νkhelfʷѸ˥եˤΥСˤ hel (helkatsu) ȯƤƤޤϵ夲 heldio ǤΡνɾץ⡤khelf ˤǤ khelf ĹڸҤˤоꤤˡرѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ʸҡ2009ǯˤҲ𤷤Ƥ餤ޤԤϡڸĻرػβդǤ⤢ޤҺī heldio ۿ#1590. νɾ by khelf ڸҤ --- ˡرѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ʸҡ2009ǯˡİС
ڸϡ̥ܽϤȤơäʸˡȤäѸ̻ˤɤǤʤθ줬ȤƤҲʸȴϢŤѸγ̻ˡʤֱѸʸˡפŻ뤹ŪΤ˻ŦƤޤñʤֱѸˡפǤϤʤֱѸʸˡפȴܽϡγʹǤȡܽǽɤȤƱݤäȤФƤޤ
ܽ15ξϤʤꡤ줾줬٥աѸԥμOED ȤäΩơޤäƤ뤿ᡤɤǤɤ߿ʤޤֱѸʸˡפĻŪ˸Ϥ빽ϡäˤ줫ѸˤؤֹˤȤäợĤΤ˺ŬȻפޤ
ڸϡȤܤƤ뤳ȤҲ𤷤ĤġαĤƤ MANUSCRIPT CHOUMEIAN ˤƤޤBeowulf ȡʿʪ٤ΰճʴطƤϤˤĤƤϡڸϤξϤɤDZѸˤ̥ϤܳФȤΤȤǤθǤ줿դˤϤޤ
khelf СȤθդǽҤҲ𤷤ƤΤϡȤƤȤǤνɾפ¿ˤȤäƿܤȤνвξȤʤ뤳ȤԤƤޤܽ˼äƤߤƤ

졡رѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ҡ2009ǯ

ε#5815. ··إ˥åܡ١ҡ2024ǯˡ ([2025-03-29-1]) ȡ#5816. ˥åܤ˴ؤͭѤʥ֥ȡ ([2025-03-30-1]) ǡǯ˽Ǥ줿Ҳ𤷤ޤ
١Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ԤȤ̤¸ޤʰ··ϿΤˤ֤䤤Ƥ꤬Ȥޤˡ̤3ΥȤƤϤͽǤ1ۿΤǤ⤷ޤ#1411. Ԥȸإ˥åܡ (1) --- ··Ȥ̡ꤷơ20ʬۤɤΥȡȤʤäƤޤ
3ͤǤ٤ꤷʤγڤϿǤϿƤʤӤˤ⡤˥åܤᤰ͡ʵ並äԤ뤳Ȥʤ³ޤʳβΤǤ⤢ޤϥ˥åܤˤĤƤϤۤɾܤΤʤäΤǤνҤδԡԤΤͤľܤäǤȤǡƱܤ̥Ϥ˲ޤ줽Ǥ
̥23ϡδֳ֤ʤۿƤͽǤҿإ˥åܡ٤˼äƤȤȤˡĤ̤ۿˤ⤴ܤ̤̤ơإ˥åܡ٤깭Τ졤̥Ϥ¿οͤ˸褦ˤʤ뤳ȤäƤޤ
· · إ˥åܡ١ҡҿӡ2024ǯ

ǯǺǤܡפȤ˥å (The Voynich Manuscript) ˤĤƤΡ˾οǤ줿200ǼοΤʤˡ̤ɤΥ˥åܡʸˤ̥Ϥǻ˵ͤޤƤ롥ܽȾǤϡԤˤǿθ̤Ƥꡤ˥åƤǤʸǤϤʤظ˲餫θ줬Ƥ롤ĤޤɤͤƥȤǤ뤳Ȥĥ롥ˤϡԤʪؼԡȤŤ̤ͻҤƤꡤǸޤǥ說說ʤɤ³뤳ȤǤ롥
ʲܼܽ
ε#5804. ܤɤߴְ㤨䤹ʸ --- ߽ͩФ ([2025-03-18-1]) ǡSkeat ޤȤɤ߰㤤䤹ʸˤΰܤιԤϸ§ȤʸؤΥץǤϤ뤬ΥץǤϤޤäƤޤʸ櫤¿ȤȤSkeat ϡΤ褦櫤ˤϤޤäԤޤ餺߽ФƤޤäͩ (ghost_word) οȤʸκǸƤ (373--74) ̤ΤʤֻSkeat ιͤȤˤͩŪǤʤֻǤ롥
abacot (a bicocket)
abofted (abosted)
allryn (alkyn)
belene (beleue)
beuen (benen)
bewunus (bewunne)
bolueden (bolneden)
bouchen (bonchen)
char (thar)
chek yn a tyde (chek-matyde),
chesse (chese)
chichingis (thithingis, error for tithingis)
clamupe (claurnpe)
cleue (clene)
conise (comse)
conisyng (comspg)
coppin (croppin)
corves (cornes)
couuen (coxmen)
cronde (croude)
culde (tulde)
culpis (cuupis ? for coupis ?),
degontit (degoutit)
desouled (defouled)
dimnede (diuinede)
dolf (douf)
dolp (doup)
drinen (driuen)
dymnede (dyuinede)
eftures (esteres, estres)
enchausyt (enchaufyt)
encortif (encorcif)
flocced (flotted)
folloke (wilfolloker)
forbusur (forbusne)
forgalbed (forgabbed)
fonngit (foriugit)
fouk (fonk)
founed (fonned)
galbert (gabbert)
golk (gouk)
