections between two or more properties.
   A second key question about universals is "How are they determined?" . . . . For now, it is sufficient to say that this question has become central to typology in the past few decades, and its answer has profound implications, particularly for universals that are based on statistical probability.
   The final basic question that concerns modern typology is "How are universals explained?" A protracted debate over issues of explanation has been occurring since the 1950s. The most acrimonious elements of the debate have concerned the relationship between diachrony and synchrony (i.e., to what degree does an explanation require reference to past stages of a language?) and the need to go outside the language system itself in forming satisfying explanations . . . .


˵󤲤Ƥ෿3Ĥδؿϡ줾෿ħ˴ؤ What, How, Why 䤤ȤȤ館Ƥ褤
˸ؤΩ줫ϡȤ櫓3Ĥ Why ꤬̻֤ؤäƤǽפǤ롥෿ȸѲδطˤĤơWhaley (25--26) ʹ

Another characteristic trait of modern typology that is represented well in Greenberg's work is a focus on the ways that language changes through time . . . . Greenberg's interest in diachrony was in many ways a throwback to the earlier days of typology in which historical-comparative linguistics predominated. The uniqueness of Greenberg's work, however, was in his use of language change as an explanation for language universals. The basic insight is the following: Because the form that a language takes at any given point in time results from alterations that have occurred to a previous stage of the language, one should expect to find some explanations for (or exceptions to) universals by examining the processes of language change. In other words, many currently existing properties of a language can be accounted for in terms of past properties of the language.


෿ȤŪˤ϶ŪʻȤäƤʬˡ̻ŪȤʤȡʤʤʵˤʤäƤ

Whaley, Lindsay J. Introduction to Typology: The Unity and Diversity of Language. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-15-1] [2024-10-30-1]

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2022-02-18 Fri

#4680. Bybee ˤѲΡ֤ʤ [language_change][causation][how_and_why][multiple_causation][cognitive_linguistics][usage-based_model][context][analogy]

ѲͼԤǤ Bybee (9) ɸˤĤ礭ͿƤ롥

A very general answer is that the words and constructions of our language change as they cycle through our minds and bodies and are passed through usage from one speaker to another.


ѲΡ֤ʤפȤ֤ɤΤ褦ˡפؤ˶ᤤΤǤϤʤȹͤ뤬ˤ褳1ʸ Bybee θѲѤȤߤĤळȤǤ롥ǤСǧδפӻѴפθѲѤǤ롥
³ Bybee ϡѲˤ3Ĥηȼĥ롥Ѥˤꡤ3ιҤ򼨤

Because language is an activity that involves both cognitive access (recalling words and constructions from memory) and the motor routines of production (articulation), and because we use the same words and constructions many times over the course of a day, week, or year, these words and constructions are subject to the kinds of processes that repeated actions undergo. (9)


Another pervasive process in the human approach to the world is the formation of patterns from our experience and application of these patterns to new experiences or ideas. (10)


The other major factor in language change is the way words or patterns of language are used in context. Very often the meaning supplied by frequently occurring contexts can lead to change. Words and constructions that are used in certain contexts become associated with those contexts. (10)


1ĤǧΡưס2ĤϹ̣Ǥ (analogy)3ĤϻѴ (usage-based_model) ȸƤ褤

Bybee, Joan. Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2015.

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2021-10-14 Thu

#4553. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (4) [contact][language_change][causation][how_and_why][multiple_causation]

ɸˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ⤿ӤӵƤ㤨м̤ꡥ

#443. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ ([2010-07-14-1])
#1232. ѲϱϳǤ ([2012-09-10-1])
#1233. ѲݤڤǤ ([2012-09-11-1])
#1582. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (2) ([2013-08-26-1])
#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1])
#1977. Ѳˤܿν (1) ([2014-09-25-1])
#1978. Ѳˤܿν (2) ([2014-09-26-1])
#1986. Ѳ multiple causation 뤤 "synergy" ([2014-10-04-1])
#3152. Ѳ "multiple causation" ([2017-12-13-1])
#3271. Ѳ multiple causation ƹ͡ ([2018-04-11-1])
#3355. ѲθŪװ쳰Ūװ"multiple causation" ([2018-07-04-1])
#3377. Ѳθ2ȷ3 ([2018-07-26-1])
#3842. Ѳθʣ¿ ([2019-11-03-1])
#3971. Ѳ multiple causation ƺƹ͡ ([2020-03-11-1])

