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gender - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-29 20:50

2026-06-21 Sun

#6264. űѸ̾ޤη̤Ψ [oe][inflection][gender][paradigm][frequency][statistics]

#6250. ʤűѸʸˡ̾ޤ֤ stan ʤΤ (2) ([2026-06-07-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤإᥤȤ ykagata 󤬡֡θűѸ̾ɽ stn ǻϤޤܡϤޤʤܡƤ롥 Smith (66) ѤƤ롥ʲ˺ƷǤ褦

OE nouns can be classified into five groups, or declensions. In decreasing order of frequency of occurrence in OE, these declensions are:

(1) General Masculine Declension
(2) General Feminine Declension
(3) General Neuter Declension
(4) the -an Declension
(5) Irregular Declensions


ǡ̾ޤηˤĤŪ̻Ūʥ٥ѤŪŪʥ٥ѤƤ뤳Ȥykagata Ͼ޻Ƥ롥
(1) (5) ٤ι⤤¤٤ƤȤȤΡ١פΥϤɤƤΤ餯ˤǤϤʤűѸŪQuirk and Wrenn (20) ε󤲤ƤΨʤ뤤Ϥ餫Υˤ˰͵򤷤ƤΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥οͤɽǤޤȤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤͽ̤ۤꡤŪ̻Ūʥ٥뤬ѤƤաˡ

Noun Class Value
masculine a-stems 0.36
masculine n-stems and minor declension 0.09
feminine o-stems 0.25
feminine n-stems and minor declension 0.05
neuter a-stems 0.25
neuter n-stems insignificant


1ĵˤʤΤϡ Qurik and Wrenn οͤ˴ŤƤΤƱƤʤȤȡ٤ǤϤʤ٤ǿƤꤵ뤬¸θűѸ켭űѸʸˡΥå꡼ʤɤðǰĴ٤Τ

Smith, Jeremy J. Essentials of Early English. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2005.
Quirk, Randolph. and C. L. Wrenn. An Old English Grammar. 2nd ed. London: Methuen, 1957.

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2026-06-07 Sun

#6250. ʤűѸʸˡ̾ޤ֤ stan ʤΤ (2) [oe][inflection][gender][case][paradigm][comparative_linguistics][nazesantangen]

ε ([2026-06-06-1]) ³ɸ夲롥ȤΤ⡤إᥤȤ ykagata 󤬡Ȥ note ǺεȿäƤΤ֡θűѸ̾ɽ stān ǻϤޤܡϤޤʤܡ졤űѸʸˡतʣĴơ̾ޤιܤѲ a-stem ̾ stān "stone" ǻϤޤʤΤ⻶뤳ȤŦƤ롥ǤϲǻϤ뤫ȤСѲ n-stem ̾ nama "name" ȤΤȤ
nama 礹ϳΤˤ롥nama - naman - naman - naman; naman - naman - namena - namum ¤ֶɽϡstān - stān - stānes - stāne - stānas - stānas - stāna - stānum Ʊ餤ˡž˺ݤƸϤ褤ޤּѲפȤäƸѲΤǡȤƤôڤstān ǤĤޤؼԤȤƤ⡤nama 餤ʤƧߤȤɤޤ뤫⤷ʤޤnama ɽѲɽϡμѲɽȤۤƱʤΤǡDZѤؽΨɤ
ʸѸ٤СȤâդǡˡֶŪʸפɸ֤űѸɽȤơѲ¤ϼʼѲ̾äƤȤϥϤ롥ޤѸ˻ĤäƤѲκפޤ̾ǡϼǤ롥oxen, children, brethren -en 򻲾ȤƤȤΤؤλǤ롥εդ­Ȼפ뤬stān ζޤϡʣ -s ͭʤ -'s ͳ򶵤ƤȤ롥
̾ǻϤȤ褤ŪϤʤθűѸʸˡɼоݡηʤɡ͡ʥѥ᡼ȳơνŤդ衤űѸʸˡतǤäȤƤ⡤ӸؤѸʸؤȤƳؽŪʬѤǽ񤫤뤳Ȥ¿ästān ǤĤޤ褦ʽؼԤǽ餫ꤷƤʤäȤ򤷤Ƥ褤ѸˤűѸؤδؿ椬Ǥ⥸兩ȹäƤʤƻȤƤϹƤ˺षפɼоݡפƹͤƤߤΤȻפɤ̾ϤΤȤ䤤ϡޤ餺⸽Ū䤤ä
μȤ򤯤äӽ ykagata ˴դޤ
ʤ610ȯͽΡرѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ٤Ǥϡ11Ǥϡפ stān ɽǺܤƤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-06-21-1]

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2026-06-06 Sat

#6249. ʤűѸʸˡ̾ޤ֤ stan ʤΤ [oe][inflection][gender][case][paradigm][comparative_linguistics]

ӽʰءˤ X OE ̾ޤäƤʤγѲ̾ stān ФƤޤ͡ȤƤä
ΤˤΤȤűѸζʽ̾ޤΥǤϡۤɬ stān "stone" ǽζɽȤú¤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ʤΩƤ stān ʤΤʤСפȤ̣ñ줬ȥåץХåФƤΤˤϱѸ˶顦ؽƤȤ櫓ؽԤؤζŪθͳĤⱣƤ褦˻פ롥ʲǵƤߤ֤ʤפФͳΤΤȤ⡤ʤβȤäۤŬڤ⤷ʤ
1طʤȤơʸˡȤҷΤΤŪ󤲤롥ϸؤΰŪʷűѸʸˡ˸¤餺褽ʸˡȤˤϡǽ˺줿֤ηΤޤ޸ζʽؼѤ䤹Ȥ롥
˲äơӸؤζǤʥ꡼طƤ롥Ӹؤˤơޥ̾ޤ򵭽ҤݤˤϡäȤϤζѲ a-stem ̾ζޤϤΤŴ§ȤʤäƤ롥űѸ stān ϡޤˤ a-stem ̾1ĤǤ롥
a-stem ̾Τʤˤϡۤˤ¿ñ줬¸ߤ롥Τʤǡʤˤä stān ФΤȤСñ줬ζޤΤʤǤäȤ⥯ʤȹͤ롥֥ʤפΰ̣5ĤδͤƤߤ