gramity (graunty)
havin (harm)
hetheued (heued)
holk (houk)
howen, howne (howue)
kimes (knives)
lath (lay)
lessyt (leffyt)
lohe (lome)
maused (mansed)
monelich (menelich)
morse (nurse)
moyt (mo þat)
nalle (ualle)
nolt (nout)
onen (ouen)
ouershuppe (ouerhuppe)
owery (dwerþ)
palke (pakke)
palpis (paupis)
panfray (paufray)
pantener (pautener)
pavade (panade)
polien (þolien)
polk (pouk)
porcours (portours)
punniten (permuten)
rendit (vondit)
rentful (reuful)
renthe (reuthe)
reuk (renk)
rolkis (rokkis)
roned (roued)
sangtle (saughtle)
satoure (fatoure)
scharpe (schappe)
sharter (Charter)
skowurand (skownrand)
slalk (slakk)
soket (Coket)
sordid (fordid)
spelk (spekk)
stone (schon)
succh (sutth)
suten (sitten)
Syvewarm (Fysewarin)
talbart (tabbart)
tavart (tabart)
thame (tharne)
treryn (temp)
tyre (cyre)
ulode (correct; u=v)
ullorxa (?)
vyt (rycht)
walk (wakk, later wauk)
walkrif (wakkrif, later waukrif)
walknit (wakknit, later wauknit)
watte (waite)
wayne (wayue)
wok (woux)
ytoped (ycoped)
yvete (ybete)
Skeat ϡԤΥߥˤä뤳Τ褦ͩ줬夷˺ϿޤǤƤޤǽ˶ƤʸؤΥץȤƤʤΤ
Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.
ǶᤤĤεǡͩ (ghost_word) 夲ƤѸߤοƤǤ Skeat ϡͩʸΤʤǡͩνиظˤܾʸˤɤ߰㤤ܺ٤Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓ɤߴְ㤨䤹ʸˤΥꥹȤƤΤǡʬѤ褦 (372)
I now proceed to make a list of the symbols which, in the foregoing examples, have been misread and confused. The following groups denote the confused symbols: b, v; c, t; d, o; e, o, s; f, s; k, lr; m, ui, in; n, u; o, d, e; p, þ (th); r, v; s, C, e, f; y, þ (th). Also mi, un; mu, um; ni, in; rp, pp; tt, it; ur, ne; unn, erm; vin, rm. Also lb, bb; lk, kk. Very few of these mistakes result from the misreading of marks of contraction. If I were to add examples of this character, the number of ghost-words would be very largely increased.
ʤ㤬 (minim) ǹʸˤޤǤ롥minim γʡˤ˴ؿäϡ#4134. unmummied --- ֤äƤѤʤȤˤʤäƤñβԡ ([2020-08-21-1]) #5215. ư줫ʻžʤ褦ˤߤ̾졦ƻΰ ([2023-08-07-1]) ʤɤɤ
ޤ<th> űѸ졦Ѹʸ <þ> (thorn) ˤĤƤϡ#1428. ye = the ([2013-03-25-1]) ʤɤȤ
Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.