ϡ⤦1 Hickey (487--88) ɲäǯ͡Ω줬Τ褯ޤȤƤ롥

2.1 Language-internal versus contact factors

In the current context language-internal change is understood as that which occurs within a speech community, among monolingual speakers, and contact-induced change as that which is induced by interfacing with speakers of a different language.
   Opinions are divided on when to assume contact as the source of change. Some authors insist on the primacy of internal factors . . . and so favor these when the scales of probability are not biased in either direction for any instance of change. Other scholars view contact explanations more favorably . . . while still others would like to see a less dichotomous view of internal versus and external factors in change . . . .
   The fate of explanations based on language contact has varied in recent linguistic literature. During the 1980s many linguists reacted negatively to apparently superficial contact explanations . . . . Others . . . have been consistently skeptical of contact explanations, stressing the coherent internal structure of languages and assuming by default that this is the locus of new features. This position has also been theoretically contested . . . , as it is unproven that language-internal factors take automatic precedence over contact in language change.
   Another point needs to be highlighted: at best contact accounts for a phenomenon but does not explain why this should have arisen in the first place. Contact treatments tend to push sources back a step, but not to explain ultimate origins. Rather contact seeks to account for how features come about. "Account" is a more muted term and does not raise expectations of high degrees of adequacy implied by "explanation" . . . .
   It would be blind to neglect the possible language-internal arguments for various features suspected of having a contact source. If internal arguments are considered and then deemed insufficient on their own, this actually strengthens the contact case, as contact is then seen as a necessary contributory factor to account fully for the appearance of features. Ultimately, contact accounts depend for acceptance on whether scholars are convinced by what they know about contact scenarios in general, specific contact in the case being discussed, possible alternative accounts and the crucial balance of internal and external factors.
   Given that both language-internal and contact sources are available to speakers, it might be fair to postulate that no matter what the likelihood of transfer though contact, language internal factors can always play a role. It is the nature and rate of change which can be influenced by contact, a factor which can vary in intensity.


伫ȤϡˤĤ͡ʰոɤ߹ͤƤѲ̤ˤĤƤиŪŪװξפǤȤΩ줫ưȤϤʤ̤θѲˤĤƤС줫װ궯ѤƤȤȤϤȹͤ롥

Hickey, Raymond. "Assessing the Role of Contact in the History of English." Chapter 37 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 485--96.

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2018-07-26 Thu

#3377. Ѳθ2ȷ3 [sound_change][phonetics][phonology][merger][terminology][phoneme][phonemicisation][how_and_why][multiple_causation]

(48) ϡѲ (phonological change) θȤ礭2̤Ƥ롥

(1) ŪưŤˤ (endogenous or internal motivations): ȤƲŪŪװ
(2) 쳰ŪưŤˤ (exogenous or external motivations): ¾졦¾ȤܿҲŪʸŪʤɤμҲŪװ

򤷤䤹ʬǤ롥 (2) θ쳰Ūװڻ뤵Ƥ¤ŦƤ¿βѲϡΤ (1) θŪװˤäƥޡȤƤ⤽ɤ餫Ȥ (1) ϡäѲ WHY ǤϤʤHOW εҤˤȤɤޤ뤳Ȥ¿βѲλξǵΤϤʤȤֻư (actuation problem) ˤ­ǤꡤWHY ˤϤɤƤ (2) 餶ʤ
ѲѲη̤ȤƲηϤɤΤ褦˱ƶȤʬहСʲ3ʬpp. 47--48ˡ

(1) ͻ (merger): ʣβǤΩ򼺤1ĤβǤ˹Τ롥
(2) ʬ (split): ñβǤʣβǤʬ뤳ȡ⤷ʬ̤β¾βǤͻ礷ǤѤʤˤϡ켡ʬ (primary split) ȸƤ֡ʬη̡ʲǤˤϡʬ (secondary split) ȸƤ֡
(3) (shift): ʬ᲻Ѳ̡ηϤ԰Ȥʤäˡ경٤̤ʬ᲻ϢŪ˲Ѳ뤳ȡ

