ե faux amis ȤΤ졤ܸŪС۵פȤʤ false friends Ȥ¸ߤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ false_friend γƵǶ夲ƤѸˤѸʸ̮ǤϡƤե줫μѸȡΥꥸʥΥեñȤδ֤ǰ̣ƤڥΤȤؤѸ magazine ʻˤʩ magasin Źˤʤɤ false friends ŵǤcf. #4899. magazine ϡֲˡפä ([2022-09-25-1])ˡ
̾ false friends ȤˤϡΤ褦˼ѸˤĤƸΤȻפäƤ뤬Ѹ˸¤餺˰̤˹ƹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥㤨2ĤθˡʼѤˤʤƱ줬ꡤ줾̣ۤʤäƤ륱Ѹ gift £ʪˤȥɥĸ Gift ǡˤʤɤŪˤϡ줫뤤ξθǰ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) äˡ̤ȤƤΤ褦 false friends ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
false friends ϰϤСűѸñȤθѸˤȯãȤδ֤ǰ̣ۤʤ륱ˤѤǤ"diachronic/historical false friends" ȤǤƤ֤٤ʪʤ Barney ˤűѸä Word-Hoard δˡΰ̣Ǥ false friends Ƥ롥Barney (87) Ǥפ21ڥȤƵƤΤѤƤ
False Friends
The "Index to the Groups" shows several examples of ModE reflexes of OE words which no longer have the same meaning, and which frequently confuse the beginning student. Here is a list of some which appear in this Word-Hoard. (Note that the pret.-pres. verbs are special offenders.)
cræftiġ normally means not "crafty" BUT "powerful" cunnan "can" "know (how)" dōm "doom" "judgement" drēam "dream" "festivity" drēoriġ "dreary" "bloody" or "grieving" eorl "earl" "warrior", "nobleman" folc "folk" "army" grimm "grim" "fierce" magan "may" "can, be able" mōd "mood" "mind, spirit" *mōtan "must" "may, be permitted" rīċe "rich" "powerful" sār "sore" "grievous" scēawian "show" "look at, examine" sculan "shall" "ought to" sellan "sell" "give" slēan "slay" "strike" þynċan "think" "seem" willan "will" "wish" winnan "win" "contend" wiþ "with" "against"
Barney, Stephen A. Word-Hoard: An Introduction to Old English Vocabulary. New Haven: Yale UP, 1977.
˥塼ɤ硤Christchurch Х6֤ۤɤ Dunedin ظä椫ϡμʿΤįʤιϿޤƤߤȡΥ롼Ȥ쳤ߤϡѡפȸƤ֤ˤϤϤФΤΡˤ䤫¦ѶʤƤ롥ΤäΤΤ褦Ѷʤγߤϡbay ȤϤ鷺Ȥ bight ȸƤФ餷ʹˤΤʤñä¼ŵˤϡbay 礭Ԥפäŵϥȥꥢߤ礭ѶʤǡGreat Australian Bight ȸƤ֤餷礭ѤȤƤ¾ gulf Ȥñ⤢ꡤѸ
bight ȤñʹľΤϡbight Ȥϸ츻Ūˤ bay ο̤ʤΤȤȤgh y ϸűѸ٥Ǥϸߤ˰۷֤Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿
ȤرѸ츻ŵ٤ƤߤơޤäƤ줿츻˴ؤľиƤˤʤʤϤꤷä꼭Ĵ٤ƤߤʤСΤʤȤʬʤΤ
ޤϡ߿ bay Τۤ顥ϡ⤽ǤϤʤƥ baiam ͳ褷ťڥǤȯŸ bahia ťե baie ͳơѸ bai ȤƼѤ줿Polychronicon ˽ФƤ롥̤ä츻ˤĤƤԾܤǡθΤ褦Ǥ롥
ܤ bight ϡ<gh> ֻۤܳμ¤ͽ̤ۤꡤäűѸ byht ϡֶѡפ̣ѸˤʤäơֳߤѶѡפθȤƱȤƥɥĸ Bucht 䥪 bocht ꡤޥĸ *buχtiz ƷƤ롥˰캬 *bheug- "to bend" ̤ꡤϱѸΡ֤ʤˡפ̣ bow ФƤ롥
˸츻ŵĤʤȰääƤޤޤȤǤܵˤ heldio Ǥ⤢ޤ#1626. The Canterbury Bight ֥٥ѡסꤪİС
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ηФϢ³ơVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ī6ۿˤˤ delicious Ȥۿޤ
#840. delicious, delectable, delightful
#841. deleicious Ū줬ؤʤȤˤʤäƤ
Ĥơ#283. delectable delight ([2010-02-04-1]) ꤹ뵭ȤꡤȤ̩ܤ˴ؤǤƥư dēlectāre ͶǤ롤̥λ롤Фˤ˴Ťƻ줬͡ʷ֤Ѹ˥եͳƼѤޤʤۤˡܤ˱Ѹ¦Ƿ줿Ʊηƻ⤢ޤˡηƻִӤͿ롤Ф롤ʡڤ̣Ρ˧פʤɤΥݥƥʰ̣ɽ路ˤȤäƤ褤ñ췲Ƥޤ
Ʊ줬äƤⶥ礹ǡġ¸߰յʤޤʤˤѸˤʤΡۤȤѤʤΤФƤΤƻǤ
Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (= HTOED) Ĵ٤ƤߤȤŪˤ13Ρdelicious פ夷Ƥޤ츻Ū dēlectāre ̤ꤦƱǤʲ˰ޤ
delite (c1225--1500): Very pleasant or enjoyable; delightful.
delightable (c1300--): Very pleasing or appealing; delightful.
delicate (a1382--1911): That causes pleasure or delight; very pleasing to the senses, luxurious; pleasurable, esp. in a way which promotes calm or relaxation. Obsolete.
delightful (a1400--): Giving or providing delight; very pleasant, charming.
delicious (c1400?-): Very pleasant or enjoyable; very agreeable; delightful; wonderful.
delectable (c1415--): Delightful; extremely pleasant or appealing, (in later use) esp. to the senses; very attractive. Of food, drink, etc.: delicious, very appetizing.
delighting (?a1425--): That gives or causes delight; very pleasing, delightful.
delitous (a1425): Very pleasant or enjoyable; delightful.
delightsome (c1484--): Giving or providing delight; = delightful, adj. 1.
delectary (?c1500): Very pleasant; delightful.
delighted (1595--1677): That is a cause or source of delight; delightful. Obsolete.
dilly (1909--): Delightful; delicious.
delish (1915--): Extremely pleasing to the senses; (chiefly) very tasty or appetizing. Sometimes of a person: very attractive. Cf. delicious, adj. A.1.
