ε#1361. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ([2013-01-17-1]) ˰³˽εˤĤơ
Trudgill ϡ˲ŪΩʤ顤 Jespersen ֥֡פҲ𤹤 (66) Jespersen ϡֿͤ襤˽ФȡͤΤߤȤȤ뤤ĤθȤȤäȤܤ̤ϤˤȤäƤϤθ췲ϥ֡ (taboo) Ǥꡤɽ߽Ф뤳ȤȤʤä줬θä˽εȤ
Ʊͤϡ롼 (Zulu) ڤ롥롼ǤϡʤȤη̾Ƥ֤Ȥϸʤʥ֡ȤƶؤƤꡤ̾˻䡤̾˴ޤޤβʤФʤʤȤ롥㤨С/z/ ٤Ȥȡֿפɽ魯̾ amanzi Ȥ졤ѸȤ amandabi ʤɤѤȤ褦ʼΤ褦ʴԤθ춦ƱΤνΤ˰̲Сä˽ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
Υ֡⤬˹Ū˽Ȥʤꤦ뤫ȤȡTrudgill ϤˤŪǤ롥Trudgill ϡ1ˡ֡ͳ褹˽ɤΤ褦˸춦ƱΤνˤ˰̲ΤǤ뤷2ˡðʳ˸˽ǡ֡ͳǤϤʤȤΤ㤬¿ȻŦ (67) 㤨СꥫǥΥޥ² (Muskogean) ƥ (Koasati) ˤ˽ܤ뤬ϽŪ˽֤ǻȤʬƤˤˤ뤳Ȥ֡Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤȤ狼äƤ롥Τ褦ʥǤϡθǤΤߤθݼŪ˸ŷݤäȤƽʬǤΤȤ
θ줬ݼŪʤĵŪˤǤȤͻϡŪˤäợȤΤϡѸ˴ؤ¿μҲؤĴθݼ¾ڤƤ뤫Ū˸˽ϡǤ⥿֡ǤʤѲФ٤˽ˤΤǤϤʤεǡƤˤĤƹͻ롥
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
ˤ˽ˤĤƤϡ#476. That's gorgeous! ([2010-08-16-1]) #913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1]) #915. äˤѤ˽ ([2011-10-29-1]) εǼ夲Ȥ롥ܸüԤǤС˽ˤĤƤľŪˤ褯ΤäƤꡤ˭٤˶ѸǤܸۤŪˤϸʤ˵ΤʤǡĤνįƤ⡤ˤ˽ϡ٤κϤ졤ǧ롥Ǥϡˤ˽Ϥʤ¸ߤΤϡΰŪˤĤơȤ Trudgill 4 "Language and Sex" ˽äƵ
Trudgill ϡ3ĤβҲ𤷤Ƥ롥1ܤϡޤŵŪȤʤäƤɽλ˴ŤǤ롥17衼åѿͤɽξƥ (the Lesser Antilles) ǥֿͤ˽вäȤΥֿͤ˽ǰۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ˶äʲϡTrudgill (65) ˵ƤƱξڸǤ롥
The men have a great many expressions peculiar to them, which the women understand but never pronounce themselves. On the other hand the women have words and phrases which the men never use or they would be laughed to scorn. Thus it happens that in their conversations it often seems as if the women had another language than the men.
ºݤˤϡۤʤȤΤϸĥǤꡤ˽֤ǰθäۤʤäƤ٤äΤǡƱΰۤʤѼȤȤ館ΤŬڤȤƤ⡤θä˽ϲͳ褹ΤƱڸԤϼΤ褦³롥
The savage natives of Dominica say that the reason for this is that when the Caribs came to occupy the islands these were inhabited by an Arawak tribe which they exterminated completely, with the exception of the women, whom they married in order to populate the country. It is asserted that there is some similarity between the speech of the continental Arawaks and that of the Carib women. (Trudgill 66)
Ĥޤꡤˤ2̱²κ礬θ˽εȤԤΥָ졤ԤΥ說ȤΩ
ΡפοΤۤɤϳΤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ𤵤Ƥ褦ʥָˤ˽ϡ¤¾Υꥫǥˤ⸫뤳Ȥ顤ƱɬϤ⤿ʤȤ롥ޤʤȤ⤬Ǥ褦¾㤬ΤϤƤ⡤Τ褦ʸϸʤäơϡ⤷ȤƤüʥˤθˤߤ˽ŪΤȤϤʤꤨʤ
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
[2011-10-27-1]ε#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵפ˴ϢơHirschman ˤɸäʬϤθŵŪҲ𤷤
θθȤʤääĴʬϤϡ1973ǯ Linguistic Society of America ǯ̥åˤƸƬȯɽ줿θ塤ȯɽƤȾйȤʤäƤHirschman θƱθȤɾ褦ˤʤꡤиŤƤˤ긦Ԥδ֤ͭ̾ˤʤäƤä Hirschman θ˸ڤ褦ˤʤäΤΡθƤܤ̤ԤϤۤȤɤʤȤθȤʤäƤΤǤHirschman ȤϤθ女ԥ塼ؤʬؤȿʤߡҲؤʬΥ줿ˡθ椬ƱʬǸŵŪʸȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤˤȤˡȤȸʬθ Deborah Tannen Hirschman Ϣ˻äơǽȯɽ20ǯʾκзФơŵŪ椬ʸȤ Language in Society ˰줿ΤǤ롥
ơHirschman θ˽2͡4ͤγˤä˴ŤΤǤ롥ۤʤȤ߹碌11ä줾10ʬϿžΤŪʬϤܤ饳ԥ塼ؼԤǤä Hirschman ⡤δĶǤϤ٤ƼȤʬϤʤäȤˡ4ͤΤߤоݤȤ10ʬۤɤäεϿǤ뤫顤륳ѥ̤ԽʬǤꡤФ줿ʬϷ̤ⲾŪʤΤȤʤ餶ʤHirschman Τ줿ĴμˡϸƱĴΤܤȤʤꡤ줿ܤӤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
Hirschman μʬϷ̤ޤȤмΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ɤäǤϡäͿ줿֤95%ºݤä䤵줿ɤäǤ76%䤵ʤäޤλääǤϡλäʤɤΡä¿λ֤ä䤵줿
um, uh, ah, like, well, you know, I mean ʤɤ "filler" ϡΤۤä¿ѤǤ⡤˽ä٤ƽɤäǤ filler ٤㤫ä
we, you, I ¿Ѥshe/he, they, someone, person/people ʤѤϡϸĿŪʷи䴶ꡤʪŪ˸ȤŪʰݤȹפ롥
yeah, ok, right, all right ʤɤιŪƱɤäˡ¿äŪͤϡǤ褯äǹͤǤ褯äͤʤˤ˽ȿǤƤǽ롥
mm hmm ȤϤۤܽ˸ꤷѤ줿
äμǤϽɤäˤڤ¿줿
εƱĴäŸ뷹뤤˼äŸ뷹줿ϵ뷹줿
ʾϡΤȤ "the role of the female as facilitator of the conversation" (438) 褦˻פ뤬Hirschman ϤޤŤ˻¤ͤùɤ߹ߤϤƤʤդιᤵ̾ȤʤʤΤ⤷ʤ
Hirschman, Lynette. "Female-Male Differences in Conversational Interaction." Language in Society 23 (1994): 427--42.
ɸä Rayson et al. ʸɤBNC ǡŪʴʬव줿äդϿ֥ѥ4,552,555ˤоݤȤơä˽ǯҲŪϰ̤ˤ뺹餫ˤ褦ȤǤ롥װΤʤǡŪѰۤŪ˺Ǥ줿Τˤ뺹äȤȤʤΤǡܵǤϤη̤Ҳ𤷤
ޤʲ˵ͤβˤμɬפʤΤǡ˿ƤBNC ˼Ͽ줿äդϻִԤ2֤μʲä Walkman ˿ǤäǡΤǤꡤλִԤ73̾75̾Ǥ롥äо줹ִʳüԤˤĤƤ⡤Τۤ¿äơ֥ѥؤλΨǤСΤȤƽ⤯ʤ뤳ȤԻĤǤϤʤ
ƧޤǤ⡤ΤȤƽΤۤ褯äȤȤͤФѤ줿 word token ǤС1.00ȤȽ1.51äͭΨǤϡ1.00ȤȽ1.33ä˽βäǤΤۤ⤤ͭΨȤԸ椬뤬BNC Υ֥ѥǤϽƱΤβä¿äȤȤ嵭η̤طʤˤΤ⤷ʤˤ衤̣ͤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ˡ٤äˤ˽Ƥߤ褦˽ٹ礤ι⤤ɤȴФˡϡȤƤ[2010-03-10-1], [2010-09-27-1], [2011-09-24-1]εǾҲ𤷤ΤƱˡǤ롥ѥȽѥ̤줾줫줿ɽͤ碌Ū˽ (χ2) ι⤤¤ؤФ褤ʲϡ25̤ޤǤΰǤ (136--37)
| Rank | Characteristically male | Characteristically female | ||
| Word | χ2 | Word | χ2 | |
| 1 | fucking | 1233.1 | she | 3109.7 |
