
NZںߤ4֤ФޤϤΥѡޡå PAK'n'SAVE 䥳ʡΤݤȤʤĤĤޤŹäƤê˸ĤΤ֤áפȻפ碌ʡrice with oat crackers ǤʤʤˡפˡιʪǤ֤ߡפܤ1ۤΥ줿Ϥdzʰ¤ǼȤʤСʤϤޤ1ѥå49ȡʡ43ߡˤȤ˳ʤΰ¤
̾˰¤ФΤ¤Ǥ嵭Υѥåμ̿˸褦ˡ rice crackers ǤϤʤ rice with oat crackers ȤʤäƤޤoat ֥饹८פäƤΤǤФХåȥɤȷӤĤʪǡ porridge Ȥƿ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤ⥹åȥα桤ī˿٤Ƥޤcf. #61. porridge ϰƼѹ٤ ([2009-06-28-1])ˡ
oat ߤ٤ƤߤơʥۥɤޤѥäȤϤޤߤʤ⡤߹ɡȴǡ100%ǤϤʤȤʬޤ̣ oat ʤΤǤ㴳ΰ´٤ǡ褷Ƥޤ櫓ǤϤʤߤȤƤϿ٤ʪǤ˳ʤΤʤȤСȤäƤ褤Ȼפޤ
ơoat ʹСѸˤؤȤΤԤϡͭ̾ʥԥɤפ⤫٤뤳ȤǤ礦1755ǯˡ֥Ρפ Samuel Johnson ۤϤԻѸ˾̾⤤ A Dictionary of the English Language ˤ oat ǤDr. Johnson ȤС18ꥹʸǤꡤθӤ⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤ΥåȥɤؤиȷʤʪȤƤΤƤޤμ oat ȡΤ褦ƤΤǤ
grain, which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people
ϡɤǤϤλǤˤ⤫餺åȥɤǤϿͤäƤ롤ȤҤȤʤäƤޤJohnson 餷Ƥޤ͡Ȥ˸ĿŪиǤޤȤˡʸΥ桼⥢ƤȤޤΤˤĤƤϡ#1420. Johnson's Dictionary ħȳס ([2013-03-17-1]) Ǥ夲ƤޤΤǡ⤴
ơ oat ˤĤƶ̣Ҥդȼ˼ä OALD (= Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary) 8Ǥˤ oat θ츻˸Ĥޤϸ츻ΤΤȤ⡤ʸŪʰյĻŦǡϤߤΩƤ뵭ҤǤ
oat Old English āte, plural ātan, of unknown origin. Unlike other names of cereals (such as wheat, barley, etc.), oat is not an uncountable noun and may originally have denoted the individual grain, which may imply that oats were eaten in grains and not as meal.
¾μפʹʪ (barley, corn, rye, wheat) ԲĻ̾찷ǤΤФoat Ļ̾ǤȤƶ٤ŦǤbarley wheat ʤɤιʪϡ̾ʴԤȤ¿ΤǡʪȤƤȤ館ݤˤ괧ʣ -s ĤʤԲĻ̾ȤưޤȤoat ϲĻ̾Ǥꡤ̾ oats Τ褦ʣѤޤOALD8 ΤλŦˤС¾ιʪʴԤƤ鿩٤ΡפäΤФơoat ϾʤȤ⤫ĤƤϡγΤޤ٤ΡפäǽȤΤǤĤޤꡤܿͤƤʴˤγΤޤ椤ƿΤ̤Ǥ褦ˡĤƤαѸüԤ oat γȤƥȤǤǿ٤ƤΤǤϤʤȤʸŪʹͻˤޤäڤ֤ΤǤ
졦̣֡ΥƥǤĻ̾졦ԲĻ̾ζ̤ڤΤοˤޤǻפڤ뤭äͿƤȤ϶äǤ OALD8 εҤϥäȽƤޤɤȤĻȩΩޤοʸˤƧ߹ˤϤʤĴդɬפǤ礦ؤ̥ϤΤƶǤ
rice with oat crackers οݤͤϡ1023 helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #358oat ֥饹८פˤĤ --- NZݡȤƤäΤǤ
ε#5907. one ˡ OED dzǧ ([2025-06-29-1]) ˰³ (prop_word) ȤƤ one λѤˤ롥 MED on (pron.) Ƥߤ
5a ʲθ褽ȤƤˡ뤬θ͡ǤꡤɤΤ褦ʸǶʬФ褤ΤϡʤʤǤ롥ŵŪȤܤΤϡȤ櫓 5b ʲΤΤ5b ǵƤϡѸΤΤǤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥
c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)251: A fair knyȝt a was to see, a iolif on wyþ oute lak.
(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.519: Thanne hath he redi his aspie..A janglere, an evel mouthed oon, That sche ne mai nowhider gon..That he ne wol it wende and croke.
