ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡǤʤߤ lacolaco 923դǶ̣ note 줿2025ǯɥ ꤹ뤽εϡñʤɥιԵǤϤʤֱѸˡפȤ̤ƥɥȥ٥ᤰȤΤĥäŪhel (helkatsu) εϿǤ롥
ƱˤСlacolaco ϺȾФΥɥںߤޤˡA History of the English Language in 100 Places ɥ֥åȤơѸˤˤ椫Τξˬ⤤ȤܤˤĤƤ hellog ǤʲεʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
- #5956. 100ξDZѸˤؤ --- A History of the English Language in 100 Places ([2025-08-17-1])
- #5968. ֤ʤֱѸˤ椫ξ100פϤ⤷ˤʤꤽ --- HEL in 100 Places νʸ ([2025-08-29-1])
lacolaco ιϡޤˤܤ˰ܤιȤ롥Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?--1400) The Canterbury Tales ιۤäȤ Aldgate, Cockney (cockney) θ츻ȤʤäβΤ St Mary-le-Bow Samuel Johnson Ѹ˾ܳŪʼԻ Dr Johnson's House ʤɡˬϤϤѸˤؤּԤˤȤäƶǮʤФˤĤϡκǽŪϤǤ Canterbury ؤιChaucer 䡤Ʋú¤ St. Augustine's Chair --- ʤ٥Ʋ cathedra (ʶ) Τ --- ܤˤưäƤ롥
εǤȤ櫓οªΤϡlacolaco helgrim ʱѸϽԡˤȾΤƤ뤳Ȥ HEL (= History of the English Language) pilgrim ʽԡˤݤ碌 (blend)Ǥ롥Υ͡ߥˤæ˹롥
餷ǥ˾äꡤѸˤν٤ΤΤ helgrimage ʱѸι뤤helιˤȸƤӤѸˤؤӡˤޤ줿Ϥˬ⤯ϡʪȸ礦ǤʤŪʳؤӤηǤ롥줬ºݤ˻Ѥ졤Ƥ뤲ƤζۤȤǡѸǯɽγƹܤñʤμǤϤʤ´ȤΩ夬äƤϤ
Ѹ˸ϡŪˤʸؤǤꡤؤˤäƼܤ䴩ܤɤꡤPCŻҥѥʬϤΤŪ衤ϾξȷӤĤƤ롥˸ؤءҲءؤʤɤʬ̩ܤ˴ؤΤϤΤhelgrimage ϡѸˤȤ˥եɥ¦̤Ϳ̥Ϥ˿ƤǽƤ롥
ޤܥ֥Ǥ͡helƤƤ helgrimage ϤǽưŪʳưȤɥ䥫٥˸¤餺פĤűѸμܤ̲ۡˤϱѸ줬ŸƤȤʤäפʤɡhelgrimage ŪϤ¸ߤ롥
lacolaco κμϡѸˤγڤ˿ʿڤ곫ΤǤ롥¿ helgrims ³ȤäƤޤʤ helgrimage ˽Ф뤳Ȥˤ褦
Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.
smoke fog ݤ碌 smog ϡ (blending) ȸƤФˤäޤ줿 (blend) ŵǤ롥
ȻΥפȤ (contamination) 롥ƥ gravis ʽŤˤе levis ʷڤˤθ˱ƶơ¯ƥ grevis ѲȤ㤬롥ޤˤϷŪǤʤŪޤޤ롥㤨 different from other than ä different than Ϥ㤬롥ϡ#630. blend(ing) 뤤 portmanteau word θƾΡ ([2011-01-17-1]) #737. ʸ contamination ([2011-05-04-1]) Ǽ夲Τǡ⻲Ȥ줿
blending contamination ϡ2ĤǤκ礤˴ŤȤƤ褯Ƥ롥ºݡξԤä˶̤ʤԤ⤤롥嵭ǻ伫Ȥ2ĤѸֺפȡֺפȰۤʤ餻ƤϤߤơδŪȤ櫓ǤϤʤޤDZѸǤΰۤʤѸ츯˱碌Ƥߤˤʤ
ǤϡξԤ̤븦ԤϡɤǶ̤ƤΤˤĤ Fertig (62) Ѥ롥
The terms contamination and blending were introduced by different scholars (Hermann Paul and Henry Sweet, respectively) in the late nineteenth century to refer to roughly the same range of phenomena. Many historical linguists, if they use both terms at all, have continued to use them more or less interchangeably . . . , whereas most morphologists use blend(ing) to refer only to the type of deliberate creation of new lexical items illustrated by smog.
Fertig Ȥ blend(ing) contamination 1ȤߤʤƤꡤΤ褦Ƥ롥
I classify blends as a subtype of contamination. Exactly where to draw the line is tricky, but a prototypical blend has the following properties: (1) it is lexical, i.e. both the input forms and the product are words (rather than phrases or bound morphemes); (2) it is a deliberate creation; (3) the input words both (or all) contribute to the meaning of the blend.
Τ褦˲ᤷƤʤ졼λϤ褦ΤȤξԤ̤ƤȻפ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ǯѸä blend ʺˤƤ¤ˤĤƤϡǤ hellog Ǥ֤ⷫ夲Ƥ
#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])
#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1])
#4369. Brexit --- ͷӤθ ([2021-04-13-1])
츫 blend ϿܤͷӤˤ夢ޤǼŪʸݤˤȤɤޤȻפ뤫⤷ʤǯαѸˤ뤽ι⤵ϡθѤĤĤ롥㤨СFertig (70) ϡȤŪʰյĤȤΤ褦⤷Ƥ롥
Blends are often treated as a marginal phenomenon (Haspelmath and Sims 2010:40). Aronoff discusses them under the heading 'oddities' and considers them 'words which have no recognizable internal structure or constituents'; they are 'opaque, and hence uncommon' (1976: 20). Recent developments suggest that Aronoff may have had the relationship between opacity and frequency backwards here. Blends may have been rather opaque in 1976 precisely because they were still relatively uncommon. Today, at least in English, blends (of certain types) can hardly be called uncommon, and we generally seem to have little trouble parsing and processing them. As we will see in §7.3.8, this issue of the relationship between the frequency of a morphological pattern and its transparency/opacity has implications for some fundamental theoretical issues of great relevance to morphological change.
