AZޤǤΥե٥åʸΤʤǡǤ٤ι⤤ʸ㤤ʸϲʸ (letter_frequency) ˤĤƤϡ#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1]) β Letter Frequencies (rankings for various languages) ؤΥȤꡤ͡ʸ䥳ѥǤνɽФƤ롥㤨СBNC ˰͵ "etaoinsrhldcumfpgwybvkxjqz" νɽ롥
Crystal (277) ˤϡThe Cambridge Encyclopedia (1st ed.) ƥȡ150ѥȤʸɽǤƤ롥ٽ (Cumulative) Τߤʤ餺ʸءʪءؤγơΥơޤȤ٤ Morse code (morse_code) ٤碌ƼƤ롥ʲΥդϡX˱äٽ (= "eatinorslhdcmufpgbywvkxjq") ʸ¤١YƥơǤٳɴʬΨˤȤΤǤɽϥ HTML ȡˡ

ٽ˾Ȥ餷ƥơޤȤħƤߤȤȡǤɸŪǤ롥ʸؤ³ɸफäƤΤءʪء Morse code Ȥʤ롥
ġʸߤȶ̣¿롥Ū˽Ǥ <h> ¿ (holy?) <l> ʤȡʸؤǤ <w> ¿Ȥϲ̣Τʪؤ䲽ؤϥƥꥷϤñ줬¿ޤޤƤ뤿ˡ¾̤Ȥϼ㴳ۤʤʸ٤ƤΤ⤷ʤŪ Morse code ϡ¾ΥơޤȤܤ˸ưۤʤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
ε#5045. deafening silence ּĤ褦ۡס ([2023-02-18-1]) Ǽ夲ɽˤĤơBNCweb ˤʸФƤߤĤƤߤ褦
All that remained on the barren expanse was a deafening silence.
But the countryside! Absolute deafening silence. Not a tractor in sight. No buzzing saw mills, no electric milking machines humming away. Just horses and ploughs and, for want of a better word, peasants.
now there is almost a deafening silence, broken only by the odd apologetic cough as the minutes tick towards 8.30.
In the deafening silence inside the gallery she could hear her heart thumping madly against her ribs.
It was a relief when a couple of minutes later, amidst the deafening silence that had descended on the room, Mrs Aitken poked her head round the door. 'Dinner will be served whenever you're ready.'
Ƶˡ (oxymoron) ζɽ˴ؿʲĤơsilence Ȥ̾ϤۤˤɤΤ褦ʷƻǽ뤳Ȥ¿Τ䤤ͯƤ϶ (collocation) ˴ؤŪतεǡѼкѤäԤ BNCweb Ĵ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥"_AJ* {silence/N}" ȸ Frequency breakdown εǽѤ50̤ޤǤ٥ФƤߤ
| No. | Lexical items | No. of occurrences |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | long silence | 145 |
| 2 | stunned silence | 53 |
| 3 | complete silence | 44 |
| 4 | total silence | 43 |
| 5 | tense silence | 37 |
| 6 | awkward silence | 31 |
| 7 | brief silence | 28 |
| 8 | short silence | 27 |
| 9 | sudden silence | 23 |
| 10 | absolute silence | 22 |
| 11 | deafening silence | 22 |
| 12 | embarrassed silence | 22 |
| 13 | uncomfortable silence | 22 |
| 14 | shocked silence | 16 |
| 15 | stony silence | 15 |
| 16 | dead silence | 14 |
| 17 | deep silence | 13 |
| 18 | Eerie silence | 13 |
| 19 | heavy silence | 13 |
| 20 | small silence | 12 |
| 21 | thoughtful silence | 12 |
| 22 | uneasy silence | 12 |
| 23 | utter silence | 12 |
| 24 | ensuing silence | 11 |
| 25 | sullen silence | 11 |
| 26 | momentary silence | 10 |
| 27 | fraught silence | 9 |
| 28 | ominous silence | 9 |
| 29 | terrible silence | 9 |
| 30 | brooding silence | 8 |
| 31 | companionable silence | 8 |
| 32 | sponsored silence | 8 |
| 33 | virtual silence | 8 |
| 34 | dignified silence | 7 |
| 35 | horrified silence | 7 |
| 36 | Hushed Silence | 7 |
| 37 | lengthy silence | 7 |
| 38 | long silences | 7 |
| 39 | longer silence | 7 |
| 40 | strained silence | 7 |
| 41 | uncanny silence | 7 |
| 42 | awful silence | 6 |
| 43 | cold silence | 6 |
| 44 | comparative silence | 6 |
| 45 | continuing silence | 6 |
| 46 | embarrassing silence | 6 |
| 47 | gloomy silence | 6 |
| 48 | great silence | 6 |
| 49 | strange silence | 6 |
| 50 | angry silence | 5 |
#4995. ư̾칽ʸ there is no ---ing ---뤳ȤϤǤʤפѸ ([2022-12-30-1]) ϸѸˤ³ʸȤΤƤ뤬Ѹˤ there was ---ing Ȥ̣ʸ¸ߤ---Ԥʤ줿ס---ȤȤȤפۤɤΰ̣Ǥ롥Mustanoja (576) ˤĤ㤬Ƥ롥
The construction there was . . -ing is frequently used in ME for the expression of indefinite agency: --- þer was sobbing (Havelok 234); --- þer was sembling (Havelok 1018); --- thar wes oft bikkyring (Barbour ix 343); --- so greet wepyng was there noon, certayn, Whan Ector was ybroght, al fressh yslayn, To Troye, Allas, the pitee that was ther, Cracchynge of chekes, rentynge eek of heer (Ch. CT A Kn. 2831--4). A similar case is and thus the woful nyhtes sorwe To joie is torned on the morwe; Al was thonkinge, al was blessinge, Which erst was wepinge and cursinge (Gower CA ii 3317--18).
ư̾ɽ蘆ưιټԤǤꡤưΤΤ˾ƤѤ빽ʸʤΤOED -ing, suffix1 ˤäˤιʸ˴ؤ뵭ҤϤʤMED -ing(e (suf.(1)) ˤڤʤ
ιʸϡǤäΩäʸȤƸڤ뤳ȤϤʤΤΡ١ȤϼѤƤ褦there is/was ---ing BNCweb ꤤĤƤߤ褦
'Well, like I told the foreign gentleman, there was dancing in the sitting room, and this Mrs Heatherington-Scott she was dancing with Mr Merrivale.'