heldio/helwa ꥹʡ Lilimi ˤhel (helkatsu) note LilimiΥȡ κǿ줿Procreate ǸűѸƤߤꤷơ饹ȥץѤƸűѸʸƤ롥helʤ̸űѸ˻ָűѸեȡפ
ƸƤűѸƥȤϡ#2902. Pope Gregory Υꥹȶ۶ˤۤȥ ([2017-04-07-1]) ǾҲ𤷤1ΰǤ롥26ʸ꾯 "Eft hē āxode . . . ȝefēran bēon." Ȥʬβսϡ¤ Lilimi ⻲ä줿ĹꥪղˤơåСƱDzȤ롥#1048. ꥹʡȸűѸ첻ɡİС
ơ嵭Ǽ夲űѸƥȤΰμܲǤƱƥȤŵϡűѸλʸ Ælfric ˤ Catholic Homilies: 2nd Series "IX, St Gregory the Great" ΥƥȤƤܤȤ folio MS Ii.1.33, fol. 140vCambridge Univ. Digital LibraryˤǤʥådzˡ

ҼܤΤΤ̣äƤС
#5227. űѸ̾Τθ ([2023-08-19-1]) ǿ줿ȤꡤDomesday Book ϸűѸ̾ΰλǤ롥
Domesday Book ȤϲǤСWilliam I 1086ǯ˺餻ɤΤۤĴĢʸ뤤ˤǤ롥ΩƤ;ϤʤŰŪĴֺ֤꤫ǸοȽפˤʤ館 "Domesday Book" ̾դ줿̾12溢ޤǤˤϰŪʸƾΤȤʤäƤ褦Ǥ롥
͡ȿäΤΡĴϻŻκ٤®ǡˤƤ餯ǤʹŪʶӤäĴ7--8ͤΰѰˤäƼ»ܤ졤ơۤʤϰôơľܼԤνΤ˴ؤܺ٤Ի鲦νΡ줬 Domesday Book Ǥ롥
ñ Domesday Book ȸƤФƤ뤬ºݤˤϰۤʤ2ĤδΩäƤ롥1 (Great Domesday) ϡEssex, Norfolk, Suffolk ٤ƤνϿޤǤ롥3Ĥν˴ؤƤϡǤϤʤ2 (Little Domesday) ¸Ƥ롥
Domesday Book ̾ȤƤβͤȡֻѾաפˤĤơClark (453--54) ⤷Ƥ뤳ȤѤ褦
For late OE name-forms of both kinds Domesday Book (DB) is the prime source; for many place-names, those from the North especially, it furnishes the earliest record extant . . . . DB proper consists of two volumes (recently rebound as five), always part of the state archives and now housed in the Public Record Office, wherefore they are together known as the 'Exchequer Domesday'. The two sections are, it must be emphasised, of different standing: 'Little DB', which deals with Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, represents a redaction earlier and fuller --- therefore more useful to onomasticians --- than that of 'Great DB', which deals with the rest of the Conqueror's English realm. There are also various related records, usually known as 'satellites', some (like Exon DB) official, others private . . .; on matters ranging from administrative procedure to orthography, these supplement the information given by the Exchequer volumes. Although DB as it stands results from a survey undertaken in 1086, roughly half the material there dates back to pre-Conquest times. Based as they were upon enquiries made by several panels of commissioners who collected documentary as well as oral evidence and interrogated alike French-speaking post-Conquest settlers and survivors of the pre-Conquest land-holding classes, the extant DB texts, in which the commissioners' returns have to varying degrees been recast, need careful handling. At the orthographical level, basic to onomastic study, they are notoriously unreliable. For one thing, not all the scribes used the traditional OE orthography . . . . For another, working conditions were unpropitious: name-material, unlike common vocabulary, cannot be predicted from context, and so the DB clerks, interpreting utterances of witnesses from varied linguistic backgrounds, sometimes perhaps toothless ancients, and editing drafts that bristled with unfamiliarities, were liable to mishear, misread, misunderstand, miscopy or otherwise mangle the forms. Only lately has appreciation of the types and degrees of scribal error in DB made progress enough for former broad assumptions --- for instance, about 'Anglo-Norman influences' --- to be gradually replaced by recognition of specific auditory and visual confusions.
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
hellog #5206. Beowulf Ƭ11Ԥɡ ([2023-07-29-1]) Voicy heldio #783. űѻηإ٥ա (Beowulf) --- ߷ͧǦϽؤȰߤʤ餴Ҳ̤ơűѸǽ줿ɽŪʱͺ Beowulf ˴ؿ⤿줿⤤뤫Ȼפޤ
˰³űѸȤ߷ͧΩءˡǦʽٲءˡϽʥեꥹرؤۤˤ3̾ȡ路ʤ Beowulf ̵깭ޤȤ櫓κʤȤǤ߷ˡBeowulf ϤˤƸäƤΤθոħϲʪϤΩΤμꤲޤ
ԤΤߤ40ʬۤɤĹܤȤʤäƤʤ⽪ϾӤƤˤޤ֤ΤȤˤİС
heldio #797. ߷ͧ Beowulf ΤȤǤ䤷Ƥߤޤ with Ǧ and Ͻؤ
κʤ˴ؿϡܥ֥ beowulf γƵ⤴
#2893. Beowulf Ƭ11ԡ ([2017-03-29-1]) ȡ#2915. Beowulf Ƭ52ԡ ([2017-04-20-1]) ǡűѻη Beowulf Ƭۤʤ륨ǥҲ𤷤ޤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פϢưλƬ11Ԥ Jack Ǥɤ߾夲ƤߤΤǡİƤФȻפޤ#789. űѻηإ٥ա٤Ƭ11ԤɡǤʲˡJack ǤǦˤܸΥƥȡӼܲǤƤޤ
1 Hwæt, wē Gār-Dena in geārdagum, İ뤨Τߤ⤭ǥͿͤη̱β̾͡ϡ 2 þēodcyninga þrym gefrūnon, ͤ餬ŷͦοʤϡ 3 hū ðā æþelingas ellen fremedon. ѤƤ餬˵ڤ֤ȤȤʤä 4 Oft Scyld Scēfing sceaþena þrēatum, դλҥɤϡ˴դʤȤˤ 5 monegum mǣgþum meodosetla oftēah, ФƸ塤ФŨηꡤ 6 egsode eorl[as], syððan ǣrest wearð ¿̱ꡤ̪ʤåꡤͤο 7 fēasceaft funden; hē þæs frōfre gebād, 餷Ϥ䤬ƤĤƤԹؤΰ֤Ф 8 wēox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þāh, ʤŷ˱ɤɸ˽ƻ 9 oðþæt him ǣghwylc þ[ǣr] ymbsittendra ˤϻ٤Τʤ٤Ƥ̱ 10 ofer hronrāde hȳran scolde, ߤαˤۤӤ 11 gomban gyldan. Þæt wæs gōd cyning! פ˻äΤǤ롥ͥ줿뷯ǤϤä

Beowulf ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ beowulf γƵǼ夲ƤޤޤκʤˤĤƤϡ Voicy heldio ȤȤ̤ϿۿΤǡ⤪İ#783. űѻηإ٥ա (Beowulf) --- ߷ͧǦϽؤȰߤʤ餴ҲǤ
űѸζ˴ؿäϡ Voicy heldio ʲ⤪İС
#326. ɤƸűѸȯ狼ΤǤ
#321. űѸäȤɡޥִξ˲ȤƤä
#735. űѸ첻 --- ޥּޤͤζáפá
#766. űѸäȤɡ֥ɥλΡס
Jack, George, ed. Beowulf: A Student Edition. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.
