ε#5783. ꥷϢ뼭 (connective) -o- ȥƥϢ뼭 -i- ([2025-02-25-1]) Ǽ夲 -o- ˤĤơKruisinga (II. 3, p. 7) ʤ˱ԤȤŦƤ롥
1587. In literary English there is a formal way of distinguishing compounds from groups: the use of the Greek and Latin suffix -o to the first element:
Anglo-Indian, Anglo-Catholic, the Franco-German war, the Russo-Japanese war.
Of course, this use, though quite common, is of a learned character, clearly contrary to the natural structure of English words.
Ƭ "a formal way of distinguishing compounds from groups" Ǥ롥ñǤ2¤٤硤ŪȤ߹碌ʣ (compound) ȤʤꡤŪȤ߹碌 (phrase) Ȥʤ롥̤θȡʣ12Ǥ롥ؾ¸ߤλۤʤΤŪ˲ۤʤΤȡΤ˾֤פ롥
ȯƤߤС֤ۤʤȤϤ褯Ǥ bláckbòard ʹġˤʣblack bóard ʹġˤ϶Ǥcf. #4855. ʣǧ --- blackboard ʣ black board ϶ ([2022-08-12-1])ˡֻǤ⥹ڡ뤫ݤȤ̤롥ϱΧˡˤ̤Ǥꡤζ̤Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤʣȶʬˡϡճȤʤΤ⤷ʤ
դˤΤȤ˵դƤ줿ΤΰѤäʤۤɡϢ뼭 -o- 2Ǵ֤ƤСΤ϶ǤϤʤʣǤȽǤǤ롥ޤŪʶȤˡ֤ĤʤפȤ -o- Ѥ¸ߤʤʾʤȤ⡤פ⤫٤ʤˡȡϢ뼭 -o- ϤƷŪǤǤɸǤ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.

*
1025Ҥηؤդ11Ԥޤǯ١ϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤƤޤϢ8ϡֱѸδɽˤߤեαơפǤեαƶϡѸñΤߤʤ餺ɽ뤤ϥǥ (idiom) ˤޤǵڤǤޤ3ĤξФΤȡΤ褦ʼݤǽƤޤ
1. ɽΡ֤ʤ
1066ǯΥΥޥʹߡѸ줬ե줫礭ʸŪƶطʤ֤ĤġäΤߤʤ餺ɽָפѤƤȤŦޤȤ櫓֤ʤפ (loan_translation) ܤޤ
2. ե줫ѸؤȤʤ줿ɽ
濴Ȥʤϡͽ̤Υޥʼ13--15ˤǤեδɽѸؤΤޤޡ뤤ʬŪ˼Ѥ줿¿Ƥޤ
3. եŪʱѸɽϸˤ¿Ĥ
ե줫Τʤɽ¿ߤޤĤꡤǻѤƤ¤ܤޤѸȤ̤ơѸϥե줫˭ɽѤƤΤǤ
̾Ԥ٥αѸˤˤեƶȤʤäƤޤΤǡҡؤդ11˼äƤФȻפޤ7Ϣܵ furansu_rensai γƵǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡɤȤ
ʤե줬ѸΡʸäǤϤʤ˴ɽͿƶˤĤƤϡܥ֥ΰʲεǤˤƤޤΤǡɤ
#2351. ե줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1])
#2395. ե줫ζμѡ ([2015-11-17-1])
#2396. ե줫ζμѤФ뿵 ([2015-11-18-1])
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡8Ѹδɽˤߤեαơסؤդ2024ǯ11桤ҡ2024ǯ102552--53ǡ
ͳɽ魯Ƴ because ϱѸؽᤤʳdzؤ֡Ūǹ٤θǤ롥ȶ̤᤹ʴͯƤʤɽˤ⤷ˤƤ뤳Ȥʤʤ
because ʬ by + cause Ȥʤ롥ԤϸűѸ줫³ŤֻǤꡤԤϥե줫μѸǤ롥ȤȤ2줫ʤֻä줬ŪˤⵡǽŪˤ줷ΤñǤ롥δ餹ȡ1κ (blend) ȤߤƤ褤
ʲ OED Ȥơbecause Ҳ𤷤褦θαѸǤνФ14ΤȤǤ롥Bi cause whi (= "because why") Τ褦ѤƤΤ⤷
c1305 Deo Gratias 37 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 125 Þou hast herd al my deuyse, Bi cause whi, hit is clerkes wise.
