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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-10-27 Sun

#5662. Ѹδɽˤߤե󥹸α --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ8 [hakusuisha][french][loan_translation][idiom][rensai][furansu_rensai][phrase][phraseology][norman_conquest]


furansu_202411.png

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1025Ҥηؤդ󤹡11Ԥޤǯ١ϢֱܵѸˤįե󥹸פƤƤޤϢ8ϡֱѸδɽˤߤե󥹸αơפǤե󥹸αƶϡѸñΤߤʤ餺ɽ뤤ϥǥ (idiom) ˤޤǵڤǤޤ3ĤξФΤȡΤ褦ʼݤǽ񤤤Ƥޤ

1. ɽΡ֤ʤ
1066ǯΥΥޥʹߡѸ줬ե󥹸줫礭ʸŪƶطʤ򿶤֤ĤġäΤߤʤ餺ɽָ󤷡פѤƤȤŦޤȤ櫓֤ʤפ (loan_translation) ܤޤ
2. ե󥹸줫ѸؤȤʤ줿ɽ
濴Ȥʤϡͽ̤Υޥʼ13--15ˤǤե󥹸δɽѸؤΤޤޡ뤤ʬŪ˼Ѥ줿¿󤲤Ƥޤ
3. ե󥹸ŪʱѸɽϸˤ¿Ĥ
ե󥹸줫Τʤɽ¿ߤޤĤꡤǻѤƤ¤ܤޤѸȤ̤ơѸϥե󥹸줫˭ɽѤƤΤǤ

̾Ԥ٥αѸˤˤե󥹸ƶȤʤäƤޤΤǡҡؤդ󤹡11˼äƤФȻפޤ7Ϣܵ furansu_rensai γƵǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡɤȤ

ʤե󥹸줬ѸΡʸäǤϤʤ˴ɽͿƶˤĤƤϡܥ֥ΰʲεǤˤƤޤΤǡɤ

#2351. ե󥹸줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1])
#2395. ե󥹸줫ζμѡ ([2015-11-17-1])
#2396. ե󥹸줫ζμѤФ뿵 ([2015-11-18-1])

δ졡ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡8󡡱Ѹδɽˤߤե󥹸αơסؤդ󤹡2024ǯ11桤ҡ2024ǯ102552--53ǡ

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2020-05-15 Fri

#4036. stay at home stay home --- ѥĴ [sobokunagimon][phraseology][preposition][bnc][coca][coha][clmet][ame_bre]

ε ([2020-05-14-1]) ǡܲΥե졼ȤʤäƤ stay at home stay home ˤĤƱѸˤδͻϤĤΥѥǤäĴ̤𤹤롥ʲ٤ʸ̮Ĵ׽ϤƤʤΤǤ餺
ޤϸΥꥹѸȥꥫѸˤĤơ줾 BNCweb COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) stay (at) home ޸ǽФƤߤ̤ϡꥹѸǤ stay at home 86.9%ͥդ˥ꥫѸǤ stay home 74.6%ͥȽФƺʬ䤹Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ˡ̻ŪʬۤοܤߤƤߤ褦ꥹѸˤĤƤϸѸ쥳ѥ CLMET3.0 ѤꥫѸˤ1810ǯʹߤΥƥȤ᤿ COHA (Corpus of Historical American English) Ѥ
CLMET Ǥ1 (1710--1780)2 (1780--1850)3 (1850--1920) Υ֥ѥȤ stay (at) home ޸ƤߤȤɤλˤƤ stay at home ¾ͣɽä2 (1780--1850) staying home 1㸽Τߤǡ19ޤǤ stay home ϤۤȤΤƤʤäȤäƤ褵Ǥߤ BNCweb ʬä奤ꥹѸξ򴪰Ƥȡ餯20 stay home ƤȤȤˤʤ
ꥫѸǤʬۤοܤ⤷ꥫѸǤ⡤Ȥ stay at home ¾ͣɽä19 stay home ۤ鸽Ƥ롥20 stay home ϵ®˿ӻϤᡤ1940ǯˤϽ stay at home ٤ξǵž˻äơߤˤưṲ̄ͥΩƤȤȤˤʤ롥
ñĴʤΤǾڵηϤȤɤ˻ĤäƤΤΡʾξɽʬۤοܤˤĤƤ褽θĤ롥ޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥19ޤǤϡξѼȤŪˤŤ stay at home ǥեȤǡstay home ϤۤȤΤƤʤäȤ20ˤ stay home ƤȤ櫓ꥫѸǤ20Ⱦ˸ų stay at home ޤʤߤޤǤ˰쵤ڤƤ
Ĥ stay home ѸˤΤɤʳǻѤ򸽤路ƤǤ롥OED home, adv. 1e Ǥϡưưȼʤ home νФc1580ǯȤʤäƤ뤬stay home Ȥ缫ΤνФĤ϶Ƥʤkeep home be home ʤɤɽ1600ǯ˽ФƤ褦Ǥ롥#2237. I'm home. ([2015-06-12-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
Ĵ٤ɬפ뤬ˤäƤϤä٤ƸѸΤȤǤǽ⤢롥stay home ϼ¤Ϥʤ꿷ɽʤΤǤϤʤ