Ѹˤʤä⤢ΤϳΤǤճ¿ʤ褽ٸǤȤϤ˸ĤäƤΤषäǤִӤͿ롤ʡפȤ̤ܵѤΤϡºŪˤ delicious, delectable, delightful 餤ΤΤǤ礦
Τ褦ʸä̵̸뤤;ȤäϡѸǤϷ褷ƵǤϤޤϢơ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 ([2022-12-04-1])#4974. splendidious, splendidous, splendious λ --- EEBO corpus ([2022-12-09-1]) ⤴
Ǥˡ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) Ǽ夲ǤҤͤäƤߤޤsplendid ʹڤʡʡΩɤʡ굱ˤȤƥư splendēre "to be bright or shining" ͳ褹ƻǤѸ˾塤Ʊ줬߽ФƤޤεǿʤäΤޤ OED Ĵ٤ñȡѸ13줢ޤ
resplendant, resplendent, resplending, splendacious, splendant, splendent, splendescent, splendid, splendidious, splendidous, splendiferous, splendious, splendorous
OED ˵ܤΤǯʤѸξϺǽǯˤ˴ŤƸΰ饤˥ץåȤƤߤΤʲοޤǤȤ櫓16--17˿о줬椷Ƥޤ

ۤ1796ǯ˽Ф resplendidly Ȥ1859ǯ˽Ф many-splendoured Ȥƻʤɡ碌ƹͤ⤢ޤˤѸˤΤʤѡʤ뤤¤ˤˤ϶äޤ͡
ε#4071. ճճ able -able ̸츻 ([2020-06-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡɽŪˤϹƤƤ⡤츻ޤäۤʤȤϾʤʤդˡɽŪˤϻƤĤʤΤ˸츻ŪˤƱȤȤ⤢롥ԤȤƤϡ#778. P-Celtic Q-Celtic ([2011-06-14-1]) Ǿ줿 cow beef 㤬ʢʤƱ츻ˡ
ԤȤơƻ able θ츻ȴϢƼ夲ƥư habēre ȱѸư have δط褦ξȤⲻ̤äƤꡤ֤äƤפȤͭƤ뤳Ȥ顤QŪˤϸ츻Ū˴ϢȻפäƤޤ#2297. Ѹ flow ȥƥ fluere ([2015-08-11-1]) ǤŦȤꡤ̸츻Ǥ롥
θƸǤϤƴŪưǤ뤫顤츻Ūˤ have ϥޥϡhabēre ϥåϤ̤롥ˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤĤƳؤȤСƬ h Τ褦ʲƱˡ§βѲФޥϤθȡȤϰۤʤаޤɤäåϤθȤΤǶͭ뤳ȤΤʤȤʬ롥ˡ§ջбѸ h ϰĸ *k ̤ϤǤꡤǥƥ h ϰĸ *gh бϤǤ롥ĤޤꡤѸ h ȥƥ h εϰפʤ
Ѹ have ϡĸ *kap- (to grasp) ̤롥ķϻҲѲ˥ƥ˷Ѿ졤capere (to hold) ʤɤ˻ĤäƤ롥ͳ褹 caption, captive, capture ʤɤϡѸʹߤ˱ѸؼѤƤ롥
ƥ habēre ϰĸ *ghabh- (to give; to receive) ̤ꡤϤʤȱѸ give ƱǤ롥ͿפȡּפȤȿиθ *ghabh- Ʊ路ƤȤΤ̯˻פ뤫⤷ʤּפ֤餤פϤ⤽߹٤Ǥꡤ3ԤߤƱĤι٤ˤߤ롥Τ褦ʸ (contronym) Ȥʡ#566. contronym ([2010-11-14-1]) #1308. learn Ρֶפθ ([2012-11-25-1]) ȡˡ츻Ū˴Ϣϥƥ줫Ѹذճ¿äƤƤꡤ able Ϥhabit, exhibit, inhabit, inhibit, prohibit ʤɤ캬ͭ롥ե졤ڥδư avoir, habere ƥ habēre ηǤꡤѸ have Ȥϸ츻Ū̵طǤ롥
ɸϡָθ츻פιָθ츻פˤĤƤϡرѸ츻ŵ(pp. 1666--67) Ȥ줿
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
ε#4053. ʴɡǮϤʤΤ hay fever ([2020-06-01-1]) hay fever ε夲ޤʤʴɤˡǮפطΤ̤ΤޤޤǤĴ٤餷ʪޤɸ3ΤߤȤʸ츻ŪǤ
hay ʴˤϸűѸˤ hēġ, hīeġ ȤƸŤǡڤ줿줿פ̣ޤ֡ࡦʤɤǡڤפȤư hēawan ȤƤꡤ줬Ѹ hew ʤڤ롤ڤݤˤϢʤäƤޤڤƻȤƤ hoe ֺꡤĤϤפϡűѸˤޤŹϥɥĸ줫ʩä houe Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ΤǡϤꥲޥĸθ캬̤ޤޥĸưȤ *χawwan ƷƤޤޥ캬餵̤Сĸθ캬 *kau- (to hew, strike) ˤɤ夭ޤ嵭3첻ѰۡѲƤޤ1ĤȤȤˤʤޤ
to hew hay ʴˤȤɽ⤢Τǡto hew hay with a hoe Ȥɽ̴ǤϤޤȤʤСפФˤʤΤ֤̾ʤǤ绰ϺͿ˹碌ơ֤Ҥ塼ؤۥפȲΤäƤߤޤ礦
ˤƤ⡤츻ŪˤޤǤλǤ͡
ˤʸˡ (grammatical gender) ϡ⤿ʤܸѸüԤˤȤäƤϼ¤ԲIJʸݤ˱Ǥ롥²Ǥϥե졤ڥ졤ɥĸ졤졤ƥʤɤˤΤ褦˸뤷ѸˤĤƤűѸޤǤʸˡǽƤϤƤ⡤ĸ¿ꡤ4İʾĸ⾯ʤʤ
