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gender_difference - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2013-01-18 Fri

#1362. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ֡ [gender_difference][sociolinguistics][taboo][sobokunagimon]

ε#1361. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ([2013-01-17-1]) ˰³˽εˤĤơ
Trudgill ϡ˲ŪΩʤ顤 Jespersen 󵯤֥֡פҲ𤹤 (66) Jespersen ϡֿͤ襤˽ФȡͤΤߤȤȤ뤤ĤθȤȤäȤܤ̤ϤˤȤäƤϤθ췲ϥ֡ (taboo) Ǥꡤɽ߽Ф뤳ȤȤʤä줬θä˽εȤ
Ʊͤϡ롼 (Zulu) ڤ롥롼ǤϡʤȤη̾Ƥ֤Ȥϸʤʥ֡ȤƶؤƤꡤ̾˻䡤̾˴ޤޤβ򤷤ʤФʤʤȤ롥㤨С/z/ 򤵤٤Ȥȡֿפɽ魯̾ amanzi Ȥ򤱤졤ѸȤ amandabi ʤɤѤȤ褦ʼΤ褦ʴԤθ춦ƱΤνΤ˰̲Сä˽ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
Υ֡⤬˹Ū˽Ȥʤꤦ뤫ȤȡTrudgill ϤˤŪǤ롥Trudgill ϡ1ˡ֡ͳ褹˽ɤΤ褦˸춦ƱΤνˤ˰̲ΤǤ뤷2ˡðʳ˸˽ǡ֡ͳǤϤʤȤΤ㤬¿ȻŦ (67) 㤨СꥫǥΥޥ² (Muskogean) ƥ (Koasati) ˤ˽򼨤ܤ뤬ϽŪ˽֤ǻȤʬƤˤˤ뤳Ȥ֡Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤȤ狼äƤ롥Τ褦ʥǤϡθǤΤߤ׿θݼŪ˸ŷݤäȤƽʬǤΤȤ
θ줬ݼŪʤĵŪˤǤȤͻϡŪˤäợȤΤϡѸ˴ؤ¿μҲؤĴθݼ¾ڤƤ뤫Ū˸˽򤯸ϡǤ⥿֡ǤʤѲФ٤˽ˤΤǤϤʤεǡƤˤĤƹͻ롥

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

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2013-01-17 Thu

#1361. ʤˤ˽Τ --- [gender_difference][sociolinguistics][sobokunagimon]

ˤ˽ˤĤƤϡ#476. That's gorgeous! ([2010-08-16-1]) #913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1]) #915. äˤѤ˽ ([2011-10-29-1]) εǼ夲Ȥ롥ܸüԤǤС˽ˤĤƤľŪˤ褯ΤäƤꡤ˭٤˶󤲤ѸǤܸۤŪˤϸʤ˵󤲤ΤʤǡĤ򼨤νįƤ⡤ˤ˽ϡ٤κϤ졤ǧ롥Ǥϡˤ˽Ϥʤ¸ߤΤϡΰŪˤĤơȤ Trudgill 4 "Language and Sex" ˽äƵ
Trudgill ϡ3ĤβҲ𤷤Ƥ롥1ܤϡޤŵŪȤʤäƤɽλ˴ŤǤ롥17衼åѿͤɽξƥ (the Lesser Antilles) ǥֿͤ˽вäȤΥֿͤ˽ǰۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ˶äʲϡTrudgill (65) ˵󤲤ƤƱξڸǤ롥

The men have a great many expressions peculiar to them, which the women understand but never pronounce themselves. On the other hand the women have words and phrases which the men never use or they would be laughed to scorn. Thus it happens that in their conversations it often seems as if the women had another language than the men.


