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poetry - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-08-22 Thu

#5596. ѻˤѤʸ礬 --- OVS, VSO, OSV, SOV [poetry][syntax][word_order][poetic_license][rhetoric][star_wars][voicy]heldio]

ѸϸθȤ롥㤨 S, V, O 3Ǥ˸¤äƹͤƤ⡤̾ S+V+O ¤Ƥʤ̾ϡ׳ΤˤʤΤḽѸλ뤤Ϥ¾νŪʸ̮ˤƤϡŪ (poetic_license) ˤäƸ絬§ˤ뤳Ȥ뤳Ȥ롥Crystal (98) ĤθˤĤƶ󤲤Ƥ롥

SVO the boy saw the man
OVS Johns I invited --- not Smith
VSO govern thou my song (Milton)
OSV strange fits of passion have I known (Wordsworth)
SOV pensive poets painful vigils keep (Pope)


ۤˤϡեǤϤ뤬 Star Wars Υޥ衼ä֥衼 (Yodish) θ礬褯ΤƤ롥ˤĤƤ Crystal (98) Ѥ褦

Sick have I become.
Strong am I with the Force.
Your father he is.
When nine hundred years old you reach, look as good you will not.


ѸǤ SVO θ礬ޤ˼ФǤ뤿ᡤտŪ˰æݱʤΩषŪѲͤޤ롤Ȥä𤬤褦˻פ롥
(word_order) ˤĤƤϡǶ#5585. ػҶβʳء9Ǿ5Ρ֤ʤܸȱѸǤϸ礬㤦ΤǤפ˲ޤ ([2024-08-11-1]) εǼ夲ޤī heldio #1180. ػҶβʳء٤ѸδܸˤĤƲޤ⤪İ



Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2021-08-06 Fri

#4484. eye rhyme ɸֻ뤫餳Ω [rhyme][orthography][spelling][poetry][spelling_pronunciation][reconstruction]

ѸαʸˤƵӱ (rhyme) ƧȤΤϡ̤˰ȤιθΡ첻ʡܻҲˡʬ̤Ƥ뤳ȤؤޤDzΰפΤȤ򤤤櫓ѼȤ eye rhyme ʻбˤȤΤ롥ϲΰפǤϤʤֻΰפʤΤǤ롥McArthur Ѹ켭ŵ

EYE RHYME. In verse, the correspondence of written vowels and following consonants which may look as though they rhyme, but do not represent identical sounds, as in move/love, speak/break. Eye rhyme may be deliberate, but often results from a changed pronunciation in one of two words which once made a perfect rhyme, or rhyme in a non-standard variety of English, as in these lines by the Scottish general James Graham, Marquis of Montrose (1649): 'I'll tune thy elegies to trumpet sounds, / And write thy epitaph in blood and wounds.' In Scots, both italicized words have the same 'oo' sound.


ΰѤǤϡeye rhyme "deliberate" Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤢롤Ȳ⤵Ƥ뤬Ϥषͤ "deliberate" ˤΤ eye rhyme ȸƤ֤ΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥嵭ΥåȥɱѸˤ벻εӱ sounds/wounds eye rhyme ȸƤ֤ΤϡޤɸѸüԤδǤϤȤΤȤǤ롥eye rhyme ¾Ȥơ#210. ֻȯЪΥˤ ([2009-11-23-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ơeye rhyme Ωϡӱʬֻϰפ뤬ϰפʤȤȤǤ롥ξ郎ΤĤDz褦ȤƤͤΤߤʤ餺ɤ߼ꡦʹˤȤäƤ⤽μݤǶͭƤʤС⤽ eye rhyme ϼԤȤʤϤĤޤꡤ춦ƱΤΤʤǡΰФθˤĤơֻϰפ뤬ϰפʤפȤȤʤäƤʤФʤʤפˡ餫٤ɽȤˡ춦Ʊ˹ԤϤäƤʤС̣ʤʤȤȤդߤСˡǤޤäƤʤˤϡeye rhyme ϡȤäȤƤͭǤϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
ˡΩƤ븽ѸδȤƤȡϻפʤ褯ͤФȤΤ褦˻פ롥䤬ͤ줿ΤϡϢȤƤ Crystal Shakespeare ΥꥸʥȯΥȥɤߤʤ顤eye rhyme Shakespeare Υꥸʥȯ뤿ΥҥȤˤʤΤʤʤΤȤ˽вäǤ롥Crystal (xxiii--xxiv) ꡤϢʬѤ