To the extent that some types of blending have become productive and predictable morphological operations in present-day English, it is no longer accurate to classify them as non-proportional. They amount to a kind of compounding with the two elements overlapping in accordance with well defined constraints. Within Paul's proportional theory, they could thus be handled by an extension of the (syntagmatic) proportional equations that he proposes for syntax (see §6.2 below). Blending as a type of word formation would fit even more easily into certain other theories of morphology. Insights and analytical tools from Prosodic Morphology (McCarthy and Prince 1995) have made it clear that (most) blends absolutely do have 'recognizable internal structure'. They are a type of non-concatenative morphology. Instead of combining two words into a linear string as in compounding, blends superimpose one word onto the prosodic structure of another (Piñeros 1998, 2004).
衤ϷŪˤ¤ƩȤߤʤƤϺˤޤ㤫ä˽ʬ˲Ƥ餺ƩפȤΥåƥŽƤʤΤǤϤʤ줬Ƥ븽ߡѼԤ⤹ä괷졤षƩ⤯ʤäƤȤΤǤϤʤơ٤Фʤ顤䲻ˤΥϤΤǤϤʤȤΤ褦ʵǤ롥
Χ (Prosodic Morphology) ȤʬƤ褦Ǥꡤˡ#3722. ϱ¦βȰפ ([2019-07-06-1]) Ǥߤ̤ꡤħŪʱΧ¤Τˤ褦κؤŸ˴Ԥ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ1ΥƥȤȯȤʤޤϢΡֱѸΥܥʵפ10ϡ֤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΡפǤpiano, bus, cute, sport, Paralympics, AI, CEO, GDP, EU, USA ʤɤαñϡۤܤΤޤܸˤäƤƤȤäƤ褤ǤʤȤⲿ餫ǾάƤʤΤǤ줾쥪ꥸʥĹǤǤ礦ʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦

Ѹˤܸˤ⤽¾θˤά¸ߤޤ٤ƤˤˤĹä餷ɤ̤ͤޤäƤͭѤɽȤΤϡΤǤ͡Τ褦ɽäƴʷ1ñ˾άǤС˰㤤ޤˤϾά줬դΤǤ
άˡˤĤƤмϸ¤ƤޤϢܵǾܤҤ٤ƤޤܤȤʤΤϡڤȤסڤŽס֥˥פ3Ǥ줾ƤޤΤǡɤ
ˤϾά줬դΤȤϽҤ٤ޤѸ˴ؤ¤ꡤȤ櫓20ʹߤˤӤά줬߽ФƤȤ𤬤ޤˤޤƸϾάλȤäƤ褤ۤɤǤʤʤΤǤ礦ϢܵǤϡϪƤޤ
ѥʤɤŻüˤĤˤʤ꤬ʥƥʹ֤ȵȤդ礤Ƥʹֹ (ergonomics) 䤬˹ޤäƤ롥ɴʻŵ2ǡ٤ˤСʹֹؤȤϡֿʹ֤οŪṲ̄ߤơʤɤʹ֤³Ŭ礹롤ʤĤ褦˲Ϥ뤿βʳؤסѸ ergonomics ȤƤϡOALD8 "the study of working conditions, especially the design of equipment and furniture, in order to help people work more efficiently" ʬ䤹ꥫʼﻺȤ衼åѤϫƯʳؤʸ̮ȯãؽʬǡOED ˤ1950ǯʬ̾ȤƽФƤ롥
1950 Lancet 1 Apr. 645/2 In July, 1949, a group of people decided to form a new society for which the name the 'Ergonomics Research Society' has now been adopted.