(1) ɽΤʤǸ촴βθؤʤűѸ̾ˤϡñʣ뤤ϳʤΰ㤤ˤäƸ촴˴ޤޤ첻ҲؤΤʤʤȤ dæg "day" ñʷʣʷǤ dagas Ȥʤꡤæ a ؤȸؤ롥ޤ "mouth" þēof "thief" ʤɤθ촴̵໤ñʰʳǤϡֻˤϸʤΤΡͭ롥Фơstān ϡñʤʣͿʤ˻ޤǡ촴ֻȯ stān- Ȱɤ뤬ʤ
(2) 촴1Ǥ롥cyning "king" ʤɤ a-stem ̾ν׸2̾Ǥ뤿ᡤ˶޸Ĥ3Ȥʤȡžˤ⤿Ĥ촴ñ stān ϡ޸դäȤ⥯ꥢ˸뤷žˤꥺब褤
(3) ޤǤ˰̣ؼоݤѲۤȤɤʤűѸ stān ϸѸ stone бǯ⺣ܵѤ餺СפǤ롥Ʊ褦˥ΤʤñȤ hund 󤲤뤬Τ˶ɽȤƤǡɤԤäƤ褦ˤפ뤬Ǥϰ̣֡ʰŪʡ˸ (dog) ĸ (hound) ؤȶޤäƤ롥stn ˤϤΤ褦ʰ̣ѲΥΥʤ⤦1ĻפĤ bāt "boat" ϤʤʤͭϸǤꡤºݤ stān äƺѤƤ붵ʽ񤬤ä褦˻פʶŪʽ̾ϼǰˡ
(4) ֻγؽԤܤˤȤäư۾ǤϤʤȤ fisc "fish" Ȥñ˴ŪγؽԤ򸫤ȡ <sc> /ʃ/ ȯɽ魯ʤɡűѸֻͭ§βӶޤʤФʤʤʤ롥stn ǤС stone Ȥб첻ĹС˰Ǥ롥
(5) ̣ؼоݤ̵ʪ꤬ʤʸˡ§˳ؤʳˤƤϡñ줽ΤΤỊ̇Ṳ̄ʪȤƤʤɡˤϡȤʸˡ (gender) ȺƱƳؽμȤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤫⤷ʤ̵ʪΡСפǤСʾʤ꤬ۤʤ⸽ߤ⡤ä˼ҲӤӤƤñǤʤ

ƾʤǤȡstān ȤñϡűѸʸˡ礹ؽԤˤȤäơäȤǡ볦ꥢ­ȤƵǽƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥̣ǤõʤСפȥåץХå̳Ƥظˤϡ嵭ǤζŪηäŽ̤Ƥ褦˻פ롥
ʤߤˡǯ2˿줿90ǯʾˤͭŪʽظűѸ졦ѸǤ⡤ stān ȥåץХåȤƷפƤ뤳ȤդäƤ

Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-06-07-1]

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2026-01-15 Thu

#6107. Ѹˤؤη [gender][me][personification][mond][toponymy][personification][mond]


mond_20260113.png



μͭץåȥե mond ˤơʱѸ she Ǽ봷˴ؤ˲ޤ̤ˡѸˤ̾̾εͲϡѸ˥ե󥹸ƥʸˡʤӤտ魯ʸŪˤαƶ夷ΤȹͤޤűѸʸˡľܷѾ줿櫓ǤϤʤʸˡˡνŪȤƺƹۤ줿ָդפǤȤǤ
Ǥϡ̾ƥ -ia ʽ̾ˤαƶǽ䤹äȤʤɤ˿ޤǡѸεŪͿμ֤ϤۤñǤϤʤäȤˤڤޤֹ̾̾˽Ϳ륱ϳΤΩޤͿ⻶ޤפȽҤ٤ȤǤ
μĥκȤơMustanoja (51) εҤޤ"Trend Towards Masculine Gender" ꤹǡѸˤߤԻ׵ĤʸݤҲ𤵤Ƥޤʲ˥եǰѤޤ

TREND TOWARDS MASCULINE GENDER. --- A feature which seems to be peculiar to the ME development is a tendency of nouns to assume the masculine gender. Not very much is known about this phenomenon, except that it seems to be at work in a large number of ME nouns, native or borrowed from other languages, with concrete or abstract meanings, which tend to assume the masculine gender without any apparent reason and often in contrast to the gender of the corresponding nouns in Latin and French. The fact, for example, that earth (OE feminine) is usually treated as a masculine in ME has been assigned to this peculiar trend towards the masculine gender. This trend has also been thought to account for the occasional use of nature and youth (OE geoguþ, fem.) as masculines. As pointed out above (p. 48), church is often feminine in ME; its occasional use as a masculine noun has also been ascribed to the general tendency of nouns towards the masculine gender. Geographical names are normally neuter, but Robert of Gloucester occasionally treats them as masculines: --- Engelond his a wel god lond; . . . þe see geþ him al aboute, he stond as in an yle (3); --- þe Deneis vor wraþþe þo asailede vaste þen toun and wonne him (RGlouc. 6050; a number of MSS read þe toun and hit). Examples of this kind could be multiplied many times over. It is possible that in several cases of this kind the masculine gender will be satisfactorily explained in some other way when enough evidence has accumulated to clarify its development; yet even if this should happen it can hardly be denied that a tendency towards the masculine gender exists in ME.


Mustanoja ˤСѸˤ̾̾ȤưȼηäȤȤǤθݤξܺ٤ϤޤƤʤ褦Ǥ줫Ѹ줫뤤϶Ụ̄Ụ̄˴ؤ餺¿̾ˤơΤͳʤ㤬ȤΤǤ⡤бƥե󥹸̾줬Ǥ䡤űѸǽǤäǤ⡤ѸǤȤư뤳ȤȤ顤츫ȥƤ뤫Τ褦˻פޤ
Mustanoja ϡλΤĤϾṲ̄ͳĤ⤷ʤȿŤ˽Ҥ٤ʤ⡤Ѹˡؤηפ¸ߤȼΤꤷȷǤޤ
鼨ΤϡѸˤƤʸˡȡ³䵼ˡؤΰܹԴˤơͿϰճɤưƤ褦ȤȤǤ
ѸˤǤϡ㳰Ȥդ줬ʻˤѲΥʥߥǤ뤳Ȥޤ she ǼȤ̾ʻ΢ǡ̤Τ⤷㤬ҤäȱƤȤȤõƤƤ褤Ǥ͡

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960. 88--92.