(c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1552: I haue the mooste stedefast wyf, And eek the mekeste oon that bereth lyf.
c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)40: Þe kyng..was a clerke noble, Þe athelest ane of þe werd.
c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)586: Anoþer barne..I of my blode haue, Ane of my sede.
1591(?a1425) Chester Pl.(Hnt HM 2)53/259: Into my chamber I will gonne tyll thys water, soe greate one, bee slaked through thy mighte.
ʸ̮塤ľˤĻ̾Ȥ one ŵŪˡǧǤ롥Ƥ㤫ϡѸȯãȹͤ뤬μϤ⤦ᤤʳ餢äȹͤƤ褤
Ѹλ one ᤰϡ줬¿ͤˡʣ¤ǡҤǤꡤŪĴϤˤ䤳 one ĤƤϡheldio/helwa ꥹʡ夵 note ˤ"Do you have a red one?" one ϲǤѤʵ褦2ۡȤƴϢƤΤǡȤ줿
ε#5906. (prop word) ΡֻפȤϡ ([2025-06-28-1]) ǤϡMy family is a large one. one ˡ˿줿ϡ one εˤĤơOED εҤǧ
OED one (ADJECTIVE, NOUN, & PRONOUN) PRONOUN V Υˡ롥ƱDz̶ʬ줿ܤΤȤ櫓ŵŪʻȤƤˡ˴ط V. 13 ˷ǤƤǽĤƤ
V. As substitute for a noun or noun phrase.
V. 13. Following a determiner such as the, this, that, yon, any, each, every, many (a), other, such (a), what (a), what kind of (a), which, or (in certain phrases) following a, or (from Middle English onwards) following an ordinary adjective (occasionally also a noun used attributively) preceded by any of these or (in plural) alone.
V.13.a. A thing or person (or, in plural, things or persons) of the kind in question (as indicated by the context).
Down to the late Middle English period one was probably felt as an emphatic pronoun, intensifying the determiner with which it was coupled. In modern English it is generally an empty pro-form (sometimes referred to as a 'prop-word'), and the addition of one or ones often serves to specify number: cf. 'Which do you choose?' with 'Which one do you choose?' 'Which ones do you choose?'; 'the good one', 'the good ones' correspond to French le bon, les bons. As this use began before pronunciation with initial /w/ became standard (cf. the ε form), the γ form 'un (without initial /w/ ) often occurs in regional or colloquial speech.
OE Æt æghwylcum anum þara hongaþ leohtfæt. (Blickling Homilies 127)
a1250 (?a1200) Blescið ou mid euerichon of ðeos gretunges. (Ancrene Riwle (Nero MS.) (1952) 18 [Composed ?a1200]
a1325 (c1250) Ilk kinnes erf and wrim and der..And euerilc-on in kinde good. (Genesis & Exodus (1968) l. 185 [Composed a1250]
c1395 I haue the mooste stedefast wyf, And eek the mekeste oon that bereth lyf. (G. Chaucer, Merchant's Tale 1552)
1463 To William Sennowe, oon of my short gownys, a good oon wiche as is convenient for hym. (in S. Tymms, Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 41 (Middle English Dictionary))
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
ƻ˸³ one ϡ٤ȤѸˤϸƤȤʬ롥³ĴƤ
Ѹ̾ˤϡĻ̾ (countable noun) ԲĻ̾ (uncountable noun) 롥Ԥ괧 a(n) դʣ -(e)s դԤϤΤ褦ʤΤդʤĻ̾ŵ̾ book 佸̾ family ǤꡤԲĻ̾ŵʪ̾ water ̾ love Ǥ롥
ǡ֡̾פȤ̾μ̤Ǥ6Ĥ⸽줿δطˤϡð̣δ2ĤΥѥθ롥"bounded" "internal structure" 2ĤǤ롥
"bounded" ȤϡޤääƤפȤȤǤ롥㤨Сa book ϡ1ܤȤޤä뤳ȤǤ뤫 "bounded" Ǥ롥ʣ books ǤϡΤ줾줬ɤΤ褦ʰִطˤΤʤɤε䤬ͯΤȤƤޤä뤳ȤΤ "unbounded" Ǥ롥water love ⡤ǤŪʥˤȤǡ"unbounded" Ǥ롥
"internal structure" ϡ˹¤뤫ɤ˾ñ̤ʬ䤬ǽɤȤѥǤ롥a book 1餳ʾʬǤʤ books ϹǤ뤽줾ܤʬǤ롥⤷Τ a family Τ褦̾ǡ̾ΤĤʤäʣΥСʤ뽸Ḥ̂뤫顤¤ġͤؤʬǤ롥water love ϡŪˤϤ켫Τ¤ϤʤȤߤʤʪؤůؤΤ褦ˡȤȤͤͤ¤ȼĥǤ뤫⤷ʤǤϤޤǡְŪʸˤСפǤˡ
2ĤΥѥݤ碌ȼΤ褦Ǥ롥
| [+internal structure] | [-internal structure] | |
| [+bounded] | ̾ family | ̾ʸΡ book |
| [-bounded] | Τʣ books ̾ʣ families | ʪ̾ water ̾ love |
#4649. Ļ̾ԲĻ̾ζ̤Ϥޤ줿Τ ([2022-01-18-1]) εƤȤɼԤϢʸ롤ȤȤǶƤޤβʹˤ¸ʤä Toyota ʸǤؤ꤬ȤǤ®ɤǤߤޤ
ʸμݤǤToyota (118) ƬꡤʸƤʸϤѤޤ
Our main question is about how the distinction between mass and count nouns evolved. Earlier English surprisingly has a relatively poor counting system, the distinction between count and mass nouns not being clear. This poor distinction in earlier English has developed into a new systems of considering certain referents as mass nouns, and these referents came to be counted differently from those considered as count nouns. There are various changes involved in this development, and it is possible that factors like language contact caused the change. This view is challenged, asking whether other possibilities, such as a change in human cognition and the world-view of speakers, also affected this development.