츻ϡֻŻפ̣Ϣ ergo- ˡַкѡפ̣ economics 3ʹߤݤ碌Τǡ1κ (blend) Ǥ롥Ϣ ergo- ϥꥷ̾ érgon ʻŻˤͳ褷¾ˤƥ𤷤 energy -ergy ʤɤ뤷Ƥ롥ʹֹؤ⥨ͥ륮⡤ΤˡֻŻפ˴ؤ뤳Ȥ
ꥷ érgon ̤Ȱĸ *werg- to do) Ȥ캬ˤɤĤơϱѸ work θ츻Ǥ⤢ΤĸűѸʳǤϡθ캬ư濴Ụ̄ϡֻŻ롤ƯפȤֺ롤Ԥʤפ˶ᤤΤä̤θСΤ뤳ȡԤʤȤʤŻäΤ
űѸ wyrchen (to work) βʬϤ줾 worhte, ġeworht ä15ˤ구§ worked ߤ˻롥Ť֤DzžФĤ wrought ȤƸѸ˻ĤäƤ롥a highly wrought decoration ʤ˺줿ʡˤΤ褦ѤֺפθŤ¸ƤΤʬ롥ޤ#2117. playwright ([2015-02-12-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡֺפ̣ټ̾ wright ⡤űѸƱ캬̾ͳ褹롥
ֱѸƳ2021Τ˺رˤɽ줿ƥĤָűѸƯ --- wyrcan ¿ ---Ǥ롥ɤǡƯȤȤˤĤƺٹͤƤߤ
4Ω夲ֱѸƳ2021ˤơBrexitȡïޡꤹرˤ륳ƥĤåפ줿 Brexit ˾ƤؽʸҲ𤷤ĤġŪӼҲŪʴӥ塼ƥĤȤäƤ褤äĤ䤹Ǥʤ顤̩٤ǻȤʤäƤ롥ܴμݤռƳŪǤϤʤܳɤΥƥĤǤ롥
(blend) Ȥϡ (blending) ȸƤФ (word_formation) ˤäƺ줿ΤȤǤ롥ñˤ21˰̤ΤȤǡbrunch (= breakfast + lunch) smog (= smoke + fog) ͭ̾Ǥ롥ʣΤΤ1Ĥʪ˵ͤ।顤Ф (portmanteau word) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ʸˤħʤɸŪ¦̤ˤĤƤϡ#630. blend(ing) 뤤 portmanteau word θƾΡ ([2011-01-17-1])#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1])#3722. ϱ¦βȰפ ([2019-07-06-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
Brexit ϡ鷺Ȥ줿 Britain + exit κ줬ɽ魯νޤ˾Ūäˡ⤸ä Bregret (= Britain + regret) Regrexit (regret + exit) Τ褦Ⱦо̤κ줬ȸ졤Ⱦܵ夷Ƥ嵭ΥƥĤʸʤӡ#2624. Brexit, Breget, Regrexit ([2016-07-03-1])ˤǹͻƤΤϡޤˤܵΤ褦ʾ̤Τ褦ʸݤǤ롥
ϡѸˤˤŪǤꡤܼŪˤϸѸŪʸȤäƤ褤#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1]) ǵ褦¿㤬ȶ˸Ф뤿ᡤΤȤϤˤ狼ˤϿʤ⤷ʤ¤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1])#940. ¤ ([2011-11-23-1]) ʤɤǤƤ̤Ǥ롥
¤ΤȤΤߤʤ餺깭û (shortening) Ȥ褽ḽŪʸݤʤΤǤ롥ˤĤƤ#878. Algeo Bauer ο쥽Ĵӡ ([2011-09-22-1])#879. Algeo ο쥽Ĵ鼨̻Ū([2011-09-23-1])#889. acronym 20 ([2011-10-03-1])#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ ([2017-06-26-1]) ǧ줿
Ǥϡʤˤƺޤṳ̂ݤȤθۤĹƤΤ#3329. ʤϾάʸˤ¿Τ ([2018-06-08-1]) ǵ3˺ƷǤ褦
(1) û̡ͥ륮ṳ̂ߵιޤꡥι̩ٲ (densification) η
(2) άɽȤäƤͤϡɽ䤽λؼоݤˤĤ̤ƤȤСʤֻȤʤƤ봶פ롥ΥΤ̾ΤʤͤФͥ۴Τ褦ʤΤΤǤϤʤɽûȤϡɽΤƤȤξΩĤᡤʹɺ碌뤳ȤǤ롥
(3) άʸˤѤưϤĤλˤ⤢äϤĤƤϸѤˤפȤΥåƥŽ줬ǡѤ뷹äϼҲŪ꤬ˤǤƤꡤΤ褦ʡפĤƤƤĬ뤿ᡤŪʾάߵ߲ƤȤȤǤϤʤ
(1) ϡʸˤΤʤˡʪ˸ΨҲȿǤߤΩǤ롥ޤ2ɽ路Ƥ̣ǤϤ1ɽ뤳ȤǤΤޤ˻ûΨ줬ԤȡƱͤˡȤ⤻路ȲȤƤΤǤ롥
ξҲȤ٤ϤȥХ٤ϤƱƯƤ褦˻פΤ(3) ˻ŦƤִˤߡפ1Ĥϡ嵭ƥǿƤͷӿפˤᤤϡBrexit äƲάǤ礦סϡBritain + exit άǤפȤ褦ʥʥʥ礦ʪǤ⤢Τcf. #3595. ȤͷӤ3ĤΥס ([2019-03-01-1]) ǤֵפΤȤͷӡˡˤϡ路ʤ仦ȲȤ̣ϤʤषʡͷӿפɤäƤ褦˻פ롥Ѹκʸˤϡ츫ȸҲȿǤ褦ˤߤ뤬̤δϡषͷӤǤ⤢Τ
ṳ̂ΰյäƤϡ#1946. ǽŪʴߤû ([2014-08-25-1])#3708. άṳ̂Ϸ־Τߤʤ餺ǽˡǤ ([2019-06-22-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿
114ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ2ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ11Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΤפȤǤ

ϢܵϡȥȤƤϾά˾ƤƤ褦ˤߤޤºݤˤϱѸθˤγѤܻؤƤޤʣ (compounding) (derivation) ʤɤ¿ѤűѸ졥¾줫 (borrowing) 뤳ȤܳФѸ졥ʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) ȸƤФ븼ŪʵФѸ졥ơḽѸˤƬƤά (abbreviation) û (shortening) Ǥ
Ѹˤ̤͡ȯŸƤθ (word_formation) ή§ˤʤ館绨ĤˤޤȤȡ(1) ݤθűѸ졤(2) θѸ졤(3) 껻ζḽѸȤʤޤϾάṳ̂˱ɤƤ껻λȤȤˤʤޤ
Ѹθˤ嵭Τ褦˻§ˤʤ館ŤߤƼΤϡϢܵƤǤӺǤϤޤʤȤѸˤήƬˡ1ĤȤƤͭȻפäƤޤҸʸɤߤФȻפޤ
άṳ̂ˤĤơϢܵȴϢ֥إƤߤޤ碌Ƥɤ
#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])