űѸǹͤƤߤ褦űѸǤϸġ̾줬§Ȥ (masculine) (feminine) (neuter) Τ줫˿ʬƤ뤬ζʬɬʪŪʤ (natural gender) Ȥϰפʤ̣ wīf ʷŪˤϸ wife Ϣʤˤ̾ȤȤˤʤäƤ뤷Ʊֽפ̣ wīfmann ʸ woman ϢʤˤϤʤ̾Ǥ롥ֽ͡פ̣ hlǣfdiġe ʸ lady ϢʤˤϽ̾ʤΤǰȤ뤬̵ʪǤϤ stān ʸ stoneˤ̾Ǥꡤlufu ʸ loveˤϽ̾Ǥ롥ʬब褯ʬʤcf. #3293. űѸ̾ ([2018-05-03-1])ˡ
űѸüԤޤơäʤʤΤȿҤͤ뤳ȤǤȤƤ⡤֤äƤϡ֤狼ʤȤˤʤäƤ뤫פˤȤɤޤΥեüԤˤҤͤƤߤȤ褤ʤ soleil ̾ǡ lune Ͻ̾ʤΤȡơɥĸüԤˤҤͤƤߤ褦ʤդ Sonne ̾ǡ Mund ̾ʤΤȡüԤǼΤ֤ʤؼԤˤʤ
ȤϲʤΤϾɸΤ褦˹ͤƤˤȤϥեʤΤǤ롥⤦ΤˤСˤȤϿʹ֤ʬեɽ蘆줿1֤Ǥ롥
ʹ֤ˤʪʬष뽬롥ʬλˤĤƤϸĿͤȤ˰ۤʤ뤷ŵŪˤϽĤȤˡȤ櫓춦ƱΤȤ˰ۤʤΤǤ롥줾ʬθϤθĿͤ佸ĤƤѡѡѤʤɤ˴ŤΤȿ¬뤬θߤˤʤäƤ뤳ȤϤƺǤ롥ߤˤޤʸˡѤƤȤƤ⡤ĤƤʬึ켫ΤϤǤ˺ƤꡤޤǷǡθ̾졤θϽ̾ȤäʸˡŪʷޤȤ¸³Ƥˤʤ
ѡѡѤȤȲ鿼ʤΤ۵뤬Τ褦ʿܤʬǤʤ桼⥢ʤɤ˴ŤͷӤʬ˺äƤΤ褦ʲǽƤСȤϥեƥ (fetishism)ʤθ콸ĤäƤʪθʤ餤ƤΤˤ踽ߤǤϿˤǤǤʤ褦ʪʤΤʬΥե¾ͤˤ¾ͤΥեʬˤΤƱ褦ʤΤ
ѸȤƤ gender פƤȤϡ̣Թäñ gender ϡƥ genus ťե gendre ФѸˤޤʸˡѸȤäƤñǤ롥genus θϡּ²פۤɤǤꡤեб genre ϡ֥롤ͼפǤ롥ѸǤ kind ּפ⡤¤ϤƱǤ롥Τ˿ˤȤäƷ褷̵ؿǤϤʤ༫Ȥ2ʬˡ˽ζ̤Ǥ gender Ȥ櫓˽Ȥ sex ζ̤ŬѤ줿ȼΤϼǤ롥ȸεˤĤơפȲᤷƤޤäΤägender, genre, kind ϡȤ˽ζ̤˸¤餺ʪζ̤ѤϤǤꡤäƤߤñʤּפ̣̾ʤΤǤ롥ȽʤӤΤǤʤˤȤ sex ˴Ť˸¤äƤޤäˡʤСפ̾ʤΤʤְפ̾ʤΤʤֽפ̾̾ʤΤȤ𤷤䤬ʮФ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤä
ؤβˡϡgender = ˽ζ̡פȤȤ館졤A, B, C Ǥ褤ϤǤ褤áʺǤⲿǤ褤ΤǡựʤñʤȤƤȤ館뤳ȤűѸǤϡСפAȢäƤ롤ְפBȢäƤʤޤ̣ΤˡפֽפʤɤΥ٥ơȢŽդƤޤ顤ä䤳ʤ롥
ΤȤ館ˤϰ⤢Ǥ϶ü㳰ΤΡ¿ʸˡĸǡŪʤΡˤؼ̾̾ˡŪʤΡˤؼ̾Ͻ̾°뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ餫餳gender = ˽ζ̡פβĹƤΤǤϤ٤ƤǤʤ餳١gender = ˽ζ̡פθƤߤ褦ȼĥƤΤǤ롥˽ΰ㤤ϳΤ˿ʹ֤ˤȤäƴؿΤ̤Ƥ̵οʹֽĤϡʳˤ⸽ߤǤϿ䤷̤뤳ȤǤʤ褦ѤäؿȼΥեƥäʪʬषƤΤǤϤʤ줬ʤβ̤Ƥե졤ɥĸ졤뤤ϸűѸ˻ĤäƤ gender ȤȤǤϤʤ
gender ˸¤餺ˤʸˡƥ (category) ȤΤϡŪˤϥեƥλʪȹͤƤ롥 (anthropological linguistics)Ҳ (sociolinguistics)ǧθ (cognitive_linguistics)֥ԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ʤɤΰˤޤ롤ƹʸؾΥȥԥåǤ롥
gender ĤƤϡgender εΤָۤˤפεåäƤߤ碌Ƥɤ
ϿϿʤľܤβڵĤäƤʤŤθ첻ˤƿꤹ뤫Ȥ䤤ϡѤʵǤʤ顤˸ؤˤȤäܼŪʲǤ롥Ѹˤˤ뤳βˤĤƤϡޤǤŪʴ#437. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 ([2010-07-08-1])#758. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 (2) ([2011-05-25-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
оݤȤʤˤäƤ⡤ΤѤǤʤˤϰ㤤롥 Smith (40) ȤơȤ櫓ѸȯꤹˡܤƤߤ5ۤɵƤ롥
a) "reconstruction", both comparative (dealing with cognate languages) and internal (dealing with paradigmatic variation);
b) analysis of "residualisms" surviving in modern accents of English;
c) analysis of the writings of spelling-reformers and phoneticians from the Early Modern English period, supplying information about usages closer to the Middle English period than now;
d) analysis of contemporary verse-practices, based on the analysis of rhyme, alliteration and meter; and
e) analysis of spellings.