ƱʸˤСűѸ줫ѸޤǤϡĻ (countability) ˴ؤ̤ΤˤϤʤäȤȤǤʤμΤ褦ʤΤϤäΤǤˡϡĻζ̤ĤƤʤäȹͤĸħηѾ¸ȹͤƤ褵Ǥ
ȤѸ줫顤Ȥ櫓ѸˤơǡȤƸ̤Ļζ̤Ĥ褦ˤʤäƤޤطʤˤϡǤ˲Ļζ̤Ƥƥե줫αƶͤޤǤŪûΤʶ̤¤ʬˤǤޤǡܿˤ꿨ȯ줿ǽǧĤĤ⡤ȯŪ˱ѸˤѡסʼˤС̾ʬפۤɤǤ礦ˤѲΤǤϤʤ Toyota Ƥޤ
Helsinki Corpus ˤиŪĴȤܤͤޤȤΩƤ줿ѡפѲ¾ڤˤϥꥢʤФʤʤ꤬ޤ¿褦˻פޤǤ⡤ؤ䤹ŪʻߤȤɤळȤǤޤ⡤˴ؿͯƤޤ
Toyota, Junichi. "When the Mass Was Counted: English as Classifier and Non-Classifier Language." SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 6.1 (2009): 118--30. Available online at http://www.skase.sk/Volumes/JTL13/pdf_doc/07.pdf .
ε#4649. Ļ̾ԲĻ̾ζ̤Ϥޤ줿Τ ([2022-01-18-1]) ȴϢơر̣äƤ줿ΤǡǹͤƤߤ
̾̾ԲĻ̾Ȥ괧 a(n) ʤƻǽˤ϶Ӥӡ괧ȼȤȤ롥С"Ours was a very happy marriage." "The book was a great success." Τ褦ʥǤ롥
ƻȼäƤ⸶§Ȥ괧ʤִǤ̾פ⤢롥ڤƤ줿إʸˡ (93) ȤƤߤȡθ줬ƤΤ good advice, remarkable progress, bitter weather ʤɤ괧ϼʤ
advice, applause, behavior, conduct, damage, fun, harm, homework, information, luck, music, news, nonsense, progress, weather, wisdom, work
դˤϹŪܤȤ褦Quirk et al. ʡ5.59ˤˤȡ괧줬դʸ3ĵƤ롥
Mavis had a good education.
My son suffers from a strange dislike of mathematics. <ironic>
She played the oboe with (a) remarkable sensitivity.
Τ褦ʥ괧줬դϤϤäꤷƤ餺ޤǼΤ褦ʾˤդ䤹ȤˤŦǤˤȤɤޤ롥
(i) the noun refers to a quality or other abstraction which is attributed to a person;
(ii) the noun is premodified and/or postmodified; and, generally speaking, the greater the amount of modification, the greater the acceptability of a/an.