#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1])
#887. acronym ʬ ([2011-10-01-1])
#889. acronym 20 ([2011-10-03-1])
#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1])
#894. shortening ʬ (2) ([2011-10-08-1])
#1946. ǽŪʴߤû ([2014-08-25-1])
#2624. Brexit, Breget, Regrexit ([2016-07-03-1])
#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ ([2017-06-26-1])
#3075. άȰŹ ([2017-09-27-1])
#3329. ʤϾάʸˤ¿Τ ([2018-06-08-1])
#3708. άṳ̂Ϸ־Τߤʤ餺ǽˡǤ ([2019-06-22-1])
ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ11ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΤסرѸ춵2020ǯ2桤罤۽Ź2020ǯ11462--63ǡ
(blend) ˤĤơ#630. blend(ing) 뤤 portmanteau word θƾΡ ([2011-01-17-1])#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
Ȥ麮ߤƤߤȡ⤷뤳Ȥ˵Ťβʥ⡼ˤϡΤȤȤʤäƤ2ñΤȾθʱ¦ˤβʥ⡼ˤ˰פȤ¤Ǥ롥
(102--03) ˤ롤ܸȱѸ줫褦
| ʥ⡼ | |
| ȡܥ | 3 + 4 4 |
| ޥܥɥ ޥޥɥ | 2 + 4 4 |
| ܥå å | 1 + 3 3 |
| smokefogsmog | 1 + 1 1 |
| breakfastlunchbrunch | 2 + 1 1 |
| lunchsupperlupper | 1 + 2 2 |
Ebonics פȤϡ1996ǯ˥ե˥ Oakland ζѰηĤüȯ롤ͱѸΰ֤ŤǤ롥λǹͱѸؤ Ebonics ȤѸ줬ͭ̾ȤʤäؤǤϹͱѸΤȤ AAVE (= African American Vernacular English) ȸƤ֤Ȥ¿aave γƵȡˡʤߤˡEbonics ebony ʹɡ phonics ʲˤκ (blend) Ȥ롥
1996ǯ1218ե˥ΥɶѰ Ebonics ǧΤݻѤ뤳ȤꤷͤλҶǽŪɸѸή礦˻Ȥʤ褦ˤʤ뤿ˤϡ塤Ǥ Ebonics βߤ礫ʤȤȽǤѰϤ Ebonics ϱѸȡְŪطˤפѸȤϰۤʤǤȷĤΤǤ롥ηĤ1997ǯ17˥ꥫ춨פλٻդ٤ϡƱ Ebonics ɸѸȤΡְŪʴطפˤĤơ餫ŪʸҤ٤櫓ǤϤʤȤˡȽĤˤŪȽǤȽӤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ζѰηĤˤ鶯ȿаոФ줿Ʊ1997ǯ1ˡꥫ屡ξѰθİǤϡͤͤȽäθˤꡤζѰ1997ǯ4ƽ Ebonics ȤѸ뤳Ȥ;ʤ줿ۤɤǤ롥
2ĤθѼ郎2ĤΰۤʤʤΤ뤤1ĤθΰۤʤˤʤΤlanguage_or_dialect ȤҲؤθŤ꤬¤μҲȤʤäȤõ٤
ʾ塤Wardhaugh (371) ȤƼɮWardhaugh ϡϢʸʣɤ롥
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
иŪʻ¤ȤơѸǤܸǤ⸽ϰ̤˾άʸˤηӻѤ¿ΤĬήˤĤƤϡ#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹 ([2011-01-12-1])#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1])#878. Algeo Bauer ο쥽Ĵӡ ([2011-09-22-1])#879. Algeo ο쥽Ĵ鼨̻Ū([2011-09-23-1])#889. acronym 20 ([2011-10-03-1])#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ ([2017-06-26-1]) ʤɤεǿƤѸοȤơƼξά (abbreviation) ޤû (shortening) ݤƤ롥
ǤϡʤϾάʸˤΤ褦¿ѤΤˤĤؤμȤǥ֥쥹ȤƤߤ顤ȶ̣ոޤäޤȤȡʲ3ۤɤ˹ʤ롥
û̡ͥ륮ṳ̂ߵιޤꡥι̩ٲ (densification) η
άɽȤäƤͤϡɽ䤽λؼоݤˤĤ̤ƤȤСʤֻȤʤƤ봶פ롥ΥΤ̾ΤʤͤФͥ۴Τ褦ʤΤΤǤϤʤɽûȤϡɽΤƤȤξΩĤᡤʹɺ碌뤳ȤǤ롥
άʸˤѤưϤĤλˤ⤢äϤĤƤϸѤˤפȤΥåƥŽ줬ǡѤ뷹äϼҲŪ꤬ˤǤƤꡤΤ褦ʡפĤƤƤĬ뤿ᡤŪʾάߵ߲ƤȤȤǤϤʤ
2ܤΡֻȤʤƤ봶פλŦԤȻפϡ#1946. ǽŪʴߤû ([2014-08-25-1]) ǿ줿ִŪʸ̡ ("emotive effects") ȯŸǤȹͤ뤷#3075. άȰŹ ([2017-09-27-1]) ǸڤƿŪפˤ̤롥ʤθϡΤɽΤäƤ뤫ݤˤäüԡʽġˤ̲ȤƼҲŪʵǽ¸ߤƤ롥ҲŪʬϤСֻή줬®뤿ˡ庹ˤҲʬǤ㤷ʤäƤƤꡤ٤ɽ魯ɸȤƾάʸˤ¿ѤǧפȤȤǤϤʤ
ꥹEUαΥæ̱ɼǰͭ̾ˤʤä Brexit Ȥñ줬롥鷺Τ줿 Britain + exit κ (blend) Ǥ롥ΥæȤɼ̤ơΥæɤΰˤϼޤɼưԤ⸽Ƥ褦ǡBregret (Britain + regret) Regrexit (regret + exit) ʤ뺮®ڤƤƤȤ
ŪŪΩ줫ϡ嵭Τκ⡤Ȥʤ21 polylectic ʥפκǤ (cf. #893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1])) Brexit ǤϡBritain θƬҲ (onset) 졤 exit ά줺³Ƥ륿פBregret ǤϡƱƬҲ r ʬ regret θƬŤͤʤ顤2줬Τȷ礷Ƥ륿פȯ⡤1 /brɪ/ ξǶͭƤꡤԹ礬褤Regrexit ϡregret ʬ褫Ĥġ2첻 (nucleus) exit θƬ첻˳Ѥ뤳Ȥ2礷Ƥ륿פ3ĤοϡֲŪˤϤ㴳ۤʤ륿פκȤȤˤʤ롥