ս˥ȤäƤe) ΥڥʬϤȤΤȴ뤯餤ΤȤ˻פ뤫⤷ʤѸɽʸɸ֤ޥե٥åȤѤƽƤʾ塤ñΥڥͤˤΤǤ롥ѸȯȥڥδطͤƤߤʬ褦ˡڥľȯɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤäơѸˤƤⴰľȯɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤȤŪɤƤɬפȤʤ롥ǤľǤϤʤȤϤʤȤŪʷȯɽ綠ȤƤ뤳ȤǧƤ褵ǤꡤɤΤ褦ľǤʤΤɤΤ餤ŪʤΤˤĤƤϡʸηϤ䥹ڥηϤξܺ٤ʬϤ̤Ƥʤ餫ˤ뤳ȤǤ롥
d) ϱʸѤǤ롥ѸαʸϡȤ櫓ˤΦ鿷⤿餵줿ӱ (rhyme) ɤӱξڵϡȤ櫓첻μ̤䶯֤˴ؤ¿ξͿƤ롥űѸδƬ (alliteration) ѸˤϱߤΤΡ濴˺ĤꡤѸλҲ䶯֤˴ؤҥȤͿ³Ƥ롥ޤʸϡ嵭εӱƬȤ̩ܤ˴ؤ뤫DZΧ (meter) μǤϤȯ˼ͿƤ롥
c) ϡ³Ѹ˻˾ܳŪ˸Ƥ벻ؼԤˤ롤ȯˤĤƤΥȤ˰͵ˡǤ롥ΥȤϤޤǶѸΡʼȤƵŪʡȯˤĤƤ줬Τ˿ǤСȯˤĤƤ礭ʥҥȤȤʤŪʲѲħƤСϡʶѸȯˤջϡѸȯˤǽޤ롥
b) ḽμŪˤϡ˸Ť¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ롥ּΤܤΤ˶ּäƤ롤ȤˡϢơ#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1])#2019. ؤˤ6Ĥθ§ ([2014-11-06-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
Ǹ a) ϡϢȤ (comparative_linguistics) ˴ŤƷ (reconstruction) ŪƷˤŪʿˡǤ롥ƷȤȡʸΤʤθˡȻפ뤫⤷ʤʸǧűѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸˤƤڵηΤ˽ʬѤ롥
Ѹȯθϡ嵭Τ褦ʿμˡǿʤƤƤꡤǤܤȤ餫ˤƤ롥
Smith, Jeremy J. "Periods: Middle English." Chapter 3 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 32--48.
ɸȴϢơDurkin (191--92) ƤťΥɸѸ롥űѸƱ졤ťΥɸƱʤĸѸ˼Ѥ줿ˡͤޤǤ˸ťɸǤθǤ롥Ȥ櫓β֤ӤƤ餤
| OE | Scandinavian | Cf. Old Icelandic |
|---|---|---|
| sċyrta (> shirt) | skirt | skyrta |
| sċ(e)aða, sċ(e)aðian | scathe | skaði, skaða 'it hurts' |
| sċiell, sċell (> shell) | (northern) skell 'shell' | skel |
| ċietel, ċetel (> ME chetel) | kettle | ketill |
| ċiriċe (> church) | (northern) kirk | kirkja |
| ċist, ċest (> chest) | (northern) kist | kista |
| ċeorl (> churl) | (northern) carl | karl |
| hlenċe | link | hlekkr |
| ġietan | get | geta |
| ġiefan | give | geva (OSw. giva) |
| ġift | gift | gipt (OSw. gipt, gift) |
| ġeard (> yard) | (northern) garth | garðr |
| ġearwe | gear | gervi |
| bǣtan | bait 'to bait' | beita |
| hāl (> whole) | hail 'healthy' | heill |
| lāc | northern laik 'game' | leikr |
| rǣran (> rear) | raise | reisa |
| swān | swain | sveinn |
| nā (> no) | nay | nei |
| blāc | bleak | bleikr |
| wāc | weak | veikr |
| þēah | though | þó |
| lēas | loose | louss, lauss |
| ǣġ (> ME ei) | egg | egg |
| sweoster, swuster | sister | systir |
| fram, from (> from) | fro | frá |
#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1])#3275. ա wassail ([2018-04-15-1]) εǿ줿褦ˡhail, hale, heal, holy, whole, wassail ʤɤƱ캬̤롤ߤ˸츻Ū˴Ϣ췲Ǥ롥űѸ hāl ʴʡʡʡˤطäȸƤߤ褦
ޤűѸ hāl ľܤλ¹hale whole Ǥ롥Ԥϡ켫ΤΤȤʤä wholesome, wholesale, wholly ʤɤƤ롥
̾դűѸ hǣlþ ϡߤñ health, healthy, healthful Ƥ롥
ư hǣlan heal, healer ޤټդ Hælend ϡֵߺѼԡ䤹͡ˡפ̣פʸűѸñä
ƻղä hālig holy, holiness, holiday Ƥ롥hālig ˤƺ줿ư hālgian ϡhallow, Halloween Ƥ롥
űѸ hāl бťΥɸƱ heill αƶǡhail, hail from, hail fellow, wassail ʤɤѸѤ褦ˤʤä
űѸθ˭Ọ̇̄ѲѰ̣ۤ臘ˤϡäƤĤñ췲Ȥʾ塤Crystal (22) ꡥ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2019.