ɸ꤬Ǥ뤳ȤʬäƤ
ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
̾βĻ (countability) ϸѸˤפܥ֥ǤޤȤ˰äȤʤäȤ˵Ť#4335. ̾βʬ ([2021-03-10-1])#4214. ʣ (1) ([2020-11-09-1])#4215. ʣ (2) ([2020-11-10-1])#2808. Jackendoff γǰ̣ ([2017-01-03-1]) դǴŪ˿Ƥ٤Ǥ롥伫ȡˤĤŪ˸äȤʤäȤȤ⤢롥
ܸüԤȤƱѸؤǤơʤñԲĻ̾ʤΤȵȤϰ٤٤ǤϤʤ˵ñϡΤޤ줽ǤƱѸǤϿȤȤˤʤäƤꡤ˿ˤϤñ̤ɽ魯Ļ̾Ѥɽ˥ѥե졼ʤФʤʤ㤨 Quirk et al. ʡ5.9ˤˤȼ̤ꡥ
| NONCOUNT NOUN | COUNT EQUIVALENT |
| This is important information | a piece/bit/word of information |
| Have you any news? | a piece/a bit/an item of good news |
| a lot of abuse | a term/word of abuse |
| some good advice | a piece/word of good advice |
| warm applause | a round of applause |
| How's business? | a piece/bit of business |
| There is evidence that . . . | a piece of evidence |
| expensive furniture | a piece/an article/a suite of furniture |
| The interest is only 5 percent. | a (low) rate of interest |
| What (bad/good) luck! | a piece of (bad/good) luck |
̡̾ȤΤԲĻ̾Ǥ English, French, Japanese Τ褦̵Ѥ롥ˤƤؤˤƤ⡤ƸΤʤ͡ѼˤȤȤϾQŪΤƤꡤƻ American English, Old French, written Japanese ʤɤȤɽ뤳ȤϰۤλȤʤäƤ롥ǫ˥ѥե졼ʤ an American variety of English, an ancient variety of French, a written variety of Japanese ʤɤȤʤǫʥե졼顤 variety of άΤ American English, Old French, written Japanese ʤɤɽȤʤäƤȹͤ롥
Τ褦ˡޤɽΥ硼ȥåȤȤȤ館ΤǤСʾ;Ϥʤ⤷ʤصξάɽˤʤEnglishes Τ褦ɽϡƤȯۤξˤȿǤ褦ȤȤˡ롥¤ Englishes ȤʣݥȤʤΤǤϤʤan English ȤŪñפʥݥȤʤΤǤ롥פ English βĻ̾첽Τ
American English British English 碌 two Englishes ɽǤ褦ˤʤäطʤˤϡ͡αѸѤž롥ޤǤ two varieties of English ȤϤǤ櫓ǡ varieties of ʤ two Englishes ȤɽäȤȤñ˷ѲȤƺѤޤǤϤʤǧѲؤäƤΤѸĻ̾ȲᤷʤȤΥѥȤ礭
OED English, adj. (and adv.) and n. II. 2. d ˤȡEnglish βĻ̾ȤƤν1910ǯ H. L. Mencken Ǥ롥ιƸ褦
d. As a count noun: a variety of English used in a particular context or (now esp.) a certain region of the world; (in plural) regional varieties of English considered together, often in contradistinction to the concept of English as a language with a single standard or correct form.
1910 H. L. Mencken in Evening Sun (Baltimore) 10 Oct. 6/8 (heading) The two Englishes.
1941 W. Barkley (title) Two Englishes; being some account of the differences between the spoken and the written English languages.
1964 Eng. Stud. 45 21 Many people side-step the recognition of a plurality of Englishes by such judgments as: 'Oh, that's not English, that's American.'
1978 J. Pride Communicative Needs in Learning & Use of Eng. 1 The role of literature in non-native Englishes may be focal.
1984 Eng. World-wide 5 248 An overview of some aspects of various Englishes suggesting areas of possible research.
2000 Independent (Nexis) 28 June 11 It was one of the first places to be settled in the Plantations; there's an English spoken there that's unique.