(blending) Ȥϡ#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1])#940. ¤ ([2011-11-23-1]) Ǹ褦ˡѸˤʤ뤤¤ˤǤ롥ʣθ줫ʤ (phrase) ȡŪʲ̣ްդʬŪŪˤʤäƤޤȤ¿ǰŹݤϤʤΤΡ1Ĥθ˰̤뤳Ȥˤäơdenotation connotation ѥåȤΤħΤ褦˻פ롥ϡŪʵФǤȤǡȤ櫓ˤ⥪ꥸʥƥ븽ˤƽʤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ɸ4 (cf. [2012-10-17-1], [2015-05-28-1])[2016-06-14-1]) Samuels ϡphonaesthesia Ȥݤ켫ȡѲ1ȤƽפǤǤϤʤ̼θѲβˤͿȹͤƤ롥ʲΤ褦ˡ֤̣ؤδͿƿˤȽҤ٤Ƥ (Samuels 48)
(a) a word changes in form because its existing meaning suggests the inclusion of a phonaestheme, or the substitution of a different one;
(b) a word changes in meaning because its existing form fits the new meaning better, i.e. its form thereby gains in motivation;
(c) a new word arises from a combination of both (a) and (b).
(a) ζȤ Samuels εƤΤdrag, fag, flag, lag, nag, sag Τ褦 phonaestheme -ag /-ag/ ĸ췲Ǥ롥Τʤ flag, lag, sag ˤĤƤϡΤƤ츻Ϥ /g/ ǤϤʤ /k/ äƤ롥˾Τ줫ʳ /k/ /g/ ִ줿Ȥ뤬ϲѲη̤ǤϤʤ phonaestheme -ag αƶˤΤ̣Ǥ (analogy) ȤäƤ褤פǤ礭Ǥ꾮 phonaestheme Ȥñ̤εˤðۤǤ롥ۤˡդɽ魯Τ˻ҲŤͤ "expressive gemination" ⡤(a) Υפ˶ᤤ
(b) ȤƤϡcl- br- ĤĤθΰ̣ phonaestheme ΤĴްաʤ줾 "clinging, coagulation" "vehemence" ۤɡˤ˶ŤĤѲƤäҲ𤵤Ƥ (Samuels 55--56)
| earlier meaning | later meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| CLOG | fasten wood to (1398) | encumber by adhesion (1526) |
| CLASP | fasten (1386), enfold (1447) | grip by hand, clasp (1583) |
| BRAZEN | of brass (OE) | impudent (1573) |
| BRISTLE | stand up stiff (1480) | become indignant (1549) |
| BROIL | burn (1375) | get angry (1561) |
728դǷǼĤ˼ flute θ츻ˤĤơĴ٤ƤߤȤ𤷤
͡ʸ츻٤ȤǽŪˤϤ褽츻ԾܤȤ̤˹Ԥ夤̤ԾܤȤƤΤϸҲ /t/ ʬǤꡤƬҲ /fl/ ˴ؤƤϡƥư flāre (to breathe; to blow) 뤤 flagrāre (to flame) θƬҲȸ츻Ū˰פƤꡤ캬 *bhel- (to shine, flash, burn) ̤ȹͤƤ褵ĤޤꡤƬʬ˴ؤ¤ꡤƥ䤽̼줫μѸ flagrant, flame, flamboyant, flamenco, flamingo ʤɤȸ캬ƱȤ롥ѸǤСblow ƱǤ롥ե롼ȤϡֿפΤȤȤ
դΤϡΰ캬 *bhel- ϡaffluent, fluent, fluid, influence ʤɤΥƥ캬 fluere (to flow) Ȥľܤˤϴطʤ褦ȤȤǤ롥ϡۤʤ캬 *bhleu- (to swell, well up, overflow) ̤롥2Ĥΰ캬 *bhel- *bhleu- ΤľŪʴطϤʤȤϤäƤ⡤̵طʤΤɤϡӸؤι٤ŪʬʤΤǻˤƧ߹ळȤǤʤʸ츻ˤϸԤԤ cf. դƤˡ
Ǥ flute θƬҲˤĤơäܤ˸Ҳ /t/ ˤĤƸƤߤ褦θϡ̣Ū˹ͤ flageolet ʥե饸åȡⲻνūˤȴطȤȤǧƤ褵flageolet ϡƱڴ̣ťץη flaujol ťեη flageol, flajol ˻ؾĤΤǤ롥ϡťץ flaujol ʤɤȯȤơˤ flute Ȥ֤뤫Ǥ롥Oxford Ϥθ츻Ϥ¿μǤϡ̤γڴ lute ʥ塼ȡʤ˻ڴˤθťץ laüt źʣȤ *flaujollaüt 줿 (blend) ǤϤʤȤƤʤƤ롥
Ū褯ٻƤ褦ˤߤ뤳κϡBarnhart θ츻ǤŪ˰Ƥʰʲ˰ѡˡüŪˤСե롼Ȥȥ塼ȤϡȤ˳ڴǤ뤳ȰʳζϤʤ츻ŪߤꤹΤ϶ȤոȡΤ˶ʵ⤹롥
flute n. Before 1325 floute the musical instrument; earlier, implied in flouter a flutist (1225, as a surname); borrowed from Old French flaüte, fleüte, from Old Provençal flaüt, of uncertain origin; perhaps an alteration of flaujol (in Old French flajol) FLAGEOLET with some unknown form, but probably not lute as is often suggested, because in particular the lute was a stringed instrument held and played in a different manner that had no suggestion of the flute about it.