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2024-12-07 Sat

#5703. ̸Ūˤߤ̾쥫ƥ꡼ [noun][category][gender][classifier][typology]

¿θǡ̾ˤޤĤʸˡƥ꡼ (category) ¸ߤ롥ɤθǤ̾ο¿Τ򲿤餫δʬहȤȤ̸Ū˹ѻ롥Ǥʸˡ (gender) ŵŪ̾쥫ƥ꡼ǤꡤܸǤϽ줬Ȥʤ롥
θ̾쥫ƥ꡼෿Ȥ Genders and Classifiers: A Cross-Linguistic Typology 롥Aikhenvald (1) ϡƬ̾쥫ƥ꡼򼡤Τ褦ƳƤ롥

A noun may refer to a man, a woman, an animal, or an inanimate object of varied shape, size, and function, or have abstract reference. Noun categorization devices vary in their expression, and the contexts in which they occur. Large sets of numeral classifiers in South-East Asian languages occur with number words and quantifying expressions. Small highly grammaticalized noun classes and gender systems in Indo-European and African languages, and the languages of the Americas are expressed with agreement markers on adjectives, demonstratives, and also on the noun itself. Further means include noun classifiers, classifiers in possessive constructions, verbal classifiers, and two lesser-known types: locative and deictic classifiers.
   All noun categorization devices are based on the universal semantic parameters of humanness, animacy, sex, shape, form, consistency, orientation in space, and function. They may reflect the value of the object, and the speaker's attitude to it. Their meanings mirror socio-cultural parameters and beliefs, and may change if the society changes. Noun categorization devices offer a window into how speakers conceptualize the world they live in.


Τ褦˽Ҥ٤ǡAikhenvald (2--6) ϡ෿δ顤7̾쥫ƥ꡼μʤ󤲤Ƥ롥

I. Gender systems
II. Numeral classifiers
III. Noun classifiers
IV. Possessive classifiers
V. Verbal classifiers
VI. Locative classifiers
VII. Deictic classifiers


ĸʸˡ I ˡܸν줬 II °뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. "Noun Categorization Devices: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective." Chapter 1 of Genders and Classifiers: A Cross-Linguistic Typology. Ed. Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and Elena I. Mihas. Oxford: OUP, 2019.

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2024-10-01 Tue

#5636. 9ܡMond 10ε˲ޤ [mond][sobokunagimon][hel_education][notice][link][helkatsu][adjective][slang][derivation][demonym][perfect][grammaticalisation][h][word_order][syntax][final_e][subjectification][intersubjectification][personal_pronoun][gender]

mond_20240930.png



10ϤޤޤؤοشⳫϤޤΤǡơhel (helkatsu) ФƤȻפޤ9ܤˤϡμͭӥ Mond ˤ10αѸ˴ؤ˲ƤޤϡѸˤ˴ؤѤʵ (sobokunagimon) ˤȤɤޤ餺ʳ̤ʤɤ󤻤ޤΤ̤äƥ󥯤ĥꡤդޤ

(1) ʤѸˤϥݥƥ֤ʷƻ¿Τ˥ͥƥʷƻ줬ʤΡ
Ѹˤϥݥƥʷƻͥƥʷƻ˭٤ˤޤŪθҲŪװˤꡤŪʱѸؽǤϥݥƥʷƻ˿뵡¿ʤ뷹ꤽǤºݤθѡä˥󥰤ɽǤϡͥƥʷƻ¿¸ߤޤ

(2) ̾ȷƻδطˤĤơGermany German Τ褦˸ʪޤ
̱̾²̾̾ʤɤδطʣǡɤ餬ΤǤɤ餬줫ϾˤäưۤʤޤŪѲ伫Ρ¾Τΰ㤤ʤɤƶŪʷŦΤϺǤ

(3) ߴλ I have been to б븽߷ *I am to ʤΤϤʤ
have been to 18о줷Ūɽǡб븽߷ϸ¸ߤޤǤbe ưξֻ to ư԰פͳΰĤǤָߴλ׼Τʸˡ̤ȯŸƤޤ

(4) ɤޤʤƬʳ h ˤĤƤθˤϡ
h Ū2Ż2ǤȤƤh䡤<wh> бȯѸˤ /h/ ʬ۳ʤɡ͡ʴ鸦椬ʤƤޤh ԰ꤵѸȯֻȯŸ˴ͿƤܤǤ

(5) ˤֽħѲˤĤ
ˤäƸǤֽͭηꡤϸ硤ֹ¤¤ʤ͡¦̤˸ޤħŪʤΤǤϤʤŪѲ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤ㤨бѸ䥲ޥδܸ SOV SVO ؤĹ֤򤫤ѲƤޤ

(6) ʤ come some ˤ "magic e" Υ롼뤬ŬѤʤΡ
comesome ʤɤñϡ"magic e" Υ롼Ȥ̵طˤǤޤñֻϡ򸺤餷ɤߤ䤹뤿ˡޤ줿ΤǤѸֻˤ¿Υ롼뤬¸ߤ"magic e" ϤΤ1Ĥ˲᤮ޤ

(7) Let's ˤߤ us s ξάϤ롩ޤ̣Ѳͳϡ
us ξάȤƤ -'s ȤƤϡshall's shall us ޤäΡˤޤlet's ϷŪˤ us μ岽ޤޤǽŪˤϡֵĤΰפִͶפؤȯŸˡ֤ʤ¥׵ǽޤϸμѲּѲȤޤ

(8) ѸˤܸΡ~פΤ褦1;ΤܤɽϤ롩
Ѹˤ⸬ɽϤޤܸۤηŪǤϤޤ㤨 in my humble opinion my modest prediction ʤɤɽ¾εĤɽԤؼ the present author ʤɤɽޤθ䴷ɽˤȤɤޤꡤܸΤ褦ηŪԶɽƥ¸ߤޤ