դΤϡ(1) (2) ϲηϤ˱ƶͿѲǤ뤬(3) ǤѲDzηϤΤΤѤ餺ƲǤΤΤʤǺʬ̤ۤˤʤȤȤػҼꥲȤС(1) (2) ǤϰػҤμѤꡤ(3) ǤϰػҤɤŪʰ֤ѤȤȤˤʤ롥

3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-10-14-1] [2019-11-03-1]

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2018-06-09 Sat

#3330. ʡ "how" "why" [how_and_why][language_change][methodology]

Ѳʸˤˤ "How" "Why" εˤĤơ#784. ˸ؤ abductive discipline ([2011-06-20-1])#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1])#2255. Ѳθɵ椹ͤˤĤơ ([2015-06-30-1])#2642. ѲμȻȤߤν̡ ([2016-07-21-1])#3133. Ѳ "how" "why" ([2017-11-24-1])#3175. group thinking tree thinking ([2018-01-05-1]) ޤ how_and_why γƵǹͤƤ
67īʹīΡʡưŪʿաפȤˡõ椹ݤ how why ˤĤƼΤ褦ʸϤäϡʡDzĤ͵»ȤβäΤʤǼ夲Ȥ

why ʸ礭䤤Ǥꡤ䤤Ǥ⤢롥ʤ䤿¸ߤΤʤϵϤʤ˭̿ˤʤäΤʤ²ΤʳؤݽѤޤʹ֤ɽưϡŪˤ why ʸФĤߤȤ꤬롥礭䤤褦ȤСɬŪ礭ʸդˤʤäƤޤ礭ʸդˤϲ٤ʤȤϡϥॷ󥰡쥤ȡʰʤ벿ԤˤäפΤ褦ˡϷɡʤȤ˸¤ʤᤤ
ɽԤ뤤ϲʳؼԤޤʤФʤ̤Ȥϡwhy ʸ˰°פͶǤФƶߤ뤳ȡƲ٤ι⤤դǡʤ뤤ɽǡðǰ˾ how 򤯹԰٤Ű뤳ȡʤʤ顤 how ʤȤˤϡ褷 why ã뤳ȤϤǤʤǤ롥


ޤä̤Ȼפwhy ʸФư°פ뤳Ȥ򼫲Ū˿񤦤Ȥɬפ㤤٤Ȥơ֥ॷ󥰡쥤ȡפˤޤǤޤΤϡޤ˶üǤ롥٤ȤϤȤƤ⤪⤷ȻפΤѤ³ʤСιŪǤ櫓顤why ʸ how ʸκ٤ȤȤˤʤϢ³ΤξüʤΤŪˤϰüʤ why ʸؤܻؤĤĤ⡤Ūˤ¾üʤ how ʸ߻Ϥ٤ȤʡμݤˤĤƤϰ¸ʤ
Ѳ "how" "why" ⡤Τ褦٤ɵ椷ƤɬפȻפ

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2018-01-05 Fri

#3175. group thinking tree thinking [history_of_linguistics][family_tree][methodology][metaphor][metonymy][diachrony][causation][language_change][comparative_linguistics][linguistic_area][contact][borrowing][variation][terminology][how_and_why][abduction]

#3162. Ű ([2017-12-23-1]) #3172. 饤ҥ㡼ηŪȯۤϥ󤫤ǤϤʤʸؤ ([2018-01-02-1]) ǻȤƤˤСʹ֤ιԤʤʪʬˡϡʬ׹͡ (group thinking) ȡַ׹͡ (tree thinking) ̤ȤȤʬहȽļηطȤʬहΤ (107) Ϥ줾˴ŤʳؤʬʳءפȡָŰʳءפȸƤӡξԤ򼡤Τ褦оȤƤ롥

ʬʳʬ׹᥿եǧΥƥ꡼
Űʳ׹ȥ˥ߡΡʬˡʥ֥


ɽκǸ˿Ƥ륢֥ˤĤƤϡ#784. ˸ؤ abductive discipline ([2011-06-20-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ʪʬؤȤʬǤϡȤǥ벽줿Ʊ褦ʥĥ꡼äȤƤ⡤ǰŪ˲ᤵ줿ȷŪ˲ᤵ줿ȤǤϥåۤʤꤦȤԤʬ׹ͤˡԤ׹ͤбȻפ뤬ˤĤƤ嵭Ȼ褦оɽִǰŪηϳؤȤηŪбطפ p. 172 ˵󤲤ƤΤǼʤɽΤȤˤʤäƤΤ̤θԤΤΡˡ

