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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-01-23 Sun

#4654. either ʤΤξʤΤ [sobokunagimon][pronoun][adjective][dual][logic][semantics][contronym][khelf]

ε#4652. any ֤ɤ?Ǥפɽ碌褦 either ϡ֤?Ǥפɽ碌 ([2022-01-21-1]) Ǥ⤹Ǥ˼夲ޤɸܲΥߤ濴Ȥ khelf (= Keio History of the English Language Forum) Сδ֤ǮоݤȤʤäƤǤ
either ϡ2ԤΤΤ줫֡פΰ̣ɽ魯Ȥ᡼Ȼפޤ¤ϡξפΰ̣ɽ魯⤢ȤǤ contronym Ȥޤ
إѥ¼ŵ٤ either ꡤ줾б1ȸ2Ѥޤ礦

--- ʷˡñ̾ˤĤơ
(1) 2ġ2͡ϤΤˤɤ餫ʰˤΡɤΡĤǤ⡤ɤǤǤդ
   Take either apple.äɤ餫Τ󤴤ʤ
   You may invite either boy.äɤξǯԤƤ빽Ǥ
. . . .
(3) ɤΡĤ⡤ξ
   There was a chair at either end of the long table.Ĺơ֥ξüˤ줾줤֤Ƥ

ʸˡ3ΰ̣Ǥä side, end, hand ʤФɽ魯̾Ѥ뤬Τ褦 bothʡʣ̾ˤ eachʡñ̾ˤѤ뤳Ȥ¿both ϡξפƱˤޤȤơeither, each ϡ Ĥ줾̤ª봶Ȥʤ
   There were chairs at both ends of the long table.
   There was a chair at each end of the long table.


either A or B Ȥ٤ɽޤ̤ˤ (1) either θªƤȻפޤŪˤߤжäȤ (3) ΤۤŤΤǤOED ˤС(3) ϸűѸ줫̤˸Ǥ(1) ѸˤʤäƤ褦䤯뿷Ǥ
ɤƤʤȤˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ礦褯֤ outher ȤȤ䤳ط˴٤äƤޤäȤ𤬤褦ǤϢơ#945. either 2Ĥȯ ([2011-11-28-1]) ⤴Ȥ

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2022-01-21 Fri

#4652. any ֤ɤ?Ǥפɽ碌褦 either ϡ֤?Ǥפɽ碌 [pronoun][adjective][assertion][dual][logic][semantics][contronym]

Any child can do that. Ȥʸϡ֤ɤʻҶǤ⤽줬Ǥפΰդɽ路ޤ֤ϰۤʤޤŪʰ̣ȤƤ All children can do that. Ȥ褽ƱǤ
ʿŪ󤲤ޤEither way will do. Ȥʸϡ֤ΤǤ⤦ޤԤޤפΰդɽ路ޤ֤ϰۤʤޤŪʰ̣ȤƤ Both ways will do . Ȥ褽ƱǤ
ä2Ĥ either both ѤʸڥƱѤȤΤϡʤʤζäǤϤʤǤ礦ȤΤϡ䤿 either (A or B) both (A and B) еɽǤȿޤƤǤ2Ĥʸ̮ˤäƤϤषɽȤ٤ΤˤʤΤǤ
either ϡ̤ˤ2ĤΤΡ֤줫סҰפ̣򤵤Ƥޤ¤ϡ֤ΡǤʤ褤ˡפȤϢϡ֡ξǤäƤʤ褤ˡפβ᤬ޤؤȤǤСor ˤϡ¾Ū (exclusive disjunction) ȡ¾Ū (inclusive disjunction) ξ뤳ȤǤ礦
ȤȤǡ¿Υ˥奢󥹤ΰ㤤Ϥʤ⡤either both ǥѥե졼ǤƤޤΤǤ㤨С򻲾ȡ

Unfortunately I was sitting at the table with smokers on either side of me.
Unfortunately I was sitting at the table with smokers on both sides of me.