ºݤˤϡۤʤȤΤϸĥǤꡤ˽֤ǰθäۤʤäƤ٤äΤǡƱΰۤʤѼȤȤ館ΤŬڤȤƤ⡤θä˽ϲͳ褹ΤƱڸԤϼΤ褦³롥

The savage natives of Dominica say that the reason for this is that when the Caribs came to occupy the islands these were inhabited by an Arawak tribe which they exterminated completely, with the exception of the women, whom they married in order to populate the country. It is asserted that there is some similarity between the speech of the continental Arawaks and that of the Carib women. (Trudgill 66)


Ĥޤꡤˤ2̱²κ礬θ˽εȤԤΥָ졤ԤΥ說ȤΩ
ΡפοΤۤɤϳΤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ𤵤Ƥ褦ʥָˤ˽ϡ¤¾Υꥫǥˤ⸫뤳Ȥ顤ƱɬϤ⤿ʤȤ򤬤롥ޤʤȤ⤬󵯤Ǥ褦¾㤬ΤϤƤ⡤Τ褦ʸϸʤäơϡ⤷ȤƤüʥˤθˤߤ˽ŪΤȤϤʤꤨʤ

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

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2011-10-29 Sat

#915. äˤѤ˽ [gender_difference][sociolinguistics]

[2011-10-27-1]ε#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵפ˴ϢơHirschman ˤɸ򰷤äʬϤθŵŪҲ𤷤
θθȤʤääĴʬϤϡ1973ǯ Linguistic Society of America ǯ̥åˤƸƬȯɽ줿θ塤ȯɽƤȾйȤʤäƤHirschman θƱθȤɾ褦ˤʤꡤиŤƤˤ긦Ԥδ֤ͭ̾ˤʤäƤä Hirschman θ˸ڤ褦ˤʤäΤΡθƤܤ̤ԤϤۤȤɤʤȤθȤʤäƤΤǤHirschman ȤϤθ女ԥ塼ؤʬؤȿʤߡҲؤʬΥ줿ˡθ椬ƱʬǸŵŪʸȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤˤȤˡȤȸʬθ Deborah Tannen Hirschman Ϣ˻äơǽȯɽ20ǯʾκзФơŵŪ椬ʸȤ Language in Society ˰줿ΤǤ롥
ơHirschman θ˽2͡4ͤγˤä˴ŤΤǤ롥ۤʤȤ߹碌11ä򤽤줾10ʬϿžΤŪʬϤܤ饳ԥ塼ؼԤǤä Hirschman ⡤δĶǤϤ٤ƼȤʬϤʤäȤ򴶤ˡ4ͤΤߤоݤȤ10ʬۤɤäεϿǤ뤫顤륳ѥ̤ԽʬǤꡤФ줿ʬϷ̤ⲾŪʤΤȤʤ餶ʤHirschman Τ줿ĴμˡϸƱĴΤܤȤʤꡤ󵯤줿⹭ܤӤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
Hirschman μʬϷ̤ޤȤмΤ褦ˤʤ롥

ɤäǤϡäͿ줿֤95%ºݤä䤵줿ɤäǤ76%䤵ʤäޤλääǤϡλäʤɤΡä¿λ֤ä䤵줿
um, uh, ah, like, well, you know, I mean ʤɤ "filler" ϡΤۤä¿ѤǤ⡤˽ä٤ƽɤäǤ filler ٤㤫ä
we, you, I ¿Ѥshe/he, they, someone, person/people 򾯤ʤѤϡϸĿŪʷи䴶ꡤʪŪ˸ȤŪʰݤȹפ롥
yeah, ok, right, all right ʤɤιŪƱɤäˡ¿äŪͤϡǤ褯äǹͤ򼨤Ǥ褯äͤ򼨤ʤˤ˽ȿǤƤǽ롥
mm hmm ȤϤۤܽ˸ꤷѤ줿
äμǤϽɤäˤڤ¿줿
εƱĴäŸ뷹뤤˼򤷤äŸ뷹줿ϵ򤹤뷹줿

ʾϡΤȤ "the role of the female as facilitator of the conversation" (438) 򼨺褦˻פ뤬Hirschman ϤޤŤ˻¤򼨤ͤùɤ߹ߤϤƤʤդιᤵ̾ȤʤʤΤ⤷ʤ

Hirschman, Lynette. "Female-Male Differences in Conversational Interaction." Language in Society 23 (1994): 427--42.

