
οظܼسǤϤǤ¿ΥǥǼ夲졤ȤʤäƤ롥ҤΥȤǤߥߤƤꡤ夬ͻҤ狼롥
䤬ƱνΰʼȤȤ˱ĤƤ YouTube ΡְʼδѸظإͥפǤ#141. ٥ȥ顼ܡĤߡĴظܼ٤äƤߤޤ2ۤ˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥ޤ͵ YouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸Ǥ⡤ܽԤ1ͤǤ뺣Ĥνбޤ¿δϢۿƤ롥
ܽǤϡ(1) θظǤϼŪʰƤΥޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ʲ콬νʳˤƤ礭餸Ƥꡤ(2) δפξˡ (abduction) Ȥҥȸͭο˶ưǡǽϤȯŸ夷Ƥʡ֡ȥȥåԥ˥ǥ뤬ƤƤ롥ǥǤϤΤΡ˭٤Ը˴ŤĤȯãؤμ¾ڼ¸Ǥ줿ˤϡŪʳ롥
ܽϡѲѰۤͤǤ⼨ŪʻŦ٤ࡥϤǤ7Ρָ縶§פƤƤ뤬2ܤˡѲ뤳ȡפǤƤ롥Ѥ (258)
ϤȡʷỌ̇̄¤ƴæ褦ȤϤδ֤襤Ǥ
ŵŪʷ̣ΰ̲ȤƤϴ˹äƤƤ⡤˽ʤСָפ뤤ϡԼפȸʤ
쥳ߥ˥ƥȾʷ̣ȤС줬¸η̣Ȥο魯
ѲԲǤ
ϡݻ褦ȤϤѲ褦ȤϤɹȶѹդˤꡤɤѲƤȤϤηϤȤƤϰݻƤȤޤưŪʿ (dynamic_equilibrium) θԻĤ¸ߤǤ뤳ȤǤƤ롥
ظܼҤɤ
Ĥߡ ظܼ --- ȤФϤɤޤ졤ʲ١2023ǯ
ʪʲʪʬθȯŸƤ (phylogenetics) ˡѲãʤɤʸʲˤŬѤ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤȤդΤϤۤɿΤǤϤʤνܤ褦ˤʤäΤϺǶΤȤǤ롥ؤνʬؤΰŪŬѤ˴ؤŪ˷سưԤʤäƤԤ1ͤˡ椬롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤˸ؤδ#3162. Űء ([2017-12-23-1])#3172. 饤ҥ㡼ηŪȯۤϥǤϤʤʸؤ ([2018-01-02-1])#3175. group thinking tree thinking ([2018-01-05-1]) εǾҲ𤷤Ƥ
ɤΤϡˤֹųؤϿʲؤ鲿ؤפꤹͤǤ롥ʪؤ˸ؤδϢҤ٤ս (129--30) ߤĤΤǡѤ褦ʰʸؤθڤάˡ
ְ̲֥ȷءפϡʬˤ֤ʤСۤʤʬǷ֤ȺȯɤƤåǤ롥ȤСܷϿؤ˸ؤˤƺˡʬءˤ˴Ťˡʪؤ¹ԤΩˡȺȯɤƤޤ٤ܤž̲βѲǤʤѰۤ뤲Ȥ̥ץǤȤ¸¹ܤ¹ξ˴Ťܤĸꤹ뤳ȤŪ˲ǽǤ롥ơηѲǾȤ֤СʪΤߤʤ餺ܤηط̤κˡˤäƿǤ롥䤬ꤷƤ̲֥ȷؤϡΡ֥֥פˤͼŪΥåȤߤʤƤ롥
ʤǤ⡤ʪؤȤδؤǯƤ˸ؤǤϡʪʬҷؤΤޤޤץǥѤĤĤ롥ͽۤ褦ˡʪȸϤλŪѲô̲˰㤤Τ顤̤ηˡΤޤŬѤΤϤޤäƤΤǤϤʤȤȽºݤƤ롥̤ΥåŬѤ뤳Ȥȸ̤ξĴ뤳Ȥ̤Ǥ롥ȤƱʪǤäƤ⡤ͭ뤫ʤɤ䤹ɤʲ뤫ɤϾˤä礭ۤʤꡤ˱Ʒ¹ԤȤǥ礭Ѥǽ롥ͤʤС֥ȴ֤ΰ㤤ˤοõˤȤäƤϼ¤ϿǤϤʤȷƤʤष֥ȤΤΰ㤤θοʲιͻŬڤ˹ԤäƤ뤫ɤΤۤϤ뤫˽פǤ롥ųؤ˳ؤˤƤ⡤ޤäƱͤˡʪʤʸʪη椹ݤˤϡ̤ȤƤΥåȸ̤γȤƤΥ֥ȤʬƵɬפ
ʪؤȯŸƤˡΤޤѲθƤϤȤˤϡȽ⤢ʪȸϤޤäۤʤ륪֥ȡʿʲҡˤǤꡤѲѰۤΤ礤˰ۤʤäƤˤ⤫餺Ʊˡ¹ŪŬѤΤϴǤȡϷؤμˡ֤ΤޤޡŬѤʤɤȤϰҤ٤Ƥʤष֥ȤۤʤȤˤϡ¤դʧ٤ȼĥƤ롥֥Ȥ˱ƺ٤塼˥ɬפʥåˤΤΤ϶̤ƻȤ롤⤷ƤΤ
ŪˤؽŪˤ⡤ʪȸϤФиߤȤƤ2ĤϤޤǰۤʤ륪֥ȤǤꡤûŪӤϿޤʤФʤʤ⡤ޤǤˤդƤĤǤcf. #807. ޤʪޤ ([2011-07-13-1])#2529. evolution evolution (3) ([2016-03-30-1])#3146. ˤְŪطפȤϲ (1) ([2017-12-07-1])#3147. ˤְŪطפȤϲ (2) ([2017-12-08-1])#3148. ˤְŪطפδñ̤ϸΤ狼 ([2017-12-09-1])#3149. ʤŪʬहΤ ([2017-12-10-1])ˡûŪǤʤθ줿ӤʤС¿ξ硤ͭפʤϤˤʤؤ˸ؤؤŬѤˤĤơ⤦˹ͤƤ褵
ֹųؤϿʲؤ鲿ؤסʸʲιųء ɧ ԡˡҦ˼2017ǯ125--65.
#3162. Ű ([2017-12-23-1]) #3172. 饤ҥ㡼ηŪȯۤϥǤϤʤʸؤ ([2018-01-02-1]) ǻȤƤˤСʹ֤ιԤʤʪʬˡϡʬ͡ (group thinking) ȡַ͡ (tree thinking) ̤ȤȤʬहȽļηطȤʬहΤ (107) Ϥ줾˴ŤʳؤʬʳءפȡָŰʳءפȸƤӡξԤΤ褦оȤƤ롥
| ʬʳ | ʬ | ե | 硿 | ǧΥƥ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Űʳ | | ȥ˥ߡ | Ρʬ | ˡʥ֥ |
