

ֽϡheldio/helwa ꥹʡ sorami ˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥ο note ǸǤ6ƤޤѤ餺ڤؤ٤ɼζǤ2˸줿5ƤȤȤˡҲ𤷤Ȼפޤ
ޤ321˸줿5ƤǤѤ餺·ǡ伫Ȥⴶ㤷ĤIJƤޤ夲Ƥȥԥå¿ˤ錄ޤʣ holiday ꤫Ϥޤꡤ³ listen hear λȤʬʤɡؽԤĤޤ䤹ݥȤ䤫˥Ƥޤޤnice ΰ̣ѲϱѸˤŴĤΥͥǤ֤פ֤ФפȤäܸθѲ椵Ʋ⤹ݤɤˤϴޤ
ޤ5Ƥϥ桼ե졤 pdf ǤۤޤǻϤޤäƤޤз祵ӥȸ虜ޤعμȤ;䡤äȤƬѤʤϤʤǤ͡
³ơ줿Ф6ƤǤƬ饮ꥷͳñ˾ƤȤʤȤ⿴ˤʤäƤޤλ䤿ˤȤäƶˤƿȶñ줬ˤƸ奮ꥷʸطʤΩΤʬޤꥷͭι⾰ʶޤäơȤƤ٤⾯夬äƤ뤫⤷ޤʸθή˿˳ؽȤƤ˶ŪǤ
ȾǤ right ¿䡤trip travel θ츻Ūʤɡ겼꤬³ޤtravel ʤȡֹפͳ褹Ȥԥɤˤϡơ֤~ޤפ夲ĩԤ³Ф뤳ȴְ㤤ʤǤ͡
sorami ΥϡñظˤˤʸȤʹ֤αĤߤƤޤơֱѸˤδ֤ˡפϥ٥θƤ餷ƥĤȤʤäƤȻפޤ
ξƬˤϡ֤ΥǤϡҡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤˵ͤޤä֤ؤáפˤƤϤƤޤȤΥͥˡƻҤλإˡǾȥˡΩƤäʤ⤼ҡפȤۤäꤹåդƤޤ͡ǸˤϤĤΤ褦ˡּȤξͥॢåס롼׳ưʤɤ˼ͳ˻ȤäƤйǤפȤ⤢ޤȤƤǤ͡
οҲȹ碌ơsorami ΥβҲ𤷤ʲ hellog ⤪ɤߤФȻפޤ
#6125. heldio/helwa ꥹʡ sorami ˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Υ --- ΤαѸˡ ([2026-02-02-1])
#6132. sorami ΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥2 --- ΤαѸˡ ([2026-02-09-1])
#6166. sorami ΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥3ơ4ƤȲʷ --- ΤαѸˡ ([2026-03-15-1])
ҤΥƤߤƤơ˹ƤФȻפޤ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
ư take ¿ (polysemy) ˤĤƹͤƤ롥ɤǶʬΤϰ̣θŵŪȤϤɤΤ褦ڤƤ⡤take Τ褦ʴܸϡ¿ȸ虜ʤ
긵α¼ǤߤƤߤȡؿ缭ŵ6ǤǤϡ¾ưܤ38θΩƤƤ롥Ƹˤϲ̶ʬ⤢롥ʬǤϡäȺ٤ʤƤʤѱѸ켭ǤΰϤȤСOALD8 42롥ŪʼƤߤȡJohnson μ1755ǯˤ113ۤɡOED 2Ǥǰȡư take ι17 pp. 557--72 ˤ錄ꡤ47ۤɤʬ̤롥Ǥ94ڡäƤԴѤǤ롥ˤϡΤۤ take Ѥư䥤ǥʤɡεܤ˭٤
ưˤĤƤꤷ櫓ǤϤʤOED Ǥߤ¤ꡤtake ϱѸΰưΤʤǤⷲȴƵҤ¿θ¤ˤơҤȤޤ¿ŪȤäƤƴְ㤤ʤбܸΡ֤ȤפͤƤ⡤ϽʬǼǤ
Ԥ OED Online take ١Τ OED 2ǤεҤƤȻפΤϡƱܤƬ˶ᤤȤǡ¿12ʬȤƴʷ˼ƤƤȤOED Online ⡤ǥץ쥤Ǹ٥ȥ饤ƤΤǡƱͤξΤѶŪ˼˹ԤʤФʤʤ
Ǥ褫2Ǥꡤtake θʬ
General arrangement of senses: I. To touch. II. To seize, grip, catch. III. Ordinary current sense, i. with material obj.; ii. with non-material obj. IV. To choose, take for a purpose, into use. V. To derive, obtain from a source. VI. To receive, accept, admit, contain. VII. To apprehend mentally, comprehend. VIII. To undertake, perform, make. IX. To convey, conduct, deliver, apply or betake oneself, go. X. Idiomatic uses with special obj. XI. Intransitive uses with preposition. XII. Adverbial combinations = compound verbs. XIII. Idiomatic phrases, and Phrase-key.
¿äȤʤΤȤ
ε#6062. Take an umbrella with you. with you ϤʤɬפʤΤ --- mond ȿ ([2025-12-01-1]) ȡΩ mond Ǥβơ with you ˤĤơ˹ͻƤߤ롥
βǤϡֻ with you ¿ take θꤹôäƤȲ⤷ֻ¸ߤˤꡤ take ñʤּפǤϤʤֻäƤפ̣뤳Ȥꤹ롥ʸ̮ˤäƤƱͤϲ̤ΤľܸŪ˲̤ΤǤСϤ˾ޤȤե졼ΰ̣ϡǤΰ̣ñǷޤȤ⡤ߤζ (collocation) 켫Τˤäޤ롤ȹͤ롥ϡ¤ŪˤǧθŪˤǧƤª
ơwith you ϡҤΰ̣굡ǽ˿ԤȿȤƲƹͤƤߤȡ¾ˤ⤢ꤽǤ롥1ĹͤΤϡִֶطǽפȤǤ̾դ٤ǽTake an umbrella with me. 㡤ʤֻܿ;̾ʺƵŪˡפȼ¾ʸͤƤߤ褦ʸ Quirk et al. Ȥ hellog #2322. I have no money with me. me ([2015-09-05-1]) ƷǤ롥
(1) He looked about him.
(2) She pushed the cart in front of her.
(3) She liked having her grandchildren around her.
(4) They carried some food with them.
(5) Have you any money on you?
(6) We have the whole day before us.
(7) She had her fiancé beside her.
ĤǤϡưΰ̣ꤹ뵡ǽȯưƤȲǤ뤬¿ǺΩĤΤϡŪλؼоݳơŪʶִطĴƤ뤳Ȥ(6) ˤĤƤϡαѤǻִطˤƱʸѤƤȲ롥(1) ξǤСִط above him Ǥ behind him Ǥʤ about him ʤΤȤ˶ᤤĴε̣롥
ϢƤιʸħŪϡֻζֻ줽ΤΤ;̾ˤʤȤĤޤꡤɽФƤʤ¾ֻȤ椬ռƤ롤ȹͤΤǤϤʤΤȤϡ"Pat felt a sinking sensation inside (her)." Τ褦˿;̾줬ɽФ餷ʤ뤳Ȥ⵿롥
Take an umbrella with you. with you ȡΰ̣굡ǽβˤСּפǤʤּäơ˷ӤƤפȤعʤޤȤΤݥȤäϹ̣ưΥڥȤ˴ؤ뺹߽ۤФȤǤƤִطҵǽȤ̵طǤϤʤषʪŪưΥڥȤϡִط̩ܤʴطˤϤǡξǽΩ̡εǽȤϡϢ³Τª褤Τ⤷ʤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
˰³Ƥꡥ轵ζˡ䤬μͭץåȥե mond ƤXʵ Twitter˾Ƕä٤ȿƤǤޤդXΥץå327mond ǤΡ֤͡פ800ǤֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפؤδؿι⤵Ƽ´Ƥޤ
ȤʤäƤΤϡ줿Τ褦ʼǤ
˱ѸȤ椦䤵ޤTake an umbrella with you. with you äƲɬפʤǤ׳ΤˡTake an umbrella. Ǥ̤Τǡwith NP ̤ˤʤʤȻפäƤޤޤ
¤˱ԤǤΤ Take an umbrella. Ǥʸֻ̮äƤʤפΰ̣ȤʤΤǡŪˤ̤Ǥ礦 take ˤϡֻäƤפȤΤ˺ܤäƤ櫓Ǥ顥Ǥϡʤ虜虜 with you Ȥʰ츫ȾĹʡֻźΤʱѸȤΤǤ礦
βγ˿ϡ¿βáפˤޤư take ϱѸǤؤ¿Ǥꡤܵϡ֡ʼˡ˼ (= grab/grasp/seize) ۤɤǤʸ̮ʤ硤ϰ Take an umbrella. ñˡֻ˼ʤפȤᤵΤǤ with you ź뤳ȤǡַȹԡפȤڥŪʰ̣뤳Ȥˤʤꡤֻ̣äƤפ˸ꤵΤǤ I have money. ֤⤬פ I have money on me. ֤⤬פΰ㤤ˤ̤롤Ѹζ̣ᥫ˥Ǥ
βեեåAIˤȤƤޤȤƤߤޤŪȡwith you ΰ̣굡ǽ褯ʬȻפޤ

mond ԤǤϡθŪᥫ˥ˤĤơPass me the salt. ܸư~ƤפȤӤʤ顤ܤ⤷Ƥޤ
with you ˤĤƤϡ̣굡ǽȤڤ⤷ޤۤ˥ڥȡִطҵǽȤǤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤޤϤޤ̤εˤҲ𤷤Ȼפޤ
Ѥʵ䤬˱ѸܼͤƤ뤫ҰʲΥ mond ǤΥꥸʥɤǡѸΡ֤ʤפꤷƤС
Take an umbrella with you. with you äƲɬפʤǤ
29ڡˤī㡼ɶǤιֺ¤Ǥϡtake Ȥñܤζä٤ȯãɤͽǤ롥ñϡѸäΤʤǤǤ¿ŪñΤҤȤĤǤ롥ΰ̣ιȡťΥɸ줫μѸǤȤ¤ˡƶäʤ
OED 2ǡʺΡˤĴ٤ȡư take ιܤ17 pp. 557--72 롥 OED ξʸޤǡ47ۤɤʬ̤Ǥ롥ܸǤϰ̤ˡּפ뤳Ȥ¿ΡּפȤưǰޤˤŪŪǤ뤬椨ˡ̵ΰ̣ŪȯŸ䶦ɽƤޤˡѸäΤʤǤͭ "big word"ȸäƺ٤ʤ
¿ŪưˤɤȡޤˤΤѶŪʹưȤƤΡּפȤ̣ϤŪȤơפȤäŪʴޤߤĸơΤּפȤϡּʬΤΤˤפȡʤֽͭפȤ̣ŸƤ롥ˡΤͤŪˤȤäơ֤äƤסïϢƹԤפؤȯŸ롥
ΡѶŪ˼ˤפȤƤȡष̣ȿФؤȸʤּסְפȤäŪöŪʰ̣ޤƤΤ
˶̣Τϡ̣ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ؤȿʤॱǤ롥㤨Сtake a walk take a bath Τ褦ˡñưԤȤ do ˶ᤤưŪӤӻϤΤǤϡּפּפȤäŪʰ̣ϤϤ䴶줺ʸˡŪʵǽ̤ƻȤѤƤˤʤθݤϡưθỤ̄ƤƤ롥
ޤtake θŪͤƤΤϡư (phrasal_verb) ߽ФΤȤƤǤ롥take away, take in, take off, take out ʤɡ˾ (particle) ȼȤǡ¤ʤɽ߽ФƤ롥1ĤҤȤĤΩ̣ĤᡤѸؽԤˤȤäƤʰŵܤȤʤ뤬˭ѸȤɽϤ٤Ƥ롥
äơtake effect, take place, take part in Τ褦̾ȷӤĤƥǥ (idiom) ˡ⡤ѸǤ¿¸ߤ롥طʤˤϡѸ˥եбư prendre Ȥñ줬ɤΤ褦ŪȤΤȤʸˡŪŪʾѸ줬ѶŪ˻ȤƤˤؤäƤȹͤƤ롥
¿ŪǡۤɤޤǤ˱ѸθηϤ˿ߡˤʤƤư take ¤ϱѸǤϤʤȤǤä٤¤űѸΡּפ̣ư niman Ȥ¸ߤˤ⤫餺űѸʹߤ take ťΥɸ줫ѤƤΤǤ롥ʤťΥɸ줫μѸ줬ŪưषѸΤʤǺǤ¿ŪǶϤ "big word" ϰ̤˻äΤ
θݤϡñ˸äμˤȤɤޤ餺ܿΥᥫ˥ʣԻĤ䤿˶Ƥ롥ˤĤơīֺ¤ǹͻƤ
107ʲСˤ heldio ǤϤ khelf ˤνɾפ3#1591. νɾ by khelf ߷ --- ߷˧ͺˡαѸθ١ʸҡ2009ǯˡˤơquick Ȥƻ줬̣ѲȤδϢȤƤޤ
quick ϡ®Ф䤤פʤɤθܤǤ뤤ʸŪʶäơƤפθޤषθηƻθǡƤעȤƤ롤ӤӤƤעֵҤʡҴʡע®Ф䤤פΤ褦ʰ̣ŸéäȹͤޤOED ˤȡƤפϤȤ¿θǤ˸űѸ줫ߤޤäȤ߿Ǥ®Ф䤤פ1300ǯ˽ФƤޤ¿θˤΤʤؤΤ褦Ѥ߽ŤʤäƤƤꡤquick ŵŪ¿ηƻȤʤäƤΤǤ
quick ΤޤߤΤʤѤƤɽĤƤߤޤ礦ʸŪǤ the quick and the dead ȤСԤȻԡפǤƱɽȤ quick with child ǥơưƤˡפ⤢ޤquick water ϡήפۤɤΰ̣ǡquicksilver ϡήפʤֿפ̣ޤ
̾첽 the quick ϡֿФκǤҴʬפۤɤΰ̣顤Ȥ櫓֡ޤϤޤβפθޤֿޤפ cut a nail to the quick ʤɤɽޤ
quick ϸƤפե䶦ФΥᥫ˥Фơޤޤʰ̣߽ФƤޤŪʸ餳ιϤŸȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
θ˴ؤ뤵ʤŸ縵θ츻ˤĤƤϡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å quickly ιܤ⤴
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
ε#5931. but ͡ˡ --- Kruisinga ([2025-07-22-1]) Ǥߤ but ͡ˡ֤δطˤĤơKruisinga ϷȤʤ1ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (II. 2, p. 433)
1514. In dealing with the meanings of the conjunction as an attempt has been made to show most of its uses as a development of its comparative sense. No such attempt has been made in the case of but because its various meanings are not connected but isolated. The result of this isolation (indeed its cause as well) is that but is not so strong and live an element of present-day English, and several of its uses tend to be restricted to literary English, i.e. they are on the road that will ultimately lead to their disappearance. This may be said of the uses in 1509, 1 and 3; 1510, 2; the use of but what may be considered dialectal by some, although it is not corrected away by editors and writers.
but ¿ͤˡ as ΤӤƤ뤬ԤϤ٤ŪǤΤΡԤϤ줬̵ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ۤ but ¿Ǥ롥Ūʴʪ
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.
Ϣ but ܤƤ롥ñ͡ˡˤĤơKruisinga (II. 2, pp. 431--33) 5ˤ錄Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓ط̾ŪˡˤƳˡΰ夲Ƥ롥
1509. But can be used in simple sentences, also as a coordinating conjunction, and as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a clause.
In simple sentences the conjunction but is not easily to be distinguished from adverbs; it may express:
(1) 'only', as in She is but a child.
(2) 'except', as in They are all wrong but he. See also 974f.
(3) 'than', after comparatives and similar words, as in There remains no more but to thank you for your courteous attention; It is nothing else but laziness.
1510. As a conjunction connecting sentences but may express a restriction of a preceding coordinate statement, as in You were right but you should not have said anything about it.
As a subordinating conjunction but may introduce:
(1) attributive clauses defining a noun in a negative sentence; the antecedent noun has the function of the subject of the clause.
- Not a paper reaches us from Russia but contains an account of some new educational enterprise. (Times Ed. S. 29/5, '19.)
- Few readers but will be astonished to find that the field should be so rich and wide. (Times Lit. 25/1, '18.)
- There are few thinking people but realize the great war as the death-agony of an old order, the birth-travail of a new. (Times Lit. 10/9, '15.)
- Colburn ... was too clever to need a magazine; not a living publisher but would have to yield to him in the gentle art of puffing. (ib. 20/4, '17.)
(2) adverb and object clauses. These two kinds are here grouped together because a distinction is necessarily arbitrary and meaningless. The leading clause is always negative just as in the preceding case.
- Justice was never done but someone complained.
- Who knows but he may hear of it?
1511. When the negative noun that may be said to be defined by a but-clause is not the subject of the subordinate clause, the attributive character of the clause is so little marked that it may be interpreted as an adverb clause (a). The same can be said of attributive clauses when the noun is referred to by a personal pronoun as a subject of the clause (b).
a. Scarcely a week passes but the association is consulted by private landowners or by public authorities.
b. There was never a Samson so strong but he met his Delilah. (Hobbes, Emotions I ch. 4.)
1512. The subordinating character of but is sometimes emphasized by adding that; see 1492. It occurs:
(1) in the sense of except that; compare 1509, 2.
- Each would have done the same by the other but that they lacked the courage.
(2) in a sense very similar to that of 1511.
- He is not such a fool but that he can see that.
- I do not think it possible but that some will agree with me.
1513. A less frequent group-conjunction is but what.
- Not a mood of his but what found a ready sympathiser in Margaret; not a wish of his that she did not strive to forecast, and to fulfil. (Gaskell, North and South ch. 41 p. 364)
- Not a soul in the auditorium or on the stage but what lived consummately during these minutes. (Bennett, Leonora ch. 6.)
- Therefore we seldom took a walk together but what we were stoned by boys in the street. (Davies, Super-Tramp ch. 21 p. 181.)
Τ褦 but ¿ͤˡӤ丶ϤΤˡˤƤŪʸ̮ѤƤΤħŪȤ뤬̤ˤС̤ħФΤưפǤϤʤ
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.

ǯī㡼ɶˤơѸˤΥֺ¤˰٤٤dz֤Ƥޤǯ٤ΥΥȥ˾äȤԻĤʱñǤ1˭ˤȴߤñ夲رѸ츻ŵʸҡˤ俷رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡˤʤɤʸȤʤ顤Ѹˤ̥Ϥޤ
726ڡˤβϡƴνȤʤޤǽ but ܤͽǤBUTbut ιֺ¤90ʬĤΤǤ礦ޤäۤޤbut ˤޤĤϡ90ʬǤϸ꤭ʤۤ˭ǤϤȥ꤬ʤۤɤǤ
but εȯã
but ¿͡ˡ³졤°³졤ֻ졤졤̾졤ư
"only" ̣ but ˡȯãᤰ
but θ
but
but ˤޤĤθѡʤ˴ؤ
but ħŤȤϲ
but ¾³Ȥ
but ֤פȤȤä礦ʤɡΤʤǤޤΤޤʵˡҰ˹ͤƤߤޤ
ַϡɶǤ̼֤˲ä饤֤ǽǤޤ2ָθƨۿ⤴ѤǤޤԹΤ褤ˡǻäйǤֺ¤ξܺ١ߤīΥڡɤͤΥȥꤪԤƤޤ
ʰʲ嵭2025/07/23(Wed)
ֺܹ¤ͽˤĤƤ heldio ˤ#1515. 726īֺ --- but ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤȤƤäƤޤҤ⤪İ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
but ϿñΤʤǤ⡤Ȥ櫓¿ʻǤ͡ˡ֤դ¿Ǥ롥رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å but ιܤȡޤƬ˼Τ褦ˤ롥
ܡˤĤǤʤСˡİʳˡĤƤϡˤۤ
رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Ǥϳƹܤ˥åԡͿƤ뤬but դƤΤϡ֤֡פȡ֡İʳˡפפǤ롥
츻ȤƤϸűѸƬ be- utan "out" Ȥ߹碌ȹͤ졤about Ȥط롥űѸ줫餹Ǥ¿ͤʰ̣ˡŸƤꡤȯãνΤǤϤʤΤ褦ʤΤäȿ¬롥
ޤΩ鼨褦ˡʪŪˡ֡ʡĤΡ˳¦ˡפȤ̣졦ֻä줬ֻŪΰ˳ĥ֡İʳˡפȤ̣ǻȤ褦ˤʤäʢեˡޤֻˡˤơ̾Ǥʤ that ³褦ˤʤꡤ֡ĤȤ֡γ¦ǤϡĤǤʤСפȤ̣ɽ褦ˤʤäߺǤפ³ȤƤˡʡ֤סˤϡΡ֡ĤǤʤСפĥȯŸˡȹͤ롥ʤ, but ³ˡϸűѸǤǧ뤬Ѹ줫ȤˡǤ롥űѸǤ ac Ȥ줬Ūʵܤ³ä֤ۤΡפȤˡϡǶޤ ѸʹߤǧƤʤäȤ⤢ꡤnothing but ...ʡİʳβʪǤʤĤ˲ʤˤΤ褦ɽˤξάϤޤäȹͤƤǶϸűѸǤ⤳ˡǧƤ뤳Ȥ顤ɬ⤽Τ褦ȯãǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥
ȯãϩˤСѸǺǤ̤ˡǤ³Ρ֤פϡճȸ夫ȯãäȤˤʤ롥ۤñˤ⡤ǤϹԤʤˤƤ롥
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
ƹǤϥȥ2.0ȯͽ¬ǽΥơäƤƤ롥οǤϡDEI (= diversity, equity, and inclusion) ǰΥæޤƤȤ롥1Ĥ diversity ϡ¿פ̣륭ɤǤꡤѸˤϥƥ줫եФ14ȾФ˼ѤƤ
̾δΤϥƥηƻ dīversum Ǥꡤ켫Τư dīvertere ʤ來ؤ餹žˤ̤롥ž̡̼Ρ¿ͤʡĤΡפŸȤˤʤ롥
ȤǡѸ켭ˤ divers /ˈdaɪvəz/ diverse /daɪˈvəːs/ Ȥ̡ΩवƤ롥ֻϸ <e> 뤫ʤΰ㤤ꡤȯ϶벻ᤪӸҲ̵ͭ㤬롥̣ˡȤƤϡԤϸʸŪʶäơ̼ΡĤΡפѤ졤Ԥϼˡ¿ͤʡפθѤ롥ȤȤξԤϸߤ˰۷ˤѸʹߤθˤѤƤ1700ǯ˸̣ˤʬƤ
divers /ˈdaɪvəz/ ϡֿġ͡פ̣̾졦̾ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤäᤫθҲϡ̾ʣ -s ȿǤ뤫Τ褦 /z/ ؤžޤdiverse /daɪˈvəːs/ ȯֻϡƥͳ adverse, inverse ʤɤȴϢŤ夷ΤȻפ롥
OED Ǥξ̡ΩवƤ뤬Diverse, Adj. & Adv. ιˤξη֤ȯˤܺ٤˲⤵Ƥ롥
Form and pronunciation history
The stress was originally on the second syllable, but was at an early date shifted to the first, although both pronunciations long coexisted, especially in verse. In early modern English divers (with stress on the first syllable) is the dominant form (overwhelmingly so in the 17th cent.), especially in the very common sense 'several, sundry, various' (see divers adj.) in which the word always occurs with a plural noun (the final -s coming to be pronounced /z/ after the plural ending -s, making the word homophonous with the plural of diver n.).
By the 18th cent. the senses of the word had come to be distinguished in form, with divers typically used to express the notions of variety and (especially) indefinite number (see divers adj. & n.) and diverse (probably by more immediate association with Latin diversus) the notion of difference (as in senses A.1 and A.3); thus Johnson (1755), Sheridan (1780), and Walker (1791), all of whom have two parallel entries. Both forms were typically stressed on the first syllable, and differed only in the pronunciation of the final consonant (respectively /z/ and /s/ ). The same formal and semantic distinction is reflected in 19th-cent. dictionaries, including Smart (1836), Worcester (1846), Knowles (1851), Stormonth (1877), Cent. Dict. (1889), and New English Dictionary (OED first edition) (1897). The latter notes at divers adj. (in sense 'various, sundry, several') that it is 'now somewhat archaic, but well known in legal and scriptural phraseology'; in this form the word is now chiefly archaic and used mainly in literary or legal contexts.
In the second half of the 19th cent. (as divers adj. was gradually becoming more restricted in use), the dictionaries begin to note an alternative pronunciation for diverse adj. with stress on the second syllable. This pronunciation probably continues the original one that had never entirely disappeared for this form, as is shown by examples from verse (compare e.g. quots. a1618, 1837 at sense A.1a, 1754 at sense A.3a). Knowles (1851) is one of the first dictionaries to note this pronunciation of diverse adj. (which, interestingly, he gives as the sole pronunciation); more commonly the two alternatives are given, as e.g. Craig (1882), who puts the pronunciation with initial stress first, and Stormonth (1877), Cent. Dict. (1889), New English Dictionary (OED first edition) (1897), who give priority to the pronunciation with stress on the second syllable; this has since become by far the more common pronunciation of the word.
ȤƤڤ (clipping) ˤĤƤϡ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓Ω줫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) ǾܤҲ𤷤
128 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ۿˤ#921. 2023ǯαñϥ --- rizzꤷơclipping ˤ¤Ȥܤǿλ夲
ۿǤϡ2023ǯ Oxford Word of the Year rizz ˷ꤷȤ˥塼줬 charisma clipping ˤû̷Ǥ뤳ȤȤ charisma θ츻Ҳ𤷤
rizz charisma clipping ˤǤ뤳ȤȤơȤñθƬǤǤʤʬڤФ줿û̸Ǥɮͤ롥Τ褦ʸϡۤ¿ʤȸޤ뤫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) "Mesonym" Ǽ夲褦ˡ㤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤϤˤϰ㤤ʤʲβˤ "fore-and-aft clipping" ȸƤǤ褤
heldio ΥꥹʡϢ륳ȡ䤬줿ΤǡȴϢ McArthur αѸѸ켭ŵ "clipping" ѤƤ (223--24)
CLIPPING [1930s in this sense]. Also clipped form, clipped word, shortening. An abbreviation formed by the loss of word elements, usually syllabic: pro from professional, tec from detective. The process is attested from the 16c (coz from cousin 1559, gent from gentleman 1564); in the early 18c, Swift objected to the reduction of Latin mobile vulgus (the fickle throng) to mob. Clippings can be either selective, relating to one sense of a word only (condo is short for condominium when it refers to accommodation, not to joint sovereignty), or polysemic (rev stands for either revenue or revision, and revs for the revolutions of wheels). There are three kinds of clipping:
(1) Back-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the end of a word: ad(vertisement), chimp(anzee), deli(catessen), hippo(potamus), lab(oratory), piano(forte), reg(ulation)s. Back-clipping is common with diminutives formed from personal names Cath(erine) Will(iam). Clippings of names often undergo adaptations: Catherine to the pet forms Cathie, Kate, Katie, William to Willie, Bill, Billy. Sometimes, a clipped name can develop a new sense: willie a euphemism for penis, billy a club or a male goat. Occasionally, the process can be humorously reversed: for example, offering in a British restaurant to pay the william.
(2) Fore-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the beginning of a word: ham(burger), omni(bus), violon(cello), heli(copter), alli(gator), tele(phone), earth(quake). They also occur with personal names, sometimes with adaptations: Becky for Rebecca, Drew for Andrew, Ginny for Virginia. At the turn of the century, a fore-clipped word was usually given an opening apostrophe, to mark the loss: 'phone, 'cello, 'gator. This practice is now rare.
(3) Fore-and-aft clippings, in which elements are taken from the beginning and end of a word: in(flu)enza, de(tec)tive. This is commonest with longer personal names: Lex from Alexander, Liz from Elizabeth. Such names often demonstrate the versatility of hypocoristic clippings: Alex, Alec, Lex, Sandy, Zander; Eliza, Liz, Liza, Lizzie, Bess, Betsy, Beth, Betty.
Clippings are not necessarily uniform throughout a language: mathematics becomes maths in BrE and math in AmE. Reverend as a title is usually shortened to Rev or Rev., but is Revd in the house style of Oxford University Press. Back-clippings with -ie and -o are common in AusE and NZE: arvo afternoon, journo journalist. Sometimes clippings become distinct words far removed from the applications of the original full forms: fan in fan club is from fanatic; BrE navvy, a general labourer, is from a 19c use of navigator, the digger of a 'navigation' or canal. . . .
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
űѸ̾2Ǥʤ (dithematic) ¿ä2Ǥˤϡ¼סĮפʤɤΰ̾ (generic) 뤳Ȥ¿⤽ͭ̾ϲ䤹Ȥ櫓2ǤϸбΤǼ岽䤹ȡ-ham ¼פʤΤ -hem ֱפʤΤ -holm ֲߡפʤΤŪ˶̤ˤʤäƤ롥-bearu Ωס-beorg ͡ס-burg/-byrig/-borough ֻԡפˤĤƤƱȤʥåǶڤ줿3Ĥΰ۷֤ˤĤƤϡ#5308. ̾ǤֻդͿʷĤ뤳Ȥ ([2023-11-08-1]) ȡˡ
űѸ̾ؤᤰ롤ʲֻΥޡȤϡClark ǤҲ𤵤Ƥ롥嵭2ĤˤĤƤβѤ롥
(2) OE -hām 'village', OE -hamm 'site hemmed in by water or wilderness' and also the latter's Scandinavian synonym -holm all fall together as [m̩]. Not even pre-Conquest spellings always allow of distinguishing -hām from -hamm: if dat. forms in -hamme/-homme survive, they tell in favour of the latter, but often etymology has to depend upon topography . . . . Distinction between -hamm and -holm is complicated by their synonymity, and their likely interchange in the medieval forms of many Danelaw names. . . . PDE spellings are again often unhistorical, as in Kingsholm < OE cyninges hamm 'the king's water-meadow' . . . . Confusion is further confounded by occasional unhistorical spellings of [m̩] < OE or Scand. dat. pl. -um, as in Airyholme and Howsham . . . . (Clark 486--87)
(4) Reflexes of OE -bearu 'grove' and -beorg 'mound' are partly merged not only with each other but also with those of -burg/-byrig, so that PDE forms in -barrow can represent -bearu or -beorg, ones in -bury can represent -bearu or byrig and ones in -borough can represent -beorg or burg . . . . (Clark 487)
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
#5230. ֽθա --- ؽػŵ٤ ([2023-08-22-1]) ǰѤؽػŵ٤μʬˡ2žָդνפȤФǤƤʸϤ (347--38)
դν¾ηŪȤƼƤİ뷼---νˤۤܽŤʤ---ǤϡդļԤ˼Ƥ졤䤬ơŵŵפԻ롥ϲŪ줿ǤꡤڤβȽǤδब˵ʾ塤˸ɵϤꤨʤ줬ŵ̱Ĥκܤˤ롥䶵ꥹȶ顼ʤɤΰˤơŵ̵ɵμĥŪ˱뤬ҥɥʤɤ¿Ǥ⡤ŵФưפ˴ѻǤ롥ŵФʪҤŵޤھϡդνܼŪ¢ƤΤǤ롥
ޤĶŪҤθաʿθʩʤɡˤ줿ŵŪޤΤߤʤ餺˽줿ŪͤӤӤƤȤߤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Τ褦츻Ȥʤäơ¾ΰڤβʬȤߤʤ硤դ켫ΤʲơǽŪˤϸդʪ߽ФǤȼĥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʤդʪιǤȸָ챧פǤ롥츫ȡϿܤ줿̤ȯã椨ѤۤʸѤȼǽ⤤ΤǤ롥
Ǹ˽ФƤָ챧פȤʸѤˤĤơ֤ƼΤ褦ʸϤ³ (348)
ְջãפ˾ʤ¤ꡤƯϡ①ɽС②ʤ③ؼ④ˤ롥ϡ①ï②ïˡ③ΤˤĤơ④ȤפȤͻ蹽¤Ȥߤǹͻ뤳ȤǤ¤ϡְջãפۤˤѤǧȤߤˤϼޤڤʤۼʸδҤθ챧ˤϴޤޤƤ롥ĤޤꡤˤϸμǽְջãפǤϤʤֱ¤פª褦ʸѤƤǤΤǤ롥
ָ챧פϡؤǤϼ갷뤳ȤΤʤѤǤϤ뤬1ĤθѤǤϤ롥
ѵӾ 氣 ҡ ʡᲬ ͺԡˡؽػŵ١ҡ2010ǯ
#5221. ֵפȤϲ (2) ([2023-08-13-1]) ǿ줿ؽػŵ٤ѥѥɤ³Ƥ롥ָաפιܲˡֽθա (346--47) ȤФζ̣⤬äϲɤۤʤäƤΤ
θξˤա뤤ϤǻѤդΤϡ̤ˡֽפȸƤФƤ롥㤨Сֿΰפʩڡפ硤οΡְפʩֹڡפϡäṆ̀礤Ȥϼۤˤʹ֤γǰŪİĶΤǤ롥äȤƤƱǤ⡤줬ξ˸ȡ˰ۼΰ̣ӤӤΤǤ롥Τ褦ˡή̤Ƥ̣ǤȤ䤷ĶŪؤƯˤϤ롥
ξȤϡŪˤϡиΩǤꡤޤ㫤ԤǤ롥ǤϡФФȤʤ⡤ȿ鸫СФФȤʤ⤬Ƥ롥ĶŪۤդȤƸȤθʩʩ⤤ʩŵˤȤƼƤ뤬θդǻѤդƱηϤ°ΤǤ롥ʤСθʩϡȤ줨ʤĤޤꡤξǤϡФФȤʤ븽ݤȤơޤθաСˤ֤ΤǤ롥ĶŪ줿ꡤĶŪؼꤹۤɤˡդ뤲ΤǤ롥ξǤϡ餫λǡή줬ǤڤĶŪȤ˸줫ƤȤǤαư롥Ρ狼ĶæФȤˢؤפȤŤαưи佡ʤƤ롥
ȤǡաĤޤ꽡ˤϤĤμ꤬ޤޤƤꤵ롥ĶŪۤ줿ŪϡľѡħǰηİΤ̤Ǥ롥椨줬Ԥ༡ϡ¦Ǥǧ֤Ȥ뤳ȤǤ롥Ȥʪáʩˤˡˡʩ⤽ΤΡʤ켡νˤϡޤľŪ˴졤äߺѤμСǧƤ椯ǡĹ修θաνˤĽĤ˶ͭ졤ħŪʰվŻäƵ˼ޤ롥ơǰŪϣФʤŵŵԻ졤ĤˤϿءؤʤɳŪʿηŪĤθա軰νˤФ롥
ξˤƽ줬ȯȤȤˡդ˽ˤäƽξ줽켫Τ졤Ū̿ϤǺƹȤ¦̤롥Ȥ櫓θդۤθդϡܼŪǤŽ̤줿ΤȤ롥̽ۤˤΤϡռβ漹Ū˲Τ̵ȤʤꡤФμƩȤ֤Ǥ롥εꡤǥʥեξ̾ˡǰʩܡޥȥʿˡ˻졤ʤɤε̽ۤ귿ϡ褯ΤƤ롥μ귿Τ뤳ȤϡΤĤɡ狼ĶæʢФȤˢؤפüŪ˼¸뤳Ȥ¾ʤʤ衤硦θ֤Ū˽Ż뤵졤ŪˡΰĤȤȤ߹ޤƤʤǤ롥
ȵ䤬ͯƤξˤƤϡְפֹڡפΰ̣ѤȤȤϲ̤ự (semantics) ιͻоݤˤʤΤȽδ֤ˡ¿ (polysemy) ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ƤȹͤƤ褤ΤʤɤǤϡŪʸ˴ؤơڽʳءˡۤڥꥹȶۤʤɤΥ졼٥뤬ղä뤳Ȥ⤢顤쥸ȤƤȤ館ƤΤ
ΰѤǤϡּ¦Ǥǧ֤פȤɽѤƤ롥¦ǰ̣¤ꤷƤΤȤС̣ѲѰۤμΤᤰȤؤäƤˤĤƤϡ#1936. ʹΤѲ ([2014-08-15-1]) ʤɤȡ
θˤĤƤϡ#3908. ֵפȤϲ ([2020-01-08-1]) ȡ#5221. ֵפȤϲ (2) ([2023-08-13-1]) ⻲ȡ#753. ʤθϸŤᤫ ([2011-05-20-1]) طƤ
ѵӾ 氣 ҡ ʡᲬ ͺԡˡؽػŵ١ҡ2010ǯ
#5074. Ѹɸ43 ([2023-03-19-1])#5075. ɸθŪħ ([2023-03-20-1]) ɸ () ŪˤȤ館ƤΤ褤ȤǤ롥
¤Ϥ3ĤΥץϡɸΰ̣ˤȤɤޤ餺̤θΰ̣ʬϤݤˤ⤽ΤޤޱѤǤ롥פˡƱ۵ (homonymy) ʤΤ뤤¿ (polysemy) ʤΤȤˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#286. homonymy, homophony, homography, polysemy ([2010-02-07-1])
#815. polysemic clash? ([2011-07-21-1])
#1801. homonymy polysemy ζ ([2014-04-02-1])
#2823. homonymy polysemy ζ (2) ([2017-01-18-1])
ʸҡע ͳˡرѸɸˡŵ43δܥǥޡ١ҡ2015ǯ
Ρ#5031. -ism εȯã ([2023-02-04-1]) ˰³-ism ȤŪ (suffix) ˤĤơϤ¿ܤޤ
Webster μ3Ǥ˽ A Dictionary of Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms ˤȡ-ism ˤ礭4Ĥθޤưס־֡סּסħפǤñζȤȤˤߤƤߤޤ礦
-ism n suffix -s [ME -isme, fr. MF & L; MF -isme, partly fr. L -isma (fr. Gk), & partly fr. L -ismus, fr. Gk -ismos] 1 a : act, practice, or process --- esp. in nouns corresponding to verbs in -ize <criticism> <hypnotism> <plagiarism> b : manner of action or behavior characteristic of a (specified) person or thing <animalism> <Micawberism> 2 a : state, condition, or property <barbarianism> <polymorphism> b : abnormal state or condition resulting from excess of a (specified) thing <alcoholism> <morphinism> c : abnormal state or condition characterized by resemblance to a (specified) person or thing <mongolism> 3 a : doctrine, theory, or cult <Buddhism> <Calvinism> <Platonism> <salvationism> <vegetarianism> b : adherence to a system or a class of principles <neutralism> <realism> <socialism> <stoicism> 4 : characteristic or peculiar feature or trait <colloquialism> <Latinism> <poeticism>
Ǥ褯Ѥ -ism ϡǸΡħפθȴϢΤǤ֡ħŪʸոˡפΰ̣ Americanism, Britishism, Canadianism, Irishism, Gallicism, vulgarism, witticism, neologism ʤɤޤ
Ѹ -ism Ȥ (suffix) Ϲ⤤äƤ롥racism, sexism, ageism, lookism ʤɼҲ̤˴ؤ븽Ūǿȶñ¿Ȥ褯 Buddhism, Calvinism, Catholicism, Judaism ʤɤ뤫ȻפСۤȤ Liberalism, Machiavellism, Platonism, Puritanism ʤɤ롥
嵭Τ褦ˡּפΰ̣Τäñ줬¿ǡaphorism, criticism, mechanism, parallelism ʤɤ̾̾⤢ǤϤʤޤ Americanism Britishism ʤɤΡ֡ˡפΰ̣ñ¿cf. #2241. Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles ([2015-06-16-1])ˡơǤǤϤʤΩȤƤ ism ¸ߤcf. #2576. æʸˡȸò ([2016-05-16-1])ˡ
-ism θ츻ϥꥷ -ismos Ǥ롥ꥷư -izein ʱѸ -ize θˤб̾Ǥ롥Ѹʸ̮Ǥϡư -ize б̾Ȥ -ization פ⤫֤츻Ūˤ -ism Τۤͳ̾ȤȤˤʤ롥ʱѸ -ize/-ise ˤĤƤϡεåȡ
ꥷ -ismos ƥ졤եˤ줾 -ismus, -isme ȤƼѤ졤줬ѸˤäƤơѸʹߤ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤäȤ櫓Ѹˡޤꡤ¿ο줬иGörlach (121) -ism ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The 19th century can be seen as a battleground of ideologies and factions; at least, such is the impression created by the frequency of derivatives ending in -ism (often from a personal name, and accompanied by -ist for the adherent, and -istic/-ian for adjectival uses). The year 1831 alone saw the new words animism, dynamism, humorism, industrialism, narcotism, philistinism, servilism, socialism and spiritualism (CED).
λ۾ʬǤʹԤƤ21 -ism ꤨ뤳ȤϤʤ
Görlach, Manfred. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.
δñѸ in English٤2椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ23ϡ֤ʤʬư̾Ʊ -ing ɽΡפǤ

Ѹ -ing ¿Ǥ͡ʬ (present participle) ϡbe Ȥ߹蘆äƿʹԷ (progressive) ꡤƻȤ̾Ҥꡤʬ칽ʸ뤳ȤǤޤư̾ (gerund) ȤƤϡư̾žŪˡƤޤĤޤꡤ-ing ưƻˤꡤˤꡤ̾ˤȬϻ群γƤΤǤ
ʬ -ing ư̾ -ing ϵޤäۤʤޤŤϷ֤ۤʤäƤΤǤˤβ -ing ȤƱ˹蘆äƤޤäǤϢܵǤϡդλפǫ˲⤷ƤޤޤʹԷ϶Ѹ˳ΩŪʸˡʤΤǤʤɤΤ褦ΩΤŪ⤿ɤäƤޤĤΤ褦εȤʤäƤޤҤɤ
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)δϢȤ#375. -ing ˤ3ढäΤäƤޤҲ𤷤ƤޤϢܵȹ碌 -ing ؤޤȻפޤ
#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) ӡ#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 ([2022-12-04-1]) splendid ȤߤƤ֤θˤĤƤϸߤ˽ŤʤȤ¿Τ⤽ɤΤ褦ʸΤߺǤ̤ηƻǤ splendid ܤƸγȤǧƤ
ȯ䤵줿Фإ˥¼ŵ6ˤȡΤ褦3ĤθͿƤ롥
(1) ԤšФ餷ʬΤʤ (excellent, great) || a splendid idea Ф餷ͤ / a splendid achievement Ωɤʶ / We had a splendid time at the beach. ӡǤФ餷ᤴ
(2) ݤͿ (magnificent); ڤ || a splendid view į / a splendid jewel ڤС
(3) ԤšաδŪˡϤФ餷绿
splendid ϡε ([2022-12-04-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡ츻ȤƤϥƥư splendēre "to be bright or shining" ͳ褹롥ηƻ splendidus 17˱Ѹ첽֤Ǽޤ줿ȤȤǤ롥ϡ뤤ƤפۤɤѸǤνиϤषŪʸֹڤʡʡפǤ롥ǤϡξˤʤäƤǧ롥ˡФơְʡסͭ̾ʡס֤줿ˤ褤פθ⼡ȸƤ롥19ȾγǤ in splendid isolation ָɤΩפɽ蘆Ƥ褦Ūʸˡ⡤17˳ǧ롥Τ褦ʸ̻ŪȯŸȶŪȤϡե (metaphor)ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy)ɲ (amelioration) (pejoration) ʤɤδǤͤޤǤ OED θʬƤ
1.[ | ѥڡ ]
a. Marked by much grandeur or display; sumptuous, grand, gorgeous.
b. Of persons: Maintaining, or living in, great style or grandeur.
2.
a. Resplendent, brilliant, extremely bright, in respect of light or colour. rare.
b. Magnificent in material respects; made or adorned in a grand or sumptuous manner.
c. Having or embodying some element of material grandeur or beauty.
d. In specific names of birds or insects.
3.
a. Imposing or impressive by greatness, grandeur, or some similar excellence.
b. Dignified, haughty, lordly.
4. Of persons: Illustrious, distinguished.
5. Excellent; very good or fine.
6. Used, by way of contrast, to qualify nouns having an opposite or different connotation. splendid isolation: used with reference to the political and commercial uniqueness or isolation of Great Britain; . . . .
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