ۤ because that Τ褦 that ³ޡȤ;ŪѤ⡤Ѹ줫Ѹˤƿ¿ߤʡ#2314. °³ȤƤ that ([2015-08-28-1])ˡ⤽ cause ̾ˤʤΤǡƳˤƱʤ that λ٤ɬפʤΤǤ롥because that 3ĵ褦
c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 253 By cause that he was hir neghebour.
1611 Bible (King James) John vii. 39 The Holy Ghost was not yet giuen; because that Iesus was not yet glorified.
1822 Ld. Byron Heaven & Earth i. iii, in Liberal 1 190 I abhor death, because that thou must die.
³ȤƤ because ³ˤĤ because of ȤƶƳˡ14ȾФʸڤ롥 Wyclif Ǥ롥
1356 J. Wyclif Last Age Ch. (1840) 31 Þe synnes bi cause of whiche suche persecucioun schal be in Goddis Chirche.
⤦1Ķ̣Τϡbecause θ to 줬³¤Ǥ롥ǤϻĤäƤʤ¤162㤬Ƥ롥̣ͳפǤϤʤŪפäȤΤ⤪⤷
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxxxix. 346 Bycause to gyue ensample to his subgettes..he caused the..erle of Auser to be putte in prison.
1546 T. Langley tr. P. Vergil Abridgem. Notable Worke i. xv. 28 a Arithmetike was imagyned by the Phenicians, because to vtter theyr Merchaundyse.
because ϤŪ˿ꤷƤñǤ롥ޤǤʲεǤñ˿ƤΤǡȤ
#1542. ³ȤƤ for ([2013-07-17-1])
#1744. 2013ǯαѸήԸޡ ([2014-02-04-1])
#2314. °³Ū that ([2015-08-28-1])
#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])
#4569. because ɽ魯3ͳ ([2021-10-30-1])
ΩʣȤ߹碌ơ1ĤθФʣ (compounding) ȤΤ褦ˤƷ줿Τʣ (compound) ȤʣʸˤʬˤĤƤϡ#924. ʣʬ ([2011-11-07-1])#2652. ʣ̾ΰ̣Ūʬ ([2016-07-31-1]) Ȥ줿
ϡʣȶ (phrase) ɤΤ褦˶̤ΤȤ夲롥ξԤȤΩʣȤ߹碌ƺȤǤƱ̤ʣϷŪñ̤ǤꡤŪñ̤Ǥȶ̤ƤȤ館롥㤨Сblack board ʹġˤ϶ blackboard ʹġˤʣȽǤ뤬ɤΤ褦˶̤Τʤֻ2Ǵ֤˥ڡ֤Ƥ뤫ɤϴŪˡˤܼŪʷȤϤʤʤȤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ
ʣǧˤĤơ (39) 3
a. ̣˴ؤŪʤΡ
2ġʤޤϤʾˤñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤΤΰ̣ʬΰ̣Ūʤ硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥ʰ̣
b. ֤˴ؤŪʤΡ
2Ĥñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤξԤδ֤¾Ǥʤ䡤ǽñΤߤñ줬դʤ硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥ʷŪʶ̩
c. Ūʴʸ̸ͭǡǤϱѸξ
2Ĥñ줬ޤȤޤʤȤ1ǽñ֤硤ΤޤȤޤʣǤ롥
black board blackboard ζŪʥڥǾ嵭δǧƤߤ褦black ʹˤ board ġˤȤ2ĤΩñȤΰ̣ΤäƤС̣ˤ black board ΰֹ̣ġפưפ˳ФȤǤ롥blackboard ϰŪʹĤǤϤʤعǤμȤʤӤΤ˻ȤΤˤĤ줿̾Ǥ롥顤ºݤˤп˶ᤫäȤƤ blackboard ȤȤǤ롥blackboard ñʰ̣ˤäͽۤ뤳ȤǤʤüʰ̣ĤΤǤʰ̣ˡ
ˡǤ black board ˤĤƤ very black board blacker board Τ褦 black ΰ̣ĴӤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ʣǤ blackboard ˤĤƤ *very blackboard *blackerboard Τ褦ˤ뤳Ȥϵʤʣ2Ǥδطޤ˶̩ǤʷŪʶ̩ˡ
Ǹˡ blàck bóard ʣ bláckbòard ȤǤϡ֤ʬۤʤ롥ԤϰŪʶζѥ˽ԤϰŪʸζѥ˽äƤ롥
嵭ʣǧϡʤ (word) ΤΤǧȽŤʤȤ¿δϢˤĤƤϡ#910. ʤ (1) ([2011-10-24-1])#911. ʤ (2) ([2011-10-25-1])#912. ʤ (3) ([2011-10-26-1])#921. ʤ (4) ([2011-11-04-1])#922. ʤ (5) ([2011-11-05-1]) ȡ
2ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
ֱѸƳ2021Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡˤֱDzإޥȥå٤ѸˤΤΡǤϲΤȤʬʤȻפޤƱDz褫ޤ줿 the red pillthe blue pill Ȥɽ˾ƤƥĤǤƱƥĤˤСblue pill Ȥϡο¤Τ뤳ȤʤʬȤ뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥħred pill ¿ˤߤȼ褦ʡĤ餤ο¤Τ뤳ȤξħפȤΤȡμˤ̤ǺܤǤΤǡΤ˿ʵˤΤ褦Ǥ
ˤ̾礬ʻžˤư첽We need to red pill it Canadians. ʤĤ餤¤ܤɬפΤʥͤ补ˤΤ褦˻ȤȤΤǡäޤto blue pill it ⤢褦ǤĤ#4405. ݥåפȤƤΡֶưʻžס ([2021-05-19-1]) ꤹ뵭ˤơֶư̾졦ƻؤʻžפλ夲ФǤϡ̾ưؤʻžפȤդλȤȤˤʤޤΥƥĤΤʤȤФٶˤʤޤ
to red/blue pill it ȤɽƤդȻפäΤǤŪʴѶ (idiom) ˤФи롤ưŪȤƤ̵̣ it ȤΤϲʤΤǤ礦͡I made it. Ȥ Take it easy. Ȥ Damn it. ȤΥΤ褦˸Ūʸ̮ǿư첽ξˤϡΤޤǻȤ夭ΤǡȤʤ it źơ¾ưäݤФƤߤȤ褦ʴǤ礦
Ѹ˼¼Ūʰ̣⤿ʤ it ˡ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤޤprop/dummy/empty/expletive/introductory/ambient it ʤɤ͡˾ΤƤޤפ˲餫ʸˡŪʵǽϲ̤Ƥ뤱ɤ⡤¼Ūʻؼоݤ⤿̣äݡʤ˶ᤤˤȤ٤ it ˡΤȤǤΤʤǤ to red/blue pill it Τ褦ưŪȤʤ it ̵̣褦˻פޤºݡQuirk et al. (6.17n) ǤϤμ it ˿졤ִ˶äݡפɽƤޤ
Perhaps the best case for a completely empty or 'nonreferring' it can be made with idioms in which it follows a verb and has vague implications of 'life' in general, etc:
At last we've made it. ['achieved success']
have a hard time of it ['to find life difficult']
make a go of it ['to make a success of something']
stick it out ['to hold out, to preserve']
How's it going?
Go it alone.
You're in for it. ['You're going to be in trouble.']
OED it, pron., adj., and n.1 ˤȡ8aΤȤˡ夲ƤޤФϰʲ̤16ȾΤ褦Ǥ
8.
a. As a vague or indefinite object of a transitive verb, after a preposition, etc. Also as object of a verb which is predominantly intransitive, giving the same meaning as the intransitive use, and as object of many verbs formed (frequently in an ad hoc way) from nouns meaning 'act the character, use the thing, indicated'.
Through verbs having corresponding nouns of the same form, as to lord, the construction seems to have been extended to other nouns as king, queen, etc. There may have been some influence from do it as a substitute, not only for any transitive verb and its object, but for an intransitive verb of action, as in 'he tried to swim, but could not do it', where it is the action in question.
?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Eviv And I can daunce it gyngerly..And I can kroke it curtesly And I can lepe it lustly And I can torn it trymly And I can fryske it freshly And I can loke it lordly.
. . . .
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
quite ȤϡˡʸǤ롥ŪˤϷƻɽ魯٤ĴȤȤ館Ƥ褤͡ʰ̣αƤޤ롥ΤʤǤⲿȤե졼ɸ quite a few Ǥ롥quite ٤ζĴȤȤǤС֤ȤƤ⾯ʤפΰդȤʤꤽºݤˤϸˤơ֤ʤΡΡפͽ۳ΰդȤʤ롥quite a lot (of) ͽ̤֤ȤƤ¿ʤΡˡפ̣뤳Ȥͤȡɤˤ˺롥
OED Ƥߤ褦quite a few ϡfew, adj., pron., and n. θФΤȤ Phrases 1ĤȤΩƤƤ롥
d. Originally U.S. quite a few.
(a) Used adjectivally: a considerable number of.
1833 Nolan County (Sweetwater, Texas) News 26 Jan. Quite a few White Flat people attended the singing at Trent.
1939 L. Hughes Let. 9 Dec. in Remember me to Harlem (2001) 159 That phase of Harlem's rise to culture and neo-culture seems to be of historical importance and interest to quite a few people.
2014 Providence (Rhode Island) Jrnl. (Nexis) 22 July (News section) 1 I went fishing yesterday afternoon and caught quite a few spotted trout.
(Hide quotations)
(b) Used as noun: a considerable number; also with of-phrase as complement.
1844 Christian Advocate Apr. 139/5 We were glad to find 'honorable brethren', quite a few 'tis true, prepared to go with us.
1883 P. Robinson in Harper's Mag. Oct. 706/1 There's quite a few about among the rocks.
1933 L. Bloomfield Language xi. 172 Quite a few of the present-day Indo-European languages agree with English in using an actor-action form as a favorite sentence-type.
2006 S. M. Stirling Sky People ix. 204 Cries of welcome greeted them; quite a few had observed the shot from a distance, and fresh meat was always welcome.
ˤȡ19Ⱦ˥ꥫѸޤ줿ŪɽǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ʤͽ۳ΰ̣ˤĤƤϡä˲Ϥʤ
ͤΤϡquite θŪˡȤд¤ͳ褹ǽǤ롥ܸΡ֤äȡʤˡפˤȤʸ̤ˤϡ־̡פ̣뤬֤äȥޥˤʤäƤʤפȤ֤ϤäͤĥޤפȤˤϡ־̡פǤϺѤޤʤʴޤߤ롥¼Ūˡ¿̡פ̣Τˡɽ̾ϡ־̡פɽѤ
quite a bit, quite a little ʤɤɽ⡤ȿžơ¿פɽ魯Ȥǡquite a few Ʊ롼פquite a little ˤĤƤϡOED Ǥ little, adj., pron., and n., and adv. ΤȤ "10. Used as an (ironic) intensifier in various constructions, as quite a little ---, quite the little ---, a nice little ---, etc." ȸڤꡤФ1763ǯȤʤäƤ롥ȤɽǤ롥
ɸϡ֤Сפΰ̣Ѥ롤褯Τ줿Ǥ롥ʤΤǶŪˤʬϤΤ̵̣Ūʴؿ餤̵̣ǤϤʤwere ˡɽ路ƤȤȤĤ⤷ʤas Ȥ³ƳDzˡȤȤΤ̯ʤΤǤϤʤ
˽Ҥ٤С as as if ѤȹͤƤ褤ʲ OED as, adv. and conj. P2 θˤȤꡤ"as if it were so" ۤɤɽȤʤäƤȹͤ롥
P2. a. as it were: (as a parenthetic phrase used to indicate that a word or statement is perhaps not formally exact though practically right) as if it were so, if one might so put it, in some sort.
ȤƤνФϡ1200ǯդ Ormulum (l. 16996) ǡ"Þatt lede þatt primmseȝȝnedd iss..iss all alls itt wære ȝet I nahhtess þessterrnesse." Ȥ롥
as = as if ȤƤˡϡOED θ6ˤƤ뤷ḽѸǤ?褦ˡפ褦ʥˤưճȤ褯Ƥ롥³ΤδʷǤϤʤά줿ФֻʤɤȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ٹ (446--47) εƤʸ
It lifted up it head and did address / Itself to motion, like as it would speak.---Shakespeare.
And all at once their breath drew in, / As they were drinking all.---Coleridge.
Our vast flotillas / Have been embodied as by sorcery.---Hardy.
Boadicea stands with eyes fixed as on a vision.---Binyon.
She is lost as in a trance.---ibid.
I have associated, ever since, with the sunny street of Canterbury, dozing as it were in the hot light.---Dickens.
He fixes it, as it were in a vice in some cleft of a tree, or in some crevice.---Gilbert White.
Every man can see himself, or his neighbour, in Pepy's Diary, as it were through the back-door.---George Gordon.
㤨 "She is lost as in a trance." ̩ŸС"She is lost as (she would be if she were) in a trance." ȤʤΤɤˡȤơas = as if ˡȯãƤΤȻפ롥
ʤ"as (it would be as if) it were (so)" ˤƤϡit Ȥ it ȹͤ롥бľˡ as it is (= as it happens) ⻲ȡ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
ɸζϸѸǤѤ뤬ʸˡŪˤɤΤ褦ʬϤΤmany years ȤĤʤȲ᤹ȡ¿ĴΤˤʤƻ great ѤΤǤʤ괧 a ԤΤʤΤ֤ʤ¿ǯפΰդȤʤ뤳ȤͽۤǤȤƤ⡤ʸˡŪˤϤɤʤäƤΤ긵ʣμǤϡʬϤˡa great [good] many ΤȤơάˡ֤ʤ¿Ρפɽ魯ϸȤȤ館Ƥ롥ʸϾʤ餺뤳ȤǤ롥
There were a great many people present there.
I've known her for a great many years.
A great many people who voted for her in the last election will not be doing so this time.
Most of the young men went off to the war, and a great many never came back.
We've both had a good many beers.
many ϡ¿פ̣̾ȤȤ館롥̾ʤΤ顤a great ǽƤΤԻĤϤʤȤ a great multitude ⤢Сa large number ⤢롥a great many years ξˤϡʣ̾ years ľܸ³ƤΤ̯ȤȤǤ롥*a great many of years Τ褦 of ߤƤ䤹a great many years ľܤ³ΤϤɤ櫓ƶŪʬϤ褦ȤСa great many years ƱʤȲ᤹ۤʤ
Ūˤϡɸζϡa great many of + ʣ̾פΤ褦ʹ¤ of æΤǤϤʤOED many, adj., pron., and n., and adv. θ 6.a ˤȡa great many of + ʣ̾פη16Ⱦ鸽롥ߤǤ of θˤϴ졤ؼ졤ͭƻȼä̾졤뤤̾줬Τ§Ť̾ʣñΤǸ뤳Ȥ⤢ä 6.b Ǥϡof ȼ鷺 a many ľʣ̾³ˡäƤ롥a many + ʣ̾פη16Ⱦʸڤ졤Ĵa great many + ʣ̾פΤ褦ɽ⡤OED ʸȤƤ18鸽ƤʤºݤˤϤäᤫäǽ⤢ˡޤ 6.c Ǥ a great many ñΤ̾ȤѤˡҤƤ뤬ν16ȾФǤ롥
ŪΩ줫ŪʬϤ褦Ȥ̯ǤȤФݤʤ̻ŪΩǹͤа´¿ʤȤäʤfew ȤäƱͤɽȤ She must have cooked a good few dinners over the years. Τ褦⤢롥
Bloomfield (148) Ѹǡ̾Ǥ뤫Τ褦˰ȡβhypostatization ȤƤФ롥ʲˡ褦
That is only an if.
There is always a but
The word normalcy
The name Smith
the suffix -ish in boyish [2009-09-07-1]ε#133. ƻĤ -ish γηϩפȡ
Ǹ -ish ϡΩ Ish. ֤ߤʡפΤ褦˰ȤΩѤ褦ˤʤäƤꡤܼμβȤۤˤ⡤isms ʽμ, ologies ʽˤʤɤ㤬롥
ۤˡ̤ˤȤ館 realization ʸ²ˤȤ hypostasis ⤢롥kick the bucket ǡֻ̡פΰդƻ̤ˡ֥ХĤפȲȤhypostasis Ƥ롥¾Ԥȯ֤ (quotation) ⡤ǽŪˤ hypostasis ˤƶᤤȹͤ롥褯Τ줿ȤƤϡLewis Carroll Through the Looking-Glass μΰˤ nobody μβ롥ָդפˤ̤복ǰ
"I see nobody on the road," said Alice. "I only wish I had such eyes," the king remarked in a fretful tone. "To be able to see Nobody! And at that distance too! Why, it's as much as I can do to see real people, by this light!"
hypostasis ϥŪˡ1ĤȤȤ館Ƥ褤줬ŪʴؿоݤȤʤΤϡ̤Ȥ»줬̾ʤΤƻˤʤΤɤ°뤳ȤˤʤΤʤɤ꤬뤫Ǥ롥ޤΤʤ˭٤㤬ꡤ̣Ѳ¤ʤɤ¤ŪʸưˤؤäƤȤƽפˡȤؤ꤬
hypostasis ȴϢơεǽˤĤƤϡ#1075. ȳݻ ([2012-04-06-1]) Ǽ夲 Barthes ε2ѤȤƤ meta language 䡤#1071. Jakobson ˤ6Ĥεǽ ([2012-04-02-1]) ȡ
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ298--99ǡ
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