| ǰŪ | Ū | |
|---|---|---|
| ηϳ (Systematik) | (Phylogenetik) | |
| (Formverwandtschaft) | ط (Blutsverwandtschaft) | |
| (Metamorphose) | ȯ (Stammesentwicklung) | |
| ηϳŪʳ (systematischen Stufenreihen) | (Ahnenreihen) | |
| (Typus) | (Stammform) | |
| (typischen Zuständen) | Ū (ursprüngliche Zuständen) | |
| Ū (atypischen Zuständen) | Ū (abgeänderte Zuständen) |
| ʬʳ | Űʳ |
|---|---|
| ¤ (structural linguistics) | Ӹ (comparative linguistics) |
| (typology) | ˸ (historical linguistics) |
| (linguistic area) | ² (language family) |
| ܿ (contact, borrowing) | (inheritance) |
| (space) | (time) |
| (synchrony) | ̻ (diachrony) |
| ط (paradigm) | Ϣط (syntagm) |
| ѥ (pattern) | ץ (process) |
| ???? (variation) | ???? (change) |
| (type) | ȡ (token) |
| ե (metaphor) | ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) |
| How | Why |
ʲͤƴĤȤƹ⤯Ǥ뤿ˤϡ䤿ʬͤйϤĤ⤦ĤλȤȤƥԡ뤹ɬפ롥ȤСܤˤΤ֤ɤΤ褦ˡƤΤʻװˤ˴ؤ뵿ϼºݤ̿ץʬʪؤؤȤߤʤ롥ФơΤ֤ʤפΤ褦ˤäΤʵװˤ˴ؤ뵿ϿʲʪؤȤ٤
ѲΡ֤ɤΤ褦ˡפȡ֤ʤפ (how_and_why) ˤĤƤϡ#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1])#2255. Ѳθɵ椹ͤˤĤơ ([2015-06-30-1])#2642. ѲμȻȤߤν̡ ([2016-07-21-1])#3133. Ѳ "how" "why" ([2017-11-24-1]) ǰäƤʪؤθˤ꿷ȯۤ줿롥
ؿʲͤҥȤϿݤɤηϲ뤫١NHKǡ2010ǯ
[2011-04-24-1]εָ츻ؤμΧפǿ줿 abductionʲˤȤϡ츻ؤФǤʤ˸ΤƤϤޤ롥ѲΡ֤ʤפФ˸ؼԤ٤ϡȤ櫓 abductive ˤʤ餶ʤ¿ξ硤βϤ餯ʣŪǤ롥٤Ƥװ夹뤳ȤϤǤʤװ֤δطװνŤߤ餫ˤ뤳Ȥ⤷ФкǤ롥Ǥ⡤ƺǽפȻפ뤤ĤװФ˾ơŪߤΤ˸ؤܤǤ롥
ʲΰȤ롥
It is to be admitted that any answers to the "how" and "why" will only be plausible or provisional because historical linguistics is an abductive discipline (Andersen; Anttila 196--98, 285--86). This means that the suggested description and explanation of the language change is a reasoned inference made with reference to universals such as human experience, human nature, and culture, and to observed facts. The number of possible inferences made in this way is theoretically infinite, and therefore the best that historical linguists can offer is a subset of the theoretically possible descriptions and explanations. Being methodologically abductive, historical linguistics is different from natural science; it is no less tempting, however, to make such inferences in historical linguistics since it allows for different interpretations for a phenomenon. (Hotta 3)