Certainly, as poetry became less an oral performance and more a private reading experience---a development which accompanied the availability of printed books and the rise of literacy in the sixteenth century---we might expect visual rhymes to be increasingly used as a poetic device. But from a linguistic point of view, this was unlikely to happen until a standardized spelling system had developed. When spelling is inconsistent, regionally diverse, and idiosyncratic, as it was in Middle English (with as many as 52 spellings recorded for might, for example, in the OED), a predictable graphaesthetic effect is impossible. And although the process of spelling standardization was well underway in the sixteenth century, it was still a long way from achieving the stability that would be seen a century later. As John Hart put it in his influential Orthographie (1569, folio 2), English spelling shows 'such confusion and disorder, as it may be accounted rather a kind of ciphring'. And Richard Mulcaster, in his Elementarie (1582), affirms that it is 'a very necessarie labor to set the writing certaine, that the reading may be sure'. Word endings, in particular, were variably spelled, notably the presence or absence of a final e (again vs againe), the alteration between apostrophe and e (arm'd vs armed), the use of ie or y (busie vs busy), and variation between double and single consonants (royall vs royal). This is not a climate in which we would expect eye-rhymes to thrive.
   'That the reading may be sure.' Poets, far more alert to the impact of their linguistic choices than the average language user, would hardly be likely to introduce a graphic effect when there was no guarantee that their readers would recognize it. And certainly not to the extent found in the sonnets.


褯ȤƤϡֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) ⡤ɽŪֻɸಽ餳ǽȤʤäȤΤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2097. ɽʸƱֻ֡ȯ ([2015-01-23-1]) 򻲾ȡޤŲΤ (eye) rhyme ѤˤĤƤϡ#437. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 ([2010-07-08-1]) ⻲ȡ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Crystal, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

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2021-05-04 Tue

#4390. ¸űѻμ --- ʤʤפ1 [oe][poetry][literature][manuscript][alliteration][anglo-saxon][oe_text][hel_education][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

űѸλ (Old English poetry) ϡ¸ƥȤ碌3ԤۤɤΥѥȤʤűѸʸؤνפʹǤǤ롥űѻΡ1ԡפϡȾԡܵٻߡȾԡפʤꡤ٤ʱΧ§Ȥ櫓ޥŪƬ (alliteration) ħŤ롥
¸űѻȾϰʲ4ĤμܤäƤꡤ¾ΤΤޤ᤿űѻΤۤȤɤ6ʤ The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records (=ASPR) ˼Ƥ롥

The Bodleian manuscript Junius II (ASPR I): Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, Christ and Stan ʤɤ
The Vercelli Book, capitolare CXVII (ASPR II): The Dream of the RoomAndreas Elene ʤɤ
The Exeter Book (ASPR III) (ASPR III): Guthlac Juliana ⶵThe Wanderer, The Seafarer, The Ruin, The Wife's Lament, The Husband's Message, riddles ʤʤʤˤʤɤ
The British Library Cotton Vitellius A.xv (ASPR IV): Judith, Beowulf ʤɤ

Mitchell (75) ˤСűѻʬहȼ8ब̤롥

1. Poems treating Heroic Subjects
   Beowulf. Deor. The Battle of Finnsburgh. Waldere. Widsith.
2. Historic Poems
   The Battle of Brunanburh. The Battle of Maldon.
3. Biblical Paraphrases and Reworkings of Biblical Subjects
   The Metrical Psalms. The poems of the Junius MS; note especially Genesis B and Exodus. Christ. Judith.
4. Lives of the Saints
   Andreas. Elene. Guthlac. Juliana.
5. Other Religious Poems
   Note especially The Dream of the Rood and the allegorical poems --- The Phoenix, The Panther, and The Whale.
6. Short Elegies and Lyrics
   The Wife's Lament. The Husband's Message. The Ruin. The Wanderer. The Seafarer. Wulf and Eadwacer. Deor might be included here as well as under 1 above.
7. Riddles and Gnomic Verse
8. Miscellaneous
   Charms. The Runic Poem. The Riming Poem.


ǤΩʤ֤Ťʤ⡤7 "Riddles" ʤʤʤˤȤȤͷ (word_play) ޤޤƤ뤳ȤܤźθʸˤơʤʤϾ˿͵롥űѸˤ⤽Τ褦ʸͷӤäűѸǤΤʤʤƤȤƤϤ褽ƥΥǥ˴ŤƤȤ뤬űѸäΥꥺശȡƴ㤤褦ʤɤջȤ̯̣臘ȡʤʤ˺ʤ
10ȾμܤǤ The Exeter Book ˼ϿƤ "Anglo-Saxon Riddles" ϡ95Τʤʤʤ롥1ĤűѸ츶ʸƤߤȻפűѸԴ¿ˤȤäƸʸΤΤ򼨤Ƥ⸷ǡֱѸƳ2021Τرɽ줿ƥָűѸᶵʤʤ礹űѸɲᤷ¾塤űѻֵȤ٤ƤˤʤäƤ롥

Mitchell, Bruce. An Invitation to Old English and Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell: Malden, MA, 1995.