ΤȤƤޤȤСflute θҲ /t/ ͳˤĤƤϲȤ⤤ʤƬҲ /fl/ ˤĤƤϡֿפ̣ƥ flāre ƱǤȸʤήפ̣ƥ fluere ȤƱǤϤʤաˡ
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
between ΰ۷֤ˤˤĤơ#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1])#1393. between Ū۷֤˭٤([2013-02-18-1])#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2013-02-19-1])#1399. Ѹˤ between ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2013-02-24-1])#1554. against -st ([2013-07-29-1])#1807. ARCHER between betwixt ([2014-04-08-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤѸ betwixt Ϣʤ֤ޤᡤ¿ΰ۷֤űѸ褪ʤƤפʰ۷֤Ϥ褽䥳ѥƤĤäϳ줬äMED bitwix(e (prep.) ˡ۷֤ȤƵƤ -twist OED Ǥ⡤Ѹΰ۷֤ȤƤ bytwyste Ƥ롥MED ˤ OED ˤ۷֤ȤƤθڤǡΤʤˤϳ֤줺ǧƤʤä14ȾκȤ Pearl ɤǤȤޤ bytwyste ˽Ф路Τǡ⤷Ƥӱ֤˸Τǡababababbcbc εӱफʤ12Ԥ (ll. 457--468) ޤ뤴ȰѤ褦
'Of courtaysye, as saytz Saynt Poule,
Al arn we membrez of Jesu Kryst:
As heued and arme and legg and naule
Temen to hys body ful trwe and tryste,
Ryȝt so is vch a Krysten sawle
A longande lym to þe Mayster of myste.
Þenne loke: what hate oþer any gawle
Is tached oþer tyȝed þy lymmez bytwyste?
Þy heued hatz nauþer greme ne gryste
On arme oþer fynger þaȝ þou ber byȝe.
So fare we alle wyth luf and lyste
To kyng and quene by cortaysye.'
¾ˤ⤶äõ -twist Ϥΰ۷֤ϸĤäƤʤΤǡPearl Τ㤬ΤȤͣǤ롥η֤εˤĤƤϡ bitweies Τ褦 s ǽ֤ t źä줿 (paragoge) Ȥͤ뤷bitwixte Τ褦 /kst/ ķ֤ /k/ üΤȤͤ롥뤤ϡξͻ礷 (blending, contamination) βǽ⵿롥ɽŪˤ츻Ū <t> θźäȸ뤬ñʤ벻ѲʤΤʤɤȤŪ¦̤ͿƤΤ;Ϥ
Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
#122. /kn/ ǻϤޤñ ([2009-08-27-1]) εǡǤƬ /kn/ Ū /k/ 岽üƤˡߡֻ <kn> Фȯ /n/ б̤ȤʤäƤ뤳ȤǤޤ /k-n/ Ϣ³ˤϡ/k/ ϼʤäȤ acknowledge ( ac- + knowledge ) θˤ (blend or contamination) ʬ (metanalysis) Ȥ̣ݤؤäƤ롥ϤˤĤƿ줿
Ѹֻ <acknowledge> ȽǤˡθ ac + know + ledge ؤȷʬϤǤ褦ˤߤ롥know 캬ǤꡤƬ ac- -ledge ղäΤ褦κۤƤ롥줬ΤȤưȤƵǽƤȤΤϰճǤ롥ȤΤϡledge (< OE -lāc) ϡknowledge wedlock ([2011-05-12-1]ε#745. 뺧 wedlockפȡˤʤɤ˸̤ꡤ̾ʤˤϲŪбǧƤ餺¾ƤƤˡƬ ac- Τۤϡֻ on ƬѷΤǤ롥űѸˤϡoncnāwan ǧ롨ǧˤȤ줬ꡤacknowledge Ȥΰ̣Ϣ³ϵʤ
ޤȤȡacknowledge ϼΤ褦ʸФΤǤϤʤȿ¬롥ޤűѸ "know" 캬Ȥ oncnāwan Ȥư줬¸ߤ"know" 캬Ȥ̾Ȥơknoulech(e) Ѹᤤʳ12˸줿̾ϡʻžˤꤽΤޤưȤƤѤƤꡤθưȤƤϡճˤϢŤƤΤ⤷ʤoncnāwan ͳ褹 knoulech(e) ȤѸ˺aknowleche Ȥ줬ޤ줿
ޤ줿ꡤ캬Ƭ /k/ ƬذĤ줿褦ʰʬŪֻ <ack-> ѤƤꡤǤƬϡ on- ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤޥŪ a(c)- (ex. accept, acquire) ȤƺƲᤵƤȤ롥̤Ȥơ/k/ Ƭ¦βȤǧ褦ˤʤꡤ1718ˤ know(ledge) ʤɤθǸƬ /k/ üݤˤ⡤acknowledge /k/ ϾüȤ줿ΤǤ롥
츻ŪʴΩƤСacknowledge(ment) ϡѸ캬 know Τʤͣ /k/ ݤäȤȤǤ뤬ʬϤȤŪŪΩƤСݤ줿 /k/ ϡ캬°벻ǤϤʤƬ°벻ȹͤ٤
ˤĤơ##935,936,937,938 εƤϡ (productivity) Ȼʤ복ǰǤ¤ (creativity) ͤ롥ξԤζܤɬΤǤϤʤ¤ϡϤλɸȤƤϻƤΤΡ⿷տޤ
