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1025Ҥηؤդ11Ԥޤǯ١ϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤƤޤϢ8ϡֱѸδɽˤߤեαơפǤեαƶϡѸñΤߤʤ餺ɽ뤤ϥǥ (idiom) ˤޤǵڤǤޤ3ĤξФΤȡΤ褦ʼݤǽƤޤ
1. ɽΡ֤ʤ
1066ǯΥΥޥʹߡѸ줬ե줫礭ʸŪƶطʤ֤ĤġäΤߤʤ餺ɽָפѤƤȤŦޤȤ櫓֤ʤפ (loan_translation) ܤޤ
2. ե줫ѸؤȤʤ줿ɽ
濴Ȥʤϡͽ̤Υޥʼ13--15ˤǤեδɽѸؤΤޤޡ뤤ʬŪ˼Ѥ줿¿Ƥޤ
3. եŪʱѸɽϸˤ¿Ĥ
ե줫Τʤɽ¿ߤޤĤꡤǻѤƤ¤ܤޤѸȤ̤ơѸϥե줫˭ɽѤƤΤǤ
̾Ԥ٥αѸˤˤեƶȤʤäƤޤΤǡҡؤդ11˼äƤФȻפޤ7Ϣܵ furansu_rensai γƵǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡɤȤ
ʤե줬ѸΡʸäǤϤʤ˴ɽͿƶˤĤƤϡܥ֥ΰʲεǤˤƤޤΤǡɤ
#2351. ե줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1])
#2395. ե줫ζμѡ ([2015-11-17-1])
#2396. ե줫ζμѤФ뿵 ([2015-11-18-1])
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡8Ѹδɽˤߤեαơסؤդ2024ǯ11桤ҡ2024ǯ102552--53ǡ
ε ([2020-05-14-1]) ǡܲΥե졼ȤʤäƤ stay at home stay home ˤĤƱѸˤδͻϤĤΥѥǤäĴ̤𤹤롥ʲ٤ʸ̮ĴϤƤʤΤǤ餺
ޤϸΥꥹѸȥꥫѸˤĤơ줾 BNCweb COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) stay (at) home ǽФƤߤ̤ϡꥹѸǤ stay at home 86.9%ͥդ˥ꥫѸǤ stay home 74.6%ͥȽФƺʬ䤹Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ˡ̻ŪʬۤοܤߤƤߤ褦ꥹѸˤĤƤϸѸ쥳ѥ CLMET3.0 ѤꥫѸˤ1810ǯʹߤΥƥȤ COHA (Corpus of Historical American English) Ѥ
CLMET Ǥ1 (1710--1780)2 (1780--1850)3 (1850--1920) Υ֥ѥȤ stay (at) home ƤߤȤɤλˤƤ stay at home ¾ͣɽä2 (1780--1850) staying home 1㸽Τߤǡ19ޤǤ stay home ϤۤȤΤƤʤäȤäƤ褵Ǥߤ BNCweb ʬä奤ꥹѸξƤȡ餯20 stay home ƤȤȤˤʤ
ꥫѸǤʬۤοܤ⤷ꥫѸǤ⡤Ȥ stay at home ¾ͣɽä19 stay home ۤ鸽Ƥ롥20 stay home ϵ®˿ӻϤᡤ1940ǯˤϽ stay at home ٤ξǵž˻äơߤˤưṲ̄ͥΩƤȤȤˤʤ롥
ñĴʤΤǾڵηϤȤɤ˻ĤäƤΤΡʾξɽʬۤοܤˤĤƤ褽θĤ롥ޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥19ޤǤϡξѼȤŪˤŤ stay at home ǥեȤǡstay home ϤۤȤΤƤʤäȤ20ˤ stay home ƤȤ櫓ꥫѸǤ20Ⱦ˸ų stay at home ޤʤߤޤǤ˰쵤ڤƤ