Ǧ ջϺˡإ١ա١ȽŹ1990ǯ
ε#5076. ꥹȶڤȴܤܤ --- ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ ([2023-03-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤髙ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ꡤ publish ʸˤϤ롥
publish ϥƥηƻ pūblicus (public) ư pūblicāre ͳ褷եˤѷФ14˱ѸäƤ̣ϸ츻˽äơָˤפǤꡤ줬ֽʪȤƸˤפФơŪʡֽǤפؤȯŸ
䤿ϡpublish ʹȤޤʪפ⤫٤ñϼºݤˤϰѤȯˤѤƤȤȤϡष˽ФʸϤɤ߾夲ϯʸȷӤĤƤ髙 (75--76) Ѥ롥
Υ衼åѼҲˤäƤϡͤȤˤ뿷ϯɤϡֽǡפȤǰȷӤĤƤǤˤѸư publish Ǥ뤬ϤȤȰոʪ (public) ˤȤ̣ǤꡤѤѤƱʤ¿ǰ٤˽Ǥ¸ߤԤƤϯɤˤѥȥž̤εĺפ뤳ȤνǷ֤äȤäƤ褤㤨СΥɲإ˻Ť˲Ȥλʺץɥ֥ʥ륺ΥɡˤϡҤ˿ԤθȤˡȬȬǯˡإϻ١ڼҡϻˤޤʤϡ٤β꤬лϤեɤǡ֤䤷ƥƥ츶Ƥɤ³¸ܤˤϡʸϯˡפȤʸȡ֥إŲؤΤפȤνʸդƤ롥
Ĥޤꡤpublish ϡֽǤפȤ֤Ϫܤפ˶ᤫäȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϼƥĤ͡Τ publish Ǥ褦ˤʤäƤ뤬ñΤȤȤθ츻طʤƤ̣襤
髙 ԡνʪˤؤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2023ǯ
2髙ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ȿǤƤޤΤˤܤˤ¿μ̿䥨ԥɤȤȤ˥ѥȤˤޤȤƤޤʸƤꡤΰ˿ʤΤͭѤǤ

ܤˤˤϿޤܡʤܤvolumeˤ (codex) ؤܤη֤եȤˤĤơֺܤоפꤹϤǾҲ𤵤Ƥޤ
ܤϺܤ٤ƸˤäȤȤФиޤեȤطʤˤϤΤ褦ʼŪװ⤢äȤϳΤȻפޤꥹȶڤȴطҲŪװ⤢äȹͤƤޤ
髙 (pp. 45--45) Ǥϡ1--5˺줿¸륮ꥷŵʤܤˤĤơܤȺܤΨ٤ĴҲ𤵤Ƥޤˤȡ1ˤϺܤϤۤȤɤʤäΤΡ2ˤ2%3ˤ17%4ˤ70%5Ƭˤ90%Ȳ®ŪƤޤꥹȶϢܤˤĤĴȡäᤤʳܤϰϤǺѤƤꡤ2ޤǤ100%ãƤޤĤޤꡤꥹȶϢܤȺܤŪ̩ܤʴطˤäȤȤǤ
ˤĤ髙 (pp. 46--48) ϼΤ褦Ƥޤ
ƤܤȯƤΤϥץȤǤ롥ͤƤꡤܤȤ֤νиȥꥹȶŤ¹ԤƵäƤ뤳ȤϻŦƤܤϻá˻ŪȤʤꡤƱͤ˥ꥹȶ⻰˵®ڤ컰ǯǧƤ
ܤܤؤηŪžϡ줬ѤȤäŪкŪȽǤ鵯äΤǤϤʤҼܤϡܤѤƤ䶵դ¸ߤƤ۶Фơϥꥹȶ䶵ʬɤΩȤħŪʷ֤ȤơФ줿ΤǤ롥ꥹȶζ⤭ڤη֤Ȥơꥹȶμ̻۶̤ν̤뤿ˡܤϺѤ줿ΤǤä䶵ŵߤǤʤ洬ܤη֤ǺƤܤСޤʤꥹȶطԤˡӤδϢμܤܤη֤ž٤ϤפʿʪǤȤ⤫Ӿ夬롥
ܤη֤ͿƤȤϡޤ˶äǤ
髙 ԡνʪˤؤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2023ǯ
ε#4748. ѸΥڥѰۤȽդμΩ ([2022-04-27-1]) ǤϡѸΥڥѰ߽ۤФ줿طʤȤʤ5ѥҲ𤷤̻θŪѡȥ̻ο˴ؤΤǤ롥μ̻οȤΤˤ͡ʥѥ뤬McIntosh and Samuels ˤСޤ3ѥ̤ȤLALME General Introduction (3.1.3) ꡤ3ѥ
A. He may leave the language more or less unchanged, like a modern scholar transcribing such a manuscript. This appears to happen only somewhat rarely.