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2020-11-10 Tue

#4215. ʣ (2) [plural][intensive_plural][semantics][number][category][noun][terminology][countability][poetry][latin][rhetoric]

ε ([2020-11-09-1]) ˰³ʣ (intensive_plural) ˤĤơѸ Quirk et al. ʤɤˤϼ夲Ƥ餺ɤܤγعʸˡdz̤˸ڤΤΤ褦ǡƤŵ Kruisinga դΤ褦򻲾ȤƤڡ°ԡˤμŵꡤƱѤ (739--40) εμݤ򷫤֤Ȥˤʤ뤬餺

intensive plural ʶʣʷˡˡ̣Ĵ뤿ѤʣΤȡ̸ (mass word) ˸ʣǡʣθʪȤ̣ϴޤޤʸ¿롥ʪɽ̾ξ٤ζȤɽʪɽ̾ξϹꡦѡϢ³ʤɤɽ: the sands of Sahara---[Kruisinga, Handbook] / the waters of the Nile---[Ibid.] / The moon was already in the heavens.---[Zandvoort, 19757] ʷϤǤ˶ǵƤ / I have my doubts.---[Ibid.] ʻϵǰƤ / I have fears that I may cease to be Before my pen has glean'd my teeming brain---J. Keats ʻΥڥ󤬤դФλפ򽦤Ƥޤ˻ǤޤΤǤϤʤȶƤ / pure and clear As are the frosty skies---A Tennyson ƤĤΤ褦ʡ / Mrs. Payson's face broke into smiles of pleasure.---M. Schorer ʥڥ׿ͤϵޤ˴̤Ȥʤä / To think is to be full of sorrow And leaden-eyed despairs---J. Keats ʹͤ뤳Ȥᤷߤȳ赤Τʤܤ򤷤˾뤳ȡ / His hopes to see his own And pace the sacred old familiar fields, Not yet had perished---A. Tennyson ʲ²˲񤤡ʤĤζοϤƧ⤦Ȥ˾ߤϤޤääƤʤä / All the air is blind With rosy foam and pelting blossom and mists of driving vermeil-rain.---G. M. Hopkins ʰ̤絤Ф鿧ˢȷ㤷֤ȼĤĤ뿧αΤǴ⤯ۤɤˤʤ / The cry that streams out into the indifferent spaces, And never stops or slackens---W. H. Auden øʶ֤ήФƤäơ䤨⤷ʤߤ⤷ʤ㤭ˡ


ƱͤˡжԡˤμŵꡤLatinism ιफϢʬ (477) Ѥ롥

(3) ̾ʣѤɽˡ
붯ʣ (Intensive Plural) ΰǤ뤬Ȥ˥ƥɽˡ路16ȾκȤʸϤ¿졤αƶǸǤʸŪʤŪˡȤưݻƤ롥ȤСĤ˸褦 hopes, fears ϡVirgil (70--19 B.C.) Ovid (43 B.C.--A.D. 17?) ˸ƥ amōrēs [L amor love ʣ], metūs [L metus fear ʣ] ˤʤäΤȤߤʤ롥Like a young Squire, in loues and lusty-hed His wanton dayes that ever loosely led, . . . ȵ⤭ȤĤƢʤ㤤ԤΤ褦ʡġ---E. Spenser, Faerie Qveene I. ii. 3 / I will go further then I meant, to plucke all feares out of you. ͽʾΤȤ򤷤ơʤοۤ򤭤줤ˤ̤äƾ夲褦---Sh, Meas. for M. IV. ii. 206--7 / My hopes do shape him for the Governor. ʤɤ餽οͤϤ羭ȸ---Id, Oth. II. i. 55.