There is shooting almost daily in the capital as roaming snipers attack military checkpoints;
There was rationing at home and war in Ireland.
First there was cheering then jeering.
There was knocking on the front door.
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Φ嶥ʤɤǡֻĤ2פȤΤ˱ѸǤ two laps to go ʤɤȸΤʹȤȤǡto go ˡˤĤƼ䤬ä֡Υ¾̤ʤɤˤĤơֻĤפȤư̤ѤŪʥե졼ɤΤ褦ͳʤΤ
OED go, v. Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡ 9c βˤˡƤƤǽ3ʸȤȤˡʲ˰Ѥ롥
c. intransitive. In the infinitive, used as a postpositive clause. Of a period of time: to be left, remain; to be required to elapse. Hence of a quantity of something: to remain to be dealt with.
Earliest in the context of marine racing.
Formally coincident with some uses of sense 2a(b): cf. quot. 1905 at that sense.
1881 'Rockwood' Stories Sc. Sports 91 Fifteen seconds to go, and it is all anxiety. Five seconds gone, and yet she is not there.
1892 J. G. Blaine Let. 26 Feb. in Fur-seal Arbitration: App. Case U.S. before Tribunal I. 354 Our consul at Victoria, telegraphs to-day that there are---Forty-six schooners cleared to date. Six or seven more to go.
1909 H. Sutcliffe Priscilla of Good Intent xvi. 241 There were five minutes to go before the signal for the start.
㤬19ȾȤȤʤΤǡ褷ƸŤɽǤϤʤ嶥ݡĤʸ̮ޤ줿ɽȹͤƤ褵ǡΥεŤǤϤʤäȤˤʤ롥
go ֹԤפȤưϡűѸ֡ʤ֡Υ̤˿ʤࡤФ롤Ƨˤ롤СפۤɤθѤƤ㤨СѸǤ "One of my favorite things to do was ice-skate on the beautiful St. Lawrence river... I'd go for miles and miles." ʤɤȤ롥ˡ go ֡Υ̤ɽ魯ɽθ˷ƻˡȤ֤졤ֻĤפδɽ뤳ȤˤʤäΤ
ʤߤˡBNCweb "_CRD (more)? _NN* to go" ȸƤߤ422㤬äƤñ̤̾ minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years ʤɤλ֤ɽ魯Τ¿feet, yards, miles ʤɤεΥɽ魯Ρޤ laps, holes, fenses, games ʤɥݡĶϢۤΤ롥
ֱѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡɽ줿֤ǰ֡פΤïǤǥˡDz Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ʡɱ١ˤ "Magic mirror on the wall, who is the fairest one of all?" ѤƤƻ fair ΰ̣Ѳ˾ƤѸƳƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
פȤФޤ beautiful פ⤫ӤޤʤǤ fair ʤΤǤ礦ޤƥĤǤ⤵Ƥ̤ fair ˤϡֿΡפȤ⤢ޤΤǡSnow White ȤΤ褤Ȥޤˡbeautiful ƻѤƤΤòƤ봶ΤФfair ˤϡָʡʿʡפθޤƻŪʴްդޤ (cf. fair trading, fair share, fair play) ɱƤΤˤԤäȤ櫓Ǥ
fair ϸűѸѤƤѸǡŤ˭ʶޤbeautiful ϡ14˸ťե̾ beute Ѥˡ15˱Ѹ¦ -ful ղäƺäѸǤեѸΤˤϡȾץեѸˤŪˤäΩŪ̵ƩζĤȤ¿ΤǤbeautiful ˤĤƤгΤ fair ٤ƻŪŪʿߤϴޤʥƥѸ attractive ȹ碌 fair -- beautiful -- attractive 31 (triset) ȳơλѰ (register) ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
fair beautiful Τ褦ΰ̣ˡΰ㤤ˤĤƾܤΤꤿˤϡ䥳ѥʸäįᡤɤΤ褦ʸȶ (collocation) Ƥ뤫ѻ뤳Ȥᤷޤ1줫ʤ륤ꥹѸ쥳ѥ BNCweb ξζɽĴ٤ƤߤޤǤϿʪƻѤƤ붦˸¤äƾҲ𤷤ޤfair ȥåȤߤ䤹Τ hair lady Ǥbeautiful ȥåȤȤƤ woman, girl, young, hair, face, eyes, looks ʤɤäƤޤʤ fair lady ФơޤƻѤɤɽ魯Ȥò beautiful woman/girl ȤΩ¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤޤɱˤϤϤ fair դ路ΤǤ礦͡
fair ˸ȸηӤĤϡcandid Ȥƻˤ⸫ޤcandid ˡΨľʡפ̣ޤʤָʿʡפθޤŤϡפθ⤢ޤȤȤθ츻ϥƥ candidus ǡޤˡפ̣ޤǮƵƤפǡcandle ʥˤȤ캬ͭƤޤޤcandidate ʸԡˤϡޤǸԤȡ뽬路äȤͳ褷ޤʤߤܸǤַסֹס֥ʡ̵ˡפʤɤȸδطָޤ͡
ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡꥢåפ줿ָʤ̸ǭ!?ǤܸǤϤҤɤΰȤָפɽ褷ơָǭפȤϸʤ櫓ǤѸǤͽ̤ʡ cats and dogs Ȥ̣ǤThey fight like cats and dogs. Τ褦ѤۤޤФꤷ餷Ƥ뤳Ȥ to lead a cat-and-dog life ʤɤȤɽޤ褯Τ줿ںߤפΥǥ#493. It's raining cats and dogs. ([2010-09-02-1]) ǡǤ
ϤȤưʪ˴ؤʸѺȤƤ⤷ǤˤʤäΤϱѸ cats and dogs θǤܸǤϡָǭפɡ嵭αѸΥǥɽȤƤϡǭפνˤʤäƤޤϤʤʤΤǤ礦
1ĹͤΤϡװǤ2ĤǤӤĤжȤƵǽˡŪνޤ뷹ޤβװˤ͡ʤΤޤ绨ĤˤвηڤΤơŤΤȤΤ§Ǥ⤦ΤˤС "openness and sonorousness" 㤤Τơ⤤ΤˤȤǤȤƤϡᡦڤ硦ŤؤήȤƤȤ館ޤ륤ϡħ (sound_symbolism) 뤤ϲ (phonaesthesia) ȸƤФޤ줬2Ǥֽ˴ͿƤȹͤޤ
첻ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ礦ŵŪˤϹ첻첻ؤȤˤʤޤ#1139. 2।ǥν벻Ūʾ (2) ([2012-06-09-1]) Ǽ褦 flimflam, tick-tock, rick-rack, shilly-shally, mishmash, fiddle-faddle, riffraff, seesaw, knickknack ʤɤ㤬äƤޤ#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ^([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) [AEIOU]\S* ([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) \1 [AEIOU]\S* \2$ ȤƸƤߤȡۤˤ chit-chat, kit-cat, pingpong, shipshape, zigzag ʤɤޤding-dong, ticktack פĤޤ͡졦ָ (onomatopoeia) ¿褦Ǥ
Ǥϡ cats and dogs ŬѤȤɤʤǤ礦ξԤ첻 /æ/ /ɔ/ ǡ첻Ȥ纹ޤξˤϡ٤ΡפȤΩƤΤǤϤʤȵäƤޤؤȤήǤ첻 /æ/ ޤ cats ǡ첻 /ɔ/ ޤ dogs Ȥ櫓Ǥٻ붯ڵϺΤȤˤƤޤͤޤǤˡ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) ȡ#243. phonaesthesia ߡ ([2009-12-26-1]) ɤжǤϤޤưθ߷Ȳ catch/caught, hang/hung, stand/stood ʤɤΩޤ
ơ⤽ cats and dogs νǥեȤǤ뤫Τ褦ǵʤƤޤʤΤǤ礦ˡֱѸΥǥɽȤƤϡפȽҤ٤ΤǤ¤Ͻˡָǭפɽˤ dogs and cats 褯ȤƤΤǤƤɽŪʥѥ BNCweb COCA ñ㸡ƤߤȤΥѥˤƤ dogs and cats ΤۤषͥΤ褦ǤȤȤϡνϡǤϤʤˤʤäΤǤ礦
ǤʤȻפäƤޤ18--19θѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡcats and dogs 18㡤dogs and cats 8ȽФޤ⤷ȡȤŪˤ cats and dogs ͥäȤˡ20ʹߡǶˤʤä dogs and cats 餫ͳɤ夲ƤȤǽޤºݡꥫѸ˥ѥ COHA Ǥäȳǧ¤ꡤΤ褦ʵۤǻʤΤǤ
ָǭפǭפñʤǤѸŪˤϱǤ
-ly μդˤĤƤ -ly ¿εǰäƤŪˤߤƤ꤬˭٤ǡ#1032. -e ο -ly ȯã ([2012-02-23-1]) #1189. Ѹˤ -ly ε§طʡ ([2012-07-29-1]) ʤɤǡΤ⤷Ҳ𤷤Ƥ
#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1]) Dz⤷Ƥ褦ˡߤǤŪȹͤƤ -ly ϡȤȤϷƻäξڵ friendly, scholarlywomanly, daily, weekly, yearly ʤɤϼ˷ƻȤѤ롥 -ly ƻ줫бˤϤɤФ褤줿顤ȤƤ -ly ˲äơfriendlily ʤɤȤΤ
Ū -ly ΤȤǤ롤ϳΤ friendlily ηϤ뤷¡ϿƤΤ⤢롥ºݾ¿ˤܤˤʤʸǤ롥ƻƱ friendly Ѥꡤin a friendly manner ʤɤȱŪɽΤ̤/-lɪli/ ³ĴŪ˸Ϥ (cacophony) ΤͳȻפ롥̤Ȥơhaplology ʽŲæˤ1Ĥ -ly ˤޤȤƤޤΤcf. #2362. haplology ([2015-10-15-1])ˡ
-lily Ǥ뤳ȤϸѸ쥳ѥǤñ˳ǧǤ롥㤨СBNCweb "*l[i,y]ly_{ADV}" Ȥñ㸡Ƥߤȡ106郎äƤ롥Ƹ٤ȡslyly (90), jollily (4), sillily (4), surlily (2), beastlily (1), ghostlily (1), oilily (1), possiblily (1), seemlily (1), uglily (1) Ȥʤ롥Ǥ٤ι⤤ slily δΤȤʤƻ sly /slaɪ/ Ǥꡤ ly ϤޤǸ촴ΰˤʤᡤδؿоݤ鳰Ƥ褤2̥ jollily, sillily ˤĤƤ⡤Τηƻ jolly, silly ˴ޤޤ -ly ϡŪˤϤ餯ȴƤʤΤǤϤʤʸ츻Ūˤ silly -ly ϳΤܲܤƤͳ褹Τˡpossiblily ˤĤƤϡʸ̮ǧ̾ possibility ΥߥڥǤ뤳Ȥʬꡤθ鳰Ƥ褤̤Ȥơ-lily ϤƵǤ뤳Ȥ狼
ꥫֻ color ȥꥹֻ colour ᤰˤĤơܥ֥Ǥϲ٤夲ƤֻƱѺɽȤƤ褯ΤƤꡤʬ䤹ǤȤȤ⤢뤬ѸŪˤϰճȿǤ̥ŪǤ⤢롥
ǤŪʻ³ǧ --- ΥꥫѸȥꥹѸ color colour γơʬۤϤɤʤäƤΤĴ --- Ԥʤ鷺Ȥ˵ŤȤȤǡϸ奢ꥫѸɽŪѥ COCA ȡꥹѸ BNCweb Ĵ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤcolo(u)r ζ졤ʣޤŪ˹ԤʤΤۤϥѤơcolo(u)r, colo(u)rs, colo(u)red ʰʾ϶Ȥơ, colo(u)rful, colo(u)rless, discolo(u)r 6θμФˤȤɤ
| COCA ˤ <color> <colour> | |||
| <or> | <our> | <or> Ψ | |
| COLOR | 124,778 | 4,792 | 0.9630 |
| COLORS | 33,225 | 1,886 | 0.9463 |
| COLORED | 5,553 | 179 | 0.9688 |
| COLORFUL | 10,871 | 412 | 0.9635 |
| COLORLESS | 1,000 | 57 | 0.9461 |
| DISCOLOR | 110 | 0 | 1.0000 |
| BNCweb ˤ <color> <colour> | |||
| <or> | <our> | <our> Ψ | |
| COLOR | 115 | 11,332 | 0.9900 |
| COLORS | 24 | 4,396 | 0.9946 |
| COLORED | 14 | 2,432 | 0.9943 |
| COLORFUL | 6 | 1,093 | 0.9945 |
| COLORLESS | 4 | 166 | 0.9765 |
| DISCOLOR | 1 | 19 | 0.9500 |
ԻĤ˻פäƤɽ롥enough ȤܶѤɽʤΤŵŪ -ly enough ֤졤ʸƬ֤뤤ȤΤߤΤᤤBNCweb Ƥߤ褦ζϥåΤˤƤˡʤˤ "*ly_{ADV} enough" Ϥ
Oddly enough, many parliaments expect to modify government plans, which takes time.
Her large grin and knotted black curls were, strangely enough, more memorable.
I had a dream last night funnily enough about Leeds (I dont normally --- honest!).
Interestingly enough, even hens and rats have been found to consume more calories when they are offered a varied diet than when they are fed `the same old thing' all the time.
Naturally enough, those who commit crimes will tend to conceal their actions and protect themselves.
줾̯ʤȤˡסִ̯ʤȤˡסֳΤʤȤˡסֶ̣ȤˡסΤȤˡפ̣롤ʸǤ롥ʸǤ뤫顤ŪˤʸƬ˸줿ꡤŪѤ줿ꤹ뤳ȤԻĤǤϤʤͤΤϡenough Ǥ롥ʤֽʬˡפźƤΤenough ά줿Ȥǡ֤ƤñΤǤʸȤƱ褦˵ǽΤñΤǤϤ䤷졤ĴȤʤʤ enough ź뤳Ȥǥꥺɤ٤θ (eurhythmy) Ϥꤽ
enough ֤뤳Ȥ¿μȤƤϡҥåȿ¿20Ĥ oddly, quickly, strangely, funnily, interestingly, early, easily, naturally, curiously, clearly, appropriately, only, seriously, barely, ironically, nearly, surprisingly, badly, reasonably, hardly Ȥʤ롥quickly, early, easily ʤɤϡܤˡȤƤǤϤʤʤĤޤֽʬפʤɤ̾ˡˤˤä٤⤯ʤäƤˤʤܤˡǸǤŵŪ10٤Сoddly, strangely, funnily, interestingly, naturally, curiously, appropriately, ironically, surprisingly, reasonably Ȥʤ롥
ˡʬۤդȡդˤäդˤ⸽Ƥꡤǥˤ㤤ϤʤȤäƤ褤ʤ 18 wpm ١ˡѼԤ˽庹ǤߤƤ⡤äΩäʬ۾ħϤϤʤƥȥפȤƤ Fiction and verse Ū˹⤤ (27.01 wpm) ΩäƤ櫓Ǥʤ¿ΰۤʤ쥸ѤƤΤ֤Ǥ롥
enough ΰ̣Ω enough ϰ̣ŪˤϤʤΤȸ虜ʤºݡإ˥缭ŵ٤ˤС enough ˤϡֽʬˡפΰ̣Ϥۤɤɤʤݡڤ롥ޤOED enough, adj., pron., and n., and adv. C. adv. 2 ˤ "With the idea of satisfying a requirement reduced or absent." ȤꡤΤˡֽʬʡפΤˤĤơֲפʤäƤޤäΩƤƤ롥β̶ʬ (b) ȤͿƤΤޤ˺ˤƤˡǡΤ褦롥
(b) With a sentence adverb, as in aptly enough.
See also funnily enough at FUNNILY adv. 2, oddly enough at ODDLY adv. 5b.
1704 W. Nicolson Diary 22 Nov. in London Diaries (1985) 231 The Text of the Book (whimsically enough) in Vermilion-Letters, instead of an Italic Character.
1783 Ld. Hailes Disquis. Antiq. Christian Church ii. 15 Which, aptly enough, might be denominated the journals of the senate.
1912 E. V. Baxter & L. J. Rintoul Rep. Sc. Ornithol. 3 Curiously enough, both the Common Nightingale .. and the Northern Nightingale .. were added in spring to the Scottish list.
2015 H. Scales Spirals in Time ix. 249 A mollusc named, appropriately enough, the Windowpane Oyster.
ˡǤν㤬1704ǯȤʤäƤΤǡϤФűѸ geōg ˤΤܤŻȤϤ̤֤ɽϡʤʤ餷
ε ([2020-05-14-1]) ǡܲΥե졼ȤʤäƤ stay at home stay home ˤĤƱѸˤδͻϤĤΥѥǤäĴ̤𤹤롥ʲ٤ʸ̮ĴϤƤʤΤǤ餺
ޤϸΥꥹѸȥꥫѸˤĤơ줾 BNCweb COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) stay (at) home ǽФƤߤ̤ϡꥹѸǤ stay at home 86.9%ͥդ˥ꥫѸǤ stay home 74.6%ͥȽФƺʬ䤹Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ˡ̻ŪʬۤοܤߤƤߤ褦ꥹѸˤĤƤϸѸ쥳ѥ CLMET3.0 ѤꥫѸˤ1810ǯʹߤΥƥȤ COHA (Corpus of Historical American English) Ѥ
CLMET Ǥ1 (1710--1780)2 (1780--1850)3 (1850--1920) Υ֥ѥȤ stay (at) home ƤߤȤɤλˤƤ stay at home ¾ͣɽä2 (1780--1850) staying home 1㸽Τߤǡ19ޤǤ stay home ϤۤȤΤƤʤäȤäƤ褵Ǥߤ BNCweb ʬä奤ꥹѸξƤȡ餯20 stay home ƤȤȤˤʤ
ꥫѸǤʬۤοܤ⤷ꥫѸǤ⡤Ȥ stay at home ¾ͣɽä19 stay home ۤ鸽Ƥ롥20 stay home ϵ®˿ӻϤᡤ1940ǯˤϽ stay at home ٤ξǵž˻äơߤˤưṲ̄ͥΩƤȤȤˤʤ롥
ñĴʤΤǾڵηϤȤɤ˻ĤäƤΤΡʾξɽʬۤοܤˤĤƤ褽θĤ롥ޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥19ޤǤϡξѼȤŪˤŤ stay at home ǥեȤǡstay home ϤۤȤΤƤʤäȤ20ˤ stay home ƤȤ櫓ꥫѸǤ20Ⱦ˸ų stay at home ޤʤߤޤǤ˰쵤ڤƤ
Ĥ stay home ѸˤΤɤʳǻѤ路ƤǤ롥OED home, adv. 1e Ǥϡưưȼʤ home νФc1580ǯȤʤäƤ뤬stay home Ȥ缫ΤνФĤ϶Ƥʤkeep home be home ʤɤɽ1600ǯ˽ФƤ褦Ǥ롥#2237. I'm home. ([2015-06-12-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
Ĵ٤ɬפ뤬ˤäƤϤä٤ƸѸΤȤǤǽ⤢롥stay home ϼ¤Ϥʤ꿷ɽʤΤǤϤʤ
ѺʸΤȤСؿԱ³缭ŵ١ʸҡˤʤɤѤƤ (125) ǾҲ𤵤Ƥ륪饤ġ Just The Word ʤɤ餷ȤŬʸ "combinations" Υܥȡʸѥ̤٤ι⤤ collocation ɽȤʪˡŬ collocation åȡʸ KWIC ǤĤȤ顤Ԥ
Just The Word Τ⤦1ĤʻȤӤϡŬڤʱѸɽĤ褦ȤݤΤǤ롥־̤פбѸɽΤꤿȤˡȾȾʤ⡤ޤ "say joke" Ϥ "alternatives from thesaurus" åƤߤ롥 "say joke" ϰȤ֤ɽ뤬β "tell joke" ɤȤФɽΤåСϤ KWIC "tell a joke" "tell jokes" ʤɤʸ¿롥
ˤСظ˹ƤΤ BNC Τ褦ơΡɤפ T-score οͤ˰¸ƤȤʡ#1283. ηˡ ([2012-10-31-1])ˡ
ѥѤ䵻Ѥ̤ޤDZѤƤΤȶäФǤ롥
ã顡رñؽβʳء١ҡ2019ǯ
#833. Ͽǥƥȡ ([2011-08-08-1]) Ҳ𤷤ġˡرñؽβʳء (12) Ǽ夲Ƥ̤θÿϥƥ Test Your Vocabulary Online With VocabularySize.com Ҳ𤷤褦1404åʤʤƤȤǡword family ١ǤθϤȽǤ롥ܸꤷƿǤ롥ޤѸǤνΤߤȤʤ뤬ƱååȤѤ100䤫ʤÿǥƥȤβ⤢롥
Ϣ (13) Ǥϡñ٥٥Ĵ٤ġȤơCompleat Lexical Tutor VocabProfilers ȤҲ𤵤Ƥ롥BNC COCA ʤɤѤơϤñʷˤ٤1000٥롤2000٥ʤɤñ̤ǶƤ롥٤Ĺαʸȡñå٥뤴Ȥ˿ŤƤ줿ꡤʬۤפ֤ƤͥΤե䥴㥴㤷Ƥʬˤ
ܿͤαѸؽԤˤȤäƤϡɸÿ SVL 12000פʤɤ˴ŤƱʸθå٥ȽꤷƤ Word Level Checker Ǥ롥ñ줴Ȥ˥٥֤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤϤʸθå٥Ȥʬ֤ۤƤȤġǤ롥
ʸϤȡñθե٥åȽ˼ưƤ Apps 4 EFL Text to Flash ȤġˤαǤǡñåỌ̇̄ݥåץåɽʸɲڡñ˺ Pop Translation ʤġ⤢롥桤ˤʤäΤʤ
ã顡رñؽβʳء١ҡ2019ǯ
may ʸˤ丽ǤλˤĤ may optative εǰäƤ (78) ѤƤ Declerck (416) ˤȡmay ʸħȤ4ŦƤ롥
a. In a main clause, a wish (malediction or benediction) is introduced by may.
b. This use of may is very formal and rarely found in modern English, except in standing expressions.
c. May always expresses a present wish with future actualisation.
d. Might cannot be used in a similar way.
a, c, d ˤĤƤʤ뤬b ˤĤƤϤɤȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ɬפʤ褦˻פ롥
may ʸθߤ뤿ˡBNCweb Ƥߤư may ʸ "may_VM0" Ȼˤϡ3,537ΥƥȤ112,397㤬ҥåȤΤʤ龯ɤεˡϳʤõΤˤϤޤ˹ޤ롥ǡmay ʸŵŪѥ䴶ò¸ߤʤɤˡʤ٤¿㤬֤ˤϤȤκǺ뤳ȤˤξǡȤˤƳΤʸФ
̤ȤƼФΤ100ĤۤɤʸǤʷ̤ޤȤƥȥեˡĤ1줫ʤ륳ѥ100ȤȤϡ٤ȤϼȤϤ롥ޤ귿ɽ (Declerck "standing expressions"ˤ¿ȤȤǧ줿äȤ⡤ҤΤ褦귿ɽʤɤΡַפ˸ƤΤǡη̤ȤǤ롥Ȥ May God bless/forgive/rest . . . Long may it flourish/continue/last . . . May . . . be with you . . . Much good may it do . . . ʤɤϡ餫ʥѥƤ롥
ηˤϤޤ꤭äΤФǤϤʤmay ʸϡΤ褦ʤޤΥѥ˴ŤƸؤΡ֥ѥǥפȤϤ߽Ф¿ʤȤϤʥפʸΤƤΤǤ롥ΰ̣ǡ١פ㤯ȤפɬꤨƤʤȸΤǤϤʤΤ褦Ƥ
Happy days, Jack, and may all your troubles be little ones!' (A73 91)
AN OLD CAMBRIDGE toast is, 'Here's to pure mathematics - may she never be of any use to anyone!' (B7C 2026)
St Augustine taught that God had created man in his own image and so it was by looking at his own soul that man would discover God: 'May I know myself! may I know thee!' he had cried. (CD4 417)
May you be doing so well into the next century! (CGB 37)
With joy may we burn and cleanse!' (CM4 255)
May all dealers have this problem! (EBU 2407)
May you take that knowledge to your grave!' (HGV 6054)
⤦1 authentic 1ۤǯϤ˳鼡Τ褦ʸǻϤޤä
We hope this email finds you all well and settling in to the New Year. May it be a productive and enjoyable one for one and all!
ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ
Declerck, R. A Comprehensive Descriptive Grammar of English. Tokyo: Kaitaku-sha, 1991.
ѸˤǤϡѸ줫Ѹˤơեȥƥ줫̤θüѤʤ줿Τ߾ѤΤˤĤƤϡ餯ѻ饹Ȥƻ֤ȤȤ˻٤ƤΤ롥ȤΤϡѤ줿餫٤Ѥ줿ȤϹͤˤ˱ѸƱﲽƤȤȤ館Τ
β¾ڤΤˤĤˡꤽDurkin ĴԤʤäƤ롥Ѹ졤Ѹ졤ѸΤ줾ˤƥѥ˴ŤǹٸꥹȤꡤΤʤ˥եƥѸ줬ɤΤ餤γǴޤޤƤ뤫Ĵ١γ̻ŪܤӤȤˡŤΥѥǤֻѰۤȤ꤬ؤ뤿ᡤ̩Ĵ褦ȤñˤϤʤDurkin ϤȤꤢˡȤơѸȽѸˤĤƤ Helsinki Corpus 1150--1500ǯ1500--1710ǯΥѤơѸˤĤƤ BNC Ѥưֻ١Ĵ줾٥ˤ900--1000̤ۤɤޤǤñֻ˥ꥹȤꡤΤʤǥեƥѸ줬ϤФ
̤ϡѸ쥻Ǥ7%ۤɤäΤѸ쥻Ǥ19%ޤǾ徺˸Ѹ쥻Ǥ38%ޤǤ˻äƤ롥ƤĴǤ뤳ȤǧĤĤ⡤եƥѸǸѤƤΤ¿ˤĤƤϡˤΤʤǽ٤夲Ƥ̤ȤơߤŪʤȤ褯狼ä
ˤ⤷ȤˡѸΥ1500--1710ǯˤ˴ؤͤˤĤơٸꥹȤ˴ޤޤեƥѸΤ٤Ƥ1500ǯ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤꡤ⤽2/3ۤɤϳμ¤˥եѸǤȤ¤ǧ (Durkin 338--39)
ޤѸȽѸιٸꥹȤ˴ޤޤեƥѸ¿ѸιٸꥹȤˤƸƤ¤ˤƤŤ2ˤϸ뤬ϳƤ췲įȡʤȤѲƤ롥㤨Сhonour, justice, manner, noble, parliament, pray, prince, realm, religion, supper, treason, usury, virtue Ǥ (Durkin 340)
ˤäƺѸꥹȤ䥭ɤۤʤ뤳ȤȤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥѤ͡ʻӤƤߤȤ⤷㤨СѸ쥳ѥ˴ŤɡꥹȤˤĤơ#2332. EEBO ΥɤС ([2015-09-15-1]) ȡޤ٤ˤˤĤƤϡ#1243. ٤θ̻ŪΤˡ ([2012-09-21-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
伫ʬѤ n-gram Ȥʬϼˡ롥ѥؤǤ⤹ǤˤߤγǰǤꡤɽ (collocation) θʤɤǤΤ褦Ѥ褦ˤʤäΥѥΥեˤƤѤƤꡤ#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1]) Ǥ̾˴ޤޤƤۤɤܥ֥Ǥ COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) N-gram ǡ١Ѥơ#956. COCA N-Gram Search ([2011-12-09-1]) ƤʤαѤϡ#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1])#954. ӱƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-07-1])#955. ʸϤ碌2।ǥ ([2011-12-08-1]) ȡˡBNC ǤϡExplore Words and Phrases from the BNC ѤǤ롥
ԥ塼ѤʬϼˡȤʹ뤬n-gram ιͤϻäñǤ롥ʸ٥ 2-gram (bigram) ͤƤߤ褦ĹαñȤ pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (#63. پɤϱѸǺǤŤµ ([2009-06-30-1])) ˤȤ롥ޤƬ2ʸ1Ȥ pn Фˡ2ʸܤ˿ʤƱ褦 ne Ф3ʸܤ˿ʤ eu 4ʸܤ˿ʤ um 롥Ʊ褦ˡ1ʸıˤ餷ʤ顤Ǹ is ޤ2ʸ1ȤȽäƤ44Ȥ2ʸȤˤʤ롥ȤΤʤǡic co ȤȤ߹碌ϳơ3ꡤos, si, no, on Ȥ߹碌ϳơ2졤ʳȤ߹碌Ϥ1٤Ǥ롥äơñˤƺǹ٤2ʸ1Ȥ ic co Ȥʤ롥
n-gram ñ̤ϡΤ褦ʸǤɬפϤʤǤǤ褤礭ñ̤ǤǤǤ褯礭ʶʤɤΤ礭ñ̤Ǥ褤Ѹ쥳ѥؤǤϡȤñ̤ǹͤΤ̤Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have a Dream αΥƥȤǸñ̤ 4-gram ȡǤ¿4Ȥ߹碌ϡͽ̤ "I have a dream" 8"will be able to" Ʊ8롥"Let freedom ring from" 7Ȥ褯롤ʬϤǽȤʤ롥Ǥ4ȤפꤷΤ 4-gram ȸƤФ뤬ܤ뤤Ĥʸθ뤫ˤ 1-gram (unigram), 2-gram (bigram), 3-gram (trigram) 5-gram ʾͤ뤳ȤǤ1-gram ξ硤ꥹȤϡ¾ƸɽǤˡ
祳ѥ줿 2-gram 3-gram ΰϡ켫ΤɽθʤɤǤϴܥǡȤʤ뤿ᡤ־Ǥ⤤ȸƤ롥ܸǤN-gram ѥ - ܸ쥦֥ѥ 2010뤷ѸǤ COCA n-gram ǡ١ 롥ޤBigram Plus Ǥϡ˱Ѹ쥳ѥޤƼѸ쥳ѥ N-Gram Search Ԥʤ뵡ǽƤ롥ۤˤǤդΥƥȤ䥳ѥоݤ n-gram ƼΥġ䥽եȤ⡤־ǽ
n-gram ʬϤθʬؤαϰϤϹʲʸˤϲȤͽ¬ǽȤطᡤˤ벻ǧʬϡȽꡤưڥåõΡʸѥǥåκʤɤ˳Ѥ롥ɽθǤϡܤˤԲķμʤȤʤäƤ롥n-gram ϤäѤȤɽ̲줿ƥȤоݤȤؤˤ빽¤ˤޤä뤳ȤʤᡤʸˡΤ褦ʸ̤Ƚ褦ܤϡn-gram in Wikipedia ȡ
n-gram ϹǡޤޤȤƻꤽ˱ѸƥȤˤ⡤ѤƤ
ʸ嵭2015/09/12(Sat) Sketch Engine N-grams ⻲ȡ
Ρ#2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡס ([2015-04-22-1]) ˰³520դǡּԡפޤWEBޥ Lingua ꡤ *
ϡʣΥѥѤ뤳Ȥ䤪⤷ФޤޤѸαƺȤ츫Ūˤ⡤ưŪ뤤̻Ū뤳ȤˤꡤʸĴޤ
ΤʤǤޤºݤˤϺΡּԡפǽҤ٤˻ˤϡäȾܤĴʤФʤޤѥѤơ㤨ФΤ褦ʸѲħȤ館뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤǽäƤ館СȤǼɮޤԡԤǻμɮôϴǤʹߤ³WEBޥ Lingua εˤܤХåʥСͭѤǤʲWEBޥ Lingua γƵؤΥʺǿǡˤĥäƤޤ
1. ʤѥ ֿܡ
2. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb Ƥߤ ԡ а桡
3. Ѹ쥳ѥθĥ BNCweb Ƥߤ ʸԡ а桡
4. Google ѥ˸ΩƤ ʿβʡ
5. פδáԡˡ ٺθ ʾӡͺϺ
6. פδáʸԡˡ ʾӡͺϺ
7. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
8. ѥѤŤƿΰ衧ե쥤 ʰ塡͡
9. ؽԥѥȤϲ ʳҡΡ
10. ؽԥѥDzǤΤ ʳҡΡ
11. ѥ륳ѥβǽ ʿβʡ
12. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷Ѷˡ ġץꥷ
13. ܸ쥳ѥ˸봷ѶѲǽ ġץꥷ
14. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
15. COCA Ȥäθ ġ͡
16. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
17. ѥäդõ롡 ڡ
18. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ1ɸ well, I mean, kind of, like λȤ ʻ
19. ؽԤäեѥȤäʬϡ2㤤ʪǤɽ ʻ
20. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ëľ
21. ǧθؤѤƥѥ̣õ롽 ֻ졦ư ëľ
22. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ
23. ѥõѸαƺԡ ġδ
ʤμԤܤ gorgeous ˴ؤƤϡܥ֥ǤʲεǰäƤޤΤǤȤ
#476. That's gorgeous! ([2010-08-16-1])
#477. That's gorgeous! (2) ([2010-08-17-1])
#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1])
ޤѸʸˤ˽ˤĤƤ gender_difference γƵǰäƤޤä˸˽ȥѥѤȤơ#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1])
ʤ may not û̷ mayn't ѸǤϰŪѤʤΤȤΤԻĤȻפäƤΤޤǰ鷺ˤΤǾͤƤߤ
ˡư줬꼭ȼˤϡƤбû̷롥can't, couldn't, won't, wouldn't, shouldn't, mightn't, mustn't, needn't, use(d)n't, oughtn't mayn't ϤޤꤪܤˤʤºݤΤȤ礭ʼˤϵܤΤ졼٥ȤƤϸŪǤȤǤȤüˡȤƤ롥OED Ǥ mayn't "(colloq., now rare)" "rare in all varieties of English" ȤꡤɸѸåȤȤѸ춵ˤƶƤʤΤ̵̤ȤǤ롥Quirk et al. (122) Ǥ⡤mayn't shan't ȤȤѤʤʤäƤƤ뤳ȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
Every auxiliary except the am form of BE has a contracted negative form . . ., but two of these, mayn't and shan't, are now virtually nonexistent in AmE, while in BrE shan't is becoming rare and mayn't even more so.
ޤ Quirk et al. (811--12) ϡղõˤ mayn't I? ʤɤηȤˤΤʤˤڤǤ롥mightn't I? can't I? ѤüԤ⤤褦ޡȤǤϤʤmay I not? Ͼ˲ǽ줷¿ʸ̮ˤϤդ路ʤ
The negative tag question following a positive statement with modal auxiliary may poses a problem because the abbreviated form mayn't is rare (virtually not found in AmE). There is no obvious solution for the tag question, though some speakers will substitute mightn't or can't or --- when the reference is future --- won't:
?I may inspect the books, | mightn't I?
| can't I?
?They may be here next week, | mightn't they?
| won't they?
The abbreviated form is fully acceptable, but limited to formal usage:
I may inspect the books, may I not?
They may be here next week, may they not?
ơBNC mayn't 7ΤߥҥåȤäե֥ѥ2Τߤե֥ѥ5Ūʸ̮ˤƤ롥73㤬 mayn't you?, mayn't it?, mayn't there ȤäղõΤʤǸƤꡤϻѤƤ뤳Ȥ狼뤬1쵬ϤΥѥǤȤȤϡϤ¾ԻѤȤäƤ褤
can't mightn't ȤʿǤڤꡤղõˤ뤽ΤʤżƤޤǤ mayn't λѤȤξϡäɤΤ褦Ф褤ΤŪ˲ǤΤŪʻˤĤơεǹͻ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ʸʸˡ (construction grammar) ϡλȾδ֤ȯŸƤǧθؤ˴ŤʸˡǤ롥Lakoff, Fillmore, Goldberg, Kay ʤɤˤäƤ
ʸȤªΤΤϡˤĹ롥¤ؤǤ뤵Ƥήʸפιͤ⡤ض̤ƹΤƤ롥ʸˡоˤꡤιʸʸв졤ŪӸݤȤư褦ˤʤä
1970ǯȾǧθؤˤꡤʸñ˷ŪʴǤϤʤǽỤ̄Ūʴ饢ץ褦ˤʤäιʸϡع¤ΤǤϤʤ켫Ȥλʤˤΰ̣ľܹñ̤ǤȤͤ㤨СMe write a novel?! Ȥ츫˳Ūʹʸϡ켫ΤȼαΧʼȽ徺ĴΥȥ͡ӤӤˤȼ֤פްդ롥ޤThere's the bell! Τ褦ʹʸϡͺؤ夲ưȤȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿γФľפɽ魯ȤäʸʸˡǤϡʸΤΤ̣ѡΧʤɤꤷƤª롥
ʸ̣ʤɤꤷƤȤäƤ⡤εζѰۤ롥㤨СIs A B? ιʸŵŪ˼ȯù٤ɽ魯Is that a fact? ϡ̾ǤϤʤüԤζäɽ魯ʤŪȯù (indirect speech_act) Τ褦ˡʸʸˡϡʸȤΰ̣δطץȥŪ˹ͤɬפȼĥ롥ޤ귿ʸȤʤȡΤʤθ¾ΤΤ˸Ǥʤʤʤɡ̣ŪŪͻ̤Τʤʤ륱⤢롥㤨СThanks a lot, Thanks a million ȯŸ Thanks a billion ϲǽ*Thanks a hundred ԲǽȤʤ롥day in day out, month in month out ϲĤminute in minute out century in century out ԲĤǤ롤 (Taylor 225--28)
ʸʸˡϾ嵭Τ褦ʸˡؤΥꥢȤƤǯǤʸˡ¦ǤʸʸˡȿΤȿʬʤɤȯŸƤƤ롥ʸħˤʤäƤȤ
ʸʸˡȤߤ BNC ʸ˹ʸդǡ١http://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/ ǸƤꡤΥեꥢǤ롥ܤ٤Ѹ칽ʸϿƤ롥
Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.
Adam Kilgarriff Ƥ BNC database and word frequency lists 顤Ф첽Ƥʤɽ (unlemmatised lists) ɤǤ褦˥ǡ١館
# եƥȤǡƺȤ "diarrhoea" vs. "diarrhea" ֻ٤ǧ
select * from written where word like "diarrh%"
# s ǻϤޤʬι⤤
select * from variances where word like "s%" order by variance desc limit 100
# 첻Ѱۤʣñ١cf. #708. Frequency Sorter CGI([2011-04-05-1]) Ǥ lemma ä
select * from bnc where word in ("foot", "goose", "louse", "man", "mouse", "tooth", "woman") and pos = "nn1" order by freq desc
# 첻Ѱۤʣ
select * from bnc where word in ("feet", "geese", "lice", "men", "mice", "teeth", "women") and pos = "nn2"
# POSǤޤȤ٤ι⤤ˡä 'demog'
select pos, sum(freq) from demog group by pos order by sum(freq) desc
# Ǥ¿Ȥ̾
select * from variances where pos like "n%" order by variance desc limit 100
# Ǥ¿Ȥƻ
select * from variances where pos like "aj%" order by variance desc limit 100
ʤФ첽Ƥɽ (lemmatised list) ˤĤƤϡ٤ˤ800ʾ帽롤6318̤ޤǤθФΤߤ˸ꤵƤꡤθġϡ#708. Frequency Sorter CGI ([2011-04-05-1]) ȤƼƤ롥Ϣơ#956. COCA N-Gram Search ([2011-12-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
[2010-03-04-1]ε#311. girl Ȥ褯 collocate ƻϲפǡȸζ (collocation) ¬ˡ (association measure) ˤϤĤμब뤳ȤѥؤǤϡLog-Likelihood Test ȤˤˡŪ褯ȤƤ뤬줾ηˡˤħΤǡʤ٤ʣˡΤ褤[2010-03-04-1]ƤȽʣʬ⤢뤬BNCweb ǼƤ7ηˡγơˤĤ Hoffmann et al. (149--58) Ȥʤ顤ħѤΥҥȤ
Ƽηˡϡ(a) (frequency of co-occurrence)(b) ͭ (significance of co-occurrence)(c) եȡ (effect-size) 1ġ뤤ʣȤ߹碌˴ŤƤ롥(b) ϡŪͭդǤȤγο٤ɽ魯ɸǤꡤζɽ魯ΤǤϤʤȤդɬפ롥(c) ϡѻ٤ȴ٤ȤδܤȤɸǤ롥
(1) Rank by frequency
ѻ붦٤ΤΤѤ롤ǤñľŪʼ١¾ηˡΤ褦ʣϤۤɤƤ餺ɸȤƤϺǤƤǽɵʤɤ̤뤳Ȥ¿̾ζʬϤˤѤʤ
(2) Log-likelihood
ͭѤ롥BNCweb ΥǥեȤηˡǡѥǹѤƤ롥ǽɵʤɤζˤƹ٤θȤζ䡤դ˶ˤ٤θ1, 2ʤɡˤȤζϤ롥٤ι⤤Ȥ߹碌˹ͿȤħꡤˤդפ롥
(3) Mutual information (MI)
եȡѤ롥ˤ褯ѤƤˡѤäƤ¿դפ롥ǽɵʤɤȤΤդ줿ŪӽƤϤ褤ȿ̡٤ζɽؤФ꤬㤷Фαƶ뤿ˡBNCweb Ǥ "Freq(node, collocate) at least" 10ʾꤹ뤳Ȥ侩롥ˤꡤ"conspicuous and intuitively appealing collocations involving words of intermediate frequency" (Hoffmann et al. 154) ⤭ĦȤʤ롥
(4) T-score
٤ȶͭθˡ٤1ʲ٤εʶɽˤĤƤ Rank by frequency Ȼ褦ʿ٤ι⤤ɽˤĤƤ϶ͭȿǤ롥ޤѻ٤٤ɬ⤯ʤ롥Log-likelihood ̤Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿٤ؤΥХϰضʤ롥ΡɤΤΤ1000礭ˡ̤ȯ뤳Ȥ롥
(5) Z-score
ͭȥեȡθˡ٤ζɽˤϥեȡŻ뤹뤬٤ζɽˤϤޤǥեȡ˴꤫ʤLog-likelihood MI ξħ褦ʡХμ줿ɸǤ롥MI Ʊͤˡ٤ζɽؤΥХߤΤǡ"Freq(node, collocate) at least" 5٤ꤹΤ褤Ȥ롥
(6) MI3
٤ȥեȡθˡMI ΤɽؤнŤ٤Ƥ롥ٶɽˤϥեȡٶɽˤ϶٤Ū褯ȿǤ롥POS ˤȤȤѤȸŪʣ줫ʤѸʤɤμФ˰Ϥȯ롥ΤȤƤϹٶɽؤΥХŪʶʬϤˤϸʤ
(7) Dice coefficient
MI3 Ʊͤˡ٤ȥեȡθˡMI3Ȱۤʤꡤٶɽˤ϶٤ٶɽˤϥեȡ褯ȿǤ졤ξԤڤؤޤʤΤħŪǤ롥ڤؤϡΡɤΤΤ٤ɽ٤10ܤۤɤǵȤ롥иŪˡZ-score Ȼ褦ʷ̤뤬Z-score ۤ٤˴ŤХʤ
ʾΤ褦¿ढäܰܤꤹ뤬Hoffmann et al. θˤСñηˡȤƤ Log-likelihood MI ǡηˡȤƤ Z-score Dice ȤΤȤǤ롥
͡ʷˡˤĤƤϡAssociation measures ȡ
Hoffmann, Sebastian, Stefan Evert, Nicholas Smith, David Lee, and Ylva Berglund Prytz. Corpus Linguistics with BNCweb : A Practical Guide. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2008.
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