(9) Ѹ˸Ԥܻؤ4ǯ
´ȸ˼ҲиѤǤر˿ʳؤ륭ꥢѥޤ󡥶鸽Ǥηиϸ˥ˡʻ⤿餹ǽޤԤˤʤ뤫ɤ԰¤¿οͤΤǤǤפʤΤϻ³ؿõ濴ʤǮǤ䥻ߥʡؤλä³ؤӤΥ١ݤäƤ

(10) Ѹο;̾ˤ̶ʬͳȿ̾βǽϡ
1;Ρ2;̾ϲäθ̤ȽǤǤ뤿ᶦŪǤ3;ñ̾ϲäθˤʤͤؤᡤŪ̾դƤǤǤ¿ؤǧ顤3;ñ̾줬ƤƤޤƤΤ singular they ǤܤǤ

ʾǤ10 Mond ꡤѸʻˡˤ˴ؤѤʵ򤪴󤻤

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-09-01 Sun

#5606. 8θȾMond 3Ѥʵ˲ޤ [mond][sobokunagimon][hel_education][notice][link][helkatsu][superlative][prefix][semantics][antonymy][gender]

mond_20240828.png



9Ϥޤޤ814ε#5588. Mond 5Ѥʵ˲ޤ ([2024-08-14-1]) θ塤8Ⱦμͭӥ Mond ˤ3Ѥʵ (sobokunagimon) 夲ޤǶΤΤ̤äƥ󥯤ĥޤ

(1) ǾѤɽǡamong Ǿפone of ǾפޤȤŬڤɽɤ٤Ǥ礦
(2) disprove dis- ϤɤΤ褦ʰ̣Ǥ礦
(3) 衼åѤθˤ̾̾ʤɤޤ̾뤳ȤϡؾɤΤ褦ʥåȤΤǤ礦

ⶽ̣Ǥޤ (1) ˤĤơܸǤϡֺǤʡפϸ§Ȥ1Ĥʤ򤵤뤿ᡤѸΡֺǤʤΤ1ġפȤɽ̣ʤ褯ƤĴˤǤɤͤФ褤ΤȤ䤤Ǥ⤫ĤȤΤǤΤǡ̤äƤߤޤ
(2) Ƭ dis- ¿ǤǽŪˤϡȿСפפȤäƤ͡Ǥ͡ȤʤΤǤԤ¡ʤռ졤⥿ޤ⤷Ȼפޤ
(3) ˤĤƤϡʸˡ (grammatical gender) ˴ؤǡMond Ǥ⤹Ǥ˲٤夲ƤȥԥåǤμϡָŪʵǽϲפȤƧ߹ΤäΤDzƻͤƤߤޤ
ּפΥϤϤ٤ʤΤʤȡ´ޤԤ٤ΡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפԤƤޤ

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2024-08-13 Tue

#5587. űѸ niht "night" ζ [oe][inflection][gender][case][paradigm]

Ѹ night бűѸñ niht Ǥ롥ϸűѸη֥ƥ꡼ȤƤѲ̾ʤΤѲ̾¿ɤȤϾۤʤ޷򼨤ɤΥ롼פ°̾ʤΤդɬפǤ롥
ŪˤС¿ɤǤñʤñгʤȤ٤ȤǡԤ -e դȤۤߤΤɤǤξԤ̵ƱȤʤΤǤ롥ޤɤǤϡʣʡгʤ -a 餺 -e ǰפ Ȥħ⤢롥
ɽ (paradigm) 󤲤ΤᤤޤѲ̾¿ɤ°2Ĥ̾졤û캬 ġiefu "gift" Ĺ캬 lār "teaching" ζɽ򼨤

 Sing.Pl.Sing.Pl.
N.ġief-uġief-a, -elārlār-a, -e
A.ġief-eġief-a, -elār-elār-a, -e
G.ġief-eġief-a, -enalār-elār-a, -ena
D.ġief-eġief-umlār-elār-um


niht Τ褦˾ɤ°Τϡ̤ζޤ򼨤

 Sing.Pl.
N.nihtniht-e
A.nihtniht-e
G.niht-eniht-a, -ena
D.niht-eniht-um


niht פνѲ̾¾˵󤲤ȡǣht "property", brȳd "bride", cwē "queen", cyst "virtue", dǣd "deed", fierd "army", hǣs "command", lyft "air", miht "power", nīed "need", tīd "tide", wēn "hope", wynn "oyj", wyrd "fate", wyrt "plant" ʤɤ롥
ʾ Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer §§17--18 򻲾Ȥ

Davis, Norman. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.

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2024-08-09 Fri

#5583. -ster ϤϤȤȤϽɽ魯äȹͤ롩 --- Fransson ȿ [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][by-name][occupational_term][suffix][etymology][word_formation][agentive_suffix][gender]

ϢεɽθᤰҲ𤷤Ƥ롥Ρ#5581. -ster ʬۤȵ ([2024-08-07-1])ӺΡ#5582. -ster Ͻɽ魯ǤϤʤä --- Jespersen ([2024-08-08-1]) ˰³ϽѸ (by-name) Ĵ Fransson ˤҲ𤷤Fransson ϡ-ster ȤȽɽ魯äȤȿ Jespersen ФäƺȿƤ롥
Fransson ԤʤäΤϼ̤ꡥޤĴоݤȤʤ塦̾ -ester η̡ӤӤ͡Τ77̾242̾Ƚ⤽̾˸˽ΨƱǤϤʤ̾˸ǽ⤺ä㤯ºݤ˽12:1κ򼨤Ȥˡ⤷̾ؤνи˽ƱǤäȲꤹȡ-ester λ79%ޤǤȤʤꡤ21%ˤȤɤޤ롥Ĥޤꡤ -ester Ͻ礭ФäƤȤߤʤ롥
ϰ躹⤢褦Saxon Ǥ -ester ϤȤ櫓ФäƤ뤬Anglia Ǥ⾯ʤʤǤ⡤ΤȤƤʤ餷ƤߤС-ester ȽӤĤƤȤȤϸǤ롥Fransson ϤޤǵȤǡٻŪʷ˻롥βսѤ褦 (44)

With regard to the nature of the suffix -ester some elucidation can be obtained from the significations of the present surnames, especially of those that occur most frequently. The most common of them are the following (ranged after frequency; the figure denotes the number of persons that have been found bearing the surname): Bakestere 63, Litester 60, Webbester 47, Brewstere 33, Huckestere 10, Heustere 9, Blextere 8, Kembestere 7, Deyster 7, Sheppestere 7, Bleykestere 6, Thakestere 5, Combestere 5, Dreyster 5. All the trades denoted by these names --- with the only exception of Thakestere --- are of such a character that they can very well be supposed to have originally been carried out only (or almost only) by women. I think, therefore, that we are entitled to conclude that the words in -ester were at first used only of women, and that the old and general theory holds true. This ending, however, was also applied to men in OE, but that this happened so often as it really did, may be due to the fact that women do not appear as frequently as men in the OE sources.