ѹͥ17ˤϡƥ䥮ꥷ濴Ȥ줫̤θäѤ줿ηаޤˤĤƤϡޤǡ#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ʤɤε͡ʳ٤夲ƤλˤϡФСƱפۤʤäȼäȤݤ줿㤨СǤ1586ǯ discovery Ѹä˲äƤȤˡ17ˤʤäƱ discoverance discoverment ⸽졤û֤ȤϤ硦¸ΤǤʴϢơ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
ʲϡBauer (186) OED 17˽Фư̾ȤǤ롥
| abutment | abuttal | |
| bequeathal | bequeathment | |
| bewitchery | bewitchment | |
| commitment | committal | committance |
| composal | compositure | |
| comprisal | comprisement | comprisure |
| concumbence | concumbency | |
| condolement | condolence | |
| conducence | conducency | |
| contrival | contrivance | |
| depositation | depositure | |
| deprival | deprivement | |
| desistance | desistency | |
| discoverance | discoverment | |
| disfiguration | disfigurement | |
| disproval | disprovement | |
| disquietal | disquietment | |
| dissentation | dissentment | |
| disseveration | disseverment | |
| encompassment | encompassure | |
| engraftment | engrafture | |
| exhaustment | exhausture | |
| exposal | exposement | exposure |
| expugnance | expugnancy | |
| expulsation | expulsure | |
| extendment | extendure | |
| impartment | imparture | |
| imposal | imposement | imposure |
| insistence | insisture | |
| interposal | interposure | |
| pretendence | pretendment | |
| promotement | promoval | |
| proposal | proposure | |
| redamancy | redamation | |
| renewal | renewance | |
| reposance | reposure | |
| reserval | reservancy | |
| resistal | resistment | |
| retrieval | retrievement | |
| returnal | returnment | |
| securance | securement | |
| subdual | subduement | |
| supportment | supporture | |
| surchargement | surchargure |
Individual ad hoc decisions on relevant forms may or may not be picked up widely in the community. . . . [I]t is clear from the history which the OED presents that the need of the individual for a particular word is not always matched by the need of the community for the same word, with the result that multiple coinages are possible.
ˤ衤Ū𤬡Ѹư̾η֤˾ʤȺ⤿餷³Ƥ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ롥塤Ƥ椯ȤƤ⡤餯ˤϿȤĹ֤뤳Ȥ
Bauer, Laurie. "Competition in English Word Formation." Chapter 8 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 177--98.
#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1]) εǡͥΥƥ줫֤βɽñ1ĤȤ splendidious θϸߤǤѤȤʤäƤ뤬ΰ̣ϸǤ̤Ѥ splendid ƱֲʡڤʡפǤ롥Ԥϥͥڤ䤫ʤꤷ15ѤƤꡤԤñȤƤ17ȾˤϽФƤʤˤäƽǯ夬ۤʤˡ15--17ˤϡ캬̣Ʊ splendid Ϥñ줬Ĥ⸽ƤϾäƤäΤǤ롥HTOED splendid ιƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
02.04.05.03 (adj.) Splendid
þurhbeorht OE geatolic OE torht OE torhtlic OE wrætlic OE orgulous/orgillous a1400 splendidious 1432/50--1653 splendiferous c1460--1546 splendent 1509-- splendant 1590-- splendorous 1591-- splendidous 1605--1640 transplendent 1622; 1854 florid 1642--1725 splendious 1654 splendid 1815-- splendescent 1848-- nifty 1868-- ducky 1897-- (colloq.) many-splendoured a1907--
Ū splendidious, splendiferous, splendent, splendant, splendorous, splendidous, splendious, splendid, splendescent, splendoured 10줬ߤŪܤ˸졤糵ϸ˾äƤʤα¼Ǥϡsplendiferous, splendent, splendorous ϸФΩƤƤˡ
Ρʥƥ줢뤤ϥեͳˤ̣Ʊ (synonym) Τ褦ʣäȤǡϤʤ¿θ줬礷ǤƤäΤ
Kay and Allan (15) ⡤θ췲˸ڤĤļΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Sometimes there was a degree of experimentation over the form of a new word. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the OED records the following forms meaning 'splendid': splendant, splendicant, splendidious, splendidous, splendiferous, splendious and splendorous. Splendid itself is first recorded in 1624. Unsurprisingly, most of these forms were short-lived; no language needs quite so many similar words for the same concept.
б̾ˤĤƤ HTOED ȴФȡ"splendency a1591--1607 splendancy 1591 splendence 1604 splendour 1774-- splendiferousness 1934--" ȤϤ˭٤Ǥ롥
Kay, Christian and Kathryn Allan. English Historical Semantics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.
դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ8ε֤ʤ֥ˡ§פѸ˾פʤΤޤˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ֤ⷫ夲ƤޤϢܵǤϽ鿴Ԥˤʤ٤狼䤹ˡ§βѲμ˱ѸؽΩĤ⤷ޤ
Ϣܵɤˡ#103. ˡ§Ȥϲ ([2009-08-08-1]) ӡ#102. hundred ˡ§ ([2009-08-07-1]) ɤǤȡˤʤȻפޤ
ϢܵǤϡˡ§Ρ֤ʤפˤĤƤϡ⤤ῨƤޤؿϲؤ˸ؤδ#650. ˥ȥˡ§ ([2011-02-06-1]) #794. ˡ§Ȼη֡ ([2011-06-30-1])#1121. Grimm's Law Ϥʤ ([2012-05-22-1]) Ȥ
ˡ§䴰ͥˡ§ (verners_law) ˤĤƤϡ#104. hundred ͥˡ§ ([2009-08-09-1])#480. father ͥˡ§ ([2010-08-20-1])#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1]) ޤξˡ§碌ơ1ޥҲܡ (First Germanic Consonant Shift) ȸƤ֤ȤϢܵǿޤǤϡ2ޥҲܡפΤȵˤʤϡ#405. Second Germanic Consonant Shift ([2010-06-06-1]) ȡ#416. Second Germanic Consonant Shift Ϥʤä ([2010-06-17-1]) ΤɤߤѸȥɥĸλҲбˤĤƶ뤳ȤǤޤ
#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡޥ [sk] ϸűѸ˸ȻФ [ʃ] ؤѲԤϡűѸǤ scip (ship) Τ褦 <sc> ȤŻ (digraph) ֤줿#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻˡ ([2014-12-06-1]) ȤꡤѸˤϿŻ <sh> ֤褦ˤʤä
ޥƱˤƤ [sk] ݤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿Τǡ餬Ѹ˼ѤȡѸȤȤŸ (doublet) 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ѹ shirt ȸťΥɸ줫 skirt δط褯ΤƤ뤬ɸ˵ ship, skiff, skip(per) Τ褦ʻŸȤ⤤٤ط鸫Ĥ뤳ȤǤ롥
פ̣Źϥɥĸñ scifɥĸǤ Schiff Ǥ롥Ҳ [f] ϡ2ޥҲ (sgcs) η̤Źϥɥĸ sciff ϸťꥢ schifo ȤƼѤ졤˸ťե esquif ФѸ skif Ȥƾ̣Ȥä줬Ѹ skiff Ǥ롥ե equip ˤϢ
Ƭ [sk] ݤä楪 schip ղä skipper ϡḶ́ȤѸꡤߤ˻롥θʬṳ̂졤ɤ skip ȤʤΤǡǤߤȤ˻Ÿ줬Ǥ롥skipper ˤĤƤϡ#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
ʤ캬ϥꥷ skaptein ʤȴˤȶ̤Ƥꡤڤ̤ƺäΥˤĤʤ롥
ϢθˤäƤ뤬Ͻ˸츻ä carnage θ캬פ̣ƥ캬 carn-, carō ̤뤳Ȥϴ˽Ҥ٤˰캬ޤ̤ȡ*(s)ker- ˤɤ夯#2477. Ѹˤߤ20ˡλ ([2016-02-07-1]) ε score Ȥ˴Ϣƾ줿 *(s)ker- ϡڤ (to cut) Ȥ롥̣ΤĤʤϡڤʬ줿פۤɤε ([2017-01-24-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡcarnage ֻ٤פΡ٤פˤϡ֤ФФڤäƤפΰ̣뤳Ȥˤαդ
캬ΰ̣ŪǤ뤫顤θ캬ͥåȥϤǤ롥츻ŵĴ٤ƤߤȡΤ褦ʱñ췲ŪƱ캬Ȥʤ롥
űѸͳscurf, shard, share, sharp, shear, shirt, short, shred, shroud, shrub
ťΥɸͳscar, score, scrap, scrape, scree, skerry, skirt
ƥͳcarnage, carnal, carnation, carnival, carnivorous, carrion, cenacle, charnel, coriaceous, cork, cortex, crone, cuirass, currier, curt, curtal, incarnate, kirtle
ꥷͳcoreopsis, corm
ƥꥷϤˤʸ¿ޤॲޥϤΤΤŪʸ¿
ܥӥΤˡΤ褦ʡָ캬ͥåȥץ¾εȤơ#695. 캬 fer ([2011-03-23-1]), #1043. mind θ캬ͥåȥ ([2012-03-05-1]), #1124. Ϥ礦ͤ⸬ʿʹ֡ ([2012-05-25-1])#1557. mickle, much θ캬ͥåȥ ([2013-08-01-1])#1602. star θ캬ͥåȥ ([2013-09-15-1])#1639. Ѹ name ȥꥷ onoma (1) ([2013-10-22-1])#1708. *wer- θ캬ͥåȥ weird θ츻 ([2013-12-30-1]) ɤ
ε#2296. flute θ츻ˤĤơ ([2015-08-10-1]) ǥƥư fluere (to flow) ΰ캬 *bhleu- (to swell, well up, overflow) ˿줿ưθ캬Ȥ˥ƥ͡ʸä¿˱ѸؼѤ줿Сaffluent, confluent, effluent, effluvium, efflux, fluctuate, fluent, fluid, flume, fluor, fluorescent, fluoride, fluoro-, flush, fluvial, flux, influence, influenza, influx, mellifluous, reflux, superfluous