⤽⤹٤ƤθѲ˸ͳΤȤФθͳΥ٥ŪҲŪ¾˸ؤȤơɤޤ餫ˤǤΤ䤤ΤΤȤƤꡤʤѲθͳä͡Ф뤳ȡabductive ˵ʤ뤳Ȥˤ˴ؤʬ̥ϤǤ롥˸ؤȯŸϡ (deduction) ǤⵢǼ (induction) ǤʤŪǤʤȤƤ abduction ˤäƤ롥ơabduction οηϰʲ̤ƿ, p. 54ˡ
ä٤£äѻ롤
⤷ȤǤСäλǤ
äơȤǤȹͤ٤ͳ롥
Andersen, Henning. "Abductive and deductive change." Language 49 (1873): 765-93.
Anttila, Raimo. Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Rev. ed. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1989.
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
ƿ ͵ إ֥ȯ١Ҧ˼2009ǯ
[2011-04-24-1]εָ츻ؤμΧפǿ줿 abductionʲˤȤϡ츻ؤФǤʤ˸ΤƤϤޤ롥ѲΡ֤ʤפФ˸ؼԤ٤ϡȤ櫓 abductive ˤʤ餶ʤ¿ξ硤βϤ餯ʣŪǤ롥٤Ƥװ夹뤳ȤϤǤʤװ֤δطװνŤߤ餫ˤ뤳Ȥ⤷ФкǤ롥Ǥ⡤ƺǽפȻפ뤤ĤװФ˾ơŪߤΤ˸ؤܤǤ롥
ʲΰȤ롥
It is to be admitted that any answers to the "how" and "why" will only be plausible or provisional because historical linguistics is an abductive discipline (Andersen; Anttila 196--98, 285--86). This means that the suggested description and explanation of the language change is a reasoned inference made with reference to universals such as human experience, human nature, and culture, and to observed facts. The number of possible inferences made in this way is theoretically infinite, and therefore the best that historical linguists can offer is a subset of the theoretically possible descriptions and explanations. Being methodologically abductive, historical linguistics is different from natural science; it is no less tempting, however, to make such inferences in historical linguistics since it allows for different interpretations for a phenomenon. (Hotta 3)
⤽⤹٤ƤθѲ˸ͳΤȤФθͳΥ٥ŪҲŪ¾˸ؤȤơɤޤ餫ˤǤΤ䤤ΤΤȤƤꡤʤѲθͳä͡Ф뤳ȡabductive ˵ʤ뤳Ȥˤ˴ؤʬ̥ϤǤ롥˸ؤȯŸϡ (deduction) ǤⵢǼ (induction) ǤʤŪǤʤȤƤ abduction ˤäƤ롥ơabduction οηϰʲ̤ƿ, p. 54ˡ
ä٤£äѻ롤
⤷ȤǤСäλǤ
äơȤǤȹͤ٤ͳ롥
Andersen, Henning. "Abductive and deductive change." Language 49 (1873): 765-93.