θ塤Fransson (45) ϡĴ̤줿ηϷŪʤΤǤϤʤǰ򲡤Ƥ롥

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-08-08 Thu

#5582. -ster Ͻɽ魯ǤϤʤä --- Jespersen [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][by-name][occupational_term][suffix][etymology][word_formation][agentive_suffix][gender]

ε#5581. -ster ʬۤȵ ([2024-08-07-1]) ˰³-ster εˤĤơȤȤϽɽ魯äȤФJespersen ϶ۤ򾧤¤10ڡˤ錄ȿʸ񤤤ƤΤ¿ˤ錄뤬Τ2ĤѤ롥

The transition of a special feminine ending to one used of men also is, so far as I can see, totally unexampled in all languages. Words denoting both sexes may in course of time be specialized so as to be used of one sex only, but not the other way. Can we imagine for instance, a word meaning originally a woman judging being adopted as an official name for a male judge? Yet, according to N.E.D., deemster or dempster, ME dēmestre, is 'in form fem. of demere, deemer.' Family names, too, would hardly be taken from names denoting women doing certain kinds of work: yet this is assumed for family names like Baxter, Brewster, Webster; their use as personal names is only natural under the supposition that they mean exactly the same as Baker, Brewer, Weaver or Web, i.e., some one whose business or occupation it is to bake, brew or weave. (420)


There is one thing about these formations which would make them very exceptional if the ordinary explanation were true: in all languages it seems to be the rule that in feminine derivatives of this kind, the feminine ending is added to some word which in itself means a male person, thus princess from prince, waitress from waiter, not waitress from the verb wait. But in the OE words -estre is not added to a masculine agent noun; we find, not hleaperestre, but hleapestre, not bæcerestre, but bæcestre, thus direct from the nominal or verbal root or stem. This fact is in exact accordance with the hypothesis that the words are just ordinary agent nouns, that is, primarily two-sex words. (422)


⤫ Jespersen ⤫ɤ餬ʤΤƤˤϡܺ٤ĴɬפȤʤ롥μ꤬Ū񤷤Τϡʸ̮ˤθĸλؼоݤȤäơθ˽ΰ̣ޤޤƤȸڤʤˤ롥ˤϤȤξΰ̣ޤޤƤꡤʸ̮ǤϤޤ޻ؼоݤäȤǤƤޤΤ
δ餤СʸΡֽפפؤƤ褤Ĥޤꡤʸ̮ˤθĸλؼоݤȤäơθΰ̣ޤޤƤȸڤʤȤΤϡˤϤȤξΰ̣ޤޤƤꡤʸ̮Ǥޤ޻ؼоݤäȤΤȤ⤷ʤ
¿λ򽸤ᡤλѤȡλؼоݤ˽ʬۤȤشطõȤäĴɬפºݤ Jespersen Ȥ⡤Τ褦ʼݤǻ󼨤ƤΤ̤­Ƥ褦˻פ롥

Jespersen, Otto. "A Supposed Feminine Ending." Linguistica. Copenhagen, 1933. 420--29.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-09-1]

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2024-08-07 Wed

#5581. -ster ʬۤȵ [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][by-name][occupational_term][suffix][etymology][word_formation][agentive_suffix][productivity][gender]

webster, baxter ʤɤο̾䡤spinster, youngster ʤɤο̾˸ (agentive_suffix) ˤĤơʲεǼ夲Ƥ

#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1])
#3791. ԰ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1])
#5520. -ester Ѹο̾١ ([2024-06-07-1])

Ѹο̾˸ -ster ʬۤõȡ󥰥ڤʬۤ뤬󥰥ꥢˤǹ٤ǤȤϰʬۤȤ碌ơ⤽εǤ뤫Ȥ褬ĤƵäߤͭϤˤĤƤϡ嵭βǼ夲Ƥ̤ Fransson ˤаޤɤǤߤ褦 (42)

   It is true that the surnames in -ester occur in the whole of England, but with regard to their frequency there is a distinct difference. The case is that they chiefly belong to the Anglian counties; most instances have been found in Nf (over 100 inst.), Li, Y, La, and St, but many also in Wo and Ess. In the WS counties (Sx, Ha, So) these surnames occur very seldom; thus I have only found 3 inst. in So, 5 in Ha, and 11 in Sx.
   We now come to the difficult question whether the suffix -ester is a feminine ending or not. There has been no difference of opinion about this until recently, when Jespersen propounded an entirely new theory (Linguistica 420--429). According to the general view, -ester was originally a special feminine ending, which, however, was later applied to men as well as to women. This transition from fem. to masc. is usually explained through the supposition that the work that was at first done only by women, was later performed by men, too, and that the fem. denominations were transferred on men at the same time.


ʤƤפ̾ʱѸ˸Ԥ Jespersen ˤäȽ졤⤬줿ΤȤ켫Τ1930ǯäʤΤΤ褦ϻˤȤä繥ʪǤ롥ǤϡJespersen οȤϡ

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Jespersen, Otto. "A Supposed Feminine Ending." Linguistica. Copenhagen, 1933. 420--29.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-09-1] [2024-08-08-1]

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2024-02-09 Fri

#5401. ʸˡˤĤ60ʬ֤ɼ¶ѤϤޤ [bchel][gender][oe][noun][category][voicy][heldio][notice][hel_education]