ۤۤƥΥȥåȤϡ줬ͥ󥹡󥰥ɤήԤ;ḽѸȤή졥ޤݤ߹᤿롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.
ͺ° ̭ԡˡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-18-1] [2021-11-09-1]

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2019-04-19 Fri

#3644. Ѹ stress-timed ʸűѸ syllable-timed ʸ졩 [prosody][phonology][stress][vowel][typology][syllable][poetry]

#1647. ˤ뱤ΧŪħμȵǽ ([2013-10-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ stress-timed ʥꥺࡤܸ syllable-timed (or mora-timed) ʥꥺĸȤ롥Ԥ϶ֳ֤Ƿ֤ꥺǡԤϲʥ⡼ˤֳ֤Ƿ֤ꥺǤ롥Ѹ˶٤θǤХɥĸ stress-timed ǡե󥹸䥹ڥ syllable-timed Ǥ롥
Τ褦˶Ū෿δϽ򤤤줫Υꥺफ˿ʬ뤬̻ŪˤߤȳƸΥꥺѤäΤ뤤ѲƤΤ
Ѹ˴ؤƤС븫ϳΤѲƤȤ롥Ѹ stress-timed ꥺδפˤΤۣ첻 /ə/ ¸ߤǤ롥ΤΤʲȲ̤첻ȡ夯ûȯۣ첻Ȥ¸Ƥ뤿ˡԤˤȤΧñ̤Ū˷֤뤳ȤˤʤΤűѸǤۣ첻¸ߤʤäΤǡstress-timed ꥺΩפ夫äȤˤʤ롥űѸϤष syllable-timed ꥺ˶ᤫäȤ⤤ΤǤ롥Cable (23--24) εʹ

To begin with, Old English did not have reduced vowels. The extensive system of inflectional endings depended on the full values of the short vowels, especially [ɑ], [ɛ], [u], and [ɔ]; and in polysyllabic words these and other short vowels were not reduced to schwa. The surprising effect is that in its lack of reduced vowels Old English can be said to have similarities with the phonological structure of a syllable-based language like Spanish. In this respect, both Old English and Spanish differ from Late Middle English and Modern English. Consequently, Old English can be hypothesized to have more of the suprasegmental structure of syllable-based languages---that is, the impression of syllable-timing---despite our thinking of Old English as thoroughly Germanic and heavily stressed.


Cable ϡűѸ줬 syllable-timed ʸȸäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ١ΥꥺǤ⤢뤷١Τ⤢ȤơŪʥꥺȹͤƤ롥³ʸϤѤƤ

These deductions and hypotheses from theoretical and experimental phonology are supported in the most recent studies of the meter of Old English poems. Beowulf has never been thought of as a poem in syllabic meter. Yet the most coherent way to imagine Old English meter is as a precisely measured mix of "accentual" elements (as the meter has traditionally been understood), "syllabic" elements (which may seem more appropriate for French verse), and "quantitative" elements (which are most familiar in Greek and Latin). (Cable 24)


Cable, Thomas. "Restoring Rhythm." Chapter 3 of Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language: Pedagogy in Practice. Introduction. Ed. Mary Heyes and Allison Burkette. Oxford: OUP, 2017. 21--28.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-11-1] [2021-07-23-1]

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2018-11-10 Sat

#3484. ѻη [poetry][prosody][literature][alliteration][rhyme][meter][shakespeare]

(71) ˤСűѸ衤ѻηϡꥺࡤˡԹ¤Ȥˤ礭Ѳ뤲Ƥ

a. ꥺࡧ夫嶯
b. Ƭӱ
c. Թ¤ĹʲˤޤäĹʲˤ
d. ࡧñη¿ͤʷ


űѸѸءƶѸʹߤؤȡѻηϳΤѲ˸ƤطʤˤϡѸβѲ䳰λαƶȤʥߥåװͿƤ롥줾λɽŪʻμħ򡤲ˤ꼨

ΡűѸƬ(p. 71)

a. 1ԡĹԡlong-lineˤϡĤȾ (half-line) 鹽Ƥ롥
b. ȾԤβ3ʾꤷƤʤ
c. Ƭʬ᲻ϡ1ȾԡȾˤ˺ġ2ȾԡʸȾˤ˰ġ
d. ȾƬʬ᲻ޤ಻᤬ȤʤꡤαΧ¸롥

ΡѸƬ(p. 73)

a. ĹԤñ̡ʤβǽ⤤ˡ
b. ƬҲޤ줬1Ԥ˺ǾġǻͤġĤξ礬¿
c. ƬȤ˸ġȼλ롥

ΡѸ͡ʵӱ(p. 75)