Anttila, Raimo. Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Rev. ed. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1989.
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
ƿ ͵ إ֥ȯ١Ҧ˼2009ǯ
츻ؤȤʬμΧˤĤƤϡ[2010-08-06-1]εָ츻ؤϵݤʳؤפǼ夲츻ؤ[2011-04-17-1]ε֥ȥåŪȥݥȤƤθ츻פǺٸڤؤˤ츻ؤΰ֤Ťǡɾޤʤ츻ؤλ̿ϸθ츻ˤ餫ˤ뤳ȤθñȯŪǻȯŪˤʤ꤬Ǥ롥츻θϡθˤޤĤŪʾؤ¾ʬͭפǤ롥ͭפǤϤäƤ⤽ǤŪ˽ϤƤޤʬȤƤμΧϳݤʤ츻¿ο͡δؿ椯˺ǤؿƤؼԤˤȤḁ̈ϤˤʤΤ˸츻ؤɬ⼫ΩŪʬȤߤʤƤʤȤϻǰǤ롥
̤ˡ츻ؤؤνʬ˰֤ŤСβ뤳Ȥˤʤ̻ŪפȤǤƤӤ뤳θ츻ؤˤϡ̤θˤϸʤĤħ롥Malkiel (200--01) 4ħ줳츻ؤ autonomy κǤȼĥ롥ʲˤ4θդƤߤʸʸΰѤϤΥڡHTMLȡˡ
(1) 츻õˤϸº֤٤Ĺꡤäδؿ˸ꤵ줺ʹ֤αĤߤȴϢŤƤ
(2) 츻õϡʸˡʤ¾ι¤Ūʸ츦˽ȤϤޤäۤʤȯۤפ abductive discipline Ǥ롥
(3) 츻õϡ1ʬȤƷ֤Ọ̇̄ξ˰̣𤷤ƸȼȤδطդʧä˷Ū¦̡ʲˤ˴ؿ椵ƤаޤꡤǰĹ롥
(4) 츻õǤϡ¾ʬʾŪʾڵȸ礦Ȥפ뤬ŪڵȤ𤳤ԤξǮΩơƱ˸ԤΥȿװʤΤǤ롥
4ϡ츻ؤ̥ϤäƤ뤬ΩʬȤƤϰ̤Ϳˤϥѥ夤ȤΤΰݤǤ롥Ǥ츻ؤΥݥƥʲǽȤΤǤС(2) abductive ˴ԤMalkiel "creative etymology" (201) ȸƤǤ褦ˡ츻õˡϱ (deduction) ǤⵢǼ (induction) Ǥʤ (abduction) Ǥ롥Charles S. Peirce (1839--1914) μĥʳؤȯϤ褽 abductive ǤꡤƱȤϸؤˤ츻ؤˤ⤢ƤϤޤϤabduction θʳؤǹʤ¤ꡤabduction ΩӤ츻ؤΧ뤳ȤΤ⤷ʤ
abduction ȤϡΤ褦꼰ηΤȤǤƿ, p. 54ˡ
ä٤£äѻ롤
⤷ȤǤСäλǤ
äơȤǤȹͤ٤ͳ롥
Malkiel, Yakov. "Etymology and General Linguistics." Word 18 (1962): 198--219.
ƿ ͵ إ֥ȯ١Ҧ˼2009ǯ
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