㤬ꥫѸ˴ؤ̾ The American Language 路㡼ʥꥹȡɾȤ H. L. Mencken ȤΤʤäꥫѸȥꥹѸ̤ΤȸƤ Mencken αѸѤ˾Ȥ餻Сब The two Englishes ɽȤϤޤäԻĤǤϤʤ鼪ä
OED ʸӤΥϤ뤫⤷ʤؽѻ俷ʹȤΥǥΰѤ¿褦˸롥English βĻ̾ȤƤˡѸ츦ȤؽŪʸ̮ǻȤϤ졤줬İ̤ˤäƤȤɤ뤳ȤǤ
Englishes Τ褦ʣѤ롤ȤѸѤѲμ郎Ƥ顤100;ǯ¿ʤȤΤƤΤΡޤȤƳؽѤʬѤˤʤüˡȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ɤդƤΤäƤ
ε ([2020-11-09-1]) ˰³ʣ (intensive_plural) ˤĤơѸ Quirk et al. ʤɤˤϼ夲Ƥ餺ɤܤγعʸˡdz̤˸ڤΤΤ褦ǡƤŵ Kruisinga դΤ褦ȤƤڡ°ԡˤμŵꡤƱѤ (739--40) εμݤ֤Ȥˤʤ뤬餺
intensive plural ʶʣʷˡˡ̣Ĵ뤿ѤʣΤȡ̸ (mass word) ˸ʣǡʣθʪȤ̣ϴޤޤʸ¿롥ʪɽ̾ξ٤ζȤɽʪɽ̾ξϹꡦѡϢ³ʤɤɽ: the sands of Sahara---[Kruisinga, Handbook] / the waters of the Nile---[Ibid.] / The moon was already in the heavens.---[Zandvoort, 19757] ʷϤǤ˶ǵƤ / I have my doubts.---[Ibid.] ʻϵǰƤ / I have fears that I may cease to be Before my pen has glean'd my teeming brain---J. Keats ʻΥڥդФλפƤޤ˻ǤޤΤǤϤʤȶƤ / pure and clear As are the frosty skies---A Tennyson ƤĤΤ褦ʡ / Mrs. Payson's face broke into smiles of pleasure.---M. Schorer ʥڥͤϵޤ˴̤Ȥʤä / To think is to be full of sorrow And leaden-eyed despairs---J. Keats ʹͤ뤳Ȥᤷߤȳ赤Τʤܤ˾뤳ȡ / His hopes to see his own And pace the sacred old familiar fields, Not yet had perished---A. Tennyson ʲ²˲ʤĤζοϤƧ⤦Ȥ˾ߤϤޤääƤʤä / All the air is blind With rosy foam and pelting blossom and mists of driving vermeil-rain.---G. M. Hopkins ʰ̤絤Ф鿧ˢȷ㤷֤ȼĤĤ뿧αΤǴ⤯ۤɤˤʤ / The cry that streams out into the indifferent spaces, And never stops or slackens---W. H. Auden øʶ֤ήФƤäơ䤨⤷ʤߤ⤷ʤ㤭ˡ
ƱͤˡжԡˤμŵꡤLatinism ιफϢʬ (477) Ѥ롥
(3) ̾ʣѤɽˡ
붯ʣ (Intensive Plural) ΰǤ뤬Ȥ˥ƥɽˡ路16ȾκȤʸϤ¿졤αƶǸǤʸŪʤŪˡȤưݻƤ롥ȤСĤ˸褦 hopes, fears ϡVirgil (70--19 B.C.) Ovid (43 B.C.--A.D. 17?) ˸ƥ amōrēs [L amor love ʣ], metūs [L metus fear ʣ] ˤʤäΤȤߤʤ롥Like a young Squire, in loues and lusty-hed His wanton dayes that ever loosely led, . . . ȵ⤭ȤĤƢʤ㤤ԤΤ褦ʡġ---E. Spenser, Faerie Qveene I. ii. 3 / I will go further then I meant, to plucke all feares out of you. ͽʾΤȤơʤοۤ줤ˤ̤äƾ夲褦---Sh, Meas. for M. IV. ii. 206--7 / My hopes do shape him for the Governor. ʤɤ餽οͤϤ羭ȸ---Id, Oth. II. i. 55.
ۤۤƥΥȥåȤϡ줬ͥɤήԤ;ḽѸȤή졥ޤݤ߹롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.
ͺ° ̭ԡˡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
Ѹʤ䤽¾θˤˤ̾ʣ (plural) Ȥϲ˰Ū˸ˤ (number) Ȥʸˡƥ (category) ȤϲȤΤθˤ饤ե1ĤǤ롥δ顤ԻĤǤ⤷ʤȻפäƤΤɸʣ (intensive_plural) ȤݤʲŰʸˡ٤ꡥ
ޤ̾ -s ʣȤʤϤݳǰɽ魯̾ʡǥեȤԲĻ̾ˤդȼäƶʣȤ롥ξ硤̣Ūˤϡ١פζɽ魯ȤäƤ褤
It is a thousand pities that you don't know it.
She was rooted to the spot with terrors.
Τ褦ϡԲĻ̾줬Ū˲Ļ̾첽ʣƶդȤ֤ٴΤȹͤ롥ĻԲĻζ̤ñʣζ̤⤿ʤܸθѤǤʤνŪʡֵפǤ롥֤ɽ魯̾Ȥ despairs, doubts, ecstasies, fears, hopes, rages ʤɤ롥
嵭Ȥϰۤʤꡤ¿쾯ʤŪʥΤؼ̾ǤϤ뤬̾ԲĻ̾ȤưΤϢ³סֹסֽѡפȤˤ붯դ -s Ȥ롥
We had gray skies throughout our vacation.
They walked on across the burning sands of the desert.
Where are the snows of last year?