B. He may convert it into his own kind of language, making innumerable modifications to the orthography, the morphology, and the vocabulary. This happens commonly.
C. He may do something somewhere between A and B. This also happens commonly.
üŪˤСA μ̻ "literatim-copyist"B "translator"C ϡŪʼ̻פȸƤǤƤ褤
ܥƥȤɽ蘆ƤηѾȤȤ館ʤСA ϼܸ⤦1ʤ館̻B ϤޤǤŪѤĢäˤƿϻϤ̻C ʬŪ˵ѾʬŪ˿ϻϤ̻ȤȤˤʤ롥
̻ŻɬפС̷ּСפȤ⤤ A κȤᤵ褦ʻ֤λȤϵʤ B 䡤 C λŻ֤ˤʤäƤȤʤºݡѸˤƼܺξȲʤˤĤ졤B פμ̻γ礬礭ʤäƤäȤβ¸ԤǤϤʤϻϼԤƬƤäǤ롥
McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.
ܸǡإǯ嵭٤ƤűѸƥȤα The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Ǥ롥ƱƥȤˤ͡ʥꡤʣ The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles ȾΤ٤ǤϤʤȤ롥إǯ嵭٤ñʣǤ롥ϥƥȤη (stemma) ɤΤ褦˲᤹ΤȤǤ⤢롥
#4573. Peterborough Chronicle ΥƥȤθȾˤʸΤơ ([2021-11-03-1]) ǻȤ Watts (59--60) ϡ餫ʣԤ
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles are a unique set of manuscripts from scriptoria in different parts of the country, written in Anglo-Saxon, documenting events from the birth of Christ (or from Julius Caesar's abortive attempt to conquer Britain) to the time at which the scribe is entering his annal, which is generally not the immediate present of making the entry. Paleographical evidence indicates that scribes may not always have made the entries immediately after the year that they were recording, but may have chosen to write up entries for a set of years. . . .
There is some dispute over whether it is more appropriate to refer to the ASC in the singular or to use the plural form. Those in favour of just one chronicle base their argument on the fact that successive copies were made from one master copy, and . . . there is undoubtedly more than a grain of truth in this argument. However, some scholars have found it safer and, in view of the complexity of the existing manuscript situation, more expedient to consider the manuscripts that have survived as being, at least in part, independent versions. Many of the chronicles make use of sources other than the original Alfredian Chronicle . . . , and there are clear cases of changes having been made to chronicle entries at later dates in history, often for propaganda purposes.
ʣΥߤ "independent" Ȥߤʤ٤ɤȤ̯ȽǤǤ롥ҴŪʻ¤ƤȤƤ⡤٤ϼŪȽǤ˰¸ʤǤ⤢롥
εӡ˸ؤΰ˰ĤС"English" ʤΤ "Englishes" ʤΤ⡤ۤʿŪȹͤƤ褤
Watts, Richard J. Language Myths and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2011.
#4541. ƼȤ줿 Beowulf ܤΡֻȤӡס ([2021-10-02-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡBeowulf ܤȤΥƥȤϡ"myth of the longevity of English" ϽФΩΤ˹ƤʸŪʺ˴Ťơ700ǯȿꤹ뤳ȤˤꡤѸȱʸؤŪȱӤ뤳Ȥˤʤä⡤ʸŪ˳Ĵι⤤ȤäƤϡäƤĤȤʤ롥
Beowulf βͤƭΡֿáפ줿Τϡ19äȤդɬפǤ롥ʤλäΤʤ㤨ХؤϤޤä16ʤɤǤϤʤäΤWatts (52) ϡ줬19ŪʸݤǤ뤳ȤΤ褦Ƥ롥
As a whole the longevity of English myth, consisting of the ancient language myth and the unbroken tradition myth, was a nineteenth-century phenomenon that lasted almost till the end of the twentieth century. The need to establish a linguistic pedigree for English was an important discourse archive within the framework of the growth of the nation-state and the Age of Imperialism. In the face of competition from other European languages, particularly French, it was perhaps necessary to construct English as a Kultursprache, and one way to do this was to trace English to its earliest texts.