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2020-05-14 Thu

#4035. stay at home stay home --- Ѹˤδ [sobokunagimon][phraseology][preposition][ame_bre]

ѸˤμȤǥ꡼ʼ餤ޤ꤬Ȥޤ

ܤǤϡƥۡȸƤӤƤޤȥΤ Facebook ǡStay at home! ȸƤӤƤΤǵˤʤޤʤȤʤStay at your home!Stay at home!Stay home! ȾάƤ褦˻פäΤǤƥȡؤϤƤαѸˡ70Ǥˤϡhome ϡ̾ home гʤˤˤϽȤƲᤵ褦ˤʤäȤޤȡषStay home! ǡˤʤäֻ at źˡФƤȹͤ٤ʤΤǤ礦


ˤĤŪ˾Ĵ٤DzޤΤǡܥ֥Ǥⶦͭޤ

꡼ʼ䡤꤬ȤޤɽʤΤǡξԤΰ㤤ʤ̵ͭˤˤĤƥ־Ǥ⤤Ⱦ󤬷ǺܤƤ褦Ǥ͡ѸαƺǤȤɤϤɤѤʤɤȡ͡ʸ򤬤褦ǤѸΥѥdzɽѤʬۤʸ̮Ĵ٤ƤߤȤ⤷⤷ޤ󡥱ѸؤΥݡȤ´ʤɤˤƤơޤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ǤϱѸˤδ뤳Ȥˤޤˤϡstay home stay at home Τɤ餬Ū˸줿Τɤ餬ͳɽʤΤȤռ뤫ȻפޤǰƬ֤ʤ顤ñĴ٤ƹ̤ͤʲ˵ޤܳŪʵΤˤϡϤäȻ֤ȥͥ륮䤫ʤФʤޤ󤬡
ޤѸ home ˤĤƸƤߤޤ礦ؤϤƤαѸˡ٤˸ڤƻŦƤ̤ꡤűѸ hām 򼨤̾ŪгʤˡȤȤʤꡤñȤǡֲȤءʹԤˡפȤưŪʸؤȯãȤаޤޤ (cf. #783. home ̾Ūгʤ ([2011-06-19-1])) ºݡ첽ϤǤ˸űѸޤǤãƤȹͤޤ
̾줬첽ȤäƤ⡤ޤưŪŪʡֲȤءʹԤˡפȤˤ첽ˤȤɤޤꡤűѸϤ³ѸˤäƤֲȤˡʤˡפȤʺ stay home ŪŪʸǤ첽ˤϻäƤޤǤѸ be home stay home ɽθƤŪŪʡֲȤˡʤˡפθȯãϡѸˤʤäƤο׿Ǥ (cf. #2237. I'm home. ([2015-06-12-1])) Ĥޤꡤstay home ȤˤĤƤСѸʾܤĴ٤Ƥޤ󤬡ˤäƤϸѸǤˤޤ줿ɽȤȤˤʤޤ
at home ȤŪŪʸֻϸűѸǧޤȤȤϡstay at home Τ褦ɽ⡤ΥζŪʽФλϤƤˤ衤ŤѤ줿ϤȤȤˤʤޤʾꡤȤƤСstay at home ˤꡤä٤Ѹˤʤä stay home 줿ȤȤϴְ㤤ޤ
ѸֶŪפˤߤ stay at home ١ˤꡤֻ줬ά stay home ȤʤäȤߤ뤳ȤǤޤդ stay home ١ˤꡤֻ at äƿŤǫɽȤߤ뤳ȤǤޤ̣Ǥϡͳ˲ᤷƤ褤Ȼפޤ
̻ŪפˤߤʤС̴طȤƤɤ餬Ǥɤ餬꤫Ȥ䤤Τ⤷ӤʤΤ⤷ޤ󡥻ŪˤϳΤ stay at home ǤȤäơ at ά stay home Ȥɽޤ줿ΤȡΩŤƤ褤ɤʬޤ󡥤ε򲾤ˡŪȸƤǤޤ礦home ΩĻưŪŪʸƤޤΤǡ줬Ѹˤʤäơȥ˥ߡˤꡤ̣ǤеȤ⤤ŪŪʸȹͤ뤳ȤǤޤεΩĤʤСϡְ̣ŪĥȸƤ٤Ǥ礦̻ŪˤϤɤ餬¤ʤΤʬޤξ蘆äȤΤ¤⤷ޤ
ƤޤޤȤޤ礦ǤߤʤСstay at home ǡstay home ǤѸˤδ餹ȡstay at home at ά stay home ȤɽΩȤñ㤫ĥȥ졼ȤʲäȤߤ뤳ȤˤϿŤǤ٤ȹͤޤԤɽȾΩȾԤαƶȯãƤΤȻפޤơ줬äΩƤξԤƱ variants ȤơˤϱΧ3ᤫ2ᤫΰ㤤ˤ˽äƻȤʬ졤ˤϼҲŪդʥꥫѸ줫ꥹѸ줫ʤɡˤͿʤ顤Ȥ˸Ѥ³ƤȤȤȻפޤ
ξɽ¸ϡɤ餬Ǥɤ餬夫ɤ餬ͳȤȸϡ줾줬ΩʤﮤäƤ뤫Τ褦˸ƻʤΤǤ