26ʲС˸4Ⱦ Voicy heldio ˤ#983. B&C42ʸˡפɼ¶ with 󤵤ȾϽؤǤϤޤBaugh and Cable ˤѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤ򸶽ɤ륷꡼ΰĤǤ̥ȤȤ󤵤ʳءˤϽؤʥեꥹرؤۤˤ򤪾ơɼ¶ѤȤƤϤޤ嵭ϡ̾ۿǥȤƸΤǤ60ʬ֤ĹǤҤ֤ΤȤˤİ
25ʷˤˤϡ hellog ǤͽԤȤʤ뵭#5397. ʸˡΡפͤ --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2024-02-05-1]) ޤεǤϺܤ42 "Grammatical Gender" θʸǺܤƤޤΤǡįʤ餪İФȻפޤϡѸˤˤ (gender) ܤפʵؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ
᡹ۿİƤäꥹʡ umisio 󤬡ޤȤΡȤäΥڡǸƤޤͽΤȤˤȤ


umisio note 2024028



heldio B&C αѸˤɤ륷꡼ΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ǤޤȤƤޤ264ᤢܤ42ˤ褦䤯ɤ夤ȤǤΤǡޤޤǤˤϸɤǤޤޤΤǡΥ饤ɥ꡼ˤäСޤʲΥƥꤷƤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2024-02-05 Mon

#5397. ʸˡΡפͤ --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ [bchel][gender][oe][noun][category][voicy][heldio][notice][hel_education][link]

ǯ7꽵12Υڡ Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤ򸶽ɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤΥ꡼ʤƤޤ1200ߤͭۿȤʤäƤޤ1ץ˴ؤƤϤĤǤİĤǤޤȤɤƥȤʤ̵ΰۿԤʤäƤޤޤǤΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˤޤȤƤޤΤǡǧ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



ޤǤ41򥫥СƤޤܲűѸ򰷤3ϤäƤޤ夲42 "Grammatical Gender" ϡűѸ̾˳ǧʸˡΡסʤʸˡ (gender) ܤޤʲƱΥƥȤǺܤƤޤʤǤܽꤷƤΤ٥ȤǤˡ

42. Grammatical Gender. As in Indo-European languages generally, the gender of Old English nouns is not dependent on considerations of sex. Although nouns designating males are often masculine, and those indicating females feminine, those indicating neuter objects are not necessarily neuter. Stān (stone) is masculine, and mōna (moon) is masculine, but sunne (sun) is feminine, as in German. In French, the corresponding words have just the opposite genders: pierre (stone) and lune (moon) are feminine, while soleil (sun) is masculine. Often the gender of Old English nouns is quite illogical. Words like mægden (girl), wīf (wife), bearn (child, son), and cild (child), which we should expect to be feminine or masculine, are in fact neuter, while wīfmann (woman) is masculine because the second element of the compound is masculine. The simplicity of Modern English gender has already been pointed out as one of the chief assets of the language. How so desirable a change was brought about will be shown later.


ʸˡ˴ؤ hellog Ǥ gender Υդ¿εǼ夲ƤޤΤʤä˽פʵؤΥ󥯤ʲĥäƤޤ

#25. űѸ̾(1) ([2009-05-23-1])
#26. űѸ̾(2) ([2009-05-24-1])
#28. űѸ˼Ϥʤä ([2009-05-26-1])
#487. ʰʸˡ ([2010-08-27-1])
#1135. ĸʸˡε ([2012-06-05-1])
#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1])
#3293. űѸ̾ ([2018-05-03-1])
#4039. ˤȤϥեǤ ([2020-05-18-1])
#4040. ָȿǤƤʹ֤ʬեפεåȡ ([2020-05-19-1])
#4182. ָפΥơޤι ([2020-10-08-1])

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-02-09-1]

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2023-06-23 Fri

#5170. 3;ñ̾Ūˡ [pronoun][number][personal_pronoun][gender][generic][indefinite_pronoun]

3;ñ̾դ٤ˡȤŪ (generic) ʻѤ롥Quirk et al. (6.20, 21, 56) 3󤲤褦

(1) he who . . . she who . . . Τ褦ʸȱɽʸŪ뤤ϸʶġʤߤˡ *it that . . . ʣ *they who . . . Ϥʤơ what . . . those who . . . Ѥ롥

He who hesitates is lost. ['The person who . . .'; a proverb]
She who must be obeyed. ['The woman who . . .']

(2) Ūñ̾ǡȱǤȱǤˡ̾Τ褦3;ñ̾Ѥ뤳ȤǤ롥

Ever since he found a need to communicate, man has been the 'speaking animal'.
A: Do you like caviar? B: I've never tasted it.
Music is my favourite subject. Is it yours?

(3) one "people in general" ɽ魯եޥɽեޥˤ you Ѥ롥ͭʷ one's ȺƵ oneself 롥ФмºݾüԤؤȤ⤢롥

I like to dress nicely. It gives one confidence.
One would (You'd) think they would run a later bus than that!

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-28-1]

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2023-04-01 Sat

#5087. ֱѸ˥ with ޤˤ in Voicy heldio ȥδϢ [masanyan][helquiz][link][silent_letter][etymological_respelling][kenning][oe][metonymy][metaphor][gender][german][capitalisation][punctuation][trademark][alliteration][sound_symbolism][goshosan][voicy][heldio]

ǯ٤λϤޤǤؤӤΰߤʨΩĤλޤޤѸˤγؤӤϤƤФȻפޤhelפϤƤޤ
¤ϤǤ˿ǯ٤ΡhelפϻϤޤäƤޤȺȤǯ٤ޤǤϤޤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơֱѸ˥ (helquiz) ͻҤۿǤԤ khelfʷѸ˥ե˲Ĺޤˤ (masanyan)ƲԤϥꥹʡɽʡˤ޽; goshosanˤȻǤ磻磻䥬䤫ˤäƤޤ

#669. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ
#670. Ѹ˥ with ޤˤ³ԡˡ



ºݡƤߤʬ̤ꡤȿ򤿤󤤤Ƥޤİˤϡ˳ڤǤƤ褦ǤбԤΤͤˤ⥳Ȥ˻路ƤƤꡤ쳰Ǥ⤪٤꤬³ƤǤʤդ˱Ѹˤڤؤ٤뵡ϤޤʤȻפޤΤǡ hellog ɼԤγˤİƻäФȻפޤ
ʲꤵ줿˴Ϣ򰷤ä hellog ؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤϤơҿؤӤء

Ρۻ (silent_letter) ȸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling)

#116. 츻֤֤ --- etymological respelling ([2009-08-21-1])
#192. etymological respelling (2) ([2009-11-05-1])
#1187. etymological respelling ζ ([2012-07-27-1])
#580. island --- ʤֻȯ ([2010-11-28-1])
#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1])