üŪˤСꥹϡꥹΰҿгŪ˷뤿ˡξħǤѸȤ줬Ĺͭ뤳ȤäƼɬפäȤȤŪ§ΩӤ OED Ի⡤19ʸ̮ΤʤǤȤ館ɬפcf. #3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1])ˡ
16ˤϡˤޤΤ褦ưŤ¸ߤƤʤä16Υɤˤ̤δؿäϡإ7ˤäƳ줿ФΥƥ塼ī˸ҤŤ뤫ƥإ8ˤäΩ줿ѹ뤫ȤȤäŪΤˡΥޥīŤˡꥹȶʸŵˡΧѸȤǽƤȤŪ¤Ѥ뤳Ȥˤʤäƥ塼īϤȤ櫓פɤ֤ƤǤ뤫顤ŪʥƥȤΰˤϿŤäBeowulf Τ褦̱²ΥƥȤˤϡŪˤäƤۤɤδؿʤäȤ櫓Watts (52) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The dominant discourse archive at this particular moment of conjunctural time [= the sixteenth century] was religious. It was the struggle to assert Protestantism after the break with the Church of Rome that determined the focus on religious, legal, constitutional and historical texts of the Anglo-Saxon era. The Counter-Reformation in the seventeenth century sustained this dominant discourse and relegated interest in the longevity of the language and the poetic value of texts like Beowulf till a much later period.
Watts, Richard J. Language Myths and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2011.
1731ǯ1023ȥߥΥСʥࡦϥл˸줿˼ǼƤåȥ¢ (Cottonian Library) ƤɤƼȤ줿żܤΤʤ˸űѸν Beowulf ΥƥȤܤäˤĤ Watts (29) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The loss of Beowulf would have meant the loss of the greatest literary work and one of the most puzzling and enigmatic texts produced during the Anglo-Saxon period.
ˡʸ֤бʸؤɽǤʺʤŪˤлߤ줿ȤݤʸǤ롥ʸؼԤѸ˳ؼԤʤ餺Ȥ⡤ۤȤɤο͡μܤüȤˤ褫äȻפ
ָοáפβΤ⤯ Watts ιͤϰۤʤ롥Ƽۤ褫äȼĥ櫓ǤϷ褷ƤʤäȤ˼Τ褦ʸϤ³Τ
But it would also have made one of the most powerful linguistic myths focusing on the English language, the myth of the longevity of English, immeasurably more difficult to construct. This is not because other Anglo-Saxon texts have not come down to us; it is, rather, because of the perceived literary and linguistic value of Beowulf. To construct the longevity myth one needs to locate such texts, and the further back in time they can be located, the "older" the language becomes and the greater is the "cultural" significance that can be associated with that language.
Watts μĥϡƼȤ줿 Beowulf ܤϡѸ˴ؤǤϤʿáʤֱѸĹáפϽФΩΤѤƤȤȤBeowulf ܤĤäȤˤֱѸˤΤʸǤפȸ䤹ʤäȤ櫓
Beowulf ܤĤäΤ϶Ǥ롥̤ê¸ƤƼƤ⤷ʤơ⤷ƤƤޤäƤʤСʸؤѸϤۤˤʤȤˤʤꡤۤɰǤʤʤʸؤѸ̤ΡפõʤФʤʤä˰㤤ʤ
θϡʸؤѸ줬礫ǤʤϲлεڤϰϤȤ˰¸ƤꡤɬŪˡ뤤ܼŪ˰ʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤƶˤĤʤ롥줬Watts äβΤˤäƹԤʤȤƤ뤳ȤʤΤ
Watts, Richard J. Language Myths and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2011.