a. 8ӤεӱϢ硧116ᡥ嶯8ӡ21ȡ4ӤΤȤٻ (caesura) Ⱦǵӱ
b. (Alexandrine) 112ᡥ嶯6ӡǵӱ
c. 嶯5 (iambic pentameter) 110ᡥ嶯5ӡǵӱ
d. 嶯4 (iambic tetrameter) 18ᡥ嶯4ӡǵӱ
e. 嶯3 (iambic trimeter) 16ᡥ嶯3ӡ쥰Ԥʬ䤷Ρ
f. Ϣ (stanza) ʣԤʤԤΰ̣ΤޤȤޤꡥ
g. (couplet) 2Ԥ鹽Ԥΰ̣ΤޤȤޤꡥ
h. (tail rhyme) 61Ȥǵӱ aabccb λƥλΤ顥
i. (rhyme royal) 7Ϣμ嶯5ʤλǡӱ abcbbcc
j. ܥ֡Ϣ (bob-wheel stanza) 5ԤεӱԤǡ1ԤΥܥ֤1³4ԤΥγƹԤ3ӱ ababa
k. ХåΧ (ballad meter) 4Ϣ (quatrain) ܤλ嶯4ʤȼ嶯3ʤ2ϢĤ鹽롥3ʻԤιӱ

ΡѸʹߤεӱ(pp. 76--79)

嶯5˳ (iambic pentameter) 濴ȤĤĤ⡤ (anapestic meter) (trochaic meter) (dactylic meter)̵ (blank verse)ͳ (free verse) ʤɾʤȤ11λи
ӤȼºݤΥꥺδ֤԰ (mismatch) 롥ӤW֤˶᤬֤԰׷ˤϵ§ꡤ칽¤Ȥ˰̲Ǥ롥
Shakespeare Υͥåȡ嶯5ʡ4Ϣ32ԡפȤǡababcdcdefefgg εӱ򼨤
ޤ (enjambment) λѡбʤݡ߹ (end-stopped line) 椵롥

ѻμ˭٤ϡˤΤޤΤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2751. T. S. Eliot ˤѸλ˭ ([2016-11-07-1]) ⻲ȡ

ˡ4ϡΧˡס ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ71--88ǡ

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2016-11-07 Mon

#2751. T. S. Eliot ˤѸλ˭ [literature][alliteration][rhyme][meter][stress][prosody][french][poetry]

ŵˡݼȤϲȿե󥹳̿鸽ܤޤǡ٤ɤǤơʸϤ˽вäT. S. Eliot (1888--1965) Ѹλ˭ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤսǤ롥

ʸ¿ͤʳϰʸˤäƹƱˡ˾̤ʸ³ƤʤФʤʤꥪåȤˤȤäơɤ䥹åȥɡ륺ʸ󥰥ʸȷӤĤǡˤ礭ʥ衼åѤʸΰüôȤפǤäդ˸С衼åʸȤϲŪʤΤǤäƤϤʤʤȤΤꥪåȤγοǤä
ΤȤϻͤǤ륨ꥪåȤˤȤäơܼŪʽäƤȤΤ⡤θȤѸλ˭ϡѸ줬衼åѤ¿ͤʸ줫줿ΤǤ뤳Ȥͳ褹뤫Ǥ롥¸³ʥ󥰥²ȤȤ˥֥ƥ˿ޥ̱²ΰġѹδäĤˤαΧΥޥե󥹡ʥΥޥ󡦥󥯥Ȥ濴Ȥʤäե󥹲Υޥ͡ˤαΧ륺αΧˤϥƥ䥮ꥷλθˤäơѹλ˭ʤΤˤʤäȤ򥨥ꥪåȤ϶Ĵ롥 (75)


ѸλϡŪˤä˸áֻΧ˿ǻȿǤƤ뤬ΧȤƱʸʸؤˤ⤪ȿǤƤ롥ǽҤ٤Ƥ֥Υޥե󥹡פαƶä礭űѸƬ (alliteration) Ѹʹߤ˵ӱ (rhyme) ˻¾֤Ȥž⤿餹ȤˤʤäǤϡե󥹸ˤӱѸλľܱƶڤܤȤȤϤޤǤʤΤۤˤ⡤#796. Ѹ˵ӱƳ줿Ūװ ([2011-07-02-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬̤ήȤˤꡤե󥹸켰ζѥ󤬤⤿餵졤ӱԹΤ褤郎äȤ⤢ä
Ƭ⡤̲ˤѸʹߡޤ̮ȼѤƤȤ¤Ǥ (see #943. Ƭˤ ([2011-11-26-1])#1560. Chaucer ˤƬ ([2013-08-04-1])) ȤСḽληˤĤơ󥰥ȥΥޥ󡦥ե礷Ƥɽ뤳ȤϡޤäʤȤǤ롥

ŵݼȤϲȿե󥹳̿鸽ܤޤǡ١ҡӡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-10-1] [2016-11-17-1]

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