㤨Сƻ줫̾ -ness -th ͤƤߤ褦[2009-05-12-1]ε#14. ̾-thפȡˡѸǤϸԤϤۤܥǤꡤκǤ⤤ܼ1ĤǤԤȤӤˤʤʤä꤬Ʒƻ cool ̾ *coolth ¤ƻѤɤʤʹ -th ΤʤȤΤäƤΤ顤äȯ *coolth ϡѤǤʤȤС餫ʸŪ̡Ṳ̄äտŪʸոȤcoolness ˤϤʤΤ⤷ʤwarmth ȤΩ褦ȤΤ⤷ʤˤ衤áפ̣ marked ɽȤʤäƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
ä꤬üʰտޤ *coolth Фطʤˤϡ(1) -th ¤ʤ˶ᤤ(2) -ness Ʊͤ̾ϤϤ롤ȤȤߤƤꡤ (3) *coolth 춦ƱΤ˹ǧ뤳ȤϤʤȤФⶦͭƤ롤ȤȤꤽĤޤꡤ*coolth ϡǽ餫 (nonce word) ήԸ졤뤤֤ǤΤѤ뱣 (jargon, argot) ΰФʤȤΤȤȯƤǽ⤤*coolth Τ褦ʸϡɽŪˤϿηǤ뤫Τ褦˸ΤΡŪ (productive) ȤϸƤ٤षȤ϶̤뤿ˡ¤Ū (creative) ȸƤ֤٤ǤϤʤ
Lieber (70) ϷŪ¤ˤĤơʲΤ褦Ƥ롥
Morphological creativity . . . is the domain of unproductive processes like suffixation of -th or marginal lexeme formation processes like blending or backformation. It occurs when speakers use such processes consciously to form new words, often to be humorous or playful or to draw attention to those words for other reasons.
¤ζ̤ϡ[2011-09-20-1]ε#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤פȤؤ롥ǤϡѸǤήԸȤƤΤФηӻ⤤פɽƤ褤ΤȤΤäФηϡ¤⤤פȤϸѤäȤ夷ʤ¤ꡤˤĤΤŬڤǤϤʤȤȤºݡ쥦å Word Spy ˤ¿ΤФ줬ϿƤ (ФꥹȡˤΤʤǼμϿۤɤ夷ϰ¿ϡȤϸʤޤǤ⡤ήԸȤƤä뱿̿ˤȹͤ롥¤Ȥϡ[2011-10-30-1], [2011-10-31-1]εǼ夲 bouncebackability θˤؤꤽ
¤ζ̤ϡ嵭 *coolth 㤫餢ľŪǤ뤬ҴŪޤƤ䡤¤εҴŪ¬Τʾ˺
Lieber, Rochelle. Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.
[2011-10-01-1]ε#887. acronym ʬפ˰³̳ǰǤ shortening ʬҲ𤷤Heller and Macris ϡʤʽѸ췲Ƴơshortening ιۤߤɽϡHaller and Macris (207) ۤ¤˺ƸΤǤ롥
1. Type of shortening
A. Acronym (initial): ad
B. Mesonym (medial): Liza
C. Ouronym (tail): Beth
D. Acromesonym (initial + medial): T.V.
E. Acrouronym (initial + tail = blend): brunch
F. Mesouronym (medial + tail): Lizabeth
2. Medium shortened
A. Phonology: ad, Liza, Beth
B. Orthography: Dr.
3. Hierarchy affected
A. Monolectic (one word): ad
B. Polylectic (more than one word, i.e., a phrase): brunch
Haller and Macris ϡBaum acronym ʬ˸ 1st order, 2nd order ʤɤζʬŪǤʤȤơɽ "1. Type of shortening" "3. Hierarchy affected" 2ĤδѤ͡ shortening ˡ1 δϡûθη (etymon) ɤʬĤƤ뤫ȤǤ롥桤ȤȤ߹碌ˤ6ĤŪʥ饹ߤƤ롥3 Ǥϡetymon 1줫ʣ줫ʤ礫̤롥2Ĥδˤäơ㤨 brunch "a polylectic acrouronym" Ǥʬव롥
Ȥ櫓פʤΤϡ"2. Medium shortened" ˤäơηŪ˰ƤʤäûȽûζ̤줿ȤǤ롥ξûϡetymon ΡְǤ (subtractive) ȤǶ̤Ƥ뤬ûˤͭΡ֤ (replacive) פ뤳ȤŦܤͤ (203--04) 㤨С£ pound νûȤߤʤȤǤԤϸԤνΤɤʬȿǤƤʤΤǡִȤۤŬڤǤ롥ιͤǤ椱СXmas (= Christmas) Τ褦ϡ"acroreplacive" ȤǤƤ٤뤳Ȥˤʤ (204)
3Ĥδˤäơ¸ shortening ¿Ҥ뤳ȤǤ롥δǤϵҤǤʤʣ⤢ܤƤбѤʤ
Heller, L. G. and James Macris. "A Typology of Shortening Devices." American Speech 43 (1968): 201--08.