ε#4459. ʤ drive βʬ driven ϥɥ饤ǤϤʤɥʤΡ ([2021-07-12-1]) ϤȤơܥ֥ǤϸűѸθѤ뤳Ȥ¿κݤĹ첻Τ첻ξ macron ȸƤФ벣ĹˤդȤ¿ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ ǡǤ롥ǤСѸ drove бűѸη֤ drāf äȤ˿줿ǤĹ첻Ǥ뤳ȤΤ ā ɽѤƤ롥
դ٤ϡ macron դɽϡޤǸθűѸؽԤصΤ˸ԼԤդѤˤºݤθűѸμܤˤϤޤäʤäȤȤǤ롥macron ˸¤餺θűѸܤʤɤ˰Ƥζ (punctuation) ϡűѸؼԤΤԼԤѸݤäƤƤΤǤ뤳Ȥ¿ºݤμܤΩäƤߤȡΤ褦ϤʤȤȤʤʤĤޤꡤꤿ褦ʡäΤ褦äʤΤǤ롥ΤȤŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥʤȡ¿θűѸؽԤƤޤ
ŪˤСűѸϸѸ٤ơֻȯδطȥ졼ȤǤ롥Ѹ knight, through, climb /naɪt/, /θruː/, /claɪm/ ɤळȤϳؽʤ¤бűѸ cniht, þurh, climban /kniçt/, /θurx/, /clɪmban/ ɤळȤŪ䤹űѸϡѸˤȯֻЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ꤫餪褽ȤƤȰŪ˸롥
űѸˤȯֻΰספɾƤϤʤΤˡ֥̤ɤФ褤פȤ§Ǥ褽ޤΤΡ#17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ ([2009-05-15-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡȯֻɬ11ˤʤʤΤ⤢롥<f, s, þ, ð> ϡŪˤϤ줾̵ͭ (/f, v, s, z, θ, ð/) 뤷<c> <g> ˤʸˤȹŲ롥ԤˤĤƤϡǤ /ʧ/, /j/ ϳơ <ċ>, <ġ> ɽ뤳Ȥ¿űѸǤ⡤ȯֻ줤11ˤʤäƤʤϡΤǤ롥
κǤΤ첻ĹûǤ롥ѸˤˤƤϡűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ첻ĹûϾ˽פʶ̤Ǥ³Ƥ㤨к夲 drive (OE drīfan) ǤСû첻 drifen ǤвʬǤꡤĹ첻 drīfen Ǥ³ˡʣߤȤ "we/you/they may drive" ۤɤɽ路Τǡ첻Ĺụ̂ǽ礭㤨ΤǤ롥¸ܤˤƤ macron ʤɤʤ <drifen> ֤ƤȤ˵Ĥ
θ¤ˤơűѸ⸽ѸƱֻͤȯϤưפƤʤäȤ⤤ΤǤ롥٤ȤʤСΤ˸űѸϸѸϥޥäűѸˤȯֻϡȤ櫓첻Ĺû˴ؤƤСΤΤäΤǤ롥ϡѸˤˤƤФиƨƤ˽פʻ¤ȹͤƤ롥
Ϣơ#1826. 첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο ([2020-02-23-1]) ȡ
űѸλ (Old English poetry) ϡ¸ƥȤ碌3ԤۤɤΥѥȤʤűѸʸؤνפʹǤǤ롥űѻΡ1ԡפϡȾԡܵٻߡȾԡפʤꡤ٤ʱΧ§Ȥ櫓ޥŪƬ (alliteration) ħŤ롥
¸űѻȾϰʲ4ĤμܤäƤꡤ¾ΤΤޤűѻΤۤȤɤ6ʤ The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records (=ASPR) ˼Ƥ롥
The Bodleian manuscript Junius II (ASPR I): Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, Christ and Stan ʤɤ
The Vercelli Book, capitolare CXVII (ASPR II): The Dream of the RoomAndreas Elene ʤɤ
The Exeter Book (ASPR III) (ASPR III): Guthlac Juliana ⶵThe Wanderer, The Seafarer, The Ruin, The Wife's Lament, The Husband's Message, riddles ʤʤʤˤʤɤ
The British Library Cotton Vitellius A.xv (ASPR IV): Judith, Beowulf ʤɤ
Mitchell (75) ˤСűѻʬहȼ8ब̤롥
1. Poems treating Heroic Subjects
Beowulf. Deor. The Battle of Finnsburgh. Waldere. Widsith.
2. Historic Poems
The Battle of Brunanburh. The Battle of Maldon.
3. Biblical Paraphrases and Reworkings of Biblical Subjects
The Metrical Psalms. The poems of the Junius MS; note especially Genesis B and Exodus. Christ. Judith.
4. Lives of the Saints
Andreas. Elene. Guthlac. Juliana.
5. Other Religious Poems
Note especially The Dream of the Rood and the allegorical poems --- The Phoenix, The Panther, and The Whale.
6. Short Elegies and Lyrics
The Wife's Lament. The Husband's Message. The Ruin. The Wanderer. The Seafarer. Wulf and Eadwacer. Deor might be included here as well as under 1 above.
7. Riddles and Gnomic Verse
8. Miscellaneous
Charms. The Runic Poem. The Riming Poem.
ǤΩʤ֤Ťʤ⡤7 "Riddles" ʤʤʤˤȤȤͷ (word_play) ޤޤƤ뤳ȤܤźθʸˤơʤʤϾ˿͵롥űѸˤ⤽Τ褦ʸͷӤäűѸǤΤʤʤƤȤƤϤ褽ƥΥǥ˴ŤƤȤ뤬űѸäΥꥺശȡƴ㤤褦ʤɤջȤ̯̣臘ȡʤʤ˺ʤ
10ȾμܤǤ The Exeter Book ˼ϿƤ "Anglo-Saxon Riddles" ϡ95Τʤʤʤ롥1ĤűѸ츶ʸƤߤȻפűѸԴ¿ˤȤäƸʸΤΤƤ⸷ǡֱѸƳ2021Τرɽ줿ƥָűѸᶵʤʤ礹űѸɲᤷ¾塤űѻֵȤ٤ƤˤʤäƤ롥
Mitchell, Bruce. An Invitation to Old English and Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell: Malden, MA, 1995.
