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gender_difference - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-01-17 Mon

#4648. ȥ븦3 [gender][gender_difference][sociolinguistics][linguistic_ideology]

ε#4647. ȥ븦ư ([2022-01-16-1]) ˰³򺣤θȥ븦ˤĤơܸ缭ŵ٤֥פιɮƤ롤ʬͼԤǤ¼һˤСƱʬθˤ3ĤΥפȤ

ҲʸŪ1960ǯ˥եߥ˥ˤäƤ줿̤ˤϡֽ餷ˤ餷פȸƤФ롥åʪŪ̡ˤ̤˥ꤹ뤳Ȥˤꡤֽˤ餷פϼҲˤäƤĤ졤椨ˡѤ뤳Ȥ򼨤¿ζҲΥˤϡ(1) ξˤ2ʬƤ롤(2) 䤤礦Фʤ(3) оŪʸϴطǤˤּΡפǡϡ¾ԡסˡ(4) ͼ̱²顦ǯʤ¾θϴطȸ򺹤Ƥ롤ʤɤħǧ롥åʪŪ¤ǥʸŪʪȤξԤ̤ͤϡ1980ǯΥݥȹ¤ˤäꤵ줿å (Joan Scott) ϡȤϡֿŪۤ˰̣ͿΡפȽҤ١Хȥ顼 (Judith Butler) ⡤ϥå򤢤⤽εǤ뤫Τ褦̵Ū˹ۤȼĥƤ롥ˡϤȤߤʤ奢ƥ⥸2ʬˡˤäƹۤƤ뤳ȤŦ졤å⥻奢ƥ⥸ˤäƵꤵƤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤʤäߥϿʸҲʳؤԲķʽ׳ǰǤ롥ȥθϡ礭3Ĥʬ롥1ϡ˴ؤQμʥǥˤϤɤΤ褦˹ۤ줿Τ餫ˤʬϤǤ롥ϡQμϸˤäƺȤա (Michel Foucault) λŦ˴ŤƤ롥ɽդˤ륻ϥʤɡ̤Ƥ줿ޤ⡤ºݤ˻ȤäƤջȤǤϤʤ˴ؤ른ǥȤªľ졤ˤŪۤ椵Ƥ롥2ϡʬϡʬϡʤɤˤꡤǥƥƥι۲餫ˤʬǤ롥θˤƤϡä°Ȥߤʤܼ˴Ťơ˽äΰ㤤餫ˤ椬ԤƤͤϡ餫äƤ륢ǥƥƥɽ뤿ˤȤФȤäƤΤǤϤʤޤޤäȤʬ뤳Ȥ¿ͤʥǥƥƥɽƤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤʤäǡǥƥƥ԰٤θǤϤʤ̤ȤߤʤۼƤ줿ϡ԰٤ˤäƺ夲륢ǥƥƥ֥׹԰٤η̤Ǥ롥ۼˤСΤ褦ΥǥƥƥȷӤĤǤϡ˸¤餺⤬ǥƥƥۤѤǤ񸻤Ȥªľ롥ġɤΤ褦ʸ񸻤򥢥ǥƥƥۤѤΤäμĴ롥3ϡμŪʸ԰٤¸Υѳפ餫ˤ뤳ȤǤ롥ʹ򤷤Ƥ餦ˤϡҲǶͭƤ񸻤ȤʤҲˤϡ¤줿ǥƥƥȷӤĤ񸻤ѰդƤʤη̡äϡޤޤʸ񸻤Ȥ߹碌ꤺ餷ꤷʤ顤¿ͤʥǥƥƥɽ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ʡ֤줿԰١פˤϡλ۴طѲǽ롥


3ĤΥפ˥٥ŽĤСΤ褦ˤʤ

(1) ҲΥǥιۤ˴ؤ븦
(2) ĿͤΥǥƥƥιۤ˴ؤ븦
(3) ¸Υѳפ˴ؤ븦

ʤѸ˸ˤƤϡŤʸ˰ޤ˸Ѥ˽ȤָŵŪפȤ٤꤬¿褦˻פ롥

ܸزԡˡܸ缭ŵ١Ʋ2018ǯ

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2022-01-16 Sun

#4647. ȥ븦ư [gender][gender_difference][sociolinguistics][history_of_linguistics][hellog_entry_set][variation][anthropology]

ܥ֥Ǥϼ˼Ҳؤδȥ͡˼夲Ƥgender gender_difference γƵȤ櫓䤬ָפ˴ؤ뵭å򻲾Ȥ줿
ȥ븦ϡѤ˽ȤˤȤɤޤʤष˽Ϻ򺣤ήԤʤʤäƤƤ롥ˤ른ϡθȤƤ褦˸Ū°ǤϤʤषưŪ°ǤȤȤ館褦ˤʤäƤȤطʤˤ롥Swann et al. ΰ (165--66) ˤꡤθưĤǤ

language and gender The relationship between language and gender has long been of interest within SOCIOLINGUISTICS and related disciplines. Early twentieth-century studies in LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY looked at differences between women's and men's speech across a range of languages, in many cases identifying distinct female and male language forms (although at this point language and gender did not exist as a distinct research area). GENDER has also been a SOCIAL VARIABLE in studies of LANGUAGE VARIATION carried out since the 1960s, a frequent finding in this case being that, among speakers from similar social class backgrounds, women tend to use more standard or prestige language features and men more vernacular language features. There has been an interest, within INTERACTIONAL SOCIOLINGUISTICS, in female and male interactional styles. Some studies have suggested that women tend to use more supportive or co-operative styles and men more competitive styles, leading to male DOMINANCE of mixed-gender talk. Feminist researchers, in particular, have also been interested in SEXISM, or sexist bias, in language.
   Studies that focus simply on gender differences have been criticised by feminist researchers for emphasising difference (rather than similarity); seeing male speech as the norm and female speech as deviant; providing inadequate and often stereotypical interpretations of WOMEN'S LANGUAGE; and ignoring difference in POWER between female and male speakers.
   More recently (and particularly in studies carried out since the late 1980s and 1990s) gender has been reconceptualised to a significant extent. It is seen as a less 'fixed' and unitary phenomenon than hitherto, with studies emphasising, or at least acknowledging, considerable diversity among female and male speakers, as well as the importance of CONTEXT in determining how people use language. Within this approach, gender is also seen less as an attribute that affects language use and more as something that is performed (or negotiated and perhaps contested) in interactions . . . .