ޤĴ˴ŤȤǤʤʤ⤷ʥơޤǤΤǡʹߤ⤦Ĵ٤ƤߤȻפޤ

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2015-11-18 Wed

#2396. ե󥹸줫ζμѤФ뿵 [french][loan_translation][borrowing][contact][phraseology][ormulum][old_norse][phrasal_verb]

#2351. ե󥹸줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1]) Ⱥε#2395. ե󥹸줫ζμѡ ([2015-11-17-1]) ˤ褦ˡѸѸ˥ե󥹸ñΤߤʤ餺ɽѤƤȼĥƤμĥФƿŤΩԤ⤤롥1ͤ Sypherd Ǥ롥Sypherd ϥե󥹸ˡĥ Sykes ˤʸ French Elements in Middle English (1899) 򸷤ȽŸ
Sypherd οʤǤ롥Sykes ե󥹸αƶȻŦƤѸζɽ¿Sykes μ夲Ƥʸᤤ˽񤫤줿 Ormulum ˸Ƥ뤳Ȥ򡤼¾Ū˼ΤǤ롥Ormulum ϡEast Midland 1200ǯ˽񤫤줿ȤĹʽǡŪˤŪˤե󥹸αƶʤȤƥȤǤ롥ΥƥȤϡषťΥɸθŪƶ򶯤ΤȤΤƤ롥ǡSypherd (6--7) ϡSykes Τ֥ե󥹸ˡפȤϡषťΥɸˡȤͤΤǤϤʤȡռ롥

Now, if in the Ormulum, a poem free from French influence, these phrases which Mr. Sykes ascribes to the Old French occur with considerable frequency, we are surely justified in denying the overwhelming French phrasal influence on Middle English. Furthermore, the justification of this denial is strengthened when we find that in Old-Norse literature anterior to or contemporary with Orm there exist in comparative abundance many of the identical phrases found in the Ormulum and in other Middle-English literature. And finally, though I do not urge it, the probability of considerable Old-Norse phrasal influence on Orm demands consideration, especially if we bear in mind the following facts: (1) the marked Old-Norse influence in general on Orm; (2) the Old-Norse literature in which these phrases occur in homiletic, sermonic; (3) much of the literature antedates the Ormulum.