ΡűѸΥ˥ (kenning)

#472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1])
#2677. Beowulf ˤߤֲפɽ魯 ([2016-08-25-1])
#2678. Beowulf kenning ɲá ([2016-08-26-1])
#1148. űѸ˭ʸϡ ([2012-06-18-1])
#3818. űѸˤּʣס ([2019-10-10-1])

Ρʸˡ (grammatical gender)

#4039. ˤȤϥեǤ ([2020-05-18-1])
#3647. ̾ she ϸűѸˤäʸˡ̾ĤǤ ([2019-04-22-1])
#4182. ָפΥơޤι ([2020-10-08-1])

Ρʸ (capitalisation)

#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1])
#1844. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä (2) ([2014-05-15-1])
#1310. ѸʸѤδ ([2012-11-27-1])
#2540. ФʸỌ̇̄ʸ ([2016-04-10-1])

[Ƭ (alliteration)]

#943. Ƭˤ ([2011-11-26-1])
#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1])
#970. Money makes the mare to go. ([2011-12-23-1])
#2676. űѻƬ ([2016-08-24-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-21-1] [2024-03-04-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-01-22 Sun

#5018. khelf С4ͤǥȥʲҼΥɤǡإ˥¼ŵ٤ in Voicy [dictionary][genius6][gender][covid][voicy][heldio][language_change][sociolinguistics][lexicography][methodology]

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤϡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤرС3̾ȤȤ#600. إ˥¼ŵ٤ --- ѸȥθˡϤޤȥʲҤ˴ؤ륭ɤˤĤơإ˥¼ŵ٤νǤǿ6ǤޤǤ١Ѹˤ칶4ͤ䤳Ȥ٤ꤷƤޤճȯ꼡ǡ夬Ȥʤޤ30ʬۤɤĹǤ֤ΤȤˤİФȻפޤVoicy Υȵǽˤꡤۤʤɤ⤪󤻤ޤȴ򤷤Ǥ



Ӥإ˥¼ŵ٤6ĤǤνǯޤȤƤޤ5--8ǯߤǡ褽Ū˽ǤƤꡤ1ĤΥ꡼ŵDZѸεҤ̻Ūɤ뤳ȤǽȤʤäƤޤ

ǯ
G11987ǯ
G21993ǯ
G32001ǯ
G42006ǯ
G52014ǯ
G62022ǯ


ǯ11ȯ䳫ϤȤʤäǿǤإ˥¼ŵ6ˤĤƤϡhellog heldio Dz٤夲Ƥޤʲ򤴻Ȥ

hellog #4892. ͽΡإ˥¼ŵ6ǤοߥֱѸQ&AפξҲ ([2022-09-18-1])
hellog #4950. ǶαѸѲΤͤ --- إ˥¼ŵ6ǤΤޤ ([2022-11-15-1])
hellog #4975. 2Ūư졤ꤽǼʤư ([2022-12-10-1])
heldio #532. إ˥¼ŵ6ǤνǵǰˡֱѸQ&Aץ spring ä򤷤ޤ
heldio #557. ޤˤ̡supply A with B with äפޤ --- إ˥¼ŵٿǤӡ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-23-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-06-26 Sun

#4808. ʤ˴ؤ롿Ф륿֡¿Τ [gender][taboo][race][anthropology]

֡ (taboo) Ȥ̤˹᤿Ӥϡ18󥰥ɤҳ James Cook (1728--79)̾ Captain Cook ˵cf. #4162. taboo --- ʿȯ˾ǶΥѥɡ ([2020-09-18-1])#4802. Ū֡¸ߤʤ ([2022-06-20-1])ˡ㤨 Cook 1768--71ǯΥҥؤιҳˤơҥνȰ˿򤷤ʤȤ˿졤 "Tabu" ȤƸڤƤ롥
ϤȤơˡФơײݤΥ֡ϸź˹ߤ褦Ʊ褦ˡˡִؤץ֡䤽μդˤ礫ʤ㤨С#1908. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (1) ([2014-07-18-1]) #1909. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (2) ([2014-07-19-1])#908. bra, panties, nightie ([2011-10-22-1])#1483. taboo ŪȤʤͳ ([2013-05-19-1])#1507. taboo ŪȤʤͳ (4) ([2013-06-12-1]) ʤɤ⡤򴶤뤳ȤǤ
̤ (gender) ˴ؤ륿֡ŪǤꡤΤʤǤȤ櫓˾Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ȤȤȻפ뤬ʤǤϤʤʤΤ1ĤθˤС¿μҲˤƽؤΥ֡ߤ뤳ȤϡäƤȤŪ١ۤȿǤȲǤΤǤϤʤȤAllan and Burridge (4) ϡ嵭ΥҥΥ֡λǰƬˡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . we can look at this taboo in another way, as the function of a kind of caste system, in which women are a lower caste than men; this system is not dissimilar to the caste difference based on race that operated in the south of the United States of America until the later 1960s, where it was acceptable for an African American to prepare food for whites, but not to share it at table with them. This is the same caste system which permitted men to take blacks for mistresses but not marry them; a system found in colonial Africa and under the British Raj in India.


嵭ΥҥϽˤޤĤ륿֡θˤվΥ֡ˤĤƤŪȡפδʬϤƤߤͤꤽ

Allan, Keith and Kate Burridge. Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-02-15 Tue

#4677. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ12ñ they äƲ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][singular_they][number][agreement][personal_pronoun][gender]

NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ3ΥƥȤȯ䤵ޤϢܡֱѸΥܥʵפ12Ȥʤޤ1ǯ֤ɼԤγ󤫤ȿ򤤤ޤ꤬Ȥޤǯ٤ȤơѤѰդޤñ they äƲפǤ
֤ߤʡʬȻפäƤפȤ̣ Everyone thinks they are right. ȤʸϲǽǤ´򴶤ޤ󤫡everyone ϰ̣֤ߤʡפǤ⡤ʸˡŪˤñȽޤ͡ȤСEveryone thinks he is right. ȤФ褤Ǥ礦֤ߤʡפǤϤʤϤǤΤǡhe λѤˤ´ޤǤСEveryone thinks he or she is right. ۤɤǤ礦ޤɤä򤫤ߤǤ͡ɡñʣϻĤޤäȰ Everyone thinks they are right. դΤ褤ΤǤϡȤ夭ĤĤޤñ they (singular_they) ȸƤФˡǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ3