Ʊ캬 *bhleu- ͳ褹Ѹ¸ߤʤޥϤȤƤϸťΥɸͳ bloat (to swell) ѸäƤ롥θθƬҲ b- ʬȤꡤ캬 *bh ϥޥǤϥˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤ b ȤƸ롥Ʊ *bh ϡƥǤϾ˵¿㤬褦 f ѲƤ롥̤ȤƤߤбѸ b ȥƥ f Ūб뤳ȤˤʤꡤΤȤϡ̤θ캬ˤʤ뤬 bear vs fertile, bloom vs flower, break vs fragile, brother vs fraternal ʤɿ¿뤳ȤǤ롥
ơ˱Ѹ flow ˤĤƹͤ褦嵭Υƥ fluere Ọ֤̇̄ƤΤǡĤƱȴ㤤Ƥޤ츻Ūˤ̵Ǥ롥Ѹ f ϡˡ§ջСĸ *p ȤƸϤǤꡤԤϥƥؤΤޤ p ȤƼѤ롥ĤޤꡤŪˤϱѸ f ȥƥ p б뤳Ȥˤʤ (e.g. father vs paternal, foot vs pedal, fish vs Pisces) ºݡflow ΰ캬ȤƺƷƤΤ *pleu- (to flow) Ǥ롥
*pleu- ȤѸȤƤϡfledge, flee, fleet, fley, flight, float, flood, flow, flutter, fly, fowl ʤɤ롥ťΥɸͳDZѸäƤΤȤƤϡflit, flotilla 롥¾(flèche, fletcher), flotsam, (flue [flew]), fugleman ʤɤ⥲ޥͳƤñǤ롥
ƥǤϡ캬 *pleu- Ȥˡ㤨 pluere (to rain) ˴Ϣ뤤Ĥθ줬Ѹä (e.g.pluvial, pulmonary) ꥷǤ캬λҲݤäPluto, plut(o)-, plutocracy, pneumonia, pyel(o)- ѸäƤ롥ȸ줫פɽ魯 linn ƱǤ롥
嵭Τ褦ˡѸ flow ȥƥ fluere ϡ줾캬 *pleu- (to flow) *bhleu- (to swell, well up, overflow) ̤ꡤ츻Ūˤ̵Ǥ롥Ūˤξñϰ̣֤Ƥꡤߤ˴طƤϤȻפΤ̵̤ȤǤ롥㤨СȤˡήפ̣ inflow influx 츻Ū̵طȤжäȿиϤ줾 outflow efflux ǤˡűѸǤ⡤ƥ fluere ФȤƤäѤ flōwan (> PDE flow) ƤƤȤ¤ꡤŪξԤӤĤ褦Ȥռä褦˻פ롥
Ӹؤ˴ŤƸ츻ɤäƤȡflow fluere Τ褦ˡߤ˻̣ȷ֤äƤΥڥ¤ϸ츻Ū̵ǤȤ狼äƶäޤ롥ŵŪʤΤѸ have ȥƥ habēre ʵڤӥƥбե avoirˤǤ롥֤Ƥ뤷ֻäƤפȤ礿ⶦ̤Ǥ뤫ƱȻפ䡤츻Ūˤ̵طǤ롥¾ˤرѸ츻ŵ(pp. 1666--67) Ρֿθ츻ȸθ츻פȤ줿
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
728դǷǼĤ˼ flute θ츻ˤĤơĴ٤ƤߤȤ𤷤
͡ʸ츻٤ȤǽŪˤϤ褽츻ԾܤȤ̤˹Ԥ夤̤ԾܤȤƤΤϸҲ /t/ ʬǤꡤƬҲ /fl/ ˴ؤƤϡƥư flāre (to breathe; to blow) 뤤 flagrāre (to flame) θƬҲȸ츻Ū˰פƤꡤ캬 *bhel- (to shine, flash, burn) ̤ȹͤƤ褵ĤޤꡤƬʬ˴ؤ¤ꡤƥ䤽̼줫μѸ flagrant, flame, flamboyant, flamenco, flamingo ʤɤȸ캬ƱȤ롥ѸǤСblow ƱǤ롥ե롼ȤϡֿפΤȤȤ
դΤϡΰ캬 *bhel- ϡaffluent, fluent, fluid, influence ʤɤΥƥ캬 fluere (to flow) Ȥľܤˤϴطʤ褦ȤȤǤ롥ϡۤʤ캬 *bhleu- (to swell, well up, overflow) ̤롥2Ĥΰ캬 *bhel- *bhleu- ΤľŪʴطϤʤȤϤäƤ⡤̵طʤΤɤϡӸؤι٤ŪʬʤΤǻˤƧ߹ळȤǤʤʸ츻ˤϸԤԤ cf. դƤˡ
Ǥ flute θƬҲˤĤơäܤ˸Ҳ /t/ ˤĤƸƤߤ褦θϡ̣Ū˹ͤ flageolet ʥե饸åȡⲻνūˤȴطȤȤǧƤ褵flageolet ϡƱڴ̣ťץη flaujol ťեη flageol, flajol ˻ؾĤΤǤ롥ϡťץ flaujol ʤɤȯȤơˤ flute Ȥ֤뤫Ǥ롥Oxford Ϥθ츻Ϥ¿μǤϡ̤γڴ lute ʥ塼ȡʤ˻ڴˤθťץ laüt źʣȤ *flaujollaüt 줿 (blend) ǤϤʤȤƤʤƤ롥
Ū褯ٻƤ褦ˤߤ뤳κϡBarnhart θ츻ǤŪ˰Ƥʰʲ˰ѡˡüŪˤСե롼Ȥȥ塼ȤϡȤ˳ڴǤ뤳ȰʳζϤʤ츻ŪߤꤹΤ϶ȤոȡΤ˶ʵ⤹롥
flute n. Before 1325 floute the musical instrument; earlier, implied in flouter a flutist (1225, as a surname); borrowed from Old French flaüte, fleüte, from Old Provençal flaüt, of uncertain origin; perhaps an alteration of flaujol (in Old French flajol) FLAGEOLET with some unknown form, but probably not lute as is often suggested, because in particular the lute was a stringed instrument held and played in a different manner that had no suggestion of the flute about it.