ʹߡˤѤκۤȤ⡤ˤ른Τۤ˸δؿܤäƤǤ¤ݥȹ¤ؤή졤ȤɽǤ롥

Swann, Joan, Ana Deumert, Theresa Lillis, and Rajend Mesthrie, eds. A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-17-1]

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2021-09-07 Tue

#4516. ʤˤ˽Τ --- Chambers ο [gender][gender_difference]

ɸϼҲؤǺǤܤƤʤƸߤܤƤ1ĤǤꡤܥ֥Ǥ͡˰äƤ#1361. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ([2013-01-17-1])#1362. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ֡ ([2013-01-18-1])#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1])#3455. ʤˤ˽Τ --- 3ĤΩ ([2018-10-12-1]) Ϥᡤgender gender_difference γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿
Sharma ̤ͤΤäΤ̾ʼҲؼ Chambers ˴ؤơƹۤȯɽƤ餷ʿȤϤäƤ Chambers (2009) ΤΤǡ䤬åץǡȤƤʤäˡSharma (236) ¹Ǽ餹뤬Chambers (138) 2Ĥβ󼨤Ƥ롥

a. GENDER-BASED VARIABILITY (social organization)
   "[I]n societies where gender roles are sharply differentiated such that one gender has wider social contacts and greater geographical range, the speech of the less circumscribed gender will include more variants from the contiguous social groups".
b. SEX-BASED DIFFERENCE (biology)
   "[T]he neuropsychological verbal advantage of females results in sociolinguistic discrepancies such that women use a larger repertoire of variants and command a wider range of styles than men of the same social groups even though gender roles are similar or identical".


Τ˽θ˴ؤ٤ơҲŪˤʪŪ̲줿ȤʤäƤ롥

Sharma, Devyani. "World Englishes and Sociolinguistics." Chapter 12 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 232--51.
Chambers, J. Sociolinguistic Theory. Rev. ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

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2021-04-10 Sat

#4366. ѸˤˤĤ [gender][gender_difference][sociolinguistics][link][khelf_hel_intro_2021][masanyan]

ɸ2ĤΥɡָפȡפʹƥԥˤ⡤Υԥμˤ3̤꤬ꤽǤޤ򺣤ΡפˤޤĤѸפ⤫٤ͤ⾯ʤʤǤ礦Ѹ˴ؤƤСȤ singular they ꤬ޤcf. #1054. singular they ([2012-03-16-1])ˡޤ JAL ҤФơ֥ǥɡȥפθƤӤ֥롦ѥå󥸥㡼פڤؤ򤷤Ȥ⤢ޤcf. #4182. ָפΥơޤι ([2020-10-08-1]
षŪʰ̣Ǥʸˡ (grammatical gender) פ⤫٤ͤ⤤Ȼפޤä˥ե󥹸졤ɥĸ졤αѸʳΥ衼åѤνؤȤС̾˳꿶Ƥʸˡ (gender) ΤȤǽ۵롤Ȥͤ¿˰㤤ޤ
ۤˤϡܸΡ˸աפȡֽաפΤ褦ˡüԤˤäƸջȤѤ븽ݤؤơˤͤȤ⤢Ǥ礦 (cf. gender_difference)
嵭3ΡָˤפϡΤ˸ߤ˰ۤʤפ¦̤ܤƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤϤ餹٤Ƥ̯ʤǴϢäƤȹͤƤޤ˴ؤõˤƤϡ嵭Τ褦ʰ츫ۤʤ¦̤ʬ䤷ʤʤۤ褤ȹͤƤޤ
Υơޤϡ¿οͤפäƤʾΤǤˤĤƤϡθָפ˴ؤ뵭åФȻפޤۤˤ⡤gender gender_difference ε׻ȡ
ơ4Ω夲ֱѸƳ2021ΰĤȤơرγ֥(Covid-19)äˡꤹ롤˶̣ƥĤåץɤޤƥĤκԤϡYouTube ֤ޤˤͥ򱿱Ĥ֤ޤˤפǤcf. #4005. 饤Ρ֤ޤˤͥ --- Ѹˤδñؤ֡ ([2020-04-14-1])ˡޤˤϸŪ˳ưƤѸˤƻդǡˤ칻Ļ踩ΩȬƬعˤƱѸˤȱѸؽ˴ؤȤôȤΤȤǤ嵭ΥƥĤ⡤Ѹˤָפͤ뤭äͿƤ빥ƥĤǤΤǡɤɤ

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2020-10-08 Thu

#4182. ָפΥơޤι [sociolinguistics][hellog_entry_set][political_correctness][personal_pronoun][gender][gender_difference][taboo][slang][personification]

褤ϤޤäشμҲؤμȤǤϡָפȤȴʤ̥ơޤ򰷤ΥơޤϢۤ¿ˤ錄롥ޤ˹ϰϤʤäƤ뤿ˡ˾ΤʤۤɤǤ롥ºݤˡȤϢۤվ񤭤ǵ󤲤ƤäȤΤ1,000ͥĶ꤬ޤäʣΤ¿ФȸȤϻפ뤬ˤƤʢ󡤶Ϥ꤬ȤˡΰƤߤ褦

ʱѸ˼פʰˤߤʸˡ (grammatical gender)
̾ˤߤ
̾ιݥƥ롦쥯ȥͥ (political_correctness)
LGBTQ ȸ
Ͳ줿̾
̾ˤ
˸աפȡֽա
˴ؤ륹󥰤䥿֡
̤ˤ륳ߥ˥μΰ㤤
ȥ͡

⤽⡤ź٤Ƥθǡˡ (man) ȡֽ (woman) Ȥ2Ĥñ줬̤ѤƤ餷ơ⤦ˤäϻϤޤäƤΤǤ롥üδؿǤ LGBTQ ݥƥ롦쥯ȥͥˡǤϸ˿ޤƤ롥
üȤȤǤС102俷ʹīǡJAL ҤФ֥ǥɡȥפθƤӤ֥롦ѥå󥸥㡼פڤؤ򤷤Ȥεɤʹ֤δؿȤƤϺǽפʤΤ1ĤȤǧ줬ʹ֤ͭθȤηϤޤƤʤ櫓ʤΤǤ롥
ָפΥơޤι̣臘ȤϤ᤿ȻפäƤ롥 hellog åɤ

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2019-05-26 Sun

#3681. βͤŤμΤüԤǤ [sociolinguistics][gender_difference][sapir-whorf_hypothesis][stigma]

#3672. ȥꥢ50ɥ뻥 responsibility Υڥ󥰥ߥ (2) ([2019-05-17-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡڥ󥰤ϤȤθˤޤȤĤҿ (prestige) (stigma) ϡǽ餫餽¸ߤΤǤϤʤȤ˼ҲˤäͿ줿ΤǤ롥ɾϤäΩƤޤȡθ϶ʤѤƤȤ¿˴ؤɤ᡼᡼γǤ롥ϸĿ͸ĿͤɬռƤʤȤƤץǤꡤ椨˶ʿ (77) ϡѸؤγˤƱѸθѤˤˤĤƵǡηˤĤƼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥

κۤϸŪˤͥȤ̵ǤΤǤ͡ϼҲǤޤޤ˲դԤҿͿƤޤĤޤꡤѸȤȤФμˤäơμҲλŪǥƤΤȤޤȤФҲĿͤ˿򤪤Ƥ뤳ȤïǧǤñ˼Ҳ¤ȿǤƤȤǤʤդˤȤФμˤäƼҲ¤ιۤƯƤ⤤ΤȤȤǧ٤Ǥ礦


ѤκǸΤϡԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ˴ϢפǤ롥ȼҲδط򼨺ݥȤǤ롥ͤŤμΤϼҲǤꡤĤǤꡤŪˤϸġüԤǤȤȤõƤ