ǰŪ Ū
ηϳ (Systematik) (Phylogenetik)
(Formverwandtschaft)ط (Blutsverwandtschaft)
(Metamorphose)ȯ (Stammesentwicklung)
ηϳŪʳ (systematischen Stufenreihen) (Ahnenreihen)
(Typus) (Stammform)
(typischen Zuständen)Ū (ursprüngliche Zuständen)
Ū (atypischen Zuständen)Ū (abgeänderte Zuständen)


Τ褦 group thinking tree thinking оȴطؤˤƤϤƤߤС¿ΩѸ줬¤֤ȤˤʤפĤ¤꼫ͳ˵󤲤Ƥߤ

ʬʳŰʳ
¤ (structural linguistics)Ӹ (comparative linguistics)
෿ (typology)˸ (historical linguistics)
(linguistic area)² (language family)
ܿ (contact, borrowing) (inheritance)
(space) (time)
(synchrony)̻ (diachrony)
ط (paradigm) Ϣط (syntagm)
ѥ (pattern)ץ (process)
???? (variation)???? (change)
(type)ȡ (token)
᥿ե (metaphor)ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy)
HowWhy


Ǹ˵󤲤 How Why ΩˤĤƤϡ (238) ʪؤ¨ưʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤȤΥ󥹥ԥ졼Ǥ롥

ʲ׹ͤ򤢤ƴĤȤƹ⤯Ǥ뤿ˤϡ䤿ʬ׹ͤйϤĤ⤦Ĥλ׹ȤȤƥԡ뤹ɬפ롥ȤСܤˤΤ֤ɤΤ褦ˡƤΤʻװˤ˴ؤ뵿ϼºݤ̿ץʬʪؤؤȤߤʤ롥ФơΤ֤ʤפΤ褦򤹤ˤäΤʵװˤ˴ؤ뵿ϿʲʪؤȤ٤


ѲΡ֤ɤΤ褦ˡפȡ֤ʤפ (how_and_why) ˤĤƤϡ#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1])#2255. Ѳθɵ椹ͤˤĤơ ([2015-06-30-1])#2642. ѲμȻȤߤν̡ ([2016-07-21-1])#3133. Ѳ "how" "why" ([2017-11-24-1]) ǰäƤʪؤθˤ꿷ȯۤ줿롥

ؿʲ׹ͤҥȤϿݤɤηϲ뤫١NHKǡ2010ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-05-1] [2018-06-09-1]

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2017-11-24 Fri

#3133. Ѳ "how" "why" [causation][language_change][how_and_why]

Ѳ "why" ϡ˸ؤˤƵˤ䤤Ǥ롥˾ǤŤˤϡ¾4W1H䤤ؤ¤Ѥ߽ŤͤƤۤʤǤ "why" ˴ˤɤ夯ΤϤۤȤԲǽǤꡤ "how" 餫ˤΤؤλǤ롥 "how" Ǥ顤ΰФʤȤ¿
ܥ֥Ǥ⡤Ѳ how_and_why ˤĤƤϡ#784. ˸ؤ abductive discipline ([2011-06-20-1])#2255. Ѳθɵ椹ͤˤĤơ ([2015-06-30-1])#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1]) ʤɤǰäƤ
ε#3130. ʣϸء ([2017-11-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Kretzschmar (251--52) ϡʣϤѤƸѲʶŪˤϥꥫѸνѼȤˤ뤳Ȥˤꡤ"why" 䤤ˤʤȤƤ⡤"how" 䤤ФƤͭͿ뤳ȤǤȼ򼨤Ƥ롥

We cannot answer the question "why" American English is as it is --- there is never a good answer to the "why" question in linguistics --- but it is now possible to address more adequately the question "how" it came to be as it is.