| 2 | er | 945.4 | her | 965.4 |
| 3 | the | 698.0 | said | 872.0 |
| 4 | year | 310.3 | n't | 443.9 |
| 5 | aye | 291.8 | I | 357.9 |
| 6 | right | 276.0 | and | 245.3 |
| 7 | hundred | 251.1 | to | 198.6 |
| 8 | fuck | 239.0 | cos | 194.6 |
| 9 | is | 233.3 | oh | 170.2 |
| 10 | of | 203.6 | Christmas | 163.9 |
| 11 | two | 170.3 | thought | 159.7 |
| 12 | three | 168.2 | lovely | 140.3 |
| 13 | a | 151.6 | nice | 134.4 |
| 14 | four | 145.5 | mm | 133.8 |
| 15 | ah | 143.6 | had | 125.9 |
| 16 | no | 140.8 | did | 109.6 |
| 17 | number | 133.9 | going | 109.0 |
| 18 | quid | 124.2 | because | 105.0 |
| 19 | one | 123.6 | him | 99.2 |
| 20 | mate | 120.8 | really | 97.6 |
| 21 | which | 120.5 | school | 96.3 |
| 22 | okay | 119.9 | he | 90.4 |
| 23 | that | 114.2 | think | 88.8 |
| 24 | guy | 108.6 | home | 84.0 |
| 25 | da | 105.3 | me | 83.5 |
ե奢Ȥμ¶ʤɤǽơ Gorgeous! ȴòΤʹȤ롥ޤꥹαˤޤ֤˷ä̼ȱؤơäˤʤäƤꥹͽ Gorgeous! ȸˤƤΤФƤ롥֥㥹פܸˤѤƤֲʡڤʡפȤ̣夷Ƥ뤬ܸǤϾɽ魯ӤȤƤѤʤȻפΤǡ嵭αѸɽʹˡ㤦ΤʤȵŤOALD7 ˤȡƻ gorgeous 1ϰʲ̤Ǥ롥ߤǤϡŨʡפθפʻȤˤʤäƤ褦
1. (informal) very beautiful and attractive; giving pleasure and enjoyment
ƻ gorgeous ϥե gorgias "fine, elegant" μѤǡˤȸ촴 gorge "bosom, throat" Ǥ뤳Ȥ "ruff for the neck" ּΤˤդ路ҤߡפȴϢŤΤǤϤʤȤƤ롥̤ǤϥꥷνȤʤȤ Gorgias (c483--376BC) ͳ褹Ȥ⤵졤θ츻Ͼܤ餫ǤʤOED ˤȤθ15꤫ѤƤֲʡڤʡפȤܤäɽ魯ɽȤƤˡ19Ⱦ鸽ФɽȤƤˡ̲Τ20äƤǤꡤȤ櫓ݥԥ顼ˤʤäΤ20Ⱦ21ˤƤΤȤǤϤʤȵ롥
ͤ뺬1Ĥϡ20ȾμĴ٤櫓ǤϤʤ㤨 Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828) Ĵ٤¤ꡤgorgeous Υȥ˸ŪɽбͿƤʤ
⤦1ĤκϡBNCWeb gorgeous ٤פäƤߤ̤Ǥ롥Ḥ̤̂Фޤ餫ʤΤϡ"informal" Ȥ졼٥뤫ͽۤȤꡤθϽդäդ٤˹⤤ȤǤ롥100νи٤ϡդ4.8Фäդ17.39Ǥ롥äդ˸ꤷʬۤĴ٤Ȥä˲ʸ٤ι⤤Ȥʬä
ơ⤪⤷ΤϻѼԤ̤ǯʬۤǤ롥gorgeous 100桤ˤ8.89ѤƤʤˤ34.64ȤƤ롥ʣα¼ѱѼ٤ơּ˽졦άפȤƥ졼٥뤬ŽƤΤϡإ˥缭ŵ٤äۤ˽餫Ǥ¾μǤֽפΥ졼٥뤬ߤȤޤѼԤǯȤƤ24аʲŪǤ롥BNC ɽ20ȾΥꥹѸäդ˴ؤ¤ꡤgorgeous ϼǯؤνˤȤ櫓ݥԥ顼ɽȤȤʬ롥̤ˤϤޤꤳθѤʤ⡤ǯؤ˸¤äƤϻ٤Ū⤤Ȥ̤ФΤȤơgorgeous λѤϤ1?2δ֤˻Ѥ礷Ƥȹͤ줽Ǥ롥
٤ĴɬפϤ뤬ʾξȽǤ¤ gorgeous ˡޤܤѲƤȤȤˤʤ롥Ūʾɽ19ȯãƤǯǼǯؽҤλѤˤäƥ֥쥤줬ǯˤȤĤĤ롥¾ǯؤˤڤǤƤޤޤݥԥ顼ˤʤ뤫⤷ʤήɽȤƤܤǤ⤷ʤ
塤ˡιäƤⵡä̡ǯ̣ˡ That's gorgeous! ȶǤߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦
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