ۤˤ⡤ݸݤ˴ϢΤ¿clouds, fogs, heavens, mists, rains, waters ʤɤ㤬ߤ롥
ֶʣ (intensive plural) Ȥä֤ä̾ΤĤƤ뤬thanks ʤ꤬Ȥˡacknowledgements ʼռˡmillions of people ʲɴο͡ˤʤɡȶʱѸɽˤ⤤Ǥ⤢ꤽѸˤ̾βĻԲĻζ̤ȤΤ⡤ŪʤΤǤϤʤȹͤǤ롥
ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ
ε#3051. less + ʣ̾פϥᡩ ([2017-09-03-1]) ǡless + ʣ̾פŤѤƤȤ˿줿ŤˡǤȤŪ¤ϡˡϤΰæȤƱ줿ݼɤˤȤäơޤΤ褦ݼɤйƸѤˤ봲Ƥ⤯ԤˤȤäơɤΤ褦ʰ̣ĤΤ
Τ褦ˡΤ餢ä鸽ߤǤǧ٤ȤˤϤϤʤȾʬϤ˸ؤ̤Ƥꡤ˸줷Ƥ뤫Τ褦ˤߤơȾʬϤषѲǧƤ뤫Τ褦ʸǤ뤫ѲȤ˸ؤθȤ⤤٤ΤƤʤΤϡä麣Ǥ٤ס뤤ϵդˡΤϡǤʤä麣Ǥ٤ǤϤʤפȤΤϡݼȤ̵ѲȸƤ֤٤
֤Τ褦ˡΤ餢äפȤŪ¤Ŧ뤳ȤΰյϡߤФиѤȤȽˤ餵Ƥ֤Τ褦ˡפԤʤƤͳͤƤˤ롥ƤθѤȤΤϡüԤդ̵ܤΤȤ줿ꡤϽηǡθǤȤ롥ʤȤָΡüԤˤΤߤΤ褦ȤΤϡΤ褦ˡϸŤ餢äΤ顥ºݡˡŪĹϢʤ³ƤȤȤϡˡդ̵ܤθǤȤϡषʸѤθƤȹͤۤǤꡤߤθݤФ븫ƹͤ뵡ƤΤǤ롥
less + ʣ̾פΥǤС㤨СֺǶμԤϡĻ̾ԲĻ̾ζ̤狼äƤפȤꤽ¤ϤѤƤΤϡֺǶμԡפˤ餺Τ͡פ̤˻ȤäƤȻŦ뤳ȤǤ롥ΤȤϡǶμԤȤäƤ褤ΤȤͳˤäˤʤʤʤȤĻ̾ԲĻ̾ζ̤ʤ¸ߤΤζ̤Τ餢äΤζ̤¾δϢɽˤƤΤˤĤƤΤʤΤʤɡ̼δؿƤӳФޤƤ롥Τ褦ʾʬǺƤӷˡäƤСäȰۤʤ饳ȤǤ褦ˤʤäƤ
εʸˡǤϡ§Ȥơless + ʣ̾פǧʤȤȤˤʤäƤ롥less men, less things ϤФʹ뤬ѤǤꡤfewer men, fewer things ȸ٤Ǥ⤫롥
(no) less than Τ褦ʴŪʸ̮ǤϡĻ̾ʣ³ƤƤ뤳Ȥ롥Ȥ櫓֤ۤؤˤϡ٤⤤㤨СIt is less than seventy miles to London., It costs less than £50. ʤɤϡʤȤȤʲĻ̾Ūʡ˿ȤԲĻ̾Ūʡ̤Ȼפ뤬θ§ʤ⡤ˤϴѤ뤳ȤΤǤʤʸˡΥɥۥåʤTimes 1991ǯ Indira Gandhi supported sterilisation in the belief that fewer children meant less poverty. Ȥ§äʸڤ뤬§ζˤߤȤơʤɤϤष̣ȴ롥
ƤΤ褦ʥɥۥåΤ뵬ʸˡιܤϡˤ̤äƤߤȤ⤷Ƥꡤless Ļ̾ʣȶϸűѸ줫ǧ롥Ϥꡤ18εʸˡơless + ʣ̾פ줬εŪˡ˿ĤƤȤäƴְ㤤ʤ
Fowler less ιˡŪ⤬롥ͭѤʤΤǡѤƤ
Historical note. The account given above . . . is an attempt to describe current attitudes towards the use of less and fewer. It should be borne in mind, however, that there is ample historical warrant for the type less roads, less people, etc. Such uses originate 'from the OE construction of lǽs adv. (quasi-sb.) with a partitive genitive' (OED). In OE, lǽs worda meant literally 'less of words'. When the genitive plural case vanished at the end of the OE period the type less words took its place, and this type has been employed ever since: e.g. there are few Vniuersities that haue lesse faultes than Oxford---Lyly, 1579. Hostility to the use emerged in the 18C., but 'folk memory' of the medieval type has ensured that there has been no break in the use of the type which I have branded as 'incorrect'. It is of interest to set down the way in which the problem of less and fewer is presented in CGEL, the standard descriptive grammar of current English (§5.24): . . . 'There is a tendency to use less (instead of fewer) and least (instead of fewest) also with count nouns: You've made less mistakes than last time. This usage is however often condemned. No less than is more generally accepted: No less than fifty people were killed in the accident.'