ʿ ҡإ١åѸس١ҤĤ˼2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-27-1]

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2018-10-13 Sat

#3456. Wardhaugh ۩ˤѰۤϡ¾μҲŪʥƥ꡼ˤѰۤѤȤʤ [gender][gender_difference][sociolinguistics][sapir-whorf_hypothesis][variation]

ε#3455. ʤˤ˽Τ --- 3ĤΩ ([2018-10-12-1]) ǰ͵򤷤 Wardhaugh ϡˤϡҲĿͤǧȤ٥Ǥͳ褹ΤȹͤƤ롥ĤޤּҲʸǧפΰ̴طѤƤΤǤꡤεդǤϤʤȤΩơΤ褦ʺۤϡ˸¤餺Ҳ񳬵пϰʤɤ˴Ť¾μҲŪѥ᡼ˤߤΤǤꡤ夲ơä˽Ż뤹뤳ȤǤΤȵ褷Ƥ롥εʹƤߤ褦

[W]e must be prepared to acknowledge the limits of proposals that seek to eliminate 'sexist' language without first changing the underlying relationship between men and women. Many of the suggestions for avoiding sexist language are admirable, but some, as Lakoff points out with regard to changing history to herstory, are absurd. Many changes can be made quite easily; early humans (from early man); salesperson (from salesman); ordinary people (from the common man); and women (from the fair sex). However, other aspects of language may be more resistant to change, e.g., the he-she distinction. Languages themselves may not be sexist. Men and women use language to achieve certain purposes, and so long as differences in gender are equated with differences in access to power and influence in society, we may expect linguistic differences too. For both men and women, power and influence are also associated with education, social class, regional origin, and so on, and there is no question in these cases that there are related linguistic differences. Gender is still another fact that relates to the variation that is apparently inherent in language. While we may deplore that this is so, variation itself may be inevitable. Moreover, we may not be able to pick and choose which aspects of variation we can eliminate and which we can encourage, much as we might like to do so. (350)


ҲŪ˽ȤΤϡ䤹ʿǤʤ̤Ǥꡤ줬ˤȿǤƤȤȤ館ΤȡWardhaugh ϹͤƤ롥ˡ丫ȤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ʤ˴ؤϤĤƤ롥

My own view is that men's and women's speech differ because boys and girls are brought up differently and men and women often fill different roles in society. Moreover, most men and women know this and behave accordingly. If such is the case, we might expect changes that make a language less sexist to result from child-rearing practices and role differentiations which are less sexist. Men and women alike would benefit from the greater freedom of choice that would result. However, it may be utopian to believe that language use will ever become 'neutral'. Humans use everything around them --- and language is just a thing in that sense --- to create differences among themselves. (354)


Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

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2018-10-12 Fri

#3455. ʤˤ˽Τ --- 3ĤΩ [gender][gender_difference][sociolinguistics]

ɸϼҲؤκǽ1ĤǤꡤܥ֥Ǥ#1361. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ([2013-01-17-1])#1362. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ֡ ([2013-01-18-1])#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1]) Ϥ gender_difference ¿εˤƤ͡ʵꡤ򺣳趷褷ƤʬȤäƤ褤Ҳؤֶʽ路Ƥ Wardhaugh (346--47) ϡ礭3ĤΩ줬ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

(1) ˽ʪŪʺۤˤʱƶڤܤƤ

The first claim is that men and women are biologically different and that this difference has serious consequences for gender. Women are somehow predisposed psychologically to be involved with one another and to be mutually supportive and non-competitive. On the other hand, men are innately predisposed to independence and to vertical rather than horizontal relationships. (346)


ΩϤ̣ǥåꤷƤ벾ȤϤ뤬ڵ˳ƥ쥪פǧˤʤȤȽ뤳ȤդäƤ

(2) ˽θ캹ϡϤξ岼ط˴ŤƤ

The second claim is that social organization is best perceived as some kind of hierarchical set of power relationships. Moreover, such organization by power may appear to be entirely normal, justified both genetically and evolutionarily, and therefore natural and possibly even preordained. Language behavior reflects male dominance. Men use what power they have to dominate each other and, of course, women, and, if women are to succeed in such a system, they must learn to dominate others too, women included. (346)


(3) ˽θ캹ϡơۤʤĶǸƤ̤Ǥ

The third claim . . . is that men and women are social beings who have learned to use language in different ways. Language behavior is largely learned behavior. Men learn to talk like men and women learn to talk like women because society subjects them to different life experiences. This is often referred to as the difference (sometimes also deficit) view as opposed to the dominance view . . . . (347)


˹褦ˡ줾Ω̯ʥ˥奢󥹤ΰ㤤롥(1) (3) ˤơʪŪ (sex) ҲŪ (gender) Ż뤹ΩؤڤؤäƤɤܤʤΤϤ褯ʬʤ(3) Τˤϡ˽ϤޤäüʺǤϤʤ麹̱²̱ʤɤ¾ζ̤ƱͤˡʹּҲˤƶˤƤդ줿1ĤμҲŪʺۤˤʤȤ⤢롥ˤС줽ΤΤ "sexist" ǤϤʤñ˴Ť variationist ǤˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Wardhaugh ϡɤ餳ΩäƤ褦

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-09-07-1] [2018-10-13-1]

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2016-08-03 Wed

#2655. PCפμԤ [political_correctness][language_change][prescriptivism][gender_difference][semantic_change][language_planning][speed_of_change]

Ū˸ʸ ("politically correct" language reform) ϡ1970ǯʹߡѸ͡ʵƤӡºݤ˿͡θոѤƤβ "political_correctness" Ȥɽ˼깤ĤƤơ21äƤϡ̤Ĥɽ蘆ʤȸ򤵤ۤɤޤǤˤʤäƤƤ롥"PC" ȤѸϰ̣ΰ (semantic pejoration) ФȤȤǤꡤθפؤϤؼΤȤƤǤϤʤޤ˿м̵ѤʸոؤΤȤƤȤ館褦ˤʤäƤޤäѸȤƤϡ˴ؤ¤ꡤ"nonsexist language reform" ȤɽѤƤΤ⤷ʤ
"PC" ޤоݤˤޤ侮줿Τϡ¿ο͡βפΡָפ˸ջ򴶤Ǥꡤθܴ٤˼ͳ򶼤򴶤Curzan (114) ϡPCפ㤯ɾƤ뤳Ȥ˴ؤơطʤ򼡤Τ褦˻ŦƤ롥

Politically correct language and the efforts to promote it are regularly ridiculed in the public arena. Fabricated language reforms such as personhole cover for manhole cover and vertically challenged for short are held up as symptomatic of the movement's excesses. I call these fabricated because I have never actually heard any advocate of nonsexist language reform seriously propose personhole cover or anyone proposing any kind of language reform make a serious case for vertically challenged. Yet they can show up side by side with more common, even at this point mainstream reforms such as Native American for Indian, African American for Black. If Urban Dictionary provides a snapshot of attitudes about the term political correctness, the term's negative connotations have gone beyond silly and unnecessary and now include manipulative, harmful, and silencing. The first definition in Urban Dictionary in Fall 2012 (which means it had the best ratio of thumbs up to thumbs down) read: "Organized Orwellian intolerance and stupidity, disguised as compassionate liberalism." It goes on to note: "Political correctness is most well known as an institutional excuse for the harassment and exclusion of people with differing political views." Subsequent definitions link politically correct language to censorship and "the death of comedy."