ΤȤƤޤȤСflute θҲ /t/ ͳˤĤƤϲȤ⤤ʤƬҲ /fl/ ˤĤƤϡֿפ̣ƥ flāre ƱǤȸʤήפ̣ƥ fluere ȤƱǤϤʤաˡ
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
repair ʽˤϴܸȤäƤ褤̸츻ƱƱ۵ (homonym) ȤƤ repair ʹԤˤϤޤΤƤʤǤ̤θǤȤΩƤƤ롥
ֽפ repair ϡƥ reparāre ͳ褷ťե réparer ͳơѸ repare(n) ȤäƤƥ캬 parāre "to make ready" ۤɤ̣ĸθ캬 *perə- (to produce, procure) ̤롥εˤθ캬ϡapparatus, comprador, disparate, emperor, imperative, imperial, parachute, parade, parasol, pare, parent, -parous, parry, parturient, prepare, rampart, repertory, separate, sever, several, viper ʤɤθ줬Ƥ롥
ֹԤפ repair ϵۤʤꡤƥ repatriāre ťե repairier ȷ֤ơѸ repaire(n) ȤäƤΤǤ롥äơѸ repatriate ܹԤˤȤ2Ÿ롥츻Ūʸ캬ϡpatria ʸιˤ pater ˤǤ뤫顤ֽפȤ餫˶̤ǤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ĸ *pəter- (father) ϡƥͳ expatriate, impetrate, padre, paternal, patri-, patrician, patrimony, patron, perpetrate ޤꥷͳ eupatrid, patriarch, patriot, sympatric ѸäƤ롥
ѸΡֹԤפ repair ϡǷŪʶǹԤˤԤפۤɤ̣롥Ĥʸ褦ǸΤ褦ˡ֡ʽʤɤơ롤ʤ롤㤭Ĥפθ⤢롥
After dinner, the guests repaired to the drawing room for coffee.
(humorous) Shall we repair to the coffee shop?
He repaired in haste to Washington.
May all to Athens backe againe repaire. (Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream iv. i. 66)
Thither the world for justice shall repaire. (Sir P. Sidney tr. Psalmes David ix. v)
Ѹ줫˭٤ϡMED repairen (v) Ȥ줿
̾ -th ˤĤƤϡ#14. ̾-th ([2009-05-12-1])#16. -th ̾ΤȤˤʤäư졦ƻϡ ([2009-05-14-1])#595. death and dead ([2010-12-13-1])#1787. coolth ([2014-03-19-1]) Ǽ夲ƤѲʤɤʣʷаޤˤꡤΤ -th դȤδطȯֻξǤϸˤʤäƤΤ¿Τ褦1Ĥ young -- youth Υڥ롥long -- length, strong -- strength Ǥϡ촴 ng ݤƤΤˡyoung ̾Ǥɡ youth ȤʤΤϲΤ
űѸǤϴΤȤʤƻ geong̾ geoguþ ǤꡤԤǤϤǤɡæƤ롥ޥǤƱߤƤߤȡOld Saxon juguð, Dutch jeugd, Old High German jugund, German jugend ɡ̵ͭɤƤ뤬ϥޥ̾ɡƤ褦ޥĸǤ *jugunþi n ƷƤʥƥ juvenis (adj.), juventa (n.) ⻲ȡˡPartridge ˤȡ"OE geong has derivative geoguth or geogoth---a collective n---prob an easing of *geonth" ȤꡤȯؤΤɡȤȤ餷ܤ̤Ĵĸʳ young θ촴ο long strong ΤȤϰۤʤΤä褦ʤ14ƬˤϷƻ young ľˤ youngth ֤ԤƤ롥
ʤߤ OED ˤȡűѸ geoguþ ϡư dugan (to be good or worth) ̾ duguþ (worth, virtue, excellence, nobility, manhood, force, a force, an army, people) ȥޥʳطˤäǽȤűѸ duguþ Ѹؤ douth Ȥä1400ǯǽȤѤȤʤä
Partridge, Eric Honeywood. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 4th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. 1st ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Macmillan, 1958.
105դǡѤʵפ˴줿ꡥ
Online Etymology DictionarynameĴ٤ޤȡ"PIE *nomn-"ȤꡤۤȤɤθˤ"n"ǻϤޤäƤޤGreekʤɰ"n"첻ΤԻĤ˻פޤΤȻפޤȤ줷Ǥ
Ѹ name ϴøȤơ¿ΰƱ² (cognate) ߤ롥ʲϡOED Ʊ²Ǥ롥
Cognate with Old Frisian nama, noma (West Frisian namme), Middle Dutch name, naem (Dutch naam), Old Saxon namo (Middle Low German nāme, nām), Old High German namo, nammo (Middle High German name, nam, German Name), Old Icelandic nafn, namn, Norn (Shetland) namn, Old Swedish nampn, namn (Swedish namn), Danish navn, Gothic namo, and further with Sanskrit nāman, Avestan nāman-, ancient Greek ὄνομα, classical Latin nōmen, Early Irish ainm (Irish ainm), Old Welsh anu (Welsh enw, henw), Old Church Slavonic imw (genitive imene), Russian imja (genitive imeni), Old Prussian emmens, etc.
ޥ졤ƥϤȤ¿θǸƬ n ʳˤ Tocharian A ñom, Tocharian B ñem, Hittite lāman Ԥ nāman θƬҲΰ۲ˤˤʤɤ⡤Ƭ n ֤ȤߤƤ褤ꥷ ὄνομα ɮƬˡ嵭ѤθȾ˵äƤǤ n 첻Ƥ롥첻ϲʤΤ
ͻäơname θ캬ͥåȥDZѸäƤ (ʲWatkins 59 ˡޤϡޥĸ namōn- űѸ nama ФơѸδø name 롥ˡƥ nōmen (name, reputation) 顤nominal, nominate, noun; agnomen, binomial, cognomen, denominate, ignominy, misnomer, nomenclator, nuncupative, praenomen, pronoun, renown ʤ¿θ줬Ѹ˼ѤƤ롥ơꥷ onoma, onuma ϡonomastic, -onym, -onymy; allonym, anonymous, antonomasia, eponym, eponymous, euonymus, heteronymous, homonymous, matronymic, metonymy, onomatopoeia, paronomasia, paronymous, patronymic, pseudonym, synonymous äƤ롥Ǹˡťɸ ainm moniker (name (humorously)) Ѹ˼ޤ줿
嵭Τ褦˱ñˤ⥮ꥷϤ onoma ¿ȿǤƤΤǡκǽ o ǤΤϳΤ˵ˤʤȤǤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤϡGk ónoma o- ϸƬźò (prosthesis) ǤϤʤȤƤ뤬ӸؤǤϤޤ̤εŸƤ롥ˤĤƤϡεǡ
Watkins, Calvert, ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. 2nd Rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
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