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2011-10-27 Thu

#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ [bnc][corpus][statistics][lltest][interjection][gender_difference]

ɸ򰷤ä Rayson et al. ʸɤBNC ǡ͸Ūʴʬव줿äդϿ֥ѥ4,552,555ˤоݤȤơä˽ǯ𺹡ҲŪϰ̤ˤ뺹餫ˤ褦ȤǤ롥װΤʤǡŪѰۤŪ˺Ǥ⶯줿Τˤ뺹äȤȤʤΤǡܵǤϤη̤Ҳ𤷤
ޤʲ˵󤲤ͤβˤμɬפʤΤǡ˿ƤBNC ˼Ͽ줿äդϻִԤ2֤μʲä Walkman ˿᤭Ǥäǡ񤭵ΤǤꡤλִԤ73̾75̾Ǥ롥äо줹ִ԰ʳüԤˤĤƤ⡤Τۤ¿äơ֥ѥؤλΨǤСΤȤƽ⤯ʤ뤳ȤԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ
ƧޤǤ⡤ΤȤƽΤۤ褯äȤȤ򼨺ͤФѤ줿 word token ǤС1.00ȤȽ1.51äͭΨǤϡ1.00ȤȽ1.33ä˽βäǤΤۤ⤤ͭΨ򼨤ȤԸ椬뤬BNC Υ֥ѥǤϽƱΤβä¿äȤȤ嵭η̤طʤˤΤ⤷ʤˤ衤̣ͤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ˡ٤äˤ˽򸫤Ƥߤ褦˽ٹ礤ι⤤ɤȴФˡϡȤƤ[2010-03-10-1], [2010-09-27-1], [2011-09-24-1]εǾҲ𤷤ΤƱˡǤ롥ѥȽѥ̤줾줫줿ɽͤ碌Ū˽ (χ2) ι⤤¤ؤФ褤ʲϡ25̤ޤǤΰǤ (136--37)

RankCharacteristically maleCharacteristically female
Wordχ2Wordχ2
1fucking1233.1she3109.7
2er945.4her965.4
3the698.0said872.0
4year310.3n't443.9
5aye291.8I357.9
6right276.0and245.3
7hundred251.1to198.6
8fuck239.0cos194.6
9is233.3oh170.2
10of203.6Christmas163.9
11two170.3thought159.7
12three168.2lovely140.3
13a151.6nice134.4
14four145.5mm133.8
15ah143.6had125.9
16no140.8did109.6
17number133.9going109.0
18quid124.2because105.0
19one123.6him99.2
20mate120.8really97.6
21which120.5school96.3
22okay119.9he90.4
23that114.2think88.8
24guy108.6home84.0
25da105.3me83.5


ɬ⤳25̤ޤǤɽǤɤ߼ʤRayson et al. (138--40) ˤаʲܤͤȤ

"four-letter words"졤δħŪǤ (ex. shit, hell, crap; hundred, one, three, two, four; er, yeah, aye, okay, ah, eh, hmm)
;̾졤1;̾졤δϽħŪǤ (ex. she, her, hers; I, me, my, mine; yes, mm, really) ̾λѤˤä˽Ϥʤ
the of λѤ¿˰̾Ѥ̾λѤ¿Ȥ̤λ¤ȴϢ뤫
ͭ̾졤̾졤ưϽ¿λ "report" ηФδط "rapport" ηθ줫
ͭ̾ΤʤǤ⡤̾ϽλѤ¿̾λѤ¿

¾Υѥˤ븡ڤɬפη̤Ȳ˶̣ߤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
ɤ׽ȴϢơѥؤǥ踡ѤȤƹѤ褦ˤʤäƤ Log-Likelihood ˤĤƤϡ Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 1 Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 2 򻲾ȡ

Rayson, Paul, Geoffrey Leech, and Mary Hodges. "Social Differentiation in the Use of English Vocabulary: Some Analyses of the Conversational Component of the British National Corpus." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 2 (1997): 133--52.

