
2026ǯ2ϡμͭץåȥե mond ˴줿10䤤˲ޤѸˤαԤ䤬¤ӡ¦ȤƤŪʻɷ¿1Ȥʤޤ
2β֤äƤߤȡʬ¿ˤ錄äƤޤ䤤¾ȤоȤ졤¿ͤǻɷŪȤʤޤȤ櫓ȷؤ꤬¿ä褦˻פޤ
ʲ2ʬ10䤤ȡб mond βؤΥǼޤ̤ɤΤΤޤ顤ѸˤɤʪȤƳڤǤС
1. foremost, hindmost most Ϥʤˤ椨ˤĤƤΤǤ礦23
2. 2;̾οƾ thou ȷɾ ye λȤʬޤߤǤäαѸǤϡꥹȶο˸ڤȤˤ thou ye ΤɤѤޤ25
3. ֤ͤפ֤ͤ͡פˤʤ褦Ƭ12꤫פ̾ϱѸˤϤޤ28
4. ҡرѸ츻ŵ٤ˤơdusk ֲפιȡME duskʲž < OE dox < Gmc *duskaz ȽƤޤäƤĤޤꡤŤ˲žäơҤä֤äΤ˸äȤȤʤΤǤ礦1βžϤ褯ʹޤ2Ϣ³ȤΤϤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦213
5. ѸǤϸ -ng, -mb g, b ȯ줺ɡˤʤäƤޤ-nd ⤤ä [n] ˤʤɤǤ215
6. ɥĸǤ̾ + -ig ˤƻ -en Ĥư첽뤳ȤǤޤѸ̾ + -y ǤϤǤޤϥɥĸ줬ŪǤΤѸΤۤѤ줿ΤɤʤΤǤ礦217
7. ʤѸǤľˡˡ餤ˡפȤĤΤʤΤǤ礦219
8. ma'am 2Ĥ a δ֤ d æǤѸ첻δ֤ d ƤȯΤϤǤ d æ§ˤĤŪ˲ꤤޤ221
9. Say say that SV say "~" Τ褦ȯƤŪˤȤ뤳ȤǤޤsay me Τ褦˿ͤŪˤȤ뤳ȤϤǤޤäơͤˤư֤ʸϺʤȤˤʤޤ~ȸƤפȤ̣ǡS is said to V ȤɽϵƤƤޤ㡧She is said to be a nurse. ϴǸդȸƤ롥סϤʤǤ礦223
10. people person ʣñʤѤˤʤäΤϤĤǤ225
Ȥ櫓ŪäΤϡ4ܤ dusk ˤ2Ťβž (metathesis) ˴ؤǤޥĸ *duskaz űѸޤǤ dox ȲžѸʹߤ˺Ƥ dusk ؤȲžץϡ츫ȸä褦ǡȹͤ뤫⤷ޤǤϡºݤˤϤۤȤǤϤʤȤ䡤ѲѰۤʣˤڤӤޤºݡҲ𤷤 X 10ΤʤǺǤ¿ȿޤϡѲε˴ؤȯŸheldio ˤ#1731. ϼΤǤϤʤߤ롤κؤ١#1730. ABפȤѲΤʤȡ̥Τä˻ޤҤ⤪İ
ޤ2ܤοФ thou ye ΤѤΤȤ⡤Ѹˤˤ̾οƾΡɾΤˤͤǷ礫ʤǡؿޤޤ
7ܤΡѸˤˡפξʤ˴ؤܤޤ¾δѸߤȡäƤ⤷Ǥ͡
#6128. 1 mond 10䤤˲ޤ ([2026-02-05-1]) ΥꥹȤǿ줿μͭץåȥե mond ˤƼμ
Ѹ Rome o 첻 [ou] äƤޤűѸĹ첻oϸ [u:] ˤʤϤʤΤǡθϸűѸ줫ȯ줿ΤǤϤʤѸʹߤκ٤μѸʤΤǤ礦
ɤߤʬȤꡤʤʤä𤬤롥β뤿˼դĴ١ĤƤΤǡ˻ĤƤ
ޤ Rome ȯ /rəʊm || roʊm/ LPD3 Ǥ "Formerly also /ruːm/" ȤäޤOED ˤȡΤ褦ˤä
This pronunciation [= /ruːm/] survived in regional speech into the 20th cent. (compare quots. 1873, 1909 at sense 2a; Sc. National Dict. (at Room) records the pronunciation /rum/ as still in use in Banffshire in 1968). It shows the regular reflex of Middle English long close ō, in turn reflecting Old English ō. By contrast, the modern standard pronunciation was influenced by the pronunciation of the Latin and Italian forms of the place name.
ơǤϤۤʹʤ /ruːm/ ϡĤѤƤΤWalker μ1827ǯǤǤϡθȯ /ruːm/ ȤƼĤġεҤͿƤ롥
The o in this word is irrevocably fixed in the English sound of that letter in move, prove, &c. Pope, indeed, rhymes it with dome,
"Thus when we view some well-proprition'd dome,
"The word's just wonder, and ev'n thine, O Rome!"
But, as Mr. Nares observes, it is most probable that he pronounced this word as if written doom, as he rhymes Rome with doom afterwards in the same poem.
"From the same foes at last both felt their doom;
"And the same age saw learning fall and Rome."
Essay on Criticism, v. 685.
The truth is, nothing certain can be concluded from the rhyming of poets. It may serve to confirm an established usage, but can never direct us where usage is various and uncertain. But the pun which Shakespeare puts into the mouth of Cassius in Julius Cæsar decidedly shows what was the pronunciation of this word in his time:
"Now it is Rome, indeed, and rom enough,
"When there is in it but one only man."
And the Grammar in Queen Anne's time, recommended by Steele, says the city Rome is pronounced like Room; and Dr. Jones, in his Spelling Dictionary, 1704, gives it the same sound.
Dobson μƤڵȡ˴Ť̯ (Vol. 2, §154)
A special case of this variation is Rome, from OE Rōm reinforced by OF Rome. In this word [u:] is normal in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as in Bullokar, Robinson (see further below), Willis, Price (contrast his 'homophone' list; see below), Poole, Lye (following Price), WSC-RS, Brown's 'phonetically spelt' list, and the 'homophone' lists from Butler's onwards, including those of Hodges, Coles's Schoolmaster, and Cooper (which are the best), but with two exceptions (see below). The word has [o:] only in Hart, Price's 'homophone' list (paired with roam; contrast his text, which gives [u:]), and Coles's least selective list, that of the Engl.-Lati. Dict. Cooper in 'editing' the material of earlier 'homophone' lists removes the pairing of Rome with roam to a list of words which are pronounced 'differently' (and not even 'near alike'). Robinson, though he gives [u:] in transcribing Rome in an English text, gives [o:] in Romam in his Latin poem; this important evidence shows that the usual view, that the [o] pronunciation (whence PresE [ou]) in Rome is due to French or Italian influence, is inexact; it is more immediately derived from the English pronunciation of Latin, in which [o] in Roma may show ME substitution of ǭ for ō even in the neighbourhood of a labial, but is more likely to be due to the 'reformed pronunciation', which was based to some extent on foreign models.
mond βǤҤ٤ȤꡤDobson Τ 'reformed pronunciation' ʲȯˤؤΤϻˤʬʤΤǡŬڤɾ뤳ȤǤʤ̾Ի̾ᤰȯˤĤơΤ褦Ǯ蘆Ƥ뤳ȤΤ뤳ȤǤ
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Walker, John. Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language. London: 1827.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
29ʷˤˡ֤Τۤإͥפκǿޤ#403. ѸüԤñʹƥڥ狼ʤȤϤɤ롩ꤷơ֥ڥҲ𤷤ޤ
Ҳ𤹤뤳Ȥˤʤääϡǯ1228˲䡦ӥ mond ǤΤȤ XʵTwitterˤ礭ȿƤӡ365ץåȤðŪܤȤˤޤϡܸǤϴ狼ʤв̾ǽ뤬ѸǤ֤Τʤ硤ͥƥ֤ϤɤƤΤפȤΤǤʸδ⡤Ƥ⤷Ǥ
ϤͤƤꡤѸΥڥϡεǽˤƴ˶ᤤȤ֥ڥƤޤѸΥե٥åʸϡɽʸǤꡤȤ櫓1ʸ1§ȤñʸȤޤ줬1ʸʾȤ߹蘆äڥȤñ̤ˤʤɽʸεǽӤӻϤޤ㤨Сdoubt ΥڥϳΤñʸȤ߹碌ǤǤƤޤb Τ褦˲βˤбʤʸޤޤƤޤdoubt ȤڥΤǹͤȡ1ĤλŪʡֿפǤꡤοֵפ̣ñɽ路ƤޤĤޤꡤڥΤȤɽʸŪʵǽӤӤƤΤǤ
ܸǡֵפȤѡĤʬѥβȤǧ褦ˡѸüԤ doubt Ȥ5ʸ¤Ӥ1ĤλŪñ̤ȤǧƤ롥ĤޤꡤȤǸХե٥åȤȤɽʸȤ߹碌ǤڥȤñ̤ˤʤȡǽŪˤϡִ⡼ɡפȤƱѤƤȤäƤ褤ΤǤ
Ǥϡˤä褦ˡֻ狼ʤȤϤɤΤDZѸˤֲ̾⡼ɡפо줷ޤ줬ե˥å䡤Ȥꤢ̤ŪʥڥǤѸˤִ⡼ɡפȡֲ̾⡼ɡפȤ2ĤΥ⡼ɤڤؤ¸ߤȤΤθΩƤǤ
ưǤϡʸŪʤä˲äڥδְ㤤ҲŪʵϤΥץå㡼ȤǤ⡤ȥڥƤȤ¦̤ˤĤưʼȵƤޤҤİ
֥ڥˤĤƤϡheldio ǤʲۿǤäƤޤΤǡҹ碌ƤİС
#606. ѸΥڥϴǤ2023ǯ127
#1689. ֥ڥ⤷ޤ --- ϼδ2026ǯ112ۿ
#1688. ֥ڥ⤷ޤ --- ǽŪ2026ǯ113ۿ

ε#6128. 1 mond 10䤤˲ޤ ([2026-02-05-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤ mond ǤϤֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؤ꤬¿夲줿Τʤlanguage gu [gw] ȯޤե gu ϸΥƥμѸ [g] Ǥ often եȥƱפ֤ȯȤȤǤפȤ䤤ä
μФ127˲ƤΤΤˤĤĴ٤ȤΤǡ˷ǺܤƤޤ MED θФǧƤ
langāǧe (n.) Also langag, langaige, longage, language, languege, langwache, (errors) lanquage, langegage.
ֻȤ <u> <w> ޤΤ⤢ä褦
OED Notes εҤꡥ
Both in Anglo-Norman (where they are much more frequent than in continental French) and in English, spellings with insertion of u or w after g are due to the influence of classical Latin lingua, as is the standard pronunciation of the English word. In Middle English the word was usually pronounced without /w/ ; the 16th-cent. orthoepists Hart and Bullokar still record this pronunciation as the usual one, and it survives in Scots and Irish English, as shown e.g. by the spellings langidge, langige. See further E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500--1700 (ed. 2, 1968) vol. II. §421 note 7.
ǸڤƤ Dobson (Vol. 2, §421, n. 7) äƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
Note 7: Language, being an adoption of OF langage, normally lacks [w] in ME; so Hart and Bullokar (normally). But it is early affected, in spelling and pronunciation, by Latin lingua (cf. the fourteenth-century spelling langwag recorded by OED); hence [gw] in Bullokar (as a rarer variant), Mulcaster, Gil (who actually gives u), Butler, Hodges, The English Schole-master, Strong, Young, Cooper, and Brown. Similarly banquet (OF banc + et) should have [k], as in Levins, Laneham, Hodges, Strong, and Young; but Coles gives the 'phonetic' spelling bang-quet (contrast blang-ket 'blanket'), which shows the beginning of the PresE spelling-pronunciation. Cooper says that the word is spelt either banquet or banket.
Ǥ language Ȥ banquet Ƥ롥mond βǤ banquet ˤϿʤäθŪʿĴ٤Ƥߤȶ̣
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

2026ǯ1ϡμͭץåȥե mond ˴Ƥ10䤤˲ޤ
ֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؤ꤬5䤢ꡤʬؤδؿι⤵ޤΤۤʸΰ̣ˤꡤӸŪ䤤ʤɡƥʥȥԥå¤Ӥޤ
Ȥ櫓ȿ礭äΤϡ7ܤAIˤ륳ѥؤΰյ˴ؤǤǤ⤢ꡤȤƤѸ˸ԡ˸ؼԤΩ줫顤䤤˿˸äƤߤǤ⳰¿ȿؤפޤ
Ԥ꤬Ȥޤʲ˻ֽ10䤤ȡб mond ؤΥĥޤ̤ɤޤ顤ɤߤСޤmond DzˤĤơܥ֥귡겼뵡褯ޤΤǡmond ˬƤߤƤ
1. would you be kind enough to ֤ʤ to 줹Τ˽ʬʤۤɿڤǤǽʤ餢Ǥ礦פϡˤϿڤȿҤͤƤǤʤ½ɽȻפΤǤϼԤܿͤǤ礦
2. gaol §ŪʤĤŤͳˤĤƶƤ ao o ϲǤ
3. climb bomb ʤɡۻľ硤ing, er ʤɡưξˤ er, est ʤɡʷƻξˤդƤʤɤޤʤޤޤΤϤɤƤʤΤǤ礦
4. ʱѸǤ she Ǽ뤽ǤϸűѸ scip ̾ˤȤϴطʤŪǶδǤΥ֥ҸޤȤǥƥǤϽ̾ navisꥷǤ̾ ͦԏ ǤΤ褦ʸŵ줫αƶβǽϤɤۤɤΤǤ礦
5. salmon ϤĤŤ l Τ l ȯʤȤ餷ơ16--17ΤĤŤȯκ𤬱ƶƤ뽭ޤsalmon ȯɽˤˤĤƶƤ
6. Ѹ Rome o 첻 [ou] äƤޤűѸĹ첻oϸ [u:] ˤʤϤʤΤǡθϸűѸ줫ȯ줿ΤǤϤʤѸʹߤκ٤μѸʤΤǤ礦
7. Υ뤴ȤˤͼˤäʸϤAIȯã¿οͤѤ褦ˤʤꡤʸʹ֤ΤǤʤAIκäʸǧ褦ˤʤäˤơؤΰʬǤ륳ѥؤȤΤϳȤƤΰ̣ʤǤ礦
8. language gu [gw] ȯޤե gu ϸΥƥμѸ [g] Ǥ often եȥƱפ֤ȯȤȤǤ
9. as ... as ʸˤˤĤƶƤ
10. ѸȥɥĸƱޥθդʤΤˡѸˤñ̵̤̤ΤϤɤƤǤ
mond ǤμդˤĤƤΤ餻ޤ hellog #6105. mond Ǥμѹޤ --- ѡ쥿ͥѥˤƳ ([2026-01-13-1]) Ǥ̤ꡤmond Ρ֥ѡ쥿סͭ˵ǽֲͥѥפȤư֤Ť뤳ȤˤƤޤ椫顤ѡ쥿ȤƤΤͥŪ˸ƤƤޤʳǤϤޤβǽϳʤ˹ޤޤˡ̵Ǥμ³ޤޤΤǡұԤ
ε#6118. salmon l ϤʤȯʤΤǤ --- mond μ ([2026-01-26-1]) ǡsalmon ȯֻδطˤĤƼ夲ñϱξѼȤ /ˈsæmən/ ȯ졤l ۻȤʤΤ⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤Ĥ줿첻 /æ/ Ǥ뤳ȤԻĤǤ롥
Carney (249) ˤȡ#5924. could <l> ȯ줿 --- Carney ˤߤŪʡ ([2025-07-16-1]) ǰѤ1θˡΤ褦³
The string <al> is found as a spelling of /ɑː/ (half, calm, etc.) and of /ɔː/ (talk, walk, etc.) in some very common words. It is also a nonce spelling of /æ/ in salmon. The <l> in palm can only be considered an inert representation of /l/ (as both 'part of hand' and 'tree'): cf. palmary, palmic, palmiferous.
Ѥ˵Ƥ half 䤽¾ calf ʤɤ⡤ƲȤƤ /hæf/, /kæf/ Ȥʤ salmon ʿŪѲȤƤ /hɑːf/, /kɑːf/ Ȥʤ롥salmon ϱƤȤ /æ/ ǥˡȤȤˤʤ롥
salmon /æ/ ͳˤĤƤϵꡤѸû첻 ă ȯȹͤľʤΤĹ첻 [a:] βǽⴰˤǤʤ褦MED θФǤϡº sāmŏun 1ֻȤƷǤƤ롥Dobson (Vol. 2, §62) ˼Τ褦ˤ롥
Salmon (ME sa(w)mon, &c.), which retains [æ] in PresE, has ME ă in Coles (who gives the 'phonetic spelling' sam-mun) followed by Young; so probably Strong, whose spelling is samon (but this may perhaps mean ME ā). It is not clear what Cooper's pronunciation was; he includes the word in a list of those which have silent l and fails to mark it with a dagger (thereby showing that it has not got [ɒ:] < ME au), but it is not certain that it has ME ă (as is probable) rather than [a:] < ME au (which is the probable pronunciation of the other words which are left unmarked). WSC-RS includes salmon in a list of words in which al is pronounced au, but this list is merely an unintelligent copy of Cooper's and it is doubtful whether we should assume from it that salmon had [ɒ:].
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
salmon ϤĤŤ l Τ l ȯʤȤ餷ơ16~17ΤĤŤȯκ𤬱ƶƤ뽭ޤsalmonȯɽˤˤĤƶƤ
μͭץåȥե mond ˤơ嵭μޤŪʱñֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؤ뵿Ǥ
СԤο仡äƤޤsalmon l ϡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ŵǤꡤѹͥγؼԤθŵؤƴ줬ΤǤ
hellog Ǥ⤿ӤӼ夲ƤޤѸθä¿ϥեͳäƤޤƥ salmō (acc. salmōnem) ϡťե l æ saumon ʤɤηˤʤޤѸˤñ줬Ѥ줿ȤʤѸǤ l ֤줺ȯ⤵ޤǤʸСsamon samoun ȤäֻŪäΤǤ
Ȥ16濴ȤѸȡƥ䥮ꥷܤμͤѸֻͳƥη᤹٤ȹͤϤޤϥե첽ơ¤äֻ츻ǤƥηȤơͰŪʸΤǤ
debt doubt breceipt p salmon l ʤɤϡ٤ƤλλʪǤθŪֻϡѸ¿ۻ (silent_letter) ĤȤˤʤޤ
DZѸˤΤ⤷ʤʡ꤬ޤֻѤäȤơȯϤɤʤΤȤǤֻ˰ȯѲñfault assault ʤɡˤ⤢СֻѤȯϸŤޤĤ줿ñdebt doubt ʤɡˤ⤢ޤsalmon ϸԤΥ롼פ°ޤֻȯΤͤ줿бط夷ΤϡĺΤȤäΤǤ礦
ǤϡEEBO corpus (Early English Books Online) ΥѥǡȤơsalmon ֻ l 夷ƤŪʻ10ǯߤοܡˤդǼޤĴη̡1530ǯ夫1590ǯˤƤѲ濴äȤʬޤ1590ǯʹߡбطΩȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Ǥϡ1635ǯʸ˸롤Ҳ𤷤ƤޤޤäΥȤơֺפΤΤǤϤޤñ˴Ϣ뤢ٶݡʿǤθȤͭ̾ʥǤˤ̾ˤĤƤƤޤ
ʤ salmon l ȯʤޤޤʤΤظˤ˥ɥޤȶŪʥǡˤĤƤϡҰʲΥβ

Hotta, Ryuichi and Iyeiri Yoko. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus." Chapter 8 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 143--63.
2025ǯ12ϡμͭץåȥե mond ˴줿η8˲ޤ
ٶǮʼ䡤ΤդȤäε䡤ˤѸɽηϤӤʤɡХ饨ƥ٤䤤ޤǡ伫ȤƱѸˤȤߤˤĤƹͤ뤳Ȥ¿ٶˤʤäƤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ʲ˻ֽ8Ĥ䤤ȡб mond ؤΥĥޤɤʪȤƤɤ
1. û̷ˤĤ˼ǤʤI wasû̷̵Ǥ
2. Ѹμٶ˵顤ʸˡˤؤǤ⻰Ǥط̾̾ʤΤǤޤƻŪ˽ȤϡѸŪΤǤ礦
3. recipeʺĴˡˤȤñˤĤƼ䤷ޤñΤĤŤȯϡi 첻Ǹ e ɤޤʤȻפȤǤºݤϤǤϤʤä˸ e ȯΤϱñǤϤʤȻפޤɤƤΤ褦ѤȯʤΤǤ
4. ƻƱȡ -ly Ĥǰ̣ۤʤޤԻĤǤɤƤΤ褦ˤ䤳ȤˤʤäΤǤ礦
5. ӾΡwith O Cפ ɤΤ褦ˤޤ줿ΤǤ
6. God save the king. ñǤ٤ȤѤˡȽޤʤСYou eat sushi. ʤСַʤٵءפȤ̣ˤ⡤ȾˤäƤϤʤޤ
7. nowadaysȤ˴ؤļǤ(1) nowadays ˤ now"a"day"s" Ȥʤñɽ a ʣɽ s ɤĤƤΤǤ礦 (2) Ʊ褦ʰ̣θ recently ޤʤ nowadays ϸ߷ˡrecently ϸߴλ˻ȤȤʬʤ줿ΤǤ礦
8. ܸǤϡʹƲʬäɽʬʤ硤Ȥꤢ̾ǽȤˡȤ뤳ȤǤޤѸǤ֤꤬ʬʤȤ⤽ƻĤȤǤޤʬ뤬֤꤬ʬʤȤϡɤн褷ƤΤǤ
Ȥ櫓6ܤ God save the king. You eat sushi. ӤϡˡߤοȻ¸Ƶ̿εǽȤѸˤ礭ʥơޤ˴ؤˡǤޤ8ܤܸβ̾ɽȱѸֻ˴ؤ䤤ϡʸŪʴ˱ԤŦޤǤꡤƤŪʳФޤޤȤ礭ȿޤ
ơ mond ǤμդˤĤƽפʤΤ餻ޤ hellog #6105. mond Ǥμѹޤ --- ѡ쥿ͥѥˤƳ ([2026-01-13-1]) Ǥ̤Ǥmond Ρ֥ѡ쥿סͭ˵ǽֲͥѥפȤư֤Ť뤳Ȥˤޤ椫顤ѡ쥿ȤƤΤͥŪ˸ƤƤޤʳǤϤޤβǽϳʤ˹ޤޤˡ̵Ǥμ³ޤޤ
ʾ塤ѸˤȤ˥åʬǤȯư̵ʤĹƳڤ³Ƥλ³ǽθǤǤйǤ2026ǯ⡤³ѤʵƤȻפޤ

μͭץåȥե mond ˤơʱѸ she Ǽ봷˴ؤ˲ޤ̤ˡѸˤ̾̾εͲϡѸ˥եƥʸˡʤӤտ魯ʸŪˤαƶ夷ΤȹͤޤűѸʸˡľܷѾ줿櫓ǤϤʤʸˡˡνŪȤƺƹۤ줿ָդפǤȤǤ
Ǥϡ̾ƥ -ia ʽ̾ˤαƶǽ䤹äȤʤɤ˿ޤǡѸεŪͿμ֤ϤۤñǤϤʤäȤˤڤޤֹ̾̾˽Ϳ륱ϳΤΩޤͿޤפȽҤ٤ȤǤ
μĥκȤơMustanoja (51) εҤޤ"Trend Towards Masculine Gender" ꤹǡѸˤߤԻĤʸݤҲ𤵤Ƥޤʲ˥եǰѤޤ
TREND TOWARDS MASCULINE GENDER. --- A feature which seems to be peculiar to the ME development is a tendency of nouns to assume the masculine gender. Not very much is known about this phenomenon, except that it seems to be at work in a large number of ME nouns, native or borrowed from other languages, with concrete or abstract meanings, which tend to assume the masculine gender without any apparent reason and often in contrast to the gender of the corresponding nouns in Latin and French. The fact, for example, that earth (OE feminine) is usually treated as a masculine in ME has been assigned to this peculiar trend towards the masculine gender. This trend has also been thought to account for the occasional use of nature and youth (OE geoguþ, fem.) as masculines. As pointed out above (p. 48), church is often feminine in ME; its occasional use as a masculine noun has also been ascribed to the general tendency of nouns towards the masculine gender. Geographical names are normally neuter, but Robert of Gloucester occasionally treats them as masculines: --- Engelond his a wel god lond; . . . þe see geþ him al aboute, he stond as in an yle (3); --- þe Deneis vor wraþþe þo asailede vaste þen toun and wonne him (RGlouc. 6050; a number of MSS read þe toun and hit). Examples of this kind could be multiplied many times over. It is possible that in several cases of this kind the masculine gender will be satisfactorily explained in some other way when enough evidence has accumulated to clarify its development; yet even if this should happen it can hardly be denied that a tendency towards the masculine gender exists in ME.
Mustanoja ˤСѸˤ̾̾ȤưȼηäȤȤǤθݤξܺ٤ϤޤƤʤ褦Ǥ줫Ѹ줫뤤϶Ụ̄Ụ̄˴ؤ餺¿̾ˤơΤͳʤ㤬ȤΤǤ⡤бƥե̾줬Ǥ䡤űѸǽǤäǤ⡤ѸǤȤư뤳ȤȤ顤츫ȥƤ뤫Τ褦˻פޤ
Mustanoja ϡλΤĤϾṲ̄ͳĤ⤷ʤȿŤ˽Ҥ٤ʤ⡤Ѹˡؤηפ¸ߤȼΤꤷȷǤޤ
鼨ΤϡѸˤƤʸˡȡ³䵼ˡؤΰܹԴˤơͿϰճɤưƤ褦ȤȤǤ
ѸˤǤϡ㳰Ȥդ줬ʻˤѲΥʥߥǤ뤳Ȥޤ she ǼȤ̾ʻǡ̤Τ⤷㤬ҤäȱƤȤȤõƤƤ褤Ǥ͡
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960. 88--92.

μͭץåȥե mond ˤơʱѸ she Ǽ봷˴ؤ˲ޤ̤ˡѸˤ̾̾εͲϡѸ˥եƥʸˡʤӤտ魯ʸŪˤαƶ夷ΤȹͤޤűѸʸˡľܷѾ줿櫓ǤϤʤʸˡˡνŪȤƺƹۤ줿ָդפǤȤǤ
Ǥϡ̾ƥ -ia ʽ̾ˤαƶǽ䤹äȤʤɤ˿ޤǡѸεŪͿμ֤ϤۤñǤϤʤäȤˤڤޤֹ̾̾˽Ϳ륱ϳΤΩޤͿޤפȽҤ٤ȤǤ
μĥκȤơMustanoja (51) εҤޤ"Trend Towards Masculine Gender" ꤹǡѸˤߤԻĤʸݤҲ𤵤Ƥޤʲ˥եǰѤޤ
TREND TOWARDS MASCULINE GENDER. --- A feature which seems to be peculiar to the ME development is a tendency of nouns to assume the masculine gender. Not very much is known about this phenomenon, except that it seems to be at work in a large number of ME nouns, native or borrowed from other languages, with concrete or abstract meanings, which tend to assume the masculine gender without any apparent reason and often in contrast to the gender of the corresponding nouns in Latin and French. The fact, for example, that earth (OE feminine) is usually treated as a masculine in ME has been assigned to this peculiar trend towards the masculine gender. This trend has also been thought to account for the occasional use of nature and youth (OE geoguþ, fem.) as masculines. As pointed out above (p. 48), church is often feminine in ME; its occasional use as a masculine noun has also been ascribed to the general tendency of nouns towards the masculine gender. Geographical names are normally neuter, but Robert of Gloucester occasionally treats them as masculines: --- Engelond his a wel god lond; . . . þe see geþ him al aboute, he stond as in an yle (3); --- þe Deneis vor wraþþe þo asailede vaste þen toun and wonne him (RGlouc. 6050; a number of MSS read þe toun and hit). Examples of this kind could be multiplied many times over. It is possible that in several cases of this kind the masculine gender will be satisfactorily explained in some other way when enough evidence has accumulated to clarify its development; yet even if this should happen it can hardly be denied that a tendency towards the masculine gender exists in ME.
Mustanoja ˤСѸˤ̾̾ȤưȼηäȤȤǤθݤξܺ٤ϤޤƤʤ褦Ǥ줫Ѹ줫뤤϶Ụ̄Ụ̄˴ؤ餺¿̾ˤơΤͳʤ㤬ȤΤǤ⡤бƥե̾줬Ǥ䡤űѸǽǤäǤ⡤ѸǤȤư뤳ȤȤ顤츫ȥƤ뤫Τ褦˻פޤ
Mustanoja ϡλΤĤϾṲ̄ͳĤ⤷ʤȿŤ˽Ҥ٤ʤ⡤Ѹˡؤηפ¸ߤȼΤꤷȷǤޤ
鼨ΤϡѸˤƤʸˡȡ³䵼ˡؤΰܹԴˤơͿϰճɤưƤ褦ȤȤǤ
ѸˤǤϡ㳰Ȥդ줬ʻˤѲΥʥߥǤ뤳Ȥޤ she ǼȤ̾ʻǡ̤Τ⤷㤬ҤäȱƤȤȤõƤƤ褤Ǥ͡
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960. 88--92.

ǯȾΤȤˤʤޤμͭӥ mond ̤ƻ˴줿ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ˲2ĤεXʵTwitter˾ǤȤ330ץåĶȤޤΤפиޤֱѸˤδ֤ˡפåȡ˱Ѹ˳ưhel (helkatsu) ʤȤȤƤ˾δӤǤ
꤬Ȥ˼Ȣˤ¿ƤƤƤꡤߤǤϥȥå380ãƤޤˤϤ٤ܤ̤Ƥޤǽʸ¤ȤϤޤޤʤΤǤɼʲƤꡤ1夲ΤʪŪʸ³Ǥ롤ȤΤľʤȤǤ
ǡι⤤³ijư³ǽʤΤȤ뤿ˡդˤѹƤȤˤޤ
Ūˤϡmond εǽǤ֥ѡ쥿סͭˤֲͥѥפȤư֤Ť뤳ȤˤޤޤǤ⥹ѡ쥿ǽΤϥˤƤޤϤͥŪܤ̤ƤפΥåȤȤƳѤƤޤ椫顤ѡ쥿ȤƤΤ̤ͥξ̤֤ޤʳǤϤޤǽϳʤ˹ޤޤˡ
ǸΤʤ褦˶ĴƤΤϡmond λ;塤ݶ⤬ȯΤϻ䤬ֲΤߡפǤȤǤѡ쥿äȤƤ⡤䤬ʤ뤤ϤǤˤ˴֤СԤ˶Ūôϰޤޤǡʼλ椫ͥŪ˥ԥååפƤλȤߡ뤤ϻؤвȤꤲȼܵμפؤͥ֡ªƤйǤפˤĤƤϡhelפΰݻȯŸΤ˻Ȥ碌Ƥޤ
̵Ǥμ³紿ޤǤ֤äʹƤߤפȤڤʵ䤳ճȳŪ˿䤤ޤǤ뤳Ȥ¿ǤϾҤ̤ꥹȥåѤ߾夬äƤ뤿ᡤ䤬λεʬؿ˹碌ơֵޤޤˡФƤСפ˶ᤤȤʤޤɤФ줿å餤δФƤƤФȻפޤޤ̤ꡤ⤷䡤¿αѸؽԤͭƤǤˤϡ̵ͭ鷺ѶŪƤĤǤ
mond Ǥβϡ伫ȤˤȤäƤؤӤ¿ץȤʤäƤޤ糰λѤʵ˥ϥäȤ뤳Ȥ⤢СĴľǿθ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤ
ʾϡѸˤȤ˥åʬǤȯư̵ʤĹƳڤ³Ƥλ³ǽθǤǤͤǮդˤϡץեåʥȤƸ礤ȹͤƤޤΤδĶȤơйǤ
ϰʲΥդƤޤѸθ츻ʸˡȯˤʤɡѤʵ䤫ޥ˥åʼޤǡԤƤޤ

1228Τˡμͭץåȥե mond ƤX 礭ȿƤǤޤդǥץå100ĶīޤǤ358ãƤޤѸʸκ˴ؤʸǡ츫̣ʥơޤǤ夬äƤޤäȤȤˡʬؤŪʴؿι⤵Ƽ´Ƥޤ
ȤʤäƤΤϡmond ˴줿1ĤμǤܸǤϡʹƲʬäɽʬʤ硤Ȥꤢ̾ǽȤˡȤ뤳ȤǤޤѸǤ֤꤬ʬʤȤ⤽ƻĤȤǤޤʬ뤬֤꤬ʬʤȤϡɤн褷ƤΤǤȤ䤤Ǥ
Фǡϡ֥ե٥åȤ̾Τ褦˻ȤФפȤȡֱѸΥڥϴΤ褦ʤΤפȤŸޤ
βФ X Υץ饤̤˳ȯʵ蘆ƤޤȿƤƵŤ줿ΤϡΡ䤤Τ˹¿ŪǤȤǤʸǤϡŪˤɤξ̤ꤷƤΤ1ޤޤ餳ּʬʤ餳פȤ¿ͤʰոФƤ櫓Ǥ
ΡֱѸ˲̾ϤʤΤᤰƤΤǡǸȻפޤΰտޤʤ٤դ뤿ˡʤȤʲ6ĤۤɤΥѥθɬפȸǤϹͤƤޤ
1. ïнˡҤͤƤΤ
A. ѸüԡʤϤɤн褷Ƥޤ
B. ܸüԤDZѸؽԤγʤϤɤн褷Ƥޤ
2. ֻӤϡ
A. ¾ͤȶͭʤǤΥեޥʥΤ
B. ¾ͤȶͭǤΥեޥʸΤ
3. ɤޤˡˤ뤫Ϥ˽Ȥפ뤤ϤȤꤢãǤнʬ
A. §ȤƤñƥȡعΥݡȡʸʤɡ
B. ۤɤʤʥ⡤ƤǤʤɡ
4. ֻΤꤿñμϡ
A. ̸̾
B. ̾
5. ñȯֻˤɤ夯ˡϡ
6. ñΰ̣ʬäƤ롤뤤Ϥٿ¬Ǥ뤫
ʸȤϲȤϲεǮ䤵³ƤФȻפޤ
Ϣơ29θˡʶꤹ heldio ˤۿ֡152Ķmond ΡֱѸ˲̾ϤʤΤޤޤ
ޤ30Τˤϡ³ԤȤʤ mond ؤβƤƤΤǡ⤴
#6081. ˡߤȤƤ God save the king. You eat sushi. --- mond Ǥ ([2025-12-20-1]) Ǽ夲˾ˡʤ뤤ϵ³ˡˤˤĤ롥˾ˡϡ#3543. ظʸˡŵ٤ optative (mood) β ([2019-01-08-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤΤʤꤵ줿ɽѤ롥֤뤳Ȥ¿Quirk et al. (§11.39) ꡤιʸ˴ؤܻǧƤ
Far be it from me to spoil the fun
Suffice it to say we lost.
Long live the Republic!
So be it.
So help me God.
֤ʤŪʥѥ⤢롥
God save the Queen!
God/The Lord/Heaven bless you/forbid/help us!
The devil take you. <archaic>
ʶ뤬 may ֤ܤȸϼ㴳¤롥
May the best man win!
May all your troubles be small!
May you always be happy!
May you break your neck!
⤦1Ĥθʷ would (to God) that . . . Ǥ롥
Would (to God) that I'd never heard of him!
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
μͭץåȥե mond ˼μ䤬ϤޤGod save the king. ñǤ٤ȤѤˡȽޤʤСYou eat sushi. ʤСַʤٵءפȤ̣ˤ⡤ȾˤäƤϤʤޤ

μ˲Ȥsushi ʸפȤ SNS ǤܤޤäƤޤ
äơȾǤϡˡߤȤƤΡsushi ʸפˤĤơѸˤδʤ顤ŪʲǽȸŪʻѤμ֤Ƥޤ˾ɽ魯ˡߤϡűѸ줫ѸˤƤ̤ѤƤޤѸʹߤˤϿष#3543. ظʸˡŵ٤ optative (mood) β ([2019-01-08-1]) ǸȤꡤGod save the king So be it ʤɤθɽѤΤߤȤʤꡤΡsushi ʸפΤ褦Ū˴˾ɽ뤳Ȥϻ¾Բǽˤʤޤ
ޤȾǤϡʿפȡ̿פȡִ˾פȯù (speech_act) ΰ㤤ˤޤYou eat sushi. ϤβǽǤºݾϴ˾ɤߤϤʤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦ȯαΧǡ̿פɤߤϻĤޤˤĤƤ⡤ǶᵤˤʤäƤ˥塼ɤƻϩɸ "PEDESTRIANS GIVE WAY TO VEHICLES" ˵ƾƤߤޤ

Ҿ嵭ɤߤˤ⤳ˤĤƤͤФȻפޤޤؤܤơΤ heldio ۿ֡ڥۿX16סΡsushiʸײԤʤޤΤǡ⥢餪İС
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
μͭץåȥե mond ˼μ䤬ϤޤӾΡwith O CפϤɤΤ褦ˤޤ줿ΤǤ

¿ȿƤޤŪʰ̣ѲȳŪʱƶȤ2ĤλޤҤɤߤС
ŪʱƶȤΤϡűѸ˥ƥ줫˺ݤơƥΩ°ʹʸ (absolute ablative) mid ѤűѸιʸ˰ܤؤ줿Ȥ˴ŤƤޤ줬Ѹʹߤ with ӾιʸˡɤΤ褦˷ӤĤƤΤϡޤ̤ǤѸŪˤϡΤȤȻפޤ
ѸζŪʴѻȤƤϡQuirk et al. (§9.55, pp. 704--05) ˡӾ withפؤθڤޤѸѸȤƤ "accompanying circumstances" "contingency" ʤɤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ǤεΤˡޤӾ withפɤΤ褦ʻȤΤɤäʸǧƤޤ礦
[T]hey [= with and without] can introduce finite (sic) and verbless clauses as adverbial:
He wandered in without shoes or socks on.
With so many essays to write, I won't have time to go out tonight.
The fuller clausal equivalent is a participial adverbial clause expressing contingency (cf 15.46):
Having so many essays to write, I won't have time to go out tonight.
Since with and without in these functions introduce clauses, they are subordinators, not prepositions. The nonfinite clause may also be a to-infinitive. Compare:
With Mary being away
With no one to talk to
With Mary away John felt miserable.
With the house empty
Without anyone to talk to
with Τߤʤ餺 without Ӿʸ⤢뤳ȡֻθư̾줬ľ³ȤϤʤȤʤɡħ뤳ȤʬޤŪˤ̻Ūˤⶽ̣οԤʤʸǤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
11ϡμͭץåȥե mond ˴줿ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפη9˱ѸˡѸؤδޤĤΤ褦ѤǤ뤫餳¿äΤǤͤꤷʤ顤伫ȤΰոޤȤޤäƤΤǡŤʵǤ꤬Ȥޤ
ʲ˻ֽ9Ĥ䤤ȡб mond ؤΥĥޤɤʪȤƤɤ
1. ߴλˤĤƤμǤhave gone to go to 줿ΤȻפΤǤhave been to ϡbe ư to פǤϻȤʤǤ͡be ư to פϥʤΤˡhave been to פϻȤΤϤʤǤʸI have been to Tokyo.I am to Tokyo.
2. few little a ֤ȹǡ̵ΰ̣ˤʤΤϤɤȤߤǤޤlittle Ͻ̾줬ԲĻξ˻ȤΤ괧֤ȤǤΤϤʤǤ
3. ³Ƿ֤Ȥ;ΤȻ;ΤǤϤɤ餬ԤΤǤޤ;ΤǸ֤ʤȤʤͳϲǤ㡧he and II ϺǸ֤
4. sensible ϡʬ̤١ظ٤Ȥ̣ǤƬ in դ insensible ϡʬ̤ʤ١ϼ٤Τ褦ȿФΰ̣ǤϤʤشФʤ١ߴ٤Ȥ̣ˤʤäƤޤޤޤȿФˤߤ insensible in sensible ϡҴ٤ȤʤꤽǤǤϤޤ(in)flammable ξȤϰ㤤 in εǽäƤޤеˤϤʤäƤޤο㤤ϤɤΤ褦ΤǤ
5. ˴ؤ뵿ǤĤƤϳѲäᡤ礬ټͳǤäȤǤΤǤѲʤʤꡤʤ SVO ˤʤäΤǤ礦SOV OVS ʤɤǤ褯ʤפäƤޤޤĤޤꡤꤹ뤳ȤŪǤä SVO ǤɬפϤʤäΤǤϤʤǤ礦
6. ʤƻ̾ (she, it, mine) ǤʤǤ
7. public ϡ罰~סָ~סָΩ~סָŪפȤ̣Ǥɤ public school ϡֻΩعפɽΤǤ
8. ѸֻˤʬΥͭΰ̣ž of ΩӤΰ̣ž with ʤΰ̣ȤϰۤʤäȤषդΤ褦ʻȤ褦ˤʤäΤޤϤʤʤΤǤ礦
9. ˱ѸȤ椦䤵ޤTake an umbrella with you. with you äƲɬפʤǤ׳ΤˡTake an umbrella. Ǥ̤Τǡwith NP ̤ˤʤʤȻפäƤޤޤ
Ȥ櫓Ǹ9ܤϡܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ڤƤ̤ꡤȿޤΤǡҤɤߤ

12⡤ʤ٤Ū˲ƤФȻפäƤޤ
ε#6062. Take an umbrella with you. with you ϤʤɬפʤΤ --- mond ȿ ([2025-12-01-1]) ȡΩ mond Ǥβơ with you ˤĤơ˹ͻƤߤ롥
βǤϡֻ with you ¿ take θꤹôäƤȲ⤷ֻ¸ߤˤꡤ take ñʤּפǤϤʤֻäƤפ̣뤳Ȥꤹ롥ʸ̮ˤäƤƱͤϲ̤ΤľܸŪ˲̤ΤǤСϤ˾ޤȤե졼ΰ̣ϡǤΰ̣ñǷޤȤ⡤ߤζ (collocation) 켫Τˤäޤ롤ȹͤ롥ϡ¤ŪˤǧθŪˤǧƤª
ơwith you ϡҤΰ̣굡ǽ˿ԤȿȤƲƹͤƤߤȡ¾ˤ⤢ꤽǤ롥1ĹͤΤϡִֶطǽפȤǤ̾դ٤ǽTake an umbrella with me. 㡤ʤֻܿ;̾ʺƵŪˡפȼ¾ʸͤƤߤ褦ʸ Quirk et al. Ȥ hellog #2322. I have no money with me. me ([2015-09-05-1]) ƷǤ롥
(1) He looked about him.
(2) She pushed the cart in front of her.
(3) She liked having her grandchildren around her.
(4) They carried some food with them.
(5) Have you any money on you?
(6) We have the whole day before us.
(7) She had her fiancé beside her.
ĤǤϡưΰ̣ꤹ뵡ǽȯưƤȲǤ뤬¿ǺΩĤΤϡŪλؼоݳơŪʶִطĴƤ뤳Ȥ(6) ˤĤƤϡαѤǻִطˤƱʸѤƤȲ롥(1) ξǤСִط above him Ǥ behind him Ǥʤ about him ʤΤȤ˶ᤤĴε̣롥
ϢƤιʸħŪϡֻζֻ줽ΤΤ;̾ˤʤȤĤޤꡤɽФƤʤ¾ֻȤ椬ռƤ롤ȹͤΤǤϤʤΤȤϡ"Pat felt a sinking sensation inside (her)." Τ褦˿;̾줬ɽФ餷ʤ뤳Ȥ⵿롥
Take an umbrella with you. with you ȡΰ̣굡ǽβˤСּפǤʤּäơ˷ӤƤפȤعʤޤȤΤݥȤäϹ̣ưΥڥȤ˴ؤ뺹߽ۤФȤǤƤִطҵǽȤ̵طǤϤʤषʪŪưΥڥȤϡִط̩ܤʴطˤϤǡξǽΩ̡εǽȤϡϢ³Τª褤Τ⤷ʤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
˰³Ƥꡥ轵ζˡ䤬μͭץåȥե mond ƤXʵ Twitter˾Ƕä٤ȿƤǤޤդXΥץå327mond ǤΡ֤͡פ800ǤֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפؤδؿι⤵Ƽ´Ƥޤ
ȤʤäƤΤϡ줿Τ褦ʼǤ
˱ѸȤ椦䤵ޤTake an umbrella with you. with you äƲɬפʤǤ׳ΤˡTake an umbrella. Ǥ̤Τǡwith NP ̤ˤʤʤȻפäƤޤޤ
¤˱ԤǤΤ Take an umbrella. Ǥʸֻ̮äƤʤפΰ̣ȤʤΤǡŪˤ̤Ǥ礦 take ˤϡֻäƤפȤΤ˺ܤäƤ櫓Ǥ顥Ǥϡʤ虜虜 with you Ȥʰ츫ȾĹʡֻźΤʱѸȤΤǤ礦
βγ˿ϡ¿βáפˤޤư take ϱѸǤؤ¿Ǥꡤܵϡ֡ʼˡ˼ (= grab/grasp/seize) ۤɤǤʸ̮ʤ硤ϰ Take an umbrella. ñˡֻ˼ʤפȤᤵΤǤ with you ź뤳ȤǡַȹԡפȤڥŪʰ̣뤳Ȥˤʤꡤֻ̣äƤפ˸ꤵΤǤ I have money. ֤⤬פ I have money on me. ֤⤬פΰ㤤ˤ̤롤Ѹζ̣ᥫ˥Ǥ
βեեåAIˤȤƤޤȤƤߤޤŪȡwith you ΰ̣굡ǽ褯ʬȻפޤ

mond ԤǤϡθŪᥫ˥ˤĤơPass me the salt. ܸư~ƤפȤӤʤ顤ܤ⤷Ƥޤ
with you ˤĤƤϡ̣굡ǽȤڤ⤷ޤۤ˥ڥȡִطҵǽȤǤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤޤϤޤ̤εˤҲ𤷤Ȼפޤ
Ѥʵ䤬˱ѸܼͤƤ뤫ҰʲΥ mond ǤΥꥸʥɤǡѸΡ֤ʤפꤷƤС
Take an umbrella with you. with you äƲɬפʤǤ
μͭӥ mond ˴줿˲ޤ줬XͳƥХäƤޤīλǡXƤ320פƤꡤäƤޤhelXƤˤǤϺ¿Ǥ
˱ѸȤ椦䤵ޤTake an umbrella with you. with you äƲɬפʤǤ׳ΤˡTake an umbrella. Ǥ̤Τǡwith NP ̤ˤʤʤȻפäƤޤޤ

礦 take ȤñˤĤĴ٤ͤꤷƤȤäȤ⤢ꡤμʤԥååפƲǤΤ褦ȿȤ˶äƤޤ
⤽䤬ɼǤ¿αѸؽԤζƤֱ֡Ѹ˴ؤѤʵפäȻפޤ
ܥ֥ mond 䤽¾͡Τhel (helkatsu) ŸƤޤȤ櫓褦ʡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפŻ뤷Ƥޤ褦ȤĤߤϡѸˤѸؤκǤŪʷȹͤƤ뤫ǤߤȤƤ⡤ɬ褹ФǤϤʤषƤޤȤ¿ΤǤʤȤ⥳ȥФˤĤƹͤ뵮ŤʵȤʤޤ
ޤǤ mond 100ʾΡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ˲ƤޤȤ櫓¿ȿ5ĥԥååפƤߤޤɤʪȤƤɤ
mond ֤ʤƻ̾ (she, it, mine) ǤʤǤפؤβ

mond ֱѸǤñʣζ̤ޤʤ1ȤʳפʤΤǤ礦

mond that ³ȤƤˡΤФthis ˤ줬ʤäΤϤʤǤ礦

mond ֤ɤƱѸˤϴ줬ΤǤ礦ʤƤ̣̤褦ʵޤ


ѸؽԤγˤޤƤϡҡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפڤˤƤФȻפޤTake an umbrella with you. ˴ؤ뤪ȤμƤ줿 mond Ƥ줿ԤXǴۥȤƳȻƤä꤬ȤޤơʡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ mond ˤƤԤƤޤ
μͭӥ Mond ˤ5αѸ˴ؤ˲ޤΤ̤äƥĥꡤդޤ
(1) ʤ̻ͷΥǤΤˡͭʤͷΥǤʤΡ
ŪˤϿ̻ (QP) ȸ (DP) ΰ㤤ˤΤǤǤǤϹԤޤŪˤСűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ̻ͷΥϾ¸ߤƤޤȤȤ¤ʤäƤƤȤ¤ޤܤϿ Ƿ ͵ ˡʸˡȸѲ١ʳҡ2024ǯȤ
(2) have got to got ȤϲʤΤǤ礦
have got ֳȤפȤߴλΰ̣Ǥ16ֻäƤפȤñʰ̣žޤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) βФơ have ѤȤ夷Ƥޤ#5657. Ū have got ȯã (1) ([2024-10-22-1])#5658. Ū have got ȯã (2) ([2024-10-23-1]) ȡ
(3) ѸǤñʣζ̤ޤʤ1ȤʳפʤΤǤ礦
1פ¾ο٤ä˴ŪǽפʿǤ뤿ȹͤޤűѸˤп⤢ޤѸʹߤñʣ2ʬȤʤޤθǤϺ5ʬޤǻĤΤ⤢ޤ#5660. ʤѸˤñʣζ̤Ρ --- Mond ǤμȲ ([2024-10-25-1]) ȡ
(4) λϤʤưη³ɽǤΤǤ礦
λνˡζϡָߤȤδͿפǤ³ΰ̣ϼ˾ưǸ졤ưưǤϴλΰ̣ɽФޤޤֻŪפⴰλνפħȹͤޤ#5651. Ф븽ߴλΰ̣ŪħϡפǤ ([2024-10-16-1]) ȡ
(5) subjunctive mood ʲˡ³ˡˤθߴλˤĤ
ˡߴλ¸߲ǽǼ⸫ޤŪޤǤˡηϤϡָߡλפ3ȤߤȤΤǡǴλ꤬ɬפʾ˸ߴλѤ롤Ȳ᤹ΤϤǤ礦
ʾǤ11 Mond ˤƱѸʻˡˤ˴ؤѤʵդƤޤˤʤ䤤
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