PCפιޤˤäƸո˴ؤƲѤäȤСʸ礬ޤ줿ȤȰʾˡĿͤΤ褦ʸո֤Ȥ԰٤ΤΤṲ̄ˤޤʤʤäȤȤ󤲤롥졹θѤˤơPC term non-PC term ΤѤ뤫ȤϤ򴶤ʤˤʤäƤޤäĿͤΩ򼨤ˡ򼺤äƤޤäȤäƤ褤Curzan (115) ۩"Politically correct language efforts force speakers to confront the fact that words are not neutral conveyors of intended meaning; words in and of themselves carry information about speaker attitudes and much more. Politically correct language asks speakers to use care in avoiding bias in their language choices and to respect the preferences of underrepresented groups in terms of the language used to refer to them."
ʾηаޤPCפμҲŪɾäƤΤϻ¤Ѳ뤤ϸѤѲȤ餤СƿͰŪѲˤ⤫餺οǯΤƤʻȤ롥̤ˡˡβפäβפʤɸ˴ؤտŪʲϡƵǤ롥ʤǤϡ褽͡δ֤˲פٻʷϵƤ롥¦餫ηǥХååפɿ魯뤳ȤǡפʤǤΤǤ롥ŪפϡʤȤŪʽ񤭸դȤ쥸ˤʬŪǤϤȤոû֤ǿ͡θոѤƤΤȼΤϡܤĥ̤ɾƤ褤Τ⤷ʤCurzan (116) ⤳®٤ˤĤơ"The speed with which some politically responsive language efforts have changed Modern English usage is remarkable." ɾƤ롥

Curzan, Anne. Fixing English: Prescriptivism and Language History. Cambridge: CUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-06-16-1]

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2015-05-22 Fri

#2216. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡ [link][corpus][bnc][coca][ame_bre][sociolinguistics][language_change][gender_difference][link]

Ρ#2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡס ([2015-04-22-1]) ˰³520դǡּԡפޤWEBޥ Lingua   *
ϡʣΥѥѤ뤳Ȥ䤪⤷򲡤ФޤޤѸαƺȤ츫Ūˤ⡤ưŪ뤤̻Ū뤳Ȥˤꡤʸ⶯Ĵޤ
ΤʤǤ⿨ޤºݤˤϺΡּԡפǽҤ٤˻ˤϡäȾܤĴʤФʤޤ󡥤ѥѤơ㤨ФΤ褦ʸѲħȤ館뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤǽ򴶤äƤ館СȤǼɮޤԡԤǻμɮôϴǤʹߤ³WEBޥ Lingua εˤܤХåʥСͭѤǤʲWEBޥ Lingua γƵؤΥ󥯡ʺǿǡˤĥäƤޤ

1. ʤѥ ֿܡ
2. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb 򸡺Ƥߤ ԡ а桡
3. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb 򸡺Ƥߤ ʸԡ а桡
4. Google 򥳡ѥ˸ΩƤ ʿβʡ
5. פδáԡˡ ٺθ ʾӡͺϺ
6. פδáʸԡˡ ʾӡͺϺ
7. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
8. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
9. ؽԥѥȤϲ ʳҡΡ
10. ؽԥѥDzǤΤ ʳҡΡ
11. ѥ륳ѥβǽ ʿβʡ
12. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷Ѷˡ ġץꥷ
13. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷ѶѲǽ ġץꥷ
14. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
15. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
16. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
17. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
18. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ1ɸ well, I mean, kind of, like λȤ ʻ
19. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ2㤤ʪǤ׵ɽ ʻ
20. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ëľ
21. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ֻ졦ư ëľ
22. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ
23. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ

ʤμԤܤ gorgeous ˴ؤƤϡܥ֥ǤʲεǰäƤޤΤǤȤ

#476. That's gorgeous! ([2010-08-16-1])
#477. That's gorgeous! (2) ([2010-08-17-1])
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1])

ޤѸʸˤ˽ˤĤƤ gender_difference γƵǰäƤޤä˸˽ȥѥѤ᤿Ȥơ#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-21-1]

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2015-04-05 Sun

#2169. ܸˤֽ (3) [gender_difference][gender][japanese][discourse_analysis][historical_pragmatics][sociolinguistics][linguistic_ideology]

#1905. ܸˤֽס ([2014-07-15-1])#1915. ܸˤֽ (2) ([2014-07-25-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥ2ĤεǤϡܸνȤФεȯŸˤĤơܸˤŪ˸ƤȤ˴ŤƵҤ¼ϥʬϡ˼ҲؤΩ줫顤ԤƤȤФ˵Ҥ˰۵Ĥ򾧤ȤФϳƻͭθ쥤ǥʡ#2163. 쥤ǥ ([2015-03-30-1])ˤˤƤȼĥ롥
㤨СĮν˼ȤФεȤŪʸˤĤơ¼ϵǰɽƤ롥ֽȤäƤդŤ¿ͤʤΤǡ¿ͤʸդŤˤҤȤĤΡֽȤСפ뤳ȤϹͤˤ (50) Ȥ褦ˡ˼ϸνȤФο¿롼Ĥθ1ĤǤϤ뤬줬ñȤľܤ˽ȤФȯŸƤä櫓ǤϤʤȤ⤽⡤˼°ˤϡ˻ѤȤȤǤʤǻѤȤҲ񳬵˴ؤ¦̤ޤޤƤ롥षԤ֤С˼ϽȤФȤϳȸƤ֤ۤդ路Ȥȳ˶ᤫäոΤĤ򡤸˽̤εŪʸոΤʤذտŪ˼ळȤˤäơ˽ȤФƤȹͤ롥
¼ϡ头ȤνȤФȯŸطʤˤϤĤŪŪ¦̤äȼĥ˻٤졤٤Ƥ쥤ǥΤ򼡡˽ƤɸˤȤФӽʸױưʸؤ˶ư줿ȤФϽСҶιޤȤȤ˵ѤäƽȤФղä褦ˤʤä奢ƥδߡ黿٤ܸȤƤνȤСμʽ餷ȯϪΤȤª줿ȤС
¼󵯤θ쥤ǥΤ褯ޤȤ뤳ȤǤʤΤǡ¼ȤηѤ (227--29)

ܽǤϡȤФȤǰΤ䥢ȤΥХʴط䡤ԻԤήϫƯԳ顤̤ȲʤɤΤޤޤΩҲǡֽ餷εϡסζȤοס֥奢ƥסŷȤסֲĹβ²١סʸͥסܸפʤɤΰ̣ŤͿ뤳ȤǷƤȤ򸫤Ƥޤ
һ夫³Ϥθˤäƽȯۤ뷹ͻν󤵤줿˼ȤŪʸäˤäƶ졤֤ĤĤߡפʡפȤʤäƸΥޥʡܤˤ⸫褦ʽ餷ȤηӤĤĴ褦ˤʤäȡ
γ塤ȷߤβɬפȤʤäǰ̱θդȤƽ㲽뤿ˡơҳζܤ޲𤹤Ū¾ԤȤ뤿ˤ⡤֤Ƥ衦פʤɶŪʸȷӤĤȤФڤȡ
ˤϡο̱Ϥοܸ͡򶵤뤳ȤǹḺ́ˤƱĹŪʲ²ŪȴѤ˴ŤƽưưطʤˡȤФŷȤȤ졤ĹξħǤ̤ΤפĴ줿ȡ
ˤϡηˤä˽ʿʤ졤ŷĹꤵǡȤФʽ餷ȯϪȤƺ⤬ڤȤФˤϡܤħ뤳ȤԤ褦ˤʤäȡ
βǡֽθաפϡ㲽ȤơܸȤơˡܸפܡפȤδطǸ³ƤޤܸˡֽȤФפȿƤΤϡĤλˤθ԰٤ˤĤƸ⤬ǽˤʤꡤ̣ڤ褦кѾäǤΰ̣ǡȤФˤΤ뤳ȤϡˤݤȤ⡤ܸ줬ʤ򤷤ƤΤ򤹤ǡ礯ȤΤǤʤȤȸΤǤ


˼Τ뿷ä

¼ ҡؽȤФܸ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2012ǯ

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2014-07-25 Fri

#1915. ܸˤֽ (2) [gender_difference][gender][japanese]

#1905. ܸˤֽס ([2014-07-15-1]) ˤĤ­롥
ܸŪ˹ͤȤޤפ⤫֤Τϡ˼ʴʸˤʲ̾ʸءˤʸǤ롥񤭸դȤǥˤΩȤƸƤΤ϶̣ΰ㤤ϸäˤȿǤ졤θܸˤˤơѤȡ¸ѤȷӤĤ뷹߽Ф
ä˴ؤƸʷϡεǤ⿨줿褦ˡ˼ȯãǤ롥νΤˡʪݤʤɤФնʸˡȤơ֤⤸פźʸ䡤Ƭ֤פդȯãԤϡȱ֤⤸ס֤⤸סʤ֤⤸סʫ֤դ⤸סݻҤ֤⤸סϤ֤Ϥ⤸סҤ뤤ʶʢΡˤ֤Ҥ⤸סܤˤ֤ʸס֤⤸פȤतǤ롥Ԥϡ֤ס֤ס֤ɡס֤ס֤ס֤ס֤ס֤ס֤ס֤ס֤ס֤Ĥס֤Ĥס֤Ǥס֤ʤס֤̤ס֤Ϥס֤ס֤ȭס֤ס֤Ҥס֤ߤĤפतǤ롥餬ˤϸȤνءȤĮͤνؤȳγʤ򲼤Ƥ椭νȤưѤƤʲƣۤ, p. 207ˡ¼줬Ͻ5ǯ (1692)Τκˡ ؽ٤ˤСֽΤȤФϡޤˤϤ餫ʤ뤳褱졤άͤŤλˤȤ⤸ȤĤƤϤ餫ʤ٤סʺƣp. 181ˤȤꡤκ줬ռƤȤ狼롥
ϡ̤ηνȤͷΤȯãϤ᤿Ԥ縶忷ĮФƹ͵ȸǤѤ졤ȸΤΤϹ¤˳ΩȤ⤤롥ֳǻסΤʤޤס֤󤹸աפʤɤȤƤФ롥о̾Ρ֤̤ס֤ޤϤס̾Ρ֤ס֤äסưΡ֤󤹡ס֤ס֤󤹡סưΡ֤ʤޤפʤɡħŪɽѤ줿ʺƣp. 182) ¿ΤǡַϡϤͤϤͤʤפȤĤäƤ롥ߤΡ֤󤹡ס֤ޤס֤󤹡ס֤ޤפ˺פĤƤ롥
ܸΤȽζ̤ݤäƤϡۤ¿ʤ#1905. ܸˤֽס ([2014-07-15-1]) Ǥ⤤Ĥ줿­ʤ顤ΩĻ󤷤褦ʲƣۤpp. 208--09ˡ

(1) ˤ֤뤾פΡ֤פֽФ뤼פΡ֤פѡ֤ƤפΡ֤פ֤ΤפΡ֤Τפ
(2) äǤΡ֤ס֤ܤס֤ޤפѡ֤פ
(3) ϡưλ٤⤯¿
(4) ϡ餿ޤä̤Ǥδλ٤⤯̤Ǥ¯λ٤⤤
(5) ϡȯֹʸ¿
(6) ϡ䤤Ǿ徺ĴѤ뤳Ȥ¿
(7) ϡ֤ס֤ФפȤä졤֤ƤפʤɤμŪɾηƻλѤ¿
(8) ϡڤ귿ΰŤ¿
(9) ϡʸڤʤǽ㤬¿
(10) ϡ֤錄䤷Ƥ䤷ơפȤäȿ¿
(11) ϡ׵ɽǤܤ櫓ޤʤ餫Ǥ
(12) ϡ񤭸դˤơƻ졤֤ȤƤפΤ褦ʶ졤ɽ;⤿ɽ¿Ѥ
(13) ϡֹԤޤסޤסֵޤפʤɤмԷɸѤ̤ǡϡ֤ä롩פǺɸѤ뤳Ȥ¿

оȤΤˡѸˤĤơ#476. That's gorgeous! ([2010-08-16-1]) #913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1]) #915. äˤѤ˽ ([2011-10-29-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ƣ ɧ ɹ ԡܸ쳵١դ1989ǯ
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-04-05-1]

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2014-07-15 Tue

#1905. ܸˤֽ [gender_difference][gender][japanese]

#1887. ˤͤݤ4Ĥλ ([2014-06-27-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡθؤθˤ͡ʥפꡤ¿θǸáʸˡˡˤߤۤǶεǼ夲ΤȤƤϡ#1900. ˽β ([2014-07-10-1]) ⤢롥ѸˤΤŦ뤳ȤϤۤɴñǤϤʤǤ#476. That's gorgeous! ([2010-08-16-1]) #913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1]) #915. äˤѤ˽ ([2011-10-29-1]) ε¿θ餫ȤƤ褦ˡ̤˿Ƥʾ˱ѸˤȿǤƤ롥ܸ졤ʤȤŪѼǤϡ˸աˤȽաʽˤΤ˶̤Ȥ롥ܸΤ褦˽ŪΤʸդ gender-exclusive speechѸΤ褦˶̤ۤΤǤϤʤ˽λȤʬηϤȤդ gender-preferential speech ȸƤФƤ졤p. 84ˡ
ܸ줬 gender-exclusive Ǥդ˸դ̤ȤϤäƤ⡤θϸŪǤ롥㤨СŵŪʽդħȤƤϡͭν졦;λ졦λѡ̿Իѡʿʸʸˤ뽪֤Ρפλѡʡ֤錄繥ʤΡסˡ졦ɽ魯֤ϡס֤פξάʤɤˤ褽¤Ƥ롥⡤ǯŪʽդλѤϸƤꡤŪ˸դüԤѤ뷹ȤޤäơܸΥ˥åʤǤƤȤ롥ᤤ衤ܸ gender-exclusive speech ȸƤ³ΤŬڤʾˤʤäƤΤ⤷ʤ⤽ܸνդ˾夤ˤޤƤΤ
Įˡνδ֤ǡֽ˼פȸƤФո줿ȤȤˤȤϡˤȤΤäθոϡνȤνؤȹꡤֽ椳ȤСפȾΤ褦ˤʤ롥˹ͻˤȲߤ͵Į̼ͤؤȳȤäƤäͷԤνѤջȤͷΤˤȯãʣο̮ޤäơΡؿ͸פΤäؿ͸ϡɺʸȤνҶˤơǫʶĤΤȤƿʤ줿ȤȤϥ꡼ȳؤνθոä˰̤˹ޤꡤΡֽפȤƳΩƤä
ܸ줬ȤƤؤФ褦ˤʤäƤ븽ߡֽפʤ˽򤳤Ȥ˺ݤ뤳Ȥ̤ɬפʤΤɤȤ夬äƤƤ롥ǡ餫նŪʡֽפѶŪѤ뤳ȤˤäƼʰ̤򼨤ȤǤȤơŪɾ⤢ֽפβʹѤϻˤäƤѤ롥ߤμ¾˹碌ơֽפȤϲᤷƤȤɬפܸظŵ٤Ρֽפι (532--33) 򻲾Ȥ줿

󡡡ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ
ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ񱡡2007ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-04-05-1] [2014-07-25-1]

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2014-07-10 Thu

#1900. ˽β [gender_difference][gender][phonology][phonetics][sociolinguistics][palatalisation]

(gender) äʸˡȿǤ뤳ȤϹΤƤ뤬ȿǤϿȶʸˤϸʤƱǤⱤΧ (prosody) ޤǴޤƹͤС㤨ܸΥȥ͡ʤɤˤ˽ꤽ˻פ뤬ˤĤƤϤɤ
Trudgill (64, 67) ϡθ줫顤ˤߤ˽򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ롥ƹä轻̱θ Gros Ventre ʥȥˤǤϡüԤθĺ󤬡üԤθĺбȤ㤨Сѥɽ魯Τ /djatsa/ ȯ /kjatsa/ ȯ롥
쥢ä Yukaghir ǤϡüԤ /tj/, /dj/ ϽüԤ /ts/, /dz/ ˤ줾б롥ʬۤñȿǤƤǤʤǯȤѥ᡼ˤбƤ롥Ҷ̤ˤ餺 /ts/, /dz/ Ѥ뤬Ĺ /tj/, /dj/ ڤؤ롥ޤǯۤˤʤ˽鷺 /cj/, /jj/ Ѥ褦ˤʤ롥äơ2󡤽1󡤸 (palatalisation) زڤؤи뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ϡ#1890. ФȤȤ˸ոѤ ([2014-06-30-1]) Ǥߤ age_grading 1Ǥ롥
ƹ Louisiana ä轻̱θ Koasati ˤĤ1930ǯ˹Ԥ줿ĴˤСǤ˾äƤݤǤϤ뤬ưη֤ˡʲΤ褦˽줿Ȥ

 malefelame
'He is saying'/kɑːs//kɑ̃/
'Don't lift it'/lɑkɑučiːs//lɑkɑučin/
'He is peeling it'/mols//mol/
'You are building a fire'/oːsc//oːst/


̩ˤϷ˽Ȥ٤⤷ʤŪˤϤְܴۤ㤤ʤΩäμ˽ϡҤ Gros Ventre ۤYana Sioux ʤɤ轻̱θ䡤Baffin Island Inuit ˤ⸫롥
ǸˡDarkhat Mongolian 󤲤褦 (Trudgill 68--69) ʲοޤ˼褦ˡѤ忧ɽ蘆4Ĥ첻ǤϤ줾ʳȤʤꡤ֤ɽ蘆4Ĥ첻б롥2Ĥ첻˽ȤѤΤΡηϾΰ֤Ť˽֤ǰۤʤȤ̣ݤ롥

Gender Difference in Vowels in Darkhat Mongolian

ʾ塤äʸˡ˸¤餺ˤƤߤ󤲤

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-07-15-1]

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2014-06-27 Fri

#1887. ˤͤݤ4Ĥλ [gender][gender_difference][terminology][sociolinguistics][semantics][singular_they]

#1883. ˤγѡ ([2014-06-23-1]) ǡHellinger and Bussmann 򻲾ȤǡˤθȤ櫓ΤˤȤ˿̤٤ȤθǤ롥Ūˤ grammatical gender, lexical gender, referential gender, social gender 4̤ɬפ롥ʲHellinger and Bussmann (7--11) 򻲾Ȥʤ鳵⤹롥

ˤȤˡޤפ⤫֤Τ grammatical gender űѸǤ3ꡤ٤Ƥ̾줬§ŪˤϤ줫˳꿶Ƥ̾Υ饹ΰȤơ̾2?3ۤɤ̤졤Ūʰפȼʤɤħ롥The World Atlas of Language Structures Online Number of Genders, Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems, Systems of Gender Assignment ʤɤθʬۤϤƤ⡤Ȥƥ꡼ϡ²ʤɤθ²˸ꤵ줺ϤߤƤ롥
ˡlexical gender Ȥʬ롥쳰°Ǥ뼫ʪŪ򻲾Ȥ뤬ܼŪˤϸỤ̄Ū˵ꤵǤ롥㤨Сfather mother ϡ줾 [+male] [+female] Ȥ̣"gender-specific" ʸȤ롥ǡcitizen, patient, individual ʤɤˤơlexical gender "gender-indefinite" 뤤 "gender-neutral" Ȥ롥gender-specific ʸϡ̾ǼȤ heshe ̣ˤä򤵤Τ̤Ǥ롥grammatical gender lexical gender ϤƤפ뤬ɥĸ Individuum (n), Person (f) Τ褦ξԤפʤΤ⻶롥Τ褦ʾ硤ˤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ̾ grammatical gender ˤäƤʤ롥
3ܤϡreferential gender Ǥ롥ϡ줬ǻؼоݤʪŪǤ롥㤨С˵󤲤ɥĸ Person grammatical gender Ͻlexical gender θ줬ºݤʸ̮ˤƤؼƤСreferential gender ȤȤˤʤ롥Ʊͤˡɥĸ Mädchaen für alles "girl for everything" ʲǤⲰˤˤĤƤѤ뤬ξ Mädchaen grammatical gender lexical gender Ͻreferential gender ȤȤˤʤ롥̾Ǽݤˤϡgrammatical gender ˤ referential gender ˤ礬롥
Ǹˡsocial gender ȤϡҲŪ䡦Ȥ蘆˽ʬˡǤ롥ͤɽ魯̾졤ä˿Ȥ˴ؤ̾ϡ˽줫 social gender 蘆Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿㤨бƤǤϡlawyer, surgeon, scientist ϤФǤ뤳ȤԤ졤secretary, nurse, schoolteacher ϽǤ뤳ȤԤ롥pedestrian, consumer, patient ʤɤΰŪ̾ϡ̾ he Ǿȱ뤳ȤŪʴǤ뤳Ȥ顤 social gender ǤȲǤ롥social gender ˤϡμҲˤΥƥ쥪פ褯ɽ蘆롥

ѸˤˤȤƤϡʸˡξüȤ꤬롥ʸˡִ줿Ȥ褦ʾ˴ͿΤϡgrammatical gender, lexical gender, referential gender 3generic 'he' singular they ꤬طΤϡlexical gender, referential gender, social gender 3ȤˡָפˤޤĤܤפϰۤʤäƤȤȤˤʤ롥

Hellinger, Marlis and Hadumod Bussmann, eds. Gender across Languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001.

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2014-06-23 Mon

#1883. ˤγ [gender][gender_difference][category][agreement][personal_pronoun][title][address_term][political_correctness][sociolinguistics][language_planning]

(gender) ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ gender gender_difference εǹͻƤΤʤˤϡʸˡ (grammatical gender) Ȥ (category) ΰ (agreement) ;̾ (personal_pronoun) λؼоݤʤɡŪŪ⤢С˴ؤ political_correctnessMiss/Mrs./Ms. ʤɤξι (title) ä˽θѲؤδͿʤɡʸŪҲŪ⤢롥ˤϤΤ褦˹ΰʤäƤ롥
Τ褦˹Ƹ̤ʤʬȤݤäƤΤHellinger and Bussmann Gender across Languages νϤɤǡƬꥢˤʤäΩ (1) įǤ⡤ΰʤϰϤ褽Ǥ褦ʡ줿ȤʤäƤ롥

1. Aims and scope of "Gender across languages"
2. Gender classes as a special case of noun classes
   2.1 Classifier languages
   2.2 Noun class languages
3. Categories of gender
   3.1 Grammatical gender
   3.2 Lexical gender
   3.3 Referential gender
   3.4 "False generics": Generic masculines and male generics
   3.5 Social gender
4. Gender-related structures
   4.1 Word-formation
   4.2 Agreement
   4.3 Pronominalization
   4.4 Coordination
5. Gender-related messages
   5.1 Address terms
   5.2 Idiomatic expressions and proverbs
   5.3 Female and male discourse
6. Language change and language reform
7. Conclusion


"Gender across languages" ꤹ븦ץȤΰĤȤƽǤ줿ΤΥץȤμ礿ؿ5ˤޤȤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ (Hellinger and Bussmann 2)

(1) ܤʸˡäƤ뤫äƤʤСס̡̾첽ʤɤˤηŪħϲ
(2) ʸˡʤʤСꡤꡤ뤤οʪؼΤˤɤΤ褦ˡ뤫
(3) ΩŪʸ̮ǿͤؤȤǥեȤǤ褦ɽѤʤɤо뤫
(4) ˴ؤҲʸŪʳؤ䥹ƥ쥪פɽ魯Ѷ硤ȡȤ虜ʤɤ뤫
(5) ȸѰۡѲϤɤΤ褦˴ؤäƤ뤫פˤĤƤϤɤ

ԼԤϡˤϡؾˤȤɤޤ餺ҲŪʴްդΤǤ뤳Ȥ򶯤ĥƤ롥礭ʻͿƤɽɤ

Hellinger, Marlis and Hadumod Bussmann, eds. Gender across Languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001.

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2013-07-04 Thu

#1529. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ (3) [gender_difference][sociolinguistics][age_grading][covert_prestige][slang][double_negative]

#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1])#1364. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ ([2013-01-20-1])#1496. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ (2) ([2013-06-01-1]) ˰³Τۤɸ򹥤෹ (The Sex/Prestige Pattern) 򼨤ˤĤơ
εǸڤΤۤˡRomain (87) ϲˤҶ¸ߤƤΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

Another factor seldom considered is the effect of children, with respect both to employment patterns as well as to language use in families. The Dutch study found that when a couple had children, both parents used more standard language. One of the reasons why women may adopt a more prestigious variety of language is to increase their children's social and educational prospects.


ĤޤꡤοƤϡҶ˵Ūʸո򶵤褦Ȥ뤿ˡɸŪʸˡ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤ롤ȤǤ롥Ƥ˸¤ʤȤ¿μҲŪƤƤΤۤ˴ؤ뵡񤬰Ū¿Ȥϻ¤ǤꡤκơͽˤɸಽָȴϢƤΤǤϤʤȤ
ƤƤδ֤ΰҶؤδԤκˤĤƤϤƤȤơοƤǯءĤޤؤǯؤɸŪʸո򼨤ȤϹѻƤ롥դθ򤹤СԤϼҲŪ㤤Ѽ򹥤ȤȤϡͤɸŪѼ overt prestige ʸŪҡˤǧ뷹ΤФơ׽մ䤽μԤɸŪѼ covert prestige Ūҡˤǧ뷹Ȥư̲Ǥ롥üԸĿͤĹȤߤȡǯ𤬾夬ˤäơɸŪʸոؤȥեȤƤ椯 (age grading) ȤȤ
Ѹ줫ȤƤϡͤˤʤ¯ (slang) λѤ롤¿ (multiple negation) λѤʤɤĴ̤𤵤Ƥ롥㤨СʲϤ褽ƱƤȯμǤǤǤ롥Ȥ¯ŪɽϴޤޤƤ뤬٤κܤ줿졤pp. 94--95ˡ

(1)
An adolescent: Dude, yesterday I went to this store and, man, I couldn't find the shift I wanted anywhere, man, it sucked.
An adult: Yesterday, I went to the store. I couldn't find what I wanted. Gosh! I was frustrated.

(2)
An adolescent: What the fuck is up with you, dumb ass! I told you to take that shift out 3 times. Get your ass out there.
An adult: I told you to take the trash out 3 times now. What the hell are you doing? Get your ass in gear and get out there and empty the dumb thing.