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2010-08-16 Mon

#476. That's gorgeous! [bnc][corpus][bre][semantic_change][etymology][gender_difference]

ե奢Ȥμ¶ʤɤǽơ Gorgeous! ȴòΤʹȤ롥ޤꥹαˤޤ֤˷ä̼ȱؤơäˤʤäƤꥹͽ Gorgeous! ȸˤƤΤФƤ롥֥㥹פܸˤѤƤֲʡڤʡפȤ̣夷Ƥ뤬ܸǤϾ޻ɽ魯ӤȤƤѤʤȻפΤǡ嵭αѸɽʹˡ㤦ΤʤȵŤOALD7 ˤȡƻ gorgeous 1ϰʲ̤Ǥ롥ߤǤϡŨʡפθפʻȤˤʤäƤ褦

1. (informal) very beautiful and attractive; giving pleasure and enjoyment

  
ƻ gorgeous ϥե󥹸 gorgias "fine, elegant" μѤǡˤȸ촴 gorge "bosom, throat" Ǥ뤳Ȥ "ruff for the neck" ּΤˤդ路ҤߡפȴϢŤΤǤϤʤȤƤ롥̤ǤϥꥷνȤʤ򹥤Ȥ Gorgias (c483--376BC) ͳ褹Ȥ⤵졤θ츻Ͼܤ餫ǤʤOED ˤȤθ15꤫ѤƤֲʡڤʡפȤܤä޻ɽ魯ɽȤƤˡ19Ⱦ鸽ФɽȤƤˡ̲Τ20äƤǤꡤȤ櫓ݥԥ顼ˤʤäΤ20Ⱦ21ˤƤΤȤǤϤʤȵ롥
ͤ뺬1Ĥϡ20Ⱦμ򤤤Ĵ٤櫓ǤϤʤ㤨 Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828) Ĵ٤¤ꡤgorgeous Υȥ꡼˸ŪɽбͿƤʤ
⤦1ĤκϡBNCWeb gorgeous ٤פäƤߤ̤Ǥ롥Ḥ̤̂Фޤ餫ʤΤϡ"informal" Ȥ졼٥뤫ͽۤȤꡤθϽ񤭸դäդ٤˹⤤ȤǤ롥100νи٤ϡ񤭸դ4.8Фäդ17.39Ǥ롥äդ˸ꤷʬۤĴ٤Ȥä˲ʸ٤ι⤤Ȥʬä
ơ⤪⤷ΤϻѼԤ̤ǯʬۤǤ롥gorgeous 100桤ˤ8.89󤷤ѤƤʤˤ34.64ȤƤ롥ʣα¼񡤱ѱѼ٤ơּ˽졦άפȤƥ졼٥뤬ŽƤΤϡإ˥缭ŵ٤äۤ˽餫Ǥ¾μǤֽפΥ졼٥뤬ߤȤޤѼԤǯȤƤ24аʲŪǤ롥BNC ɽ20ȾΥꥹѸäդ˴ؤ¤ꡤgorgeous ϼǯؤνˤȤ櫓ݥԥ顼ɽȤȤʬ롥̤ˤϤޤꤳθѤʤ⡤ǯؤ˸¤äƤϻ٤Ū⤤Ȥ̤ФΤȤơgorgeous λѤϤ1?2δ֤˻Ѥ礷Ƥȹͤ줽Ǥ롥
٤ĴɬפϤ뤬ʾξ󤫤ȽǤ¤ gorgeous ˡޤܤѲƤȤȤˤʤ롥Ūʾ޻ɽ19ȯãƤǯǼǯؽҤλѤˤäƥ֥쥤줬ǯˤȤĤĤ롥¾ǯؤˤڤǤƤޤޤݥԥ顼ˤʤ뤫⤷ʤήɽȤƤܤǤ⤷ʤ
塤ˡι򸫼äƤⵡ񤬤ä̡ǯ̣ˡ That's gorgeous! ȶǤߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦

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