Ĥ stay home ѸˤΤɤʳǻѤ路ƤǤ롥OED home, adv. 1e Ǥϡưưȼʤ home νФc1580ǯȤʤäƤ뤬stay home Ȥ缫ΤνФĤ϶Ƥʤkeep home be home ʤɤɽ1600ǯ˽ФƤ褦Ǥ롥#2237. I'm home. ([2015-06-12-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
Ĵ٤ɬפ뤬ˤäƤϤä٤ƸѸΤȤǤǽ⤢롥stay home ϼ¤Ϥʤ꿷ɽʤΤǤϤʤ
ѸˤμȤǥʼ餤ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ܤǤϡƥۡȸƤӤƤޤȥΤ Facebook ǡStay at home! ȸƤӤƤΤǵˤʤޤʤȤʤStay at your home!Stay at home!Stay home! ȾάƤ褦˻פäΤǤƥȡؤϤƤαѸˡ70Ǥˤϡhome ϡ̾ home гʤˤˤϽȤƲᤵ褦ˤʤäȤޤȡषStay home! ǡˤʤäֻ at źˡФƤȹͤ٤ʤΤǤ礦
ˤĤŪ˾Ĵ٤DzޤΤǡܥ֥Ǥⶦͭޤ
ʼ䡤꤬ȤޤɽʤΤǡξԤΰ㤤ʤ̵ͭˤˤĤƥ־Ǥ⤤ȾǺܤƤ褦Ǥ͡ѸαƺǤȤɤϤɤѤʤɤȡ͡ʸ褦ǤѸΥѥdzɽѤʬۤʸ̮Ĵ٤ƤߤȤ⤷⤷ޤѸؤΥݡȤ´ʤɤˤƤơޤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ǤϱѸˤδ뤳Ȥˤޤˤϡstay home stay at home Τɤ餬Ū˸줿Τɤ餬ͳɽʤΤȤռ뤫ȻפޤǰƬ֤ʤ顤ñĴ٤ƹ̤ͤʲ˵ޤܳŪʵΤˤϡϤäȻ֤ȥͥ륮䤫ʤФʤޤ
ޤѸ home ˤĤƸƤߤޤ礦ؤϤƤαѸˡ٤˸ڤƻŦƤ̤ꡤűѸ hām ̾ŪгʤˡȤȤʤꡤñȤǡֲȤءʹԤˡפȤưŪʸؤȯãȤаޤޤ (cf. #783. home ̾Ūгʤ ([2011-06-19-1])) ºݡ첽ϤǤ˸űѸޤǤãƤȹͤޤ
̾줬첽ȤäƤ⡤ޤưŪŪʡֲȤءʹԤˡפȤˤ첽ˤȤɤޤꡤűѸϤ³ѸˤäƤֲȤˡʤˡפȤʺ stay home ŪŪʸǤ첽ˤϻäƤޤǤѸ be home stay home ɽθƤŪŪʡֲȤˡʤˡפθȯãϡѸˤʤäƤοǤ (cf. #2237. I'm home. ([2015-06-12-1])) Ĥޤꡤstay home ȤˤĤƤСѸʾܤĴ٤ƤޤˤäƤϸѸǤˤޤ줿ɽȤȤˤʤޤ
at home ȤŪŪʸֻϸűѸǧޤȤȤϡstay at home Τ褦ɽ⡤ΥζŪʽФλϤƤˤ衤ŤѤ줿ϤȤȤˤʤޤʾꡤȤƤСstay at home ˤꡤä٤Ѹˤʤä stay home 줿ȤȤϴְ㤤ޤ
ѸֶŪפˤߤ stay at home ١ˤꡤֻ줬ά stay home ȤʤäȤߤ뤳ȤǤޤդ stay home ١ˤꡤֻ at äƿŤǫɽȤߤ뤳ȤǤޤ̣Ǥϡͳ˲ᤷƤ褤Ȼפޤ
̻ŪפˤߤʤС̴طȤƤɤ餬Ǥɤ餬꤫Ȥ䤤Τ⤷ӤʤΤ⤷ޤŪˤϳΤ stay at home ǤȤäơ at ά stay home Ȥɽޤ줿ΤȡΩŤƤ褤ɤʬޤεˡŪȸƤǤޤ礦home ΩĻưŪŪʸƤޤΤǡ줬Ѹˤʤäơȥ˥ߡˤꡤ̣ǤеȤ⤤ŪŪʸȹͤ뤳ȤǤޤεΩĤʤСϡְ̣ŪĥȸƤ٤Ǥ礦̻ŪˤϤɤ餬¤ʤΤʬޤξ蘆äȤΤ¤⤷ޤ
ƤޤޤȤޤ礦ǤߤʤСstay at home ǡstay home ǤѸˤδ餹ȡstay at home at ά stay home ȤɽΩȤñ㤫ĥȥ졼ȤʲäȤߤ뤳ȤˤϿŤǤ٤ȹͤޤԤɽȾΩȾԤαƶȯãƤΤȻפޤơ줬äΩƤξԤƱ variants ȤơˤϱΧ3ᤫ2ᤫΰ㤤ˤ˽äƻȤʬ졤ˤϼҲŪդʥꥫѸ줫ꥹѸ줫ʤɡˤͿʤ顤Ȥ˸Ѥ³ƤȤȤȻפޤ
ξɽ¸ϡɤ餬Ǥɤ餬夫ɤ餬ͳȤȸϡ줾줬ΩʤﮤäƤ뤫Τ褦˸ƻʤΤǤ
ޤĴ˴ŤȤǤʤʤ⤷ʥơޤǤΤǡʹߤ⤦Ĵ٤ƤߤȻפޤ