[2011-09-29-1]ε#885. Algeo ο쥽ʬ (3)פʬɽįƤȡȵŤȤ¿1ĤˡITEM_NO 21--25, 27, 28 θ˶̤ͿƤ acronym ƬˤȤθƾΤ˴ؤ꤬롥
̾acronym radar (= radio detection and ranging) Τ褦ˤ켫Ȥ1ȤȯΤؤե٥åȤȤ1ʸɤޤ FBI initialism ƬʸˤȤ϶̤롥Web3 CALD3 Ƥߤ褦
Web3: a word formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive parts or major parts of a compound term (as anzac, radar, snafu)
CALD3: an abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word in the name of something, pronounced as a word
acronym ϡ嵭Τ褦 initialism ȶ̤줿ǡ˲̶ʬ롥Algeo ʬɽˤ "1st order" "2nd order" ȤΤǤ롥ʬ Baum (49) ˵äƤ褦ʤΤǡȤƤߤȼΤ褦Ƥ
acronym of the 1st order (or a pure acronym): "formed only from the first letter of each major unit in a phrase" (ex. asdic for Anti-Submarine Detection Investigation Committee)
acronym of the 2nd order: "two initial letters of the first unit" (ex. radar for radio detection and ranging, loran for long range navigation)
acronym of the 3rd order: "Lewis Carroll's portmanteau word" (ex. motel from motor and hotel)
acronym of the 4th order: "a blend formed from the initial syllables of two or more words" (ex. minicam for miniature camera, amtrac for amphibious tractor)
acronym of the 5th order: "other coinages [that approach] agglutinative extremes, introducing medial as well as initial and final letters" or "a code designation very much like the truncated blends used in cablegrams" (ex. TRANSPHIBLANT for Transports, Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet)
5th order Ȥʤȡacronym ȸƤǤ٤ɤܤĤʤʤäƤ롥the 3rd order blend Ǥ顤acronym ΰȤȤ館ΤɤܤĤʤetyma ȤʤǽθƬäƤǡʤȤȾʬ acronym ŪäΤʤȿʻ롥
ǽ顤Τ褦 acronym β̶ʬʬΤʬǤϤʤȵäƤacronym, blend, clipping, initialism ʤɤδط餫ˤΤͭפȤȤ狼äޤBaum ȾȻŦƤ̤ꡤ"Perhaps now that the acronym has been institutionalized, some kind of order will be re-established in discussions of this subject" (50) .
acronym ȤѸ1943ǯ˽ФƤꡤǯ acronym ˤ¤ϤȯŪ礷ϤʽиǤϤʤˤȤ褽פ˰㤤ʤɬפۤɤ acronym ƤȤȤ
Baum, S. V. "The Acronym, Pure and Impure." American Speech 37 (1962): 48--50.
[2011-01-18-1]ε#631. blending γפǡѸˤƤФ줬äƤˤĤƼ夲ФϡѸη1ĤȤ Leech et al. ŦƤ "densification" (50) θȹͤ줽Ǥ[2011-01-12-1]εָѸʸˡѲ˸뷹פȡˡ¿ΤФСΤˤ⤢ʤľȤǤϤ롥[2011-09-17-1]ε#873. ѸοˤʣΥХפǿ줿ȤꡤBauer οĴˤСˤ뤫Фγ1880--1982ǯδ֤ p < 0.05 Υ٥ǤͭդäƤʤʤпäƤˡʣδѻԤŦƤꡤ䤿ľˤŬФ÷ȡҴŪͤȤΤ˺ΤϤɤȤ
1ĤˤϡBauer Ĵоݴ֤1982ǯǽäƤȤȤεҴŪ2011ǯλǻ䤿ƤľȤäƤƤԻĤϤʤ30ǯۤɤδ֤ blending Ȥǽͤ롥
⤦1ġľȿͤΥåפװ롥˴ؤơAlgeo ĴҲ𤷤¿θø椬 OED ϤμѤƤ뤬Algeo ϤȤ̷μѤΩĴԤʤäκΤäˡϡ1963ǯʹߤοϿ Barnhart μ1000̵ФȤ˿ʬȤΤǤ롥ĴˤȡФĴΤ4.8%ˤ¾μפʸΤʤǤΩʤƥǤȤ̤ȤʤäAlgeo (271) ϤοͤϲᾮɾȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Last in numerical importance as a source of new words is blending. Less than a twentieth of our new words have been formed in that way (4.8 percent); however, blending is more popular than that statistic suggests. Its principal areas of use are popular journalism and advertising. Time magazine and Madison Avenue dearly love a blend. Most of the popular coinages are nonce forms that were unreported in the Barnhart dictionary and consequently are not included in these statistics. But every new word begins as a nonce form, so a source that is prolific of nonce forms today may be expected to increase its contribution to the general vocabulary tomorrow. Blending may look like a long shot, but the smart money will keep an eye on it.
"nonce-form" 뤤 "nonce-word" ˤ blending ¿ѤȤΤϵҴŪ˳ΤˤľˤŬ֤ (productivity) ȤϲؤȤϡ[2011-04-28-1], [2011-04-29-1], [2011-05-28-1]εǤƤ褦ˡΤʲͿΤǤ롥䤤ϡʼ˷Ǻܤͤ˸ȤߤʤȤ⤦1ĤˤطƤ[2011-03-28-1]ε#700. 졤ǡܼ캬촴ʣ졤Ρפȡˡblending οϼ伭˴ŤͤˤϸˤѤθˤƳƤǤ뤳Ȥ϶餯ְ㤤ʤϡμŪɾˤƵҴŪ˻ٻ뤫ȤˡʤΤǤϤʤ
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
Algeo, John. "Where Do the New Words Come From?" American Speech 55 (1980): 264--77.
Barnhart, Clarence L., Sol Steinmetz, and Robert K. Barnhart, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of New English since 1963. Bronxville, N.Y.: Barnhart, 1973.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow