#2278. ̣ۣ ([2015-07-23-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡۣȤäƤ͡ʥפ롥פ1Ĥξ (ambiguity) 롥ơξΤˤ͡ʥפ롥εǤŪʤΤȸŪʤΤϤ⤦٤ߤƤߤ褦Cruse (66) ˤС4郎Ȥ
(1) Pure syntactic ambiguity:
old men and women
French silk underwear
(2) Quasi-syntactic ambiguity:
The astronaut entered the atmosphere again.
a red pencil
(3) Lexico-syntactic ambiguity:
We saw her duck.
I saw the door open.
(4) Pure lexical ambiguity:
He reached the bank.
What is his position?
줾ɽˤɤΤ褦ξǤ뤫ʬ
(1) ˤĤƤϡ(old men) and women ʤΤ old (men and women) ʤΤ(French silk) underwear ʤΤ French (silk underwear) ʤΤȤ칽¤ζڤΰ㤤ˤξͿƤ롥
(2) ˤĤƤϡ絤ؤϵؤεԡˤ1ܤʤΤ2ܤʤΤ֤ɮפʤΤֱɮפʤΤȤξؤäƤ롥츫ŪΤ褦ˤ⸫뤷뤤ϸŪˤ⸫뤫⤷ʤºݤˤϤɤȤ⤤ʤȤⰷŤ餤פξʤˤĤƤ Cruse ˤ¿εˡ
(3) ξϡΥҥΤΤΤ⤬ƤΤΤ⤬ΤΤΰ㤤˴ط롥ǤŪװȸŪװåȤǺѤƤ롥
(4) ξϡbank ڼʤΤԤʤΤposition ʬʤΤʤΤȤ˸¿˴ŤΤǤ롥
Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
ͤʪǥ1ļ夲ʤ顤I like this apple. ȤʸȯäƤ̤Ƥ䤿ϤαʸֻϤΥǤפưפǤޤΰ̣ǤƤȻפǤޤˤǤ礦ʸ¿ŪȤʤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤȤǤ礦Ȥ櫓 this apple ʬճΤǤ
ޤthis apple unit ɤߤ type ɤߤȤ¿ޤ٤ΥǤϤʤ夲Ƥ뤳ΥפȤĤǤ unit ɤߤȤʤޤ٤ȢʼΥǤϤʤ夲ƤΤɽƤʼΥ㤨С֤դסˡפǤ type ɤߤȤʤޤ
type ɤߤˤ͡ʲǽޤ嵭ǤϤޤޡʼפȤ type ʬΤǤtype ʬˤ¾δ⤢ޤݤȤζʬ⤢ޤϤ줿ऴȤζʬ⤢ޤ礭١ʤȤ⤢ޤºݤʸ̮Ǥϡδ type ʹ꤬⤤Ψǿ¬Ǥ륱ۤȤɤȤϻפޤthis apple Ȥɽ˾ʤȤŪ¿뤳ȤʬäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ؼ this Τľͳ褹̣ŪŪ¿̾ apple λؼоݤǤ֤פΰ̣ŪŪ¿蘆äơ츫ȲȤΤʤ this apple Ȥɽΰ̣Ƥäۤʣ¿ͤǤ뤳ȤʬäȻפޤ
ʾ塤Cruse (50) εȤƼɮޤ
Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
դΰ̣ȤϲؼԤůؼԤǺޤ³ƤǤ֤ϼʹܤ˸ꤹʪǡʬϤ䤹ΤǤ̣ƬΤʤ˼ޤäƤʪǡưפʬϤǤޤϰ̣礦ƻȤС̣ǤȤǤ̣θʡ̣ (semantics)ˤϸػˤΤʤǤǤΩƤޤcf. #1686. Ụ̄άˡ ([2013-12-08-1])ˡ
̣õϵ®˿ޤäƤƤޤcf. #4697. 褯ؤäƤ̣桪 ([2022-03-07-1])ˡ̣ˤ͡ʥץޤ礭Ụ̄ǧΰ̣ޤ Day 4 ǤϡξԤγפؤӤޤ
1. ̣Ȥϲ
1.1 #1782. ̣ΰ̣ ([2014-03-14-1])
1.2 #2795. ְ̣ؼоݡ ([2016-12-21-1])
1.3 #2794. ְ̣ ([2016-12-20-1])
1.4 #1990. ͡ʼΰ̣ ([2014-10-08-1])
1.5 #2278. ̣ۣ ([2015-07-23-1])
2. Ụ̄
2.1 #1968. ΰ̣ʬʬϡ ([2014-09-16-1])
2.2 #1800. ͡ȿи ([2014-04-01-1])
2.3 #1962. ǰء ([2014-09-10-1])
2.4 #4667. Ļ̾ԲĻ̾ȤϲʤΤ --- ð̣ˤʬϡ ([2022-02-05-1])
2.5 #4863. ưΰ̣ʬϤ3Ĥδ ([2022-08-20-1])
3. ǧΰ̣
3.1 #1961. ܥ٥ơ ([2014-09-09-1])
3.2 #1964. ץȥס ([2014-09-12-1])
3.3 #1957. Ụ̄ǧΰ̣ˤ복ǰ ([2014-09-05-1])
3.4 #2406. metonymy ([2015-11-28-1])
3.5 #2496. metaphor metonymy ([2016-02-26-1])
3.6 #2548. ǰե ([2016-04-18-1])
4. heldio #451. ̣ȤäƤ͡ʰ̣εå
ľ YouTube Voicy Ǽ夲줾Ҳ𤷤ޤ
(1) YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ29ƤޤֱѸܸȤǤƱ۵줬Ǥ륫饯꤬Ǥ
ѸˤܸˤƱ۵ (homonymy) ¿ǤƱ۵줬ŪƤޤаޤϤ褽3ѥʬव롤ȤǤ1ĤϡۤʤäƤ줬Ѳˤȯ줷ƤޤäȤѥ⤦1ĤϡƱ줬̣ѲˤۤʤȤߤʤ褦ˤʤäȤѥˤ⤦1Ĥϡ¾줫äƤѸ줬¸θƱäȤѥǤ
ѸƱ۵äΤꤿȤϡ#2945. ְ㤨䤹ƱָΥڥ ([2017-05-20-1])#4533. OALD10 դ¥ƤƱָΰ ([2021-09-24-1]) εǤ2ѥȤƵ flower flour ˤĤƤ Voicy #2. flower ʲ֡ˤ flour ʾʴˤƱ츻İ
ޤǤФƤڹˤ֥ƥӷפ֥饸פȤ̾ʶ̤ˤĤƤϡ#1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1])#2919. ܸƱ ([2017-04-24-1])#3023. ˥ۥ˥åݥ ([2017-08-06-1]) ǤƤޤ
˴ؿ⤿줿ϡܥͥؤΥͥϿꤤޤ
(2) īVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤơꥹʡ餤ղõ (tag_question) ˴ؤ˲Ƥߤޤ#371. ʤղõǤϹꡦ꤬Ҥä֤ΤǤ --- ꥹʡμǤʤʤǡ̤ԴʲǤƤޤҤİ
ɤʸɽ魯̿ιꡦñǤϤʤä̿˴ؤȡä꤬ͽۤʹȿȤȤ߹碌ʤʣʸȤʤäƤ褦ǤޤԤ١ȤʤäƤȹͤޤŪˤϤԤƤΤǤϤʤȤߤƤޤ̤ǤΤǡͤ³ƤȻפޤʤǽҤ٤ƤޤǤͤˤΤϼ Quirk et al. Ǥ
嵭 Voicy ϥ־ǤİǤޤʲɤǤ륢ץ̵ˤȤȤŬİǤޤVoicy ֱͥѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Υե碌ƤꤤޤޤؤΥȤ⤪

콵֤λϤޤǤڤѸ˥饤դ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
#4672. μͭӥMondפDZѸ˴ؤѤʵ˲Ƥޤ ([2022-02-10-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡMondˤơĤμ˲ƤޤΤʤǤ⤽ȿɸѤʵؤβˤĤơܥ֥ǤƾҲ𤷤ޤμȲHPˤʤޤʲˤžܤޤžܤΥ֥ȤʤäƤϷݤޤΤǡܵˤϾΥȤȴϢդƤޤʤ¾μؤβ⤴ФȻפޤ
ƱȯʤΤˤޤạ̈ΰ㤦դ¸ߤΤϤʤǤ礦
ʤϤˤȤʤϤˤʤɡŪ˻ȤդƱǹƤơߥ˥̵̤¿ȯƤϤʤΤˡ줬ޤƤ餳ޤǤδ֤줺ˤΤϤʤǤ
βϡʲ̤Ǥ
ΡƱ۵פνˤϡ3ĤβǽȹͤƤޤ(1) ۤʤ2äΤȯ줷Ƥޤä(2) 1äΤ̣ʬƤޤä(3) ޤƱȯ̤θ줬ǤƤޤä
ϸդŪˤߤ뤳ȤǤΤǡɸμƱȯʤΤˤޤạ̈ΰ㤦դ¸ߤ˻äΤˤϤɤΤ褦ʷаޤäΤǤ礦פȥѥե졼Ƥ餤ޤʤ¸ߤ뤫Ȥ⡤ʤ¸ߤ˻äƤޤäΤȤ˹ͤۤŪʵ⤷䤹ʤޤʲܸǤѸǤ¾θǤ⡤ޤäƱ褦˹ͤ뤳ȤǤޤ
(1) ۤʤ2äΤȯ줷Ƥޤä
ɤθǤ⡤ȯѲȤΤޤºݡˤƤޤȤȰۤʤäƤ2줬ȯѲη̡줷ƤޤȤȤ褯ޤ
лʥ兩ˤȲȻʥˤϸŤɽ狼ȤꡤȤȰۤʤȯǤ֥ע֥סʹٹξüˤȤѲˤꡤξ줬ƱȯˤʤäƤޤޤѸ last ʺǸΡˤ last ʷ³ˤ⡤ǯۤˤ첻ۤʤäƤꡤ2Ĥ̡θäΤǤˤβ첻줷Ƥޤޤ
(2) 1äΤ̣ʬƤޤä
ñΰ̣Ѳ⡤ȯѲƱ褦ˤޤ̾Ṭ̌ȿ̣ϲ餫ǴطƤΤʤΤạ̇̄Ѳ⤽ʬ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤ̣ѲϢŪ˷֤Ƥȡȯΰ̣˴ϢΤʤޤ
㤨СƴΡפȵΡ֥ĥܡפϡ츻õƱǤȤȡ֤ܤߡפۤɤ̣Ƥñϡƴ䤪Τ̤ΰ̣ȯãԤֵפΰ̣ޤȯΰ̣Υ줹ƤΤǡߤǤ̡θȤФŪʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ʤ餳ɽפȡ֥ĥܡפʬƤ櫓ǤˡѸ flower ֲ֡פ flour ־ʴפ⡤ȤȤƱäΤǤ̣Ѳη̡ϢŤʤꡤ̡θȤߤʤ褦ˤʤޤ
(3) ޤƱȯ̤θ줬ǤƤޤä
ɤθˤ⡤Ȥ벻ʲǡˤΥꥹȤꡤۤ¿ǤϤޤޤβǤȤ߹碌ˤ§Τǡ٤ƤñȼΰۤʤȯˤͿ뤳ȤϤǤޤñ¿кۤɡ¸ñƱȯΤΤФƤƤޤΤǤʤϤˤȤʤϤˤʤɤŵǤϢȤƤϡǤˡֲðפȤñ줬äȤ˥ݥȥ줫֥ܥפäƤƤޤäȤ褦ʥѥ⤢ޤ
ǸˡƱ۵ϥߥ˥ˤȤäΤϤʤΤˡޤǤδ֤줺ˤΤϤʤȤ˲ޤ
1Ĥϡ̲λߤϤʤƤȤȤǤפȡ֥ĥܡפɽflower flour ֻȤΡʶ̸ˤ˥Ȥΰ㤤ʤɤλߤפǤΤ褦ʻߤʤ졤ȤƤ⡤̤ΤȤǾ嵭 (1), (2), (3) ͳˤꡤƱ۵줬ȯƤΤǡĤޤǤäƤŪˤϻʤȤȤǤ
⤦1ĤϡäܼŪʲȤʤޤ¤Ʊ۵ϥߥ˥ˤȤäƤۤǤϤʤȤȤǤۤȤɤξ硤ʸ̮λ٤뤿ˡθ졦̣ȤѤƤ뤫Ǥ㤨 I'll give you a ring. ֻؤפʤΤäפʤΤۣʥ奨ϡۤǤ͡Ʊ۵ϡפƤۤɤˤϥߥ˥ȤʤʤΤǤ
flower/flour ˤĤƤflower ʲ֡ˤ flour ʾʴˤƱ츻İlast ˤĤƤεɤ
Ʊ۵ (homonymy) ϡޤäƸȻפ뤫⤷ޤˡ̣ˤؤǤĤޤꡤΤ¦̤˴ؤοȥԥåʤΤǤ
μϡ˸ؤѸǤСƱ۵͡ (homonymic_clash) ǤŪˤ͡Ƥޤܥ֥Ǥ⤷ФƤޤhomonymy ˴ؤ뵭åѰդޤΤǡҤɤ
رѸŵ٤ڥڥȤäƤñʣǰ̣ΰۤʤ̾פΥڡ (p. 473) ȯΤʤΤ¿äΤǡƱѸ̾ñʣȤΤʤȻפä补㤨 glass ϡ֥饹פɡglasses ϡִפȤס
(1) ̾ʣñΰ̣˲ä̤ΰ̣Ĥ
appearance и appearances arm arms ʼ bone bones brain Ǿ brains chain chains « color colors compass compass ѥ custom customs ǡǴ future ̤ futures ʾʡءʪ letter ʸ letters ʸ line ԡ lines manner ˡ manners ˡ mountain mountains ̮ number numbers ʸ oil oils part ʬ parts ǽ quarter ʬΰ quarters ɼ spectacle spectacles tear tears ò term ֡ش terms
(2) ̾ʣñΰ̣Ȥ̤ΰ̣⤿ʤ
accomplishment accomplishments ǽ advice advices air airs arrangement arrangements ۡ attention attentions ᰦ authority authorities charge charges cloth cloths copper Ƽ coppers damage » damages »ʳۡ direction Ƴش directions ؿ force forces glass 饹 glasses good ???????????? goods ?????? ground grounds height ???? heights ???? humanity ʹ humanities ʸʳ instruction 뤳 instructions ؿ look 뤳 looks need ɬ needs ɬ pain pains physic physics ʪ power powers ΡΡ sale sales sand sands saving savings security securities ڷ spirit spirits м time times water waters γ wood ں woods work Ż works
ˤʣϻ¾òƤΤ¿ȤƱ۵˶ᤤȤȤ
Ϣơ#4214. ʣ (1) ([2020-11-09-1])#4215. ʣ (2) ([2020-11-10-1])#1169. ̾ȤƤ news ([2012-07-09-1]) ȡ
ش۳켭ŵԽԡˡرѸŵ١شۡ2006ǯ
ΰ̣Ѳ˴ؤ Williams ɤǤơʤۤɤȻפäȤ롥ޤǤޤӤĤƤȤʤä2ĤγǰδطˤĤƹͤ줿ΤǤ롥 (metaphor) Ọ̇̄ (semantic_borrowing) ˤȿФǤϤ뤬ˤƶ̤ƤȤ⤷طˤȤȤ
ȤȤΤϡ¸θΰ̣餫ΰ̣Ūˤơ̤ΰ (domain) ˻DZѤǤ롥̣ѤȤΤϡ¸θηܤ¾Ǥθ줬ˡ¾Ǥθΰ̣Ǥ롥
֤ۤʤΤ褦˻פ뤬롥ŪˤС¸εǽ (signifiant) ϤΤޤޤˡ국 (signifié) Ū˳ĥѤȤΤǤ롥̤Ȥơȿ夤ƶ¸뤳Ȥ⤢СɤФȤ⤢뤬褽ηϤꤽȤξˤϤƤݻ¿ (polysemy) ˵뤹̣ѤξˤϤƤϤ˴ơ̤ȤƸִ (semantic replacement) Ȥˤʤ
ưŤˤĤƤСȤϼ˥ꥸʥƥդ̣δϢŤ˰¸Ƥ뤬̣ѤϤޤ¾ǻäȤˤϢŤǤꡤꥸʥƥǤ롥
嵭Υԥ졼뤳Ȥˤʤä Williams (193) ʸϤѤƤ
Semantic Replacement
In our linguistic history, there have been cases in which the reverse of metaphor occurred. Instead of borrowing a foreign word for a new semantic space, late OE speakers transferred certain Danish meanings to English words which phonologically resembled the Danish words and shared some semantic space with them. The native English word dream, meaning to make a joyful noise, for example, was probably close enough to the Scandinavian word draumr, or sleep vision, to take on the Danish meaning, driving out the English meaning. The same may have happened with the words bread (originally meaning fragment); and dwell (OE meaning: to hinder or lead astray).
ȤʤäƤ̣ѤŪȤƤ dream, bread, dwell ˤĤƤϡ#2149. ̣ѡ ([2015-03-16-1]) ȡȤ櫓 bread ˤĤƤϡ#2692. ťΥɸѸ˴ؤ Gersum Project ([2016-09-09-1]) Ȥ줿
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975.
friend ȤñѸŪ˹ͻȤɤʤǤ礦줬ȤƤ⤪⤷ΤǤұѸ˥ƥͧãͤζϢֱѸƳ2021ˤƱѸ˥ƥĤϤƤޤΤΤϺˤɽ줿ΤǤ3ڡۤɤûʸϤΤʤ friend Ȥ˥ڥ뤬ͤޤäƤޤ
friend ʹƺǽ˻פ⤫٤ϡͧãפǤ礦θˤϤۤˡ͡ (cf. boyfriend, girlfriend)̣ٻԡסֿפʤɤθ⤢ޤ͡ʸϡֿפ̣ΤȤޤȤޤ٤ʻȤʬϤ褽ʸ̮˰¸ʤʤȤʤΤʤΤǤ
friend ¿ϡθ줬ĸλʹߡ̣Ѳ֤Ƥ̤Ȥޤΰ̣ѲȤΤϡӥեȥեѥäڤؤȤ⡤Ťξ˿Ѥ߽ŤʤȤפȤΤۤ¿ΤǤĤޤꡤAB˥եȤȤϡAξ˸BդäȤ¿ΤǤfriend ⤽Τ褦ʸǤ
嵭ƥǤܽҤƤ뤳ȤǤfriend ΰ̣ѲˤĤơΰ̣Ѳò Room μŵꡤƱιѤƤ
friend ('one joined to another in mutual benevolence and intimacy' [Johnson])
In Old English, 'friend' meant 'lover', a sense exploited by Shakespeare in Love's Labour's Lost (1588), where Berowne says to Rosaline:
O! never will I trust to speeches penn'd
Nor to the motion of a school-boy's tongue,
Nor never come in visor to my friend,
Nor woo in rime, like a blind harper's song.
Something of this sense survives in modern 'girlfriend' and 'boyfriend'. From the twelfth century, too, 'friend' was frequently used to mean 'relative', 'kinsman', so that the Ordynarye of Cristen Men (1502) tells of 'All the sones & doughters of Adam & of Eue the which were our fyrst frendes', and in Shakespeare's Two Gentlemen of Verona (1591) the Duke, speaking to Valentine of his daughter Silvia, says:
But she I mean is promis'd by her friends
Unto a youthful gentleman of worth.
Even today, someone can speak of his or her 'friends', meaning relatives. ('I'm going to stay the night with friends.')
嵭ƥƤȴϢơfriend ֻȯꤪӥˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤĤơεåȡ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
ε#4371. ͤʤΡɥԡʥåġͥޥᡤ ([2021-04-15-1]) ǡѸˤơּʤפɾƤ뿢ʪ夲ѸܸȤʪФǧۤʤ뤳Ȥ롤ʸӤưʪˤƤϤޤ롥褯ΤƤ褦ˡƱưʪǤäƤ⡤ѸܸǤɽݤƤλۤʤ롥
㤨СǤȶưʪɽ魯ñ dog 夲褦ޤǤʤָܸפαѸСǤ롥Τ褦˲ůʤñˤ¤Ϥ⤷ߤͤޤäƤΤ˰̣δϡǤǤ롥dog ¿ (polysemy) ʤΤǤ롥
إ¼ŵ٤ˤСdog 10θġ¿ԽäĤġ10绨Ĥ˼
1. ; ̲ʤưʪԥߎޥ̤ʤɡաͺ; ͺ˻ưʪprairie dog, dogfish ʤɡա
2. Ը ʤʡϤ; ¯¯ ̩, ڤ, ; ¯ ̥ϤΤʤνϽ, ֥; *¯ , ; ¯ ; ԤΤΤäơդ礦!
3. *¯ Բʤ, ʤ, ʤĤΡʪ, 餱, ˶, (), ܤ, ݤ, Ω, ,
4. Ը , Ӥ餫
5. Ŵ(ʤ), , Ĥƻ; ڶ Ĥ߶, å; Լ֤Ρػߤᡥ
6. [pl] *Ը ۥåȥɥå (hot dog)
7. [the ?s] *Ը ɥå졼 (greyhound racing)
8. ¯ [euph] ʵ (dog-doo)
9. ŷ [the D-] 縤 (the Great Dog), (the Little Dog)ꥦ, ŷϵ (the Dog Star, Sirius)
10. ڵ (parhelion, sun dog), ̸ (fogbow, fogdog)
嵭ʬ̤ꡤñ dog ϰ̤˥ͥƥʴްỤ̄ (connotation) ġλ¤ǧˤϡѸʸη뾽Ȥ⤤ѸΤȤ虜 (proverb) ߤȤ褤#3419. Ѹ줳Ȥ虜Υɡ ([2018-09-06-1]) ǤϾ̤˥Ƥ뤷ºݤˡ#3420. ɤʣޤѸ줳Ȥ虜ΰ ([2018-09-07-1]) 餳Ȥ虜ƤߤȡBetter be the head of a dog than the tail of a horse/lion. Ȥ We may not expect a good whelp from an ill dog. Τ褦ˡޤɤ̣ˤϻȤƤʤ
ʤȤͤߤΤϡֱѸƳ2021ΰĤȤƳˤdog ϸʤΤȤƥĤåפ줿Ǥ롥
ܥ֥Ǥ⡤dog ̻Ụ̄Ѳ䶦Ū¿ˤĤơʲεǴŪ˿ƤͤޤǤˡ
#683. semantic prosody ([2011-03-11-1])
#1908. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (1) ([2014-07-18-1])
#2101. Williams ΰ̣Ѳ ([2015-01-27-1])
#2187. ΰ̣եǤ ([2015-04-23-1])
as ȤϡȯֻñǤû٤Ǥ⤢ޤʤۤ¿ˡꡤʻȤƤǤߤƤֻ졤³졤졤ط̾¿̤Ǥʲ͡ˡʸƤޤ礦
They were all dressed as clowns.
I respect him as a doctor.
You're as tall as your father.
As she grew older, she gained in confidence.
Leave the papers as they are.
As you were out, I left a message.
Happy as they were, there was something missing.
I have never heard such stories as he tells.
¿ϤäʤΤǤ礦Ǥϡ츻 as ¿äƤߤޤ礦ʤΤ
ʤΤǤso äΤǤƱפ˴ޤ so all Ƕ줿Τ also ǡalso ޤäΤ as Ȥ櫓ǤŪʤΤǡ¿̤ơˡ¿̤ˤʤäƤȤȤǤܤϡ#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1])
ܥ֥ǡ6Ⱦˡ#4060. ʤפ̣ spirit ־αפ̣Τ ([2020-06-08-1])#4061. sprite spright ([2020-06-09-1])#4062. ƥ spirare ©ˤθ캬ͥåȥ ([2020-06-10-1]) ε⤽ο OED3 ԽԤμˤ spirit ιܤ˴ؤ֥ That's the spirit: revising 'spirit', n. for OED3 åפƤ
spirit ϡΤΤʤĶŪʻؼоݤ¿Ǥꡤʸ˾פǡĻ٤⤤ñʤΤǡOED ΤʤǤ礭ΥȥȤʤäƤ롥ԽԤȤƤϡΤ褦¿˴ؤƸνˤ뤫ȤΤȤʤ롥Ȥ櫓ñξˤϡ¿ȤƱѸ˼Ѥ줿ˡѸˤˤȤɤޤäƤ¤ꡤʣθֽȤȤޤ̣ʤʤΤºݡ͡ʸ14 Wycliffe αˤƽФƤ롥Ū§פ OED ΥݥꥷȤơ¿̻Ū˴طŤΤϤޤޤ OED ⤽ΥեˤƥˤˤޤǿƧ߹ळȤϤʤΤǡνϤʤǺޤä褦ǤʸᤷʤƸʬꡤʤ٤ŪʽܻؤƻԺʤɡޤޤԽϤͻҤε֤Ƥ롥
ۤˡǤǤ spirit ιΤȤǰƤ Holy Spirit ǤǤΩθФȤΩƤ줿ȤʸŪʰյˤƽפʲԤȤ٤
OED Τ褦ʡޤ philology ܤΤԽԤο͵ܤˤΤ褦ɸ崶εäOED ζҤƤϼԻˤޤĤϫ褯ʬ뵭Ǥ롥ᡥ
Geeraerts ˤ롤Ѹˤǧθ (cognitive_linguistics) Υܤ⤯ͤꡥ sore Ūʰ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ˤơmetaphor, metonymy, prototype ʤɤǧθŪѸ졦ǰȶ㤬ʷƳƤ롥
Ѹ sore θűѸǤ sār ϡꤹǤ¿äűѸˤƱ prototypical ʸϡ٤ξ夫餫 "bodily suffering" Ū줷ߡˤäθ濴Ȥơ⤿餹ȤƤγŪ "bodily injury, wound" ʽˤŪ "illness" µˤθȥ˥ߡˤȯãƤ"emotional suffering" Ū줷ߡˤθ⡤ΤؤΥե̤ȯãƤΥեطʤˤϡ츻Ūˤ̵طǤ뤬Ū sorrow ʸűѸ sorgˤȤϢۤѤƤ
űѸ sār 嵭¿ϡʲγơθǤʸˤ꼨 (Geeraerts 622)
(1) "bodily suffering"
þisse sylfan wyrte syde to þa sar geliðigað (ca. 1000: Sax.Leechd. I.280)
'With this same herb, the sore [of the teeth] calms widely'
(2) "bodily injury, wound"
Wið wunda & wið cancor genim þas ilcan wyrte, lege to þam sare. Ne geþafað heo þæt sar furður wexe (ca. 1000: Sax.Leechd. I.134)
'For wounds and cancer take the same herb, put it on to the sore. Do not allow the sore to increaase'
(3) "illness"
þa þe on sare seoce lagun (ca. 900: Cynewulf Crist 1356)
'Those who lay sick in sore'
(4) "emotional suffering"
Mið ðæm mæstam sare his modes (ca. 888: K. Ælfred Boeth. vii. §2)
'With the greatest sore of his spirit
Τ褦ˡűѸ sār'' ϡޤ (1) "bodily suffering" θ prototype ȤĤġȥ˥ߡեˤä (2) -- (4) θŪѤƤȤäȤ³Ѹ1297ǯˡޤ "bodily suffering" ̣ pain Ȥեñ줬ѤƤ롥Ĺ餯ƱôƤ sore ϡο pain ˤäƼϰϤå뤳Ȥˤʤäɤ줿櫓ǤϤʤprototypical ʸ (1) "bodily suffering" (2) "bodily injury, would" ؤȥեȤ뤳Ȥˤ̿ΤǤ롥ơԤθѸ sore prototype Ȥʤä¾θषθŪʾΤ˳ΩΤ϶Ѹˡ
Geeraerts, Dirk. "Cognitive Linguistics." Chapter 59 of A Companion to the History of the English Language. Ed. Haruko Momma and Michael Matto. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 618--29.
ε#3999. want αѸ --- 츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2020-04-08-1]) ǡwant ַ礤ƤעɬפǤעߤפȤ̣ѲФƤȤ̣ѲȤäƤ͡ʥפ롥Ṭ̌ A ̣ B ˴˼ä뤳Ȥ⤢С̣ B Ṭ̌ A Ѥ餺Ĥꡤ̤Ȥξΰ̣¤ΩäƤȤ⤢롥Ԥξ硤̻ŪˤߤʣθѤƤɽǤ뤷ŪˤߤФθ¿ (polysemy) ɽǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥want ϤޤˤθԤǤꡤΡߤפȤŪͥˤϰ㤤ʤǤŤַ礤Ƥפθ⡤˸ŤɬפǤפθĤäƤ롥
ʲŤᤫʸ⤢뤬(1)--(3) Ǥϡַ礤Ƥפθ(4)--(6) ǤϡɬפǤפθǧ롥
(1) She wants courage. ˤͦʤ
(2) The time wants ten minutes to four. 410ʬ
(3) The sum wanted two dollars of the desired amount. ʤζۤϴ˾ۤ2ɥʤä
(4) This dirty floor wants a scrub. ʤα줿Ϥɬפ롥
(5) This CD player wants repairing. ʤCDץ졼䡼Ͻɬפ롥
(6) Your hair wants to be cut. ʷȱӤϴɬפ롥
(5) Τ褦ư̾줬³ʸϡ̣ŪˤϼȤȤʤ need ˡƱǤcf. #3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1])ˡ
̾ want ƱͤǡŤɬספθŪʤĤäƤ롥The homeless are in want of shelter. ʥۡ쥹ϱϪΤƤ롥ˤǤϡwant need ֤ƤѤ롥ޤַ˳פθ for want of . . . ?ΤˡˤȤ˻ĤäƤ롥 for lack of . . . ȸ뤳ȤǤ롥Mother Goose Ƹ (nursery rhyme) ˡζ֤Ȥͭ̾ʤΤ롥
For want of a nail the shoe was lost. ţʤΤŴǤƤʤ For want of a shoe the horse was lost. ŴǤƤʤΤϤʤ For want of a horse the rider was lost. ϤʤΤǵΤʤ For want of a rider the battle was lost. ΤʤΤ襤ʤ For want of a battle the kingdom was lost. 襤ʤΤǹǤӤ And all for the want of a horseshoe nail. ٤ƤŴţʤä
¿γؽϤФʤθ줬¿ʤΤͤƤߤȤ⤷˰̣ѲФƤǡŤξ˿ѤƤǽ⤤Ȥ櫓̣Ѳ˶μŵФ֤ƤǤ롥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
ʸʸˡǤʸŪ¿ (constructional polysemy) Ȥͤ롥Ʊιʸۤʤ뤱ɤطʣΰ̣ȷӤĤƤؤ濴Ūʰ̣ηỤ̄зʤ¿ (polysemy) ƤȤªʸʸˡˤץȥ (prototype) ˤۤʤʤ
S V O1 O2 ȤŪ칽ʸ¿ˤȤ濴Ụ̄ϡgive ιʸɽ褦ˡS (= agent) O1 (= recipient) O2 (= patient) ǽưŪ˼褯ư뤳ȤǤ롥濴Ụ̄ȤƤϡpatient ˶ŪʪꤵƤ뤬ŪسȤ teach Τ褦ư줬˲äʲ濴Ụ̄ Goldberg (38) οޤˤ꼨

濴Ụ̄¿¤ưΩΤüԤε̳ͿΤݾڡס«פʤɤ̣뺸BǤ롥षưΩʤȤȡֵݡפ̣뱦CȤʤ롥ư̤λǵ뤳ȤȤˤϡD롥ޤưֵפΤǤϤʤֲǽˤפȼ㴳ȡֵġפɽ魯E롥Ǹˡưΰտޤްդˤϡ¦FΤ褦ưιʸ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤ롥
Τ褦˸ΰ̣Ǥʤʸΰ̣⡤ץȥˤä濴ŪʤΤŪʤΤؤƤ̤ȤƶŪ¿ӤӤ褦ˤʤȤΤconstructional polysemy ΥݥȤǤ롥
Goldberg, Adele E. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995.
Ʊ۵ (homonymy)¿ (polysemy)Ʊ۵ (homonymic_clash) δطˤĤơ#286. homonymy, homophony, homography, polysemy ([2010-02-07-1])#815. polysemic clash? ([2011-07-21-1])#1801. homonymy polysemy ζ ([2014-04-02-1])#2823. homonymy polysemy ζ (2) ([2017-01-18-1]) ʤɤεǸƤȤ櫓Ʊ۵ͤ褦ȤüԤθưѲװǤȤĥˤĤơŪΩ줫ȿϾʤʤȤ˿줿㤨С#714. ѲˤƱ۵ɤɾ뤫 ([2011-04-11-1])#717. Ʊ۵˴ؤ ([2011-04-14-1])#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1]) ȡˡ
Ʊ۵ͤβˤʤΤϡۤȤɤξ硤ñ٥롤ȤƸ٥Ǥ롥ǽǤȤ٥ǹͤƤߤȡƱ۵ͤˤĤƿʸǤ褦˻פ롥㤨СѸǷ -s ϡ̾ʣɸΤߤʤ餺̾ʶˤνͭʤɸ뤷ư3ñɸ롥ΰ̣ -s Ϥʸˡǽˤ¿ŪƱ۵ŪȤäƤ褯̣ǾͤäƤȤ櫓褦Ȥ뷹ä˸ʤ褦˻פ롥Hopper and Traugott ε˼褦
. . . grammatical items are characteristically polysemous, and so avoidance of homonymic clash would not be expected to have any systematic effect on the development of grammatical markers, especially in their later stages. This is particularly true of inflections. We need only think of the English -s inflections: nominal plural, third-person-singular verbal marker; or the -d inflections: past tense, past participle. Indeed, it is difficult to predict what grammatical properties will or will not be distinguished in any one language. Although English contrasts he, she, it, Chinese does not. Although OE contrasted past singular and past plural forms of the verb (e.g., he rad 'he rode,', hie ridon 'they rode'), PDE does not except in the verb be, where we find she was/they were. (Hopper and Traugott 103)
ǽǤˤƸȤϰۤʤᥫ˥बѤƤꡤƱ۵ͤФȿۤʤäƤΤȵ뤳ȤϡҤäȤǤ뤫⤷ʤΤ褦ʴƸѲװȤƤƱ۵ͤβȽŪ˹ͻƤߤΤ⤪⤷ʸˡŪ¿Ʊ۵Ȥϱ
Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Grammaticalization. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ε˰³industry ¿Ọ̇̄ѲˤĤơindustry ȤˤĤơִѤפֶ١פθȯŸˡֻȡפؤŸаޤϡϫƯѤŪʡָĿͤǽϡפŪʡֽŪʸΨפؤȥեȤƤäήΤʤǤȤ館롥
ΤˤƤܤˤƤ⡤λˤϡμ礫ΩȤޤбĤִѤʡ̱ϼʬλ֤ãͤǤꡤΰ̣ǡֶ١פǤäȡʬȤȶȤݤȤ빩ƯϫƯԤˤȤäơֶ١פȤϡष¾γ˹碌ƻ˷ޤäŻʤǽϤؤ褦ˤʤäĤޤꡤޤֶ٤ʡϫƯԤȤϡĿŪ˺ͳФΤʹ֤ǤϤʤषŪ˿ĤΤʤǤޤƯǤʹ֤ؤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥ϡ18 industry θȯθʡỺȡˤܳŪ褷Ȥˤꡤ餢ʡ١ˤμҲŪѤäȤ̣롥ֶ١פθΤΤϡѸ˼Ѥ줿15䤻ˡäȷ³Ƥ뤬λؤϰϤơäȤмҲŪˡֶ١פȤϲ̣ΤȤʹѼΤƤƤΤǤ롥ߡֶ١פȤäƴ륤ϡ褽ˤǤäΤǤꡤλΡֶ١פȤʪäȹͤƤ褤
industry Ρֶ١פŪʲʹѤѲϡindustry ΰ̣ѲΤΤȤϡФҲ٤ѲȤ٤ΤǤ롥̣ѲΰȴˤȤ館ΤʤС#1953. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ (2) ([2014-09-01-1]) ǤȤΡA ŪװפΡi ѡפΤǡ(c) ؼоݤФ٤Ѳפ°ΤȤҲŪʴؿߤСindustry Ρֶ١פθ⡤ˤƤΰ̣ѲƤȤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʰ̣Ѳϸ츻ŵưפɤʤतΤΤҲŪˤϤ֤פʲͤỊ̇ѲǤ롥
¿μ industry Ȥ1ϡֻȡȡפǤ롥heavy industry ʽŹȡˡthe steel industry Ŵݶȡˤǡơ2Ȥơֶ١פ롥a man of great industry ʶٲȡˤȤɽ䡤Poverty is a stranger to industry. ֲԤɤդ˳ʤפȤ⤢롥2ĤθϡֶϫϫƯפȤǰǷӤĤ줽ȤȤϤ狼뤬餫ΩǤꡤindustry ŵŪ¿ȤȤˤʤ롥ºݡƻʬƤꡤֻȤΡפ industrialֶ٤ʡפ industrious Ǥ롥
츻̤ȡƥ industria ʶ١ˤ˹Ԥ夯 indu- (in) + struere (to build) ȤǤꡤ¤פȡʤĿŪʼʸӤμǽνܤȤ̣礤äϿͤ˵ִѤפӤãԡפäΤǤ롥ñ줬θȤơեͳ15ȾαѸäƤơǤ15ޤǤˤϡֶ١פθȯãƤ
16ˤʤȡޤǤθĿŪʿȤȷӤĤƤ꽸Ūʴްդơֻȡפο롥οܳŪѤ褦ˤʤäΤ18ΤȤǤ롥1771ǯ˥ե industrie θѤ줿ΤäơѸǤλѤ¥ʤ줿Ȥǯϡ Industrial Revolution ʻȳ̿ˤ̿̾줿ҲΰĬήγϻȤ褽礹롥
бƻˤɤäƤȡ˶ᤤãԤʡѤʡסֶ٤ʡפΰ̣ industrious Ǥ15˸Ƥ롥¤ϡֻȤΡפ̣ industrial Ʊ15ˤϸƤꡤǤϤƻֺϤʤindustrial ʻȤΡˤܳŪѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡ18бե industriel αƶƤǤꡤȤ19ʹߤǤ롥
̾ƻ⡤18ˡǤΥ˥ݥȤȤʤäƤ뤬ϾǤ줿Ȥ Industrial Revolution μҲŪŪʱƶϤäƤ롥ʤIndustrial Revolution ȤѸϡ1840ǯ˽Ф뤬1848ǯ John Stuart Mill (1806--73) ˤäƳ줿ȤäƤ褯줬˳ؼ Arnold Toynbee (1852--83) ˤäƹ줿Ȥаޤġ
state ˤϡȤƤΡ־֡פΤֹۤȡפȤ롥θϡťե estat ѸäΤǤꡤ켫Τϥƥ status μѸǤ롥ϥƥư stāre "to stand" ̾ʤΤǡŪʰ̣ϡΩ졤פۤɤǤ롥
θ塤ƥǤեǤ͡ʰ̣ѲФ¿ȤʤäѸ⤽ηϩʤ褦ˤƸȯŸƤä־֡פϰ̡ʬפؤȯŸˡְҸפֳפؤỴ̈ꤷơֻ۳פȤʤȡθְԽġסƽŪˡֹȡפˤɤ夯ޤǤƻΤϱʤäΤ褦ˤơѸˤ state =ֹȡפθϡޤ˶Ȥθ16Ⱦ˽Ф롥
ơֹȡפθȯŸ state ȡ׳ءפ̣ statistics δؤϻפΤۤstatistics αѸǤνФ1787ǯȰƳ٤ɥĸ¤줵줿 Statistik ڤꤿΤΰ̣ϡֹȤŪ¤θפۤɤäĤޤꡤstatistics Ȥؤ1ʬȤȯŸƤΤʤΤǤ롥ֹȤŪ¡פκǤΤϿפǤꡤȡפȤɤϸߤ˷դäΤǤ롥
ܸǤϡѸ population census ñʤֿĴפǤϤʤΤΤֹĴפƤ롥ϡˤƤܿͤΤλۤȳ˿졤statistics Ƥݤˡߤ³׳ءפΤֹۤءסַءסɽפʤɤѤȤ̵ǤϤʤ
ǶϡؤǤ⾯Ȥ "stats" ȤǤ褦ʡΡַڤפؤʤʷϵ뤬 statistics ϡֹȡפαƤΤĤΤΤš촶ƤΤΤ褦
19俷ʹīΡפˡpopulation census = ֹĴפ˴ؤ뵭äΤǻͤޤǡ
26俷ʹīΥʡפˡgeneration ȤƤΡפˤĤơ⤬ä衤פȤϡǯסֻס塹ס塹פۤɤΰ̣ǻȤƤȾζʽʤɤʪѸȤưŪʰ̣ǤΡפޤäƤäȤˡ19--20˥ɥĿʸؤŪθͭƱǯؤνġפ̣ˡůءҲءݽѡʸؤʤɤˤƹäȤ櫓롦ޥϥ (1893--1947) ҲŪϤפͻȤǡĬήܤˤƤ⡤Ūʰ̣ǤΡפ夹褦ˤʤä
ʪŪʡפȼҲŪʡפȤǤϡȤƤƱñǤäƤ⡤礭ʰ̣κ롥ԤϽ˸ؤƤȤ̣Ǥʳɽ魯ΤФơԤƱǯؽĤȤƤη³ްդ롥㤨СIJפβʹѤϡȤȤ˹ǯϾ夬äƤΤΡ켫ΤѲʤȤǷ³Ȥ롥
Ԥκƣ˻ˤСξΰ̣ˤƶ̤ƤΤϡȤˤϡڤˤơռ뷹פȤȤƬ˽Ҥ٤ˤС塹פȤϡŤ̤ͤ³ƤפäĤޤꡤפʹƴ륤ϡءפϡָήפΤۤ˶ᤫäǽ롥
פФ2ĤΥκϡѲͻäƤ⼨ŪǤ롤ʸˡΩ줫ϡѲȤʸˡѲΤȤǤꡤǤϡפȯۤ§Ǥ롥ҲŪΩ줫鸫СѲΥϡָήפΤۤ˶ᤤǯüؤǯüؤǤϡΤ˸ոʿͤϰۤʤäƤġüԤСǯθոαƶǯοͤ⤤СεդΥ⤢롥ξüؤϡޤ줿ǯϰۤʤΤΡߤޤढδ֡ʸͭƤΤ顤ζͭ٤˱ơ¿ʤȤ¸ߤƤγʺѲϡؤˤꥫȿʤǤ¦̤⤢뤫⤷ʤָήˤꤢޤǴˤ䤫˿ʤǤȤʬ礭ΤǤϤʤ
Bloomfield θѲˤפǧ⡤#1352. ߥ˥̩٤̻֡ ([2013-01-08-1]) Ǹ褦ˡָήפȯۤ˶ᤫä褦˻פ롥
ɸˤĤơ#286. homonymy, homophony, homography, polysemy ([2010-02-07-1])#815. polysemic clash? ([2011-07-21-1])#1801. homonymy polysemy ζ ([2014-04-02-1])#2174. ָ̱츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2015-04-10-1]) ʤɤǰäƤϤ⤦2ĤƱ۵ (homonymy) ¿ (polysemy) ζۣˤĤƲƹͤƤߤ
̣γ路 Saeed (65) Ѹ줫 sole gay θƤ롥sole ˤϡ̾Ȥ "bottom of the foot" ˤ "flatfish" ʥ쥤֡ˤ2Ĥθ롥ξ¿üԤˤȤäƸߤ˴طΤʤΤȤƤꡤäƱ۵ǧƤ롥Ūˤϥƥ solea "sandal" եͳDZѸäΤǤꡤƱǤ롥ΤˡƤߤСȤʿ٤ä֥פǤ롥ǤΰޤޤǤꡤ2ĤθФΩƤƤΤ⤢С1ĤθФΤȤ2ĤθʬƤΤ⤢롥ȤȡΩΤǤСڤϰξԤδط homonymy Ǥ⤢ polysemy Ǥ⤢ȷʤ
⤦1Ĥϡƻ gay Ǥ롥θˤ "homosexual" ƱΡˤ "lively, light-hearted, bright" ۵ʡˤȤ2Ĥμ礿̣롥ä˼㤤ˤȤäơξδϢϡäȤƤΤ˴褦ǡǤ homonymy δطˤİƤΤǤϤʤʤˤξߤ˴طȤȤ館Ƥͤ⤤뤫⤷ʤºݡ̻Ūˤϡ۵ʡפƱΡפؤΰ̣ѲΤȤƤ롥Ǥ⡤ͤˤȤäƤ homonymy̤οͤˤȤäƤ polysemy Ȥ롥븫 homonymy̤θ polysemy ȸƤ褤
ҴŪʰ̣δ顤δط뤳Ȥ϶ˤhomonymy polysemy ζˤĤơŪΤͳʬ
gay ˡˤĤƤϡAmerican Heritage Dictionary Usage Note gay ⻲ȡ
Saeed, John I. Semantics. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
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