Kretzschmar θոˤȡ츽ݤ򶦻Ū褦Ȥݤ䤤 "why" ǡ̻ŪŪ褦Ȥݤ䤤 "how" Ǥ褦ˤⴶ롥뤤ϡѲθ䤦Τ "why" ǡѲη䤦Τ "how" ǤȽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˤʹ롥
Ԥˤä "how" "why" ȤˤäƲؤΤϤ˰ۤʤȤȤǧ᤿ǡѲ how_and_why ˤ³Ƥ

Kretzschmar, William A., Jr. "Complex Systems in the History of American English." Chapter 4 of Developments in English: Expanding Electronic Evidence. Ed. Irma Taavitsainen, Merja Kytö, Claudia Claridge, and Jeremy Smith. Cambridge, 2015. 251--64.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-09-1] [2018-01-05-1]

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2016-07-21 Thu

#2642. ѲμȻȤߤν [terminology][language_change][causation][phonemicisation][phoneme][how_and_why]

Ϣ Hockett ˸Ѹ˴ؤʸѡȤƤ뤬ƱʸѲμ (kinds) ȻȤ (mechanism) ζ̤ˤĤ Hockett θ󤷤
ŪʸѲλȤơ[f] [v] ΩβDz夲褦űѸǤξ1Ĥβ /f/ ΰ۲ˤʤäѸǤϸƬʤɤ [v] ĥեñμѤʤɤ̤ /f/ /v/ ǤȤƤΩ򼨤褦ˤʤä
ѲˤĤơɤΤ褦ȤŪʲˤϰڿ줺ˡλ¤٤СϡֲѲפǤɽǤ롥֤ѲǤʤСѲäѲǤʤѲǤȤ롥ϡѲμ (kind) ˤĤƤθȤ֡졤äʤɤ̤1Ĥθ˴ŤʬǤ뤫顤θ˰¸ĤߤȤäƤ褤ȤѤС˱ѲμʬѤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ѲλȤ (mechanism) Ȥϡ[v] βDzǤСŪˤɤΤ褦ʲơ۲ [v] /f/ Ω /v/ βǤϰ̤ΤȤξܺ٤ΤȤǤ롥ΥޥäơѸ줬 [v] Ƭʤɤˤĥեñܿ˵ڤǡƬ [f] ĸȤκǾФΩ[v] βDzΩȤȤǤʤβDzμºݤξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡ#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])#2219. vane, vat, vixen ([2015-05-25-1]) ʤɤε򻲾ȡˡȤߤˤ͡ʤΤ̤뤬㤨вѲ (sound change) (analogy) (borrowing) 3Ĥζ̤ꤹȤΥǼȤƴͿƤȤߤϡѤȤʤĤλȤߤꤹ뤫ˤĤƤŪ¿ͤΩ줬ꤦΤǡ¸αĤߤǤϤ롥
ѲμȻȤߤ̤٤ǤȤ Hockett μĥϡѲΥӥեȥե2üδطʬह뤳Ȥȡ2üδ֤ǺѤᥫ˥餫ˤ뤳ȤȤۤʤĤߤǤȤȤơαĤߤˤĤưȤγǰѸΥåȤƤ٤Ǥꡤ2ĤΤΤƱƤϤʤʤHockett (72) ۩

My last terminological recommendation, then, is that any individual scholar who has occasion to talk about historical linguistics, be it in an elementary class or textbook or in a more advanced class or book about some specific language, distinguish clearly between kinds and mechanisms. We must allow for differences of opinion as to how many kinds there are, and as to how many mechanisms there are---this is an issue which will work itself out in the future. But we can at least insist on the main point made here.


ϢơHockett (73) ϡѲλȤ (mechanism) ȸ (cause) ȤѸˤĤƤ⡤դ򴭵Ƥ롥

'Mechanism' and 'cause' should not be confused. The term 'cause' is perhaps best used of specific sequences of historical events; a mechanism is then, so to speak, a kind of cause. One might wish to say that the 'cause' of the phonologization of the voiced-voiceless opposition for English spirants was the Norman invasion, or the failure of the British to repel it, or the drives which led the Normans to invade, or the like. We can speak with some sureness about the mechanism called borrowing; discussion of causes is fraught with peril.


Hockett εϡѲ what (= kind) how (= mechanism) why (= cause) Ѹ츯ˤĤƲƹͤƤ뵡Ȥʤä

Hockett, Charles F. "The Terminology of Historical Linguistics." Studies in Linguistics 12.3--4 (1957): 57--73.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-09-1] [2018-01-05-1]

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