#624. ѸʸˡѲΰ ([2011-01-11-1]) ȡ#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1]) Ǥϡless + ʣ̾פѲ1ȤƵѲȤäƤ⡤嵭Τ褦˸ŤϢʤȤѤƤȤͤȡ٤ѰѲȤȤ館٤ɸʸˡΰؤȿĤĤ븽ݤȤ̣ˤѲȤߤƤ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Ray Jackendoff Ƥ복ǰ̣ (conceptual semantics) ˤƤϡ̣ȤϿʹ֤ƬΤʤǥɲ¤Ǥ롥ʲθ "the Mentalist Postulate" ȸƤФƤ롥
Meaning in natural language is an information structure that is mentally encoded by human beings. (qtd. in Saeed 278)
Jackendoff ϡʸΰ̣ϹǤƸΰ̣ʤȹͤƤ뤿ᡤǰ̣Ǥϸΰ̣̤դʧ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥̾ΰ̣ʬϤ̤ơǰ̣ΰüƤߤ褦ʲSaeed (283--84) Ȥ롥
Jackendoff ϡ̾ΰ̣ħȤ [BOUNDED] [INTERNAL STRUCTURE] ƤƤ롥[BOUNDED] ϡŵŪˤϲĻ̾ (count noun) ȼ̾ (mass noun) ̤ΤѤ롥Ļ̾Τʶñ̤ؼ롥㤨Сa car a banana λؼоݤʪŪǤȤǤ줿ơΥΤϤϤ a car a banana ȤϸƤ٤ʤФơwater oxygen Τ褦ʼ̾ϡʣʬʬ䤷ȤƤ⡤ơʬ water oxygen ȸƤ³뤳ȤǤ롥äơĻ̾ [+b] Ȥơ̾ [-b] ȤƵҤ뤳ȤǤ롥
[INTERNAL STRUCTURE] ˤĤƸƤߤ褦Ļ̾ʣ㤨 cars bananas ϡ˹¤Ȥߤʤ[+i] ɽ魯Фơwater oxygen Τ褦ʼ̾¤ʤȤߤʤ[-i] Ȥʤ롥
2Ĥΰ̣ħ [BOUNDED], [INTERNAL STRUCTURE] ݤ碌ȡ4̤Ȥ߹碌Ǥơ4̤γơ̾줬¸ߤ뤳ȤԤ롥ºݡѸˤϤ줬롥Ƥߤ褦
[ Material Entity ]
individuals groups substances aggregates
(count nouns) (collective nouns) (mass nouns) (plural nouns)
[+b, -i] [+b, +i] [-b, -i] [-b, +i]
a banana, a government, water, bananas,
a car a committee oxygen cars
98դǷǼĤɸ˴ؤ䤬줿̤ˤϡ괧Τʤ few ϲĻ̾ˤĤơ֤ۤȤɤʤפŪʴްդäѤ졤괧դ a few ϡ־פȹŪʰ̣ͭȤ롥Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤܸˤʤ⡤ѱѼŵˤͤˤޤ褦˻פ롥㤨 OALD8 ˤСfew "used with plural nouns and a plural verb to mean 'not many'" Ȥꡤ a few "used with plural nouns and a plural verb to mean 'a small number', 'some'" Ȥ롥Ĥޤꡤfew many ꡦеȤƤΰ֤Ťa few some ƱȤƤΰ֤ŤǤ롥 few Ū˷a few ϹŪ˷ȤȯΤȹͤ롥
ˤ̤äƤߤ褦few ȤϡűѸ fēawa, fēawe, fēa ʤɤηǡ§ȤʣηƻȤơʤޤ̾Ūˤ̤ѤƤΰ̣Ϥޤ many ¿; OE maniġˤеȤƤΡ־ʤפǤꡤѸ괧ʤ few ƱǤ롥
a few ɽˤĤƤϡűѸǤ괧̤ȯãäˡ⤽ΩƤʤäĤޤꡤΤ褦 few a few ΩϤޤ¸ߤƤʤäΤǤ롥Ѹꡤ괧줬ȯãƤȡ褦䤯 "a small number of" ۤɤΰ̣ a few Ƥ롥OED Ǥν1297ǯ "1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (1724) 18 Þe kyng with a fewe men hym~self flew at þe laste." Ƥ롥
ϡʤΤ褦ʰ̣ζ̤ȤȤǤ롥 few ˤĤƤϡűѸ many еȤơĤޤ "not many" ȤƤΰ֤ŤʹߡߤޤϢʤȼѤ줿ȹͤФ褤a few ˤĤƤϡ괧Ūʡ֡ʹŪ¸ߡפδްդ few դä줿ȹͤΤǤϤʤ#86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ괧 a(n) εϿ ān (one) Ǥ롥ơθ꼭 ne ղääΤnān (< ne + ān) Ǥꡤ줬 none ˤ no ؤȯã롥Ĥޤꡤ괧 a(n) ϡȤƤ1ѶŪ˼Ȥϡ no ֤Ȥǡ¸ߤδްդ
ʾޤȤȡfew ΤΤ many Ȥư֤Ť졤ȤŪʴްդäƤ뤬a ղä줿 a few 괧ΤĹꡦ¸ߤδްդӤӤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤȤǤϤʤƱȤϡԲĻ̤̾ɽ魯 little a little ˤĤƤ롥Ԥ much ȤơԤϤ a դȤǹŪʴްդĤȤˤʤäȹͤ롥
ͤޤǤ OED few, adj. 1Ƥ
1. Not many; amounting to a small number. Often preceded by but, full, so, too, very, well.
Without prefixed word, few usually implies antithesis with 'many', while in a few, some few the antithesis is with 'none at all'. Cf. 'few, or perhaps none', 'a few, or perhaps many'.