ȥʥ뤬Ƥ깭 The Owl and the Nightingale ϡѸɽѸʸغʤ1ĤȤƼƤƤ롥ʸؤΤߤʤ餺ѸˡʸؤδפʥƥȤǤ롥1200ǯ1189?1216ǯդȤˤϤǽ줿ӱǡLondon, British Library, Cotton Caligula A ix Oxford, Jesus College 29 Ȥ2Ĥμܤˤ긽äƤ롥礿빻ܡ饤ϡ#2532. The Owl and the Nightingale ν ([2016-04-02-1]) ǵƤΤǡȡ
ϡκʤʷϵƬ12ԤˤĤơCotton ܤ١Ȥ Cartlidge ǤιܤƥȤȤӸѸǤ褦Cotton ܤΥ (fol. 233r) Ǥ롥 *
Ich was in one sumere dale, I was in a summer-valley, in a In one suþe diȝele hale: really out-of-the-way retreat, when I Iherde ich holde grete tale heard an owl and a nightingale having An hule and one niȝtingale. a huge dispute. This controversy was 5 Þat plait was stif & starc & strong, fierce and ferocious and furious, some- Sumwile softe & lud among; times calm and sometimes noisy; and An aiþer aȝen oþer sval, each of them swelled up against the & let þat vole mod ut al; other and vented all her malicious feel- & eiþer seide of oþeres custe ings, saying the very worst thing they 10 Þat alre worste þat hi wuste; could think of about their antagonist's & hure & hure of oþeres songe character; and about their songs, espec- Hi holde plaiding suþe stronge. ially, they had a vehement debate.
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
̡ȡشڥǥɴʡ٤ڥڥäƤȤ̿Τȯã˴ؤ뵭ܤˤȤޤä (1772--73) #2931. ϸŤӽΤǤϤʤ䤹 ([2017-05-06-1]) Ǽ夲Ȥ櫓̿ΤפǤܼŪʤȤХäͤƤƴ쥳ߥ˥ΤȯŸǡƶǤ롥ʲĹ٤ưѤ롥
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Ѥȯϡʪ̤˳衼åѤǤ1455ǯ J. ƥ٥륯 (1397--1468) ˤäƶ°ˤǰȯ줿οʵѤϽʪιϤή̣ۤ16Ⱦνױư17ꥹԥ塼̿ΥǥζɬפˤѥեåȡʹʤɤγƼʪνиߤΨϤʤ㤯ȯαƶϤ˴ʤΤǤꡤΤ褦˰ʪ罰ΤȤΤˤʤäΤϥƥ٥륯ȯ顤380ǯвᤷ1830ǯΥꥫʺǽ罰ʹϴˤˤƤǤä
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̿ΤŪΤνиϤ١ԤΤεǽѤ뤬ΤδʪȤϤʤ餺ɮŵ̿Ȥ⤤⸽ޤ³ԤƤ롥ϡ̿ˤΤѲȤȤˡ̤¿ɵᤷƤˤǤ뤳Ȥ
ϡ쥳ߥ˥ˤƾ̤ɵᤷ³βǼΤȯƤȤȤˤʤ롥μˤĤƤϤɤʤΤȹͤǤޤäϡΤȾа¸뤬ȾΩΤǤ⤢
ȴϢƽ̺ˤĤơ#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1])#2933. ǯɽ ([2017-05-08-1])#3116. ʪҤءѥԥ륹ء ([2017-11-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
شڥǥɴʡ١1995ǯ
OED ǤϸűѸñϤɤΤ褦˰Ƥ뤫դϡOED Online Old English in the OED ̤Τ뤳ȤǤ롥
OED ϡ§Ȥ1150ǯĶƻĤʤäűѸñϼ갷ʤƤ롥Ū§Ӥ OED ȤƤϡΤ褦˽ñäȤñǤȤǧƤϤƱԻĹˤ餫ˤǤꡤ The Dictionary of Old English (DOE) ԻǤ뤳Ȥ顤ŪȤƤΤ褦ʸ§ΩƤƤΤǤ⡤1150ǯʸڤ졤ζǯӤ7500ۤɤθűѸñ줬ϿƤȤ¤ϻŦƤ
űѸλʬˤĤƤ⡤ OED Ǥ3ʬȤˤƤ롥'early OE' (600--950), 'OE' (950--1100), and 'late OE' (1100--1150) 3Ǥ롥礿űѸ200ΤۤȤɤ 'OE' (950--1100) ͳ褷ǾڵФ꤬뤳Ȥפʤʤ 'early OE' (600--950) °Τ20̤ˡ3ʬƤϤ뤬Ǥ뤫ؽŪˡǤꡤǯνǯεҤˤͭѤƤ롥
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