hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

l - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-11 Sat

#6193. Ť l θ [l][consonant][phonetics][pronunciation][vowel][rp][etymological_respelling]

Ϣ /l/ ˤĤˤƤ롥RP Ǥ /l/ ΰ۲1ġְŤ [ɫ]פϡѸ˾塤Ԥ첻ФƼ˼ŪʱƶͿ³ƤޤΤ褦첻˱ƶͿˡ [ɫ] 첻ƾäƤȤʤäˤϸ RP Estuary English Ǥ¿쾯ʤƤǤ⤢롥Cruttenden (203) ꡤŤ [ɫ] 첻ؤαƶȡ켫Ȥ첻üˤĤƤβսѤ롥

The velarization of [ɫ] often has the effect of retracting and lowering slightly the articulation of a preceding front vowel, e.g. feel, fill, fell, canal; in the case of /iː/+[ɫ], a central glide between the vowel and [ɫ] is often noticeable, and the [ɪ] element of [eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ] tends to be obscured, e.g. in pail, pile, oil. /uː/ before [ɫ] tends to be more monophthongal and nearer to C[u].


Variations in the quality of the back vowel resonance associated with [ɫ] are, however, to be found among RP


Ϣϡ#2027. 󥰥ɤdzȤ miuk ȯ ([2014-11-14-1]) Ǥ⿨줿ޤ#3947. Ҳˤ l æ ([2020-02-16-1]) Ȥ碌ơl ϼϤβˤƶͿ뤷ʬȤü䤹ȤħǡѸ˾βѲΥץ졼䡼ȤäƤ褤ΤǤ롥

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.

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2026-04-10 Fri

#6192. ¦ /l/ μפʥ [l][phonetics][phonology][pronunciation][oe][consonant]

ε#6191. 뤤 l ȰŤ l ([2026-04-09-1]) ˰³¦ /l/ ˴ؤꡥѸˤˤ /l/ Υ롼ġ뤤ϼʥˤĤơCruttenden (204) Ѥ롥

Chief sources---PresE /l/ derives from OE [l,ll] (land, climb, all, tell, apple), from OE [hl], [xl] or [l̥] (loaf, ladder)---since OE front vowels tended to be diphthongized before /l/, it seems likely that /l/ in such a position was velarized in OE as it is today; from OF [l] (lamp, close, colour, veal, able). In many cases pre-consonantal [ɫ], especially after back or open vowels, was vocalized to [ʊ] (walk, talk, half, folk) in the early fifteenth century, such a pronunciation being commonly shown by the seventeenth-century grammarians; but in some cases (halt, salt, malt), it has been retained; in others, an /l/ has been re-introduced in spelling and pronunciation (fault, falcon, emerald, soldier, realm) or merely in the spelling (calm, palm, balm). The loss of /l/ in could, should, would occurred in eModE.


űѸˡʤȤ⤢ĶǤϰŤ [ɫ] ԤʤƤŪڵ򤬤ȤȤ뤤 [l] ˤĤƤϤɤʤΤŤ RP Τ褦ʬۤǡ뤤 [l] ¸ƤΤ뤤ϱѸˤ椫餢Ѽˤ۲ȤʬۤϤ᤿Τե󥹸 /l/ Ū뤤 [l] Ǥ뤳Ȥͤ碌ȡݥ饤ȤĴȤƤ뤤 [l] ѸƳ줿ȤȤϹͤʤΤ/l/ ĴҤȤĤȤäƤߤƤ⡤⤷ѸˤǤ

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.

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2026-04-09 Thu

#6191. 뤤 l ȰŤ l [rp][l][phonetics][phonology][pronunciation][minimal_pair][variety][consonant]

RP (= Received Pronunciation) Ǥϡ¦ /l/ ˡ뤤 [l] (clear [l]) ȡְŤ [ɫ] (dark [ɫ]) ̤롥뤤 [l] ϡ̤Ÿ˻夲Ĵǡ첻βȤʤ롥Ť [ɫ] ϸ̤˻夲Ĵǡ첻βȤʤ롥
줾줬ʬۤΤǤ롥첻뤤 /j/ ֤Ǥ뤤 [l] ¸졤ʳΤ٤Ƥΰ֤ǤϰŤ [ɫ]¸롥ʲĤΰ۲ñȤȤ˵󤲤Ƥߤ롥

뤤 [l]: leave, let, lock; blow, glad, splice; silly, yellow, alloy; medley, ugly, nobly; feel it, fall out, all over ʺǸΤ褦˸춭ˤ뤤 [l]
̵θ֤Ǥ̵뤤 [l] : play, please, plant, apply, aplomb, clean, close, climb
̵̵θ֤뤤̵໤θ֤ǤʬŪ̵뤤 [l] : placebo, aptly, butler, antler, ghastly; sloppy, slow, slink, fling, flow, earthly
Ť [ɫ]: feel, fill, fell, help, bulb, salt; alpine, elbow, halter
粻Ū [ɫ̩]: table, middle, cudgel, camel, final
̵Ҳθ֤ǤʬŪ̵粻Ū [ɫ̩] : apple, little, satchel, awful

ڤܤ /l/ ˤĤƤϡξζ̩ˤʤäƤ뤬뤤 [l] ȰŤ [ɫ] κǾФ򼨤üԤȤΤ褦üԤˤƤϡǤζڤ˱ coupling [ˈkʌplɪŋ] (connecting device) coupling [ˈkʌpɫɪŋ] (joining) ̤Ȥ
뤤 [l] ȰŤ [ɫ] RP Ǥ̤뤬ʳѼǤ϶̤ʤȤ¿㤨С̥ꥫѸ졤ɸॹåȥɱѸ졤ȥꥢѸ졤˥塼ɱѸ졤󥰥Ѹ졤̥륺ѸǤϡ٤Ƥΰ֤ǰŤ [ɫ] 롥ɱѸ졤ɽѸ졤륺Ѹ졤Tyneside Ǥϡ٤Ƥΰ֤뤤 [l] 롥
ʾ塤Cruttenden (200--05) ˰͵򤷤ƼɮϢơ#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-10-1]

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2026-01-31 Sat

#6123. salmon 1첻 [vowel][spelling_pronunciation_gap][l][silent_letter][mond]

ε#6118. salmon l ϤʤȯʤΤǤ --- mond μ ([2026-01-26-1]) ǡsalmon ȯֻδطˤĤƼ夲ñϱξѼȤ /ˈsæmən/ ȯ졤l ۻȤʤΤ⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤Ĥ줿첻 /æ/ Ǥ뤳ȤԻ׵ĤǤ롥
Carney (249) ˤȡ#5924. could <l> ȯ줿 --- Carney ˤߤŪʡ׸ ([2025-07-16-1]) ǰѤ1θˡΤ褦³

The string <al> is found as a spelling of /ɑː/ (half, calm, etc.) and of /ɔː/ (talk, walk, etc.) in some very common words. It is also a nonce spelling of /æ/ in salmon. The <l> in palm can only be considered an inert representation of /l/ (as both 'part of hand' and 'tree'): cf. palmary, palmic, palmiferous.


Ѥ˵󤲤Ƥ half 䤽¾ calf ʤɤ⡤ƲȤƤ /hæf/, /kæf/ Ȥʤ salmon ʿŪѲȤƤ /hɑːf/, /kɑːf/ Ȥʤ롥salmon ϱƤȤ /æ/ 򼨤ǥˡȤȤˤʤ롥
salmon /æ/ ͳˤĤƤϵꡤѸû첻 ă ȯȹͤľʤΤĹ첻 [a:] βǽⴰˤǤʤ褦MED θФǤϡº sāmŏun 1ֻȤƷǤƤ롥Dobson (Vol. 2, §62) ˼Τ褦ˤ롥

Salmon (ME sa(w)mon, &c.), which retains [æ] in PresE, has ME ă in Coles (who gives the 'phonetic spelling' sam-mun) followed by Young; so probably Strong, whose spelling is samon (but this may perhaps mean ME ā). It is not clear what Cooper's pronunciation was; he includes the word in a list of those which have silent l and fails to mark it with a dagger (thereby showing that it has not got [ɒ:] < ME au), but it is not certain that it has ME ă (as is probable) rather than [a:] < ME au (which is the probable pronunciation of the other words which are left unmarked). WSC-RS includes salmon in a list of words in which al is pronounced au, but this list is merely an unintelligent copy of Cooper's and it is doubtful whether we should assume from it that salmon had [ɒ:].


Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

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2026-01-27 Tue

#6119. falcon l ȯ뤫ʤ [sobokunagimon][notice][l][silent_letter][etymological_respelling][emode][renaissance][french][latin][spelling_pronunciation_gap][eebo][pronunciation]

ε#6118. salmon l ϤʤȯʤΤǤ --- mond μ ([2026-01-26-1]) Ǥϡsalmon ʺˤۻ l طʤˤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 夲ޤϡδϢǡ褯аޤ򤿤ɤʤ⸽Ǥϰۤʤ̤ȤʤäƤ falcon ʥϥ֥ˤˤĤä򤷤ޤ礦
falcon salmon Ʊ͡ƥ (falcōnem) ͳ褷ťե󥹸 (faucon) ν֤ФѸäƤޤäơϱѸǤ l ʸȯ⤢ޤǤȤ16˥ƥֻ򻲾Ȥ <l> ֻͰŪޤޤǤ salmon ȤޤäƱƻڤǤ
ѸɸŪȯˤơsalmon <l> ۻǤΤФfalcon l /ˈfælkən/ /ˈfɔːlkən/ Τ褦ˡֻ̤ /l/ ȯΤ̤ǤϡֻȯϤȤʤäȯΤΤѲȤʤޤ
Ȥ֤ϤñǤϤޤ󡥸ȯ֤ܤĴ٤Ƥߤȡ̣¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤޤLPD3 ˷ǺܤƤ롤ƤΰüԤоݤȤ Preference Poll η̤򸫤Ƥߤޤ礦


falcon_LPD.png



Ū¿ /l/ ȯƤޤƤȤ3%ۤɤüԤϡߤǤ /l/ ʤ /ˈfɔːkən/ ʤɤθŤפȯѤƤ뤳Ȥǧޤξ <l> ۻȤʤޤ˶̣ΤϡCEPD17 εҤǤμˤϡΥߥ˥