ϢܵǤϡΡñ theyפˤĤƱѸˤδǤ뤫ʬ䤹⤷ޤñʤʸˡˤȤɤޤ餺ҲŪʥơޤǤŪʥȥԥåǤ⤢뤳ȤޤդϡפΤۤƿΤǤ͡
ñ theyפ򿼷ꤷȤϡsingular "they" ˴ؤϢεå򤴻Ȥ

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2022-02-07 Mon

#4669. he she ̤ʤѸѼ [world_englishes][new_englishes][gender][category][variety][personal_pronoun][substratum_theory]

Ѹ (world_englishes) ¿ȤСɸΤ褦ıѸѼ郎äȤƤäʤ3;ñ̾λѤˤƷŪ˽ζ̤ĤʤѼĤޤɸѸΤ褦 he she ʤ itˤζ̤ΤˤĤʤѼ郎ΤǤ롥
㤨С쥢եꥫѸޥ졼ѸǤϡФлؼоݤˤ餺3;ñ̾ѤȤMesthrie and Bhatt (55--56) ꡤطսѤ롥

Gender has proved --- despite its minor role in English --- susceptible to variation in New Englishes. Some varieties use gender in pronouns differently. Platt, Weber and Ho . . . report that in some New Englishes where the background languages do not make a distinction between he, she and it, pronouns 'are often used indiscriminately'. They offer the following examples:

   41. My husband who was in England, she was by then my fiancé. (East Africa)
   42. My mother, he live in kampong. (Malaysia)

Since Bantu languages do not make sex-based distinction with pronouns, and the spoken forms of the Chinese languages of Singapore and Malaysia do not differentiate gender in 3rd person pronouns . . . , substrate influences may well be at work here.


ɸѸΤߤΤäƤԤˤȤäơ϶ä٤ݤΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤѸˤ򸦵椷ƤԤˤȤäƤϡޤää٤ȤǤϤʤѸǤϡˤ뤬Ф he Ȥ3;ñ֤̾ؼ뤫Ǥ롥ˤҤɤʡ˾ˤϡʤʣ;̾Ʊ he ɽ蘆줿ꤹ롥Ѹξˤϡ̣Ūζ̤ξüǤϤʤޤǷŪʹȤˤ̤ĤʤʤäȤȤǤꡤ嵭쥢եꥫѸޥ졼ѸΥȤϻ𤬰ۤʤΤָ World Englishes ϹפȶˡŪʱѸѼޤפȶǤ

Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.

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2022-01-17 Mon

#4648. ȥ븦3 [gender][gender_difference][sociolinguistics][linguistic_ideology]

ε#4647. ȥ븦ư ([2022-01-16-1]) ˰³򺣤θȥ븦ˤĤơܸ缭ŵ٤֥פιɮƤ롤ʬͼԤǤ¼һˤСƱʬθˤ3ĤΥפȤ

ҲʸŪ1960ǯ˥եߥ˥ˤäƤ줿̤ˤϡֽ餷ˤ餷פȸƤФ롥åʪŪ̡ˤ̤˥ꤹ뤳Ȥˤꡤֽˤ餷פϼҲˤäƤĤ졤椨ˡѤ뤳Ȥ򼨤¿ζҲΥˤϡ(1) ξˤ2ʬƤ롤(2) 䤤礦Фʤ(3) оŪʸϴطǤˤּΡפǡϡ¾ԡסˡ(4) ͼ̱²顦ǯʤ¾θϴطȸ򺹤Ƥ롤ʤɤħǧ롥åʪŪ¤ǥʸŪʪȤξԤ̤ͤϡ1980ǯΥݥȹ¤ˤäꤵ줿å (Joan Scott) ϡȤϡֿŪۤ˰̣ͿΡפȽҤ١Хȥ顼 (Judith Butler) ⡤ϥå򤢤⤽εǤ뤫Τ褦̵Ū˹ۤȼĥƤ롥ˡϤȤߤʤ奢ƥ⥸2ʬˡˤäƹۤƤ뤳ȤŦ졤å⥻奢ƥ⥸ˤäƵꤵƤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤʤäߥϿʸҲʳؤԲķʽ׳ǰǤ롥ȥθϡ礭3Ĥʬ롥1ϡ˴ؤQμʥǥˤϤɤΤ褦˹ۤ줿Τ餫ˤʬϤǤ롥ϡQμϸˤäƺȤա (Michel Foucault) λŦ˴ŤƤ롥ɽդˤ륻ϥʤɡ̤Ƥ줿ޤ⡤ºݤ˻ȤäƤջȤǤϤʤ˴ؤ른ǥȤªľ졤ˤŪۤ椵Ƥ롥2ϡʬϡʬϡʤɤˤꡤǥƥƥι۲餫ˤʬǤ롥θˤƤϡä°Ȥߤʤܼ˴Ťơ˽äΰ㤤餫ˤ椬ԤƤͤϡ餫äƤ륢ǥƥƥɽ뤿ˤȤФȤäƤΤǤϤʤޤޤäȤʬ뤳Ȥ¿ͤʥǥƥƥɽƤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤʤäǡǥƥƥ԰٤θǤϤʤ̤ȤߤʤۼƤ줿ϡ԰٤ˤäƺ夲륢ǥƥƥ֥׹԰٤η̤Ǥ롥ۼˤСΤ褦ΥǥƥƥȷӤĤǤϡ˸¤餺⤬ǥƥƥۤѤǤ񸻤Ȥªľ롥ġɤΤ褦ʸ񸻤򥢥ǥƥƥۤѤΤäμĴ롥3ϡμŪʸ԰٤¸Υѳפ餫ˤ뤳ȤǤ롥ʹ򤷤Ƥ餦ˤϡҲǶͭƤ񸻤ȤʤҲˤϡ¤줿ǥƥƥȷӤĤ񸻤ѰդƤʤη̡äϡޤޤʸ񸻤Ȥ߹碌ꤺ餷ꤷʤ顤¿ͤʥǥƥƥɽ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ʡ֤줿԰١פˤϡλ۴طѲǽ롥


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