Romaine ˤ Detroit ˤ¿ĴǤϡγ礬12аʲ73%1063%ФơͤǤ61%Ȥ졤p. 92ˡ
̤ͤˤϻҶ˵Ϥ򼨤ɬפȤҲŪʰϤäƤꡤˤɸŪѼλѤ򹵤褦ˤʤȤϡ´ˤäƤꡤϤ롥

Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.
󡡡ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-06-30-1]

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2013-06-01 Sat

#1496. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ (2) [gender_difference][sociolinguistics][weakly_tied][social_network]

#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1]) ȡ#1364. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ ([2013-01-20-1]) ǰä³ԡźΤۤɸ򹥤෹뤳ȤdzǧƤHudson (195) Ǥϡ "The Sex/Prestige Pattern" ȤŪʲȤƾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥

The Sex/Prestige Pattern
In any society where males and females have equal access to the standard form, females use standard variants of any stable variable which is socially stratified for both sexes more often than males do. (Hudson 195)


ʤΤ褦ʥѥ󤬰ŪʤΤȤˤĤƤϡ[2013-01-20-1]ε Trudgill 2ĤҲ𤷤Hudson (195--99) 3Ĥ󼨤Ƥ롥

(1) ҲŪϰ̤Ƥɸָ⡥ŵŪϼҲ˽ФơҲΤλŻˤäϰ̤롥ǡˤϡȰۤʤꡤҲΤλŻˤäϰ̤뵡񤬾ʤǡϡϰ̤ΤȷӤĤɸŪʸոѶŪ˳뤳ȤǡҲϰ̤νǤ褦ȤΤǤϤʤ
(2) ּ夤嫤ǷФ줿 ("weakly tied") ͥåȥ⡥ͥåȥˤС夤嫤ǷФ줿춦ƱΤ䤽ιϡ깭춦ƱΤεϡʤɸŪѼ˽䤹ȿФˡ嫤ǷФ줿춦ƱΤ䤽ιϡʵϤ˽䤹ŵŪϻŻʤɤ̤ƶ嫤ζƱΤؤε°ռϵդ˼夤嫤ζƱΤؤε°ռäơ°ͥåȥζ٤Ȥ顤ɸŪʵϤؤȷΤǤϤʤ
(3) vs ⡥ϸŪˤˤ餷 ("masculinity" or "toughness") Ȥ Trudgill (1) Ȼ¾ƱΤǤ롥 (roughness) ˷ΤФơ (sophistication) ȤΡȽθ캹θϡϻŻȷӤĤϫƯԳȥۥ磻ȥ顼ȷӤĤήθ캹θϢưƤ뤳Ȥθ餫ˤƤ롥ȡ˽ȤΤߤǶ̤Ť⡤ϫƯԳ顦ȤפȽή顦ȤפȤΩ뼴Ƕ̤ۤˤʤäƤϤޤ

Hudson ϡ(2), (3) ˤĤƤϲǽǧƤ뤬(1) ˤĤƤŪʸ򼨤Ƥ롥1ˡ(1) ϤäȤɸŪʷ֤ѤüԤǤ뤳ȤˤƤ뤬ºݤˤϽǤɸŪʷ֤ѤȤ롥2ˡTrudgill ˤ Norwich θĴǤϡΤۤ⼫θոºݤɸŪǤȲᾮɾ뷹뤳Ȥ줿ΤȤϡ(1) ˴ްդ롤˽Ȥϰ̤뷹ȤƤʤ3ˡ(1) ϡLabov θˤäƷŤ줿㤤Ѳ򸣰Ȥ¤礷ʤ
˽ϡܲҲؤǤȤ櫓ܤӤƤȥԥåǤ롥θοŸˤꡤ⤬󵯤뤫⤷ʤ

Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-07-04-1]

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2013-01-20 Sun

#1364. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ [gender_difference][sociolinguistics]

ε#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1]) ǡŪݼŪʿ񤤤򤹤뤳Ȥ򼨤ѸμҲĴ򳵴ѤǤϡʤʤΤTrudgill (73--74) ϡ2ĤβҲ𤷤Ƥ롥

(1) ϡˤ餷 ("masculinity" or "toughness") ơɸ䵬Ϥν餫æ褦Ȥ뷹ΤФơˤϤΤ褦ʷϸʤ˽ϡ˵ŪʲʹѤ˵ΤǤϤʤ
(2) ¿μҲǤϡҲŪɸ䵬Ϥˤ궯ȤԤ롥ŪʴͤƤߤлפȤ줬콬ˤڤǤΤǤϤʤ

餯(1) (2) ξȤҲŪʴǤʾ塤¾μҲŪʴƱͤˡɸ䵬Ϥ롥ơ⤽¾μҲŪʴƱͤˡɸ䵬ϤФ٤٤˽ΤϼǤ롥˽ϼҲŪ˴ԤƤ뿶񤤤ۤʤ뤫餳ˤƤۤʤ뿶񤤤򼨤ΤTrudgill (79--80) ϡʲΤ褦礹롥

Gender differentiation in language . . . arises because . . . language, as a social phenomenon, is closely related to social attitudes. Men and women are socially different in that society lays down different social roles for them and expects different behaviour patterns from them. Language simply reflects this social fact. If the social roles of men and women change, moreover, as they seem to be doing currently in many societies, then it is likely that gender differences in language will change or diminish also . . . .


Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-07-04-1] [2013-06-01-1]

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2013-01-19 Sat

#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ [gender_difference][sociolinguistics][negative][rhotic][sobokunagimon][double_negative]

#1361. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ([2013-01-17-1]) ڤӡ#1362. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ֡ ([2013-01-18-1]) ˰³Trudgill κǤͭ˾Ȥߤ벾Ҳ𤹤롥ѸǹԤʤ줿¿μҲĴˤС٤ƤɸŪѼ򹥤Ȥߤ롥
1ȤơDetroit ǹԤʤ줿¿ (multiple negation) Ĵ󤲤롥̤ˡѸˤ I don't wanna none Τ褦¿ɸŪʸˡȤʡ#549. ¿θѡ ([2010-10-28-1]) #988. Don't drink more pints of beer than you can help. (2) ([2012-01-10-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ̤ǤϡήۤɸŪʸˡ򤹤뤿¿꤬򤱤ͽۤ졤ºݤˤ̤ʤΤƱ쳬٤ȡΤۤ¿꤬򤱤뷹餫˸줿Trudgill (70) ꡤ¿λΨƸ褦


Upper Middle ClassLower Middle ClassUpper Working ClassLower Working Class
Male6.332.440.090.1
Female0.01.435.658.9


ˡTrudgill (71) 󤵤Ƥ롤Detroit ιͤ non-prevocalic /r/ ˴ؤĴߤƤߤ褦#406. Labov New York City /r/ ([2010-06-07-1]) ˤΤƱͤˡDetroit Ǥ non-prevocalic /r/ ϰҿΤȯȤߤʤƤ롥Ǥ⡤ϤҿΤ롤ɸŪȤ rhotic ȯַ뤳Ȥ狼롥


Upper Middle ClassLower Middle ClassUpper Working ClassLower Working Class
Male66.752.520.025.0
Female90.070.044.231.7


⤦ġNorwich ˤ -ing ȯ˴ؤĴ򸫤ƤǤϡɸŪ -ing ɸŪ -in' Ωǧ뤬ʲɸŪʰ۷֤ΨǤ (Trudgill 71)


Middle Middle ClassLower Middle ClassUpper Working ClassMiddle Working ClassLower Working Class
Male4278191100
Female03688197


ۤˤ⡤ɥѸħŪʡɸŪȤĺ (butter ʤɤ [t] ѤȤơˤΨϡǤŪ㤤ȤȤΤƤ롥
ξˤƤ⡤ƽΤۤɸŪȤܤַǧ롥ε#1362. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ֡ ([2013-01-18-1]) Ǽ夲ƥ (Koasati) λȤ碌ơθưˤϡɸ䵬Ϥ餷褦Ȥ뷹ʤݼѻȤ褦ϤʤʤΤεϡεǡ

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

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