Trudgill (94--95) ˤȡ (Traditional Dialects)Ūˤϡ#1029. England θѸʬ (1) ([2012-02-20-1]) Ǽ Western Southwest, Northern Southwest, Eastern Southwest Ǥϡ¾ѼˤϤߤʤäʿ;̾ˡ롥̵ʪؼΤɸѼǤϿ;̾ it Ѥ뤬ǤϤ̵ʪɽ魯ΤĻ̾ (countable noun) Ǥ he ԲĻ̾ (uncountable noun or mass noun) Ǥ it ѤΤ§ȤʤäƤ롥ĻԲĻȤʸˡƥ˴Ťƿ;̾ȤʬȤǤϡʸˡ (grammatical gender) ƤȤͤ뤫⤷ʤ
㤨С "He's a good hammer." ȤȤhe ϤؤΤǤϤʤޤDzĻ̾Ǥ̵ʪؤɸѼǤ it ѤȤˡޤloaf ϲĻ̾Ǥ뤫顤"Pass the loaf --- he's over there." Τ褦 he Ǽ롥bread ԲĻ̾Ǥ뤫顤"I likes this bread --- it's very tasty." Τ褦 it Ѥ롥 Dorset ˤơhe ľβĻ̾ dress ؤ (Trudgill 95 Ʒ)
Zo I 'ad me 'air done, Lor' what a game!
I thought me 'ead were on vire.
But 'twas worth it, mind, I looked quite zmart ---
I even got a glance vrom the Squire.
I got out me best dress, but he were tight,
Zo I bought meself a corset.
Lor', I never thought I'd breathe agin,
But I looked zo zlim 'twas worth it.
Ļ̾ԲĻ̾ζ̤ɸѼǤǧʸˡƥǤϴ괧줬դ뤫ˡŪʣθդ뤫ˡ¡ʿ̤礭ɽ魯Τ many much ˤʤɤˤƶƤðۤʤΤϡƱʸˡƥ˲äƿ;̾ˤͿȤˤƤǤ롥ǤϡƱƥʸˡؤߤٹ礤¾Ѽ⤤äȤȤˤʤ롥
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
Biber et al. (Section 4.5.6 [pp. 291--22]) ˡ̾ñʣ٤˴ؤ뵭Ҥ롥Ѹˤ绨ĤʬۤǤϤ뤬LSWE Corpus 500쥵֥ѥѤǤͤʤΤǻͤޤǤ˥⤷Ƥޤƥ֥ѥ100˴ƤΥդκƸʿͥǡͿƤʤäΤǥդ鳵ɤäƤκƸˡ

(1) conversation transcription (CONV), fiction text (FICT), newspaper text (NEWS), academic text (ACAD) 4֥ѥ֤κ㤷
- §ȤʣȤʤԲĻ̾ޤƤȤϤ٤ƤΥ֥ѥñʣ٤⤤
- äǤñ٤Ū⤤
- դǤäդʣ٤3--4ܤ⤤
(2) ġ̾Ǥߤȡ¿̾줬ñ뤤ʣΤ줫ؤζФ
(3) 㤨С̾75%ʾγñȤ롥ex. car, god, government, grandmother, head, house, theory.
(4) 㤨С̾75%ʾγʣȤ롥ex. grandchildren, parents, socks, circumstances, eyebrows, onlookers, employees, perks.
(1) ˴ؤơñŪ¿ȼΤϤޤäԻĤǤϤʤҤΤ褦ԲĻ̾ϸ§ȤñʤޤۤȤɤβĻ̾Ǥñ lemma ΤΤǤ뤷̵ɸη֤Ǥ⤢롥ۤˤϡγǰΩ硤㤨 hand in hand, from time to time ʤɤδɽˤƤϡñѤΤ̤Ǥ롥
(2)--(4) ˴ؤơ̾ˤäñʣؤФȤΤäʤ줾θ췲įС "the communicative needs of the language user" (291) ȿǤƤ뤳ȤϤäʬ̾Τʤ餻С֥ߥ˥ɬפñФꤽȤȤľ롥
ǤϡäñλѤ¿ȤΤϡɤ櫓Biber et al. (291--92) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
In general, the high frequency of singular nouns in conversation probably follows from the concern of speakers with individuals: a person, a thing, an event. Writers of academic prose, on the other hand, are more preoccupied with generalizations that are valid more widely (for people, things, events, etc.). This same tendency applies not only to nouns, but also to determiners and pronouns (4.4.3.1, 4.12.1, 4.14.1, 4.15.2.1).
ѥΤȤƤϡʣϰ̾2٤ʤȤˤʤ롥ʣθȤʤĤޤʣʤ٤¿ʤФʤʤ˻ˤȤäƤϡʤʤͤʤ
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
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