either vs both ΰ̣Ūĥطϡany vs all ζĥطȥѥǤԤ2ĤΤΤˤĤơԤ3İʾΤΤˤĤơȤ㤤Ǥ (cf. Quirk et al. 6.61ˡСԤϰ̣Ūξп (dual) äƤȤȤǤ
οƥ꡼νפʥСäξϡѸˤⲽŪʷǤϤޤ꡹˺פĤƤޤboth, either, neither, other, whether ʤ -er ĤΤ¿Ǥ (cf. #3005. or θ츻 ([2017-07-19-1]))

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-23-1]

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2020-06-20 Sat

#4072. Ѹ have ȥƥ habere, ե󥹸 avoir ̸츻 [etymology][have][grimms_law][cognate][contronym]

ε#4071. ճճ able -able ̸츻 ([2020-06-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡɽŪˤϹƤƤ⡤츻ޤäۤʤȤϾʤʤդˡɽŪˤϻƤĤʤΤ˸츻ŪˤƱȤȤ⤢롥ԤȤƤϡ#778. P-Celtic Q-Celtic ([2011-06-14-1]) Ǿ줿 cow beef 㤬ʢʤƱ츻ˡ
ԤȤơƻ able θ츻ȴϢƼ夲ƥư habēre ȱѸư have δط󤲤褦ξȤⲻ̤äƤꡤ֤äƤפȤͭƤ뤳Ȥ顤QŪˤϸ츻Ū˴ϢȻפäƤޤ#2297. Ѹ flow ȥƥ fluere ([2015-08-11-1]) ǤŦȤꡤ̸츻Ǥ롥
θƸǤϤƴŪưǤ뤫顤츻Ūˤ have ϥޥϡhabēre ϥåϤ̤롥ˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤĤƳؤȤСƬ h Τ褦ʲƱˡ§βѲФޥϤθȡȤϰۤʤаޤ򤿤ɤäåϤθȤΤǶͭ뤳ȤΤʤȤʬ롥ˡ§ջбѸ h ϰĸ *k ̤ϤǤꡤǥƥ h ϰĸ *gh бϤǤ롥ĤޤꡤѸ h ȥƥ h εϰפʤ
Ѹ have ϡĸ *kap- (to grasp) ̤롥ķϻҲѲ˥ƥ˷Ѿ졤capere (to hold) ʤɤ˻ĤäƤ롥ͳ褹 caption, captive, capture ʤɤϡѸʹߤ˱ѸؼѤƤ롥
ƥ habēre ϰĸ *ghabh- (to give; to receive) ̤ꡤϤʤȱѸ give ƱǤ롥ͿפȡּפȤȿиθ *ghabh- Ʊ路ƤȤΤ̯˻פ뤫⤷ʤּפ֤餤פϤ⤽߹԰٤Ǥꡤ3ԤߤƱĤι԰٤ˤߤ롥Τ褦ʸ (contronym) Ȥʡ#566. contronym ([2010-11-14-1]) #1308. learn Ρֶפθ ([2012-11-25-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ츻Ū˴Ϣϥƥ줫Ѹذճ¿äƤƤꡤ able Ϥhabit, exhibit, inhabit, inhibit, prohibit ʤɤ캬ͭ롥ե󥹸졤ڥδư avoir, habere ƥ habēre ηǤꡤѸ have Ȥϸ츻Ū̵طǤ롥
ɸϡָθ츻פιָθ츻פˤĤƤϡرѸ츻ŵ(pp. 1666--67) 򻲾Ȥ줿

߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-02-24-1] [2022-02-21-1]