#2351. ե줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1]) Ⱥε#2395. ե줫ζμѡ ([2015-11-17-1]) ˤ褦ˡѸѸ˥եñΤߤʤ餺ɽѤƤȼĥƤμĥФƿŤΩԤ⤤롥1ͤ Sypherd Ǥ롥Sypherd ϥեˡĥ Sykes ˤʸ French Elements in Middle English (1899) ȽŸ
Sypherd οʤǤ롥Sykes եαƶȻŦƤѸζɽ¿Sykes μ夲Ƥʸᤤ˽줿 Ormulum ˸Ƥ뤳Ȥ¾Ū˼ΤǤ롥Ormulum ϡEast Midland 1200ǯ˽줿ȤĹʽǡŪˤŪˤեαƶʤȤƥȤǤ롥ΥƥȤϡषťΥɸθŪƶΤȤΤƤ롥ǡSypherd (6--7) ϡSykes Τ֥եˡפȤϡषťΥɸˡȤͤΤǤϤʤȡռ롥
Now, if in the Ormulum, a poem free from French influence, these phrases which Mr. Sykes ascribes to the Old French occur with considerable frequency, we are surely justified in denying the overwhelming French phrasal influence on Middle English. Furthermore, the justification of this denial is strengthened when we find that in Old-Norse literature anterior to or contemporary with Orm there exist in comparative abundance many of the identical phrases found in the Ormulum and in other Middle-English literature. And finally, though I do not urge it, the probability of considerable Old-Norse phrasal influence on Orm demands consideration, especially if we bear in mind the following facts: (1) the marked Old-Norse influence in general on Orm; (2) the Old-Norse literature in which these phrases occur in homiletic, sermonic; (3) much of the literature antedates the Ormulum.
Sypherd ϤθʸΤʤǡťΥɸʸαѸθˡˤ褽бɽФơƤ椯оݤȤʤäΤ "bear witness", "take baptism", "take flesh, humanity", "take death", "take example", "take heed, take keep, take ȝeme", "take end", "take wife", "take rest", "take cross" ưǤꡤɬ¿ʤ㼨ΤȤФϤ롥
εǤҤ٤褦ˡμѤ¾ڤ뤳ȤϰƳSypherd ⡤ʸɸ崶ȤƤϡե줫μѤȤ⤽ΤΤԤȽƤ褦ʹ뤬餯ĥΤϡΤ褦ˤϿŤ˸礦٤Ǥꡤ̤βǽθ٤Ǥ롤ȤȤ
Sypherd, W. Owen. "Old French Influence on Middle English Phraseology." Modern Philology 5 (1907): 85--96.
#2351. ե줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1]) ȴϢơPrins ʸ "French Influence in English Phrasing" Ҳ𤹤롥Prins ϤʸǡեαƶꤵѸɽ¿뤳Ȥ˭٤ʶʤĥ롥Prins θդΤޤڤȡ". . . besides the numerous isolated words which English has borrowed from French, there are also a great many cases in which complete phrases and turns of speech, proverbs and proverbial sayings were taken over from French and incorporated in the English language" (28) ȤȤǤ롥
ʸȾϡեȱѸʸ齸ʸ̮ĤбɽꥹȤǤ롥ܵǤϡΰƸΤϹPrins ȤƻŦƤ3ˤȤɤ1ܤϡեͳܤѸζ硦ɽ14˥ԡޤƤȤ¤Ǥ롥ε ([2015-10-04-1]) ǻȤ Iglesias-Rábade Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡñΤΥեѸΥԡȻŪˤ褽礹Ȥ¤פǤ롥Iglesias-Rábade ϶μѤΥԡ14ȾȤߤƤΤФơPrins 14ȾȤߤƤȤ㤤롥Prins (81) ƤɽƸƤ
Period Items N. B. 1000--1100 1 1100--1200 0 1200--1300 13 (3 of which ins S. E. Leg.. c 1290) 1300--1400 29 (during the first half of the century twice as as many as during the second. Brunne comes in for 8, Cursor Mundi for 5, Chaucer for 4 items) 1400--1500 12 (of which 5 in Caxton) 1500--1600 8 1600--1700 3 1700--1800 1 1800--1900 1
ˡǤɽ˼ζ¿ޤǻĤäƤȤ¤ŦƤ롥ߤޤǤѤ뤤ϸȤʤäƤΤ15ĤˤĤ53Ĥϸǡ"part and parcel of every day speech" (81--82) ǤȤ¸Ψ77.9%ȳΤ˹⤤
3ܤȤơѤ줿ΰ̣ΰܤȡ͡ǤϤ뤬礿Ȥط17ġƻ11ġˡΧ9ĤȤʤ롥ʸػŪˤϥեλʸʸΤѸ˲äͿΤ15ȾȤ뤳Ȥ¿ɽμѤʸŪʴޤߤ뤳ȤͤСβäϼºݤˤϤäᤤϤޤäƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
¿ζϡեζ (loan_translation) ȤƤ롥ĤޤꡤѸ¦ɽˤϡեѸǤϤʤѸδޤޤƤΤ¿Τ褦ʾˤϡ˥ե줫Ρ֤ʤפʤΤ뤤ϱѸǼǺ夲줿ɽʤΤꤹΤޤޤ롥ññΤǤϤʤʣñȤ߹碌ɽμѤ˴ؤ븦ϡʸˡŪʼѤθȤȤˡˡȤȤ롥
Prins, A. A. "French Influence in English Phrasing." Neophilologus 32 (1948): 28--39, 73--83.
ѸˤեüѤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#117. եѸǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])#1210. ѸΥեѸΰ ([2012-08-19-1]) ۤ french loan_word γƵ͡˰äƤե줫ζư (phrasal_verb) μѡΤˤ (loan_translation or calque) ˤĤƤϤޤ夲ƤʤäΤǡˤ
եζưϤȤʣ줫ʤƼɽʤ餺ѸѤƤȤˤĤƤϡԸǤƤ㤨СIglesias-Rábade λȤ F. H. Sykes (French Elements in Middle English. Oxford: 1899.) A. A. Prins (French Influence in English Phrasing. Leiden: 1952.) ˤС623ۤɤζ礬եͳȿǤȤƤ (ex. take lond (< OF prendre terre (disembark))) ¾ŪʸϾʤ˥եɽΤʤʤΤɤ¤ϱѸˤ뼫ȯãȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǽǤϤʤʤɵ䤨ʤ
ǡIglesias-Rábade nime(n)/take(n) ѤưɽŪʤꡤư줬 "light verb" 뤤 "operator" ȤƺѤθư̾줢뤤ֻư̾ȼʸ MED 꽦ФǡΥեбɽ뤫ɤǧ¾ŪʸʤäоݤȤʤ2Ĥιʸ̩ȡʲ̤Ǥ롥
(1) Verbal phrases made of a 'light' V(erb) + deverbal noun: e.g. take(n) ende, take(n) dai, nime(n) air
(2) The 'light' verb nime(n)/take(n) + a 'prepositional' deverbal: e.g. take(n) in gree, take(n) to herte, take(n) in cure
(1) ηˤĤƤϡ306ζ礬졤Τ49Ĥե줫ΰ̣ѤǤꡤ156Ĥե˻ɽߤĤȤΤǤȤ (Iglesias-Rábade 96) (1) ηˤĤƤϡΤϸűѸ줫餢ΤΡե¿ζˤäƱѸǤμѤȤϤȤƤ (99)
. . . this syntactic pattern acquired great popularity in lME with extensive use and a varied typology. I do not claim that this construction is a French imprint, because it occurred in OE, but in my opinion French contributed decisively to the use of this type of structure consisting of a light verb translated from French + a deverbal element which bears the action and the lexical meaning and which usually kept the French form and content.
(2) ηˤĤƤϡIglesias-Rábade (99) ϡΤζаŪ˸űѸ̤Ȥϸˤͥեʤ뤤ϥƥˤѤȹͤΤȤƤ롥
This pattern, too, dates from OE, though it was restricted to the verb niman + an object preceded by on, e.g. on gemynd niman ('to bear in mind'). However, this construction came to be much more frequent in lME, particularly with sequences which had no prototype in OE, and, more intriguingly, most of them were a calque in both form and content from French and/or Latin.
̣ΤϡηˤĤƤ⡤νФ14Ⱦ15ˤƥԡޤȤȤñΤΥեѸŪʥԡ14Ⱦ褿ȤͤȡξμѤΥԡɤƤ褦˸롥ºݡ˴ޤޤ̾ϼѸǤ뤳Ȥ¿Iglesias-Rábade (104) ϡ̲ "It seems plausible that the introduction of foreign single words precedes the incorporation of foreign phrases, turns of speech, proverbial sayings and idioms." ȤȤ館Ƥ롥
ζ礬ѸäƤϩˤĤơIglesias-Rábade ϡʩ2ѼԤäդˤƤ⤿餷ȤϡʸˤƽФ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ顤ȤƽշͳήȹͤƤ (100)Ȥơp. 104 ǤϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
To conclude, I believe that English had borrowed from French an important bulk of phrases and turns of speech which today are considered to be part of daily speech. In my opinion phrasal structures of this type must have been rather artificial and removed from everyday speech when they first appeared in late ME works. I base this conclusion on the fact that such phrases were not common in a contemporary specimen of colloquial speech, the Towneley Plays . . . . I thus suggest that most of them made their way into English via literature and the translation process, rather than through the natural process of social bilingual speech. It is worth noting that most ME literature is based on French patterns or French matter. Most of this phrasal borrowing was the natural product of translation and composition.
Iglesias-Rábade εơΥեζ礬դͳѤäȤơεϡ줬äդؿƩƤäΤϡʤ𤬤äƤΤȤ
Ϣơ#2349. Ѹ˥եѸ줬ȯΤϤʤ (2) ([2015-10-02-1]) ȡĥäε⻲ȡ
Iglesias-Rábade, Luis. "French Phrasal Power in Late Middle English." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Ed. D. A. Trotter. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000. 93--130.
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