Sypherd ϤθʸΤʤǡťΥɸʸαѸθˡˤ褽бɽФơ󼨤Ƥ椯оݤȤʤäΤ "bear witness", "take baptism", "take flesh, humanity", "take death", "take example", "take heed, take keep, take ȝeme", "take end", "take wife", "take rest", "take cross" ưǤꡤɬ¿ʤ㼨ΤȤФϤ롥
εǤҤ٤褦ˡμѤ¾ڤ뤳ȤϰƳ񤷤Sypherd ⡤ʸɸ崶ȤƤϡե󥹸줫μѤȤ⤽ΤΤԤȽƤ褦ʹ뤬餯ĥΤϡΤ褦ˤϿŤ˸礦٤Ǥꡤ̤βǽθ٤Ǥ롤ȤȤ

Sypherd, W. Owen. "Old French Influence on Middle English Phraseology." Modern Philology 5 (1907): 85--96.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-27-1] [2020-03-27-1]

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2015-11-17 Tue

#2395. ե󥹸줫ζμ [french][loan_translation][borrowing][contact][phraseology][proverb][methodology]

#2351. ե󥹸줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1]) ȴϢơPrins ʸ "French Influence in English Phrasing" Ҳ𤹤롥Prins Ϥʸǡե󥹸αƶꤵѸɽ¿뤳Ȥ˭٤ʶ󤲤ʤĥ롥Prins θդ򤽤Τޤ޼ڤȡ". . . besides the numerous isolated words which English has borrowed from French, there are also a great many cases in which complete phrases and turns of speech, proverbs and proverbial sayings were taken over from French and incorporated in the English language" (28) ȤȤǤ롥
ʸȾϡե󥹸ȱѸʸ齸᤿ʸ̮ĤбɽꥹȤǤ롥ܵǤϡΰƸΤϹPrins ȤƻŦƤ3󤹤ˤȤɤ᤿1ܤϡե󥹸ͳܤѸζ硦ɽ14˥ԡޤƤȤ¤Ǥ롥ε ([2015-10-04-1]) ǻȤ Iglesias-Rábade Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡñΤΥե󥹼ѸΥԡȻŪˤ褽礹Ȥ¤פǤ롥Iglesias-Rábade ϶μѤΥԡ14ȾȤߤƤΤФơPrins 14ȾȤߤƤȤ㤤롥Prins (81) 󤲤ƤɽƸƤ

PeriodItemsN. B.
1000--11001 
1100--12000 
1200--130013(3 of which ins S. E. Leg.. c 1290)
1300--140029(during the first half of the century twice as as many as during the second. Brunne comes in for 8, Cursor Mundi for 5, Chaucer for 4 items)
1400--150012(of which 5 in Caxton)
1500--16008 
1600--17003 
1700--18001 
1800--19001 


ˡǤɽ˼ζ¿ޤǻĤäƤȤ¤ŦƤ롥ߤޤǤѤ뤤ϸȤʤäƤΤ15ĤˤĤ53Ĥϸǡ"part and parcel of every day speech" (81--82) ǤȤ¸Ψ77.9%ȳΤ˹⤤
3ܤȤơѤ줿ΰ̣ΰܤȡ͡ǤϤ뤬礿Ȥ󤲤ط17ġƻ11ġˡΧ9ĤȤʤ롥ʸػŪˤϥե󥹸λʸʸΤѸ˲äͿΤ15ȾȤ뤳Ȥ¿ɽμѤʸŪʴޤߤ뤳ȤͤСβäϼºݤˤϤäᤤϤޤäƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
¿ζϡե󥹸ζ (loan_translation) Ȥ󼨤Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤѸ¦ɽˤϡե󥹼ѸǤϤʤѸδޤޤƤΤ¿Τ褦ʾˤϡ˥ե󥹸줫Ρ֤ʤפʤΤ뤤ϱѸǼǺ夲줿ɽʤΤꤹΤ񤷤ޤޤ롥ññΤǤϤʤʣñȤ߹碌ɽμѤ˴ؤ븦ϡʸˡŪʼѤθȤȤˡˡȤ񤷤Ȥ롥

Prins, A. A. "French Influence in English Phrasing." Neophilologus 32 (1948): 28--39, 73--83.

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2015-10-04 Sun

#2351. ե󥹸줫ζưμ [french][loan_translation][borrowing][contact][phrasal_verb][phraseology]

Ѹˤե󥹸üѤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])#1210. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹΰ ([2012-08-19-1]) ۤ french loan_word γƵ͡˰äƤե󥹸줫ζư (phrasal_verb) μѡΤˤ (loan_translation or calque) ˤĤƤϤޤ夲ƤʤäΤǡˤ
ե󥹸ζưϤȤʣ줫ʤƼɽʤ餺ѸѤƤȤˤĤƤϡԸǤ⿨Ƥ㤨СIglesias-Rábade λȤ F. H. Sykes (French Elements in Middle English. Oxford: 1899.) A. A. Prins (French Influence in English Phrasing. Leiden: 1952.) ˤС623ۤɤζ礬ե󥹸ͳȿǤȤƤ (ex. take lond (< OF prendre terre (disembark))) ¾ŪʸϾʤ˥ե󥹸ɽΤʤʤΤɤ¤ϱѸˤ뼫ȯãȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǽǤϤʤʤɵ䤨ʤ
ǡIglesias-Rábade nime(n)/take(n) ѤưɽŪʤꡤư줬 "light verb" 뤤 "operator" ȤƺѤθư̾줢뤤ֻư̾ȼʸ MED 꽦ФǡΥե󥹸бɽ뤫ɤǧ¾Ūʸ򤪤ʤäоݤȤʤ2Ĥιʸ̩ȡʲ̤Ǥ롥

(1) Verbal phrases made of a 'light' V(erb) + deverbal noun: e.g. take(n) ende, take(n) dai, nime(n) air
(2) The 'light' verb nime(n)/take(n) + a 'prepositional' deverbal: e.g. take(n) in gree, take(n) to herte, take(n) in cure

(1) ηˤĤƤϡ306ζ礬졤Τ49Ĥե󥹸줫ΰ̣ѤǤꡤ156Ĥե󥹸˻ɽߤĤȤΤǤȤ (Iglesias-Rábade 96) (1) ηˤĤƤϡΤϸűѸ줫餢ΤΡե󥹸¿ζˤäƱѸǤμѤȤϤȤƤ (99)

. . . this syntactic pattern acquired great popularity in lME with extensive use and a varied typology. I do not claim that this construction is a French imprint, because it occurred in OE, but in my opinion French contributed decisively to the use of this type of structure consisting of a light verb translated from French + a deverbal element which bears the action and the lexical meaning and which usually kept the French form and content.


(2) ηˤĤƤϡIglesias-Rábade (99) ϡΤζаŪ˸űѸ̤Ȥϸˤͥե󥹸ʤ뤤ϥƥˤѤȹͤΤȤƤ롥

This pattern, too, dates from OE, though it was restricted to the verb niman + an object preceded by on, e.g. on gemynd niman ('to bear in mind'). However, this construction came to be much more frequent in lME, particularly with sequences which had no prototype in OE, and, more intriguingly, most of them were a calque in both form and content from French and/or Latin.


̣ΤϡηˤĤƤ⡤νФ14Ⱦ15ˤƥԡޤȤȤñΤΥե󥹼ѸŪʥԡ14Ⱦ褿ȤͤȡξμѤΥԡɤƤ褦˸롥ºݡ˴ޤޤ̾ϼѸǤ뤳Ȥ¿Iglesias-Rábade (104) ϡ̲ "It seems plausible that the introduction of foreign single words precedes the incorporation of foreign phrases, turns of speech, proverbial sayings and idioms." ȤȤ館Ƥ롥
ζ礬ѸäƤϩˤĤơIglesias-Rábade ϡʩ2ѼԤäդˤƤ⤿餷ȤϡʸˤƽФ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ顤Ȥƽ񤭸շͳήȹͤƤ (100)Ȥơp. 104 ǤϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

To conclude, I believe that English had borrowed from French an important bulk of phrases and turns of speech which today are considered to be part of daily speech. In my opinion phrasal structures of this type must have been rather artificial and removed from everyday speech when they first appeared in late ME works. I base this conclusion on the fact that such phrases were not common in a contemporary specimen of colloquial speech, the Towneley Plays . . . . I thus suggest that most of them made their way into English via literature and the translation process, rather than through the natural process of social bilingual speech. It is worth noting that most ME literature is based on French patterns or French matter. Most of this phrasal borrowing was the natural product of translation and composition.


Iglesias-Rábade εơΥե󥹸ζ礬񤭸դͳѤäȤơεϡ줬äդؿƩƤäΤϡʤ𤬤äƤΤȤ
Ϣơ#2349. Ѹ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ȯΤϤʤ (2) ([2015-10-02-1]) ȡĥäε⻲ȡ

Iglesias-Rábade, Luis. "French Phrasal Power in Late Middle English." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Ed. D. A. Trotter. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000. 93--130.

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