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2012-11-25 Sun

#1308. learn Ρֶפθ [antonymy][polysemy][etymology][sir_orfeo][ormulum][contronym]

learn ˤϡԸšɸŪդȤꤵ줿Ѱʤֶ롤狼餻פθ롥He learned me how to skate. I'll learn you. ʻפΤ餻Ƥ뤾ˤʤɤʸ󤲤롥[2011-09-12-1]εǾҲ𤷤 EDD Online beta-version ˤСlearn θ4Ȥ "To teach, instruct; freq. used ironically as a threat of punishment." Ȥꡤ¾θ˭٤ʸ󤬤äƤ롥
ֳؤ֡פȡֶפϻ180ٰۤʤꡤȿդȤߤʤ뤬줬 learn ȤΤʤ˶¸Ƥ롥[2010-11-14-1]εǾҲ𤷤#566. contronymפΤ⤦Ḥ̂Ȥˡξ碌ĸϡ leren ե󥹸 apprendre ˤߤ롥
츻򤿤ɤȡ촴 *leis- "track, furrow" ̤롥Ф *laisjan 顤Gmc *liznōjan ˻ꡤ OE leornian "to learn" ȯŸGmc *liznōjan Ȥ OE (ġe)lǣran "to teach" ̤˴طƤꡤlore ʶƳμˤ⤽Ǥ롥"track, furrow" 촴θǤȤȤϡlearn ΰ̣κϡƻƳդˤꤽ
űѸǤϡleornian "learn" (ġe)lǣran "to teach" ̤ƤѸˤʤꡤlernen "teach" θӤӤ褦ˤʤäOED MED ˤȡϡ1200ǯ餤 Ormulum Ǥ롥

Uss birþþ itt [the Gospel] þurth sekenn, To lokenn watt itt lernet uss Off sawle nede. (19613)


ֶפθǺƵ̾ȤȤѤСѸ teach oneself Ʊͤˡֳؤ֡ؤפΰ̣Ȥʤ롥Sir Orfeo BlissǡAuchinleck MS, ll. 30--33ˤ l. 31 ǤϡƵ̾϶դǤϤʤʸ̤Ƶl. 33 lerned ϡֳؤ֡פǤ롥

Him-self he lerned for-to harp,
& leyd þer-on his wittes scharp;
He lerned so, þer no-þing was
A better harpour in no plas.


Ϣơƻ learned ʳؼΤ롤ؤʡˤ1300ǯ餤Фΰ̣ϡֶäפǤꡤlearn ΡֶפθβʬǤ롥12ѤƤ lered ӥɥĸ gelehrt ƱǤ롥

Bliss, A. J., ed. Sir Orfeo. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-20-1] [2013-11-30-1]

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2011-05-22 Sun

#755. contronym ȤƤ literally [antonymy][polysemy][writing][semantic_change][contronym]

contronym ˤĤ[2010-11-14-1]εˤ1Ĥ literally 롥Ѹλä The Web of Language ε "A literal paradox" ȤƤ⤷Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥literally ȤϤƤ "figuratively" ѤȤ
ʤۤɡΤ˼Τ褦ʸǤϡΤʪŪȯȲ᤹ʸ̤פɤߤ̤Ūˡַ㹷פɤߤʤ

When I told him the news he literally exploded.


¿μǤϡΤ褦Ūʰ̣Ǥ literally ˡϸѤʤȤɸŪˡȤƤ롥㤨 OED Ǥϡliterally 3b θ˼Τ褦ˤ롥

b. Used to indicate that the following word or phrase must be taken in its literal sense.
  Now often improperly used to indicate that some conventional metaphorical or hyperbolical phrase is to be taken in the strongest admissible sense.


ؽѱѱѼǤϵŪ٤ζ٤ϤޤޤΤ褦ǡϷޤ Oxford Longman ǤϤˡϸΤۤθǿƤŪŪʼ갷Ū Cobuild, Cambridge, Macmillan Ǥ1Ȥ硹Ūˡʡ˼夲Ƥ롥
literally ΤˡϵŪˤ񤢤Ȥ뤬٤Ȥ19ȾǧƤꡤߤθǤϹѤƤ롥¾󤲤Ƥߤ褦

- It literally rained cats and dogs.
- I literally jumped out of my skin.
- The views are literally breath-taking.
- I was literally bowled over by the news.
- Steam was literally coming out of his ears.


ʸΤˤƤʸ̤ˡפǤ뤳Ȥʬ褦ˡܸΡʸ̤ˡפ literally Ʊͤΰ̣ۣ椵򼨤ʸ̤ˡפʸ̤Ѥ뤳ȤϤޤʤŪѤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤ롥
Ѹ literally ǤܸΡʸ̤ˡפǤ⡤ɽ letter ʥƥ littera ͳˡʸפȷӤĤƤΤ⤷äդ˴Ťȯ̤ˡפָˤ̤ˡפǤϤʤ񤭸դ˴Ťʸ̤ˡפȤɽȤʤäƤΤ϶ΰפ
䡤϶ǤϤޤ̤ʸļҲǤϡ񤭸դäդ֤餤פΤȸʤƤ[2011-05-15-1]εä񤭸פ򻲾ȡˡͳ1Ĥϡʸդ줿Τϱ³ȴ뤫ʸΤˤꡤʸդ줿ˤ̵ɵͳȤä餬ޤȤĤüԤϤɽʸ̤ˡפȤǸꤹ뤳ȤˤäơɽΤỊ̇ν褵ä򥢥ԡ뤷ƤΤǤϤʤǡȯ̤ˡפȸꤷƤ⡤ۤɤϤ⤿ʤΤǤϤʤ
literally Τ褦ʷаޤȯŸƤǤΤʤС literally ΰ̣ʸ̤ΰ̣ǤʤʤäƤƤȤΤϡȤʰ̣ѲǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2013-11-30-1]

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2010-11-14 Sun

#566. contronym [antonymy][polysemy][contronym]

[2010-10-18-1], [2010-11-07-1]ˤƱ۵ ( homonymic clash ) ȴϢ뤬줬ȿ2ΰ̣Ʊͭ뤳Ȥ롥Τ褦ʸ contronym 뤤 Janus-faced word ȸƤ֡
ѸܶȤơout 롥"Stars are out tonight." ǤϡָƤפΰ̣"The lights are all out." Ǥϡ־äƤפ򤽤줾ɽ魯̤ŵŪ contronym sanction 롥θϡǧġġפθ ( ex. "without the sanction of Parliament" ) ¤ǡۡȳ ( ex. "US sanctions against Cuba" ) θġ fast ˤϡ֤äȡ׸ꤹ̣ ( ex. "make a boat fast" ) ȡ᤯̣ ( ex. "run fast" ) ȤߤƤ롥quinquennial ˤϡ5ǯ³פȡ5ǯ1١פθ ( Bryson, pp. 63--64 )
ǯѤȤˤ "infer" contronym ȹͤinfer ֿ¬פ̣뤬άˤ imply ְżפƱˤѤ롥äAżΤʹB¬Ȥ̴طʤΤξϷӤĤѤȤƤȿФǤ롥OALD8 θˡǤϡʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

infer / imply
Infer and imply have opposite meanings. The two words can describe the same event, but from different points of view. If a speaker or writer implies something, they suggest it without saying it directly: The article implied that the pilot was responsible for the accident. If you infer something from what a speaker or writer says, you come to the conclusion that this is what he or she means: I inferred from the article that the pilot was responsible for the accident.
??? Infer is now often used with the same meaning as imply. However, many people consider that a sentence such as Are you inferring that I???m a liar? is incorrect, although it is fairly common in speech.


Trudgill (5--6) infer ˤĤ⤷Ƥ̤ꡤŪʸ̮ŪʴĶʶֻ줬 to from ʤɡˤǤΰ̣ѤƤ뤫Ƚ̤Ǥ礬ۤȤɤǡۤɺƱϵʤȤϤäƤ⡤contronym ˤŪ˸ζ줬ΤϳΤǤꡤinfer Τ褦ʸ̵̤ͭˤƤ⡤줫ΰ̣Ƥ椯ưŤ䰵Ϥϡcontronym Ǥʤ٤礭ȹͤƤ褤ΤǤϤʤ

Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990.
Trudgill, Peter. "The Meaning of Words Should Not be Allowed to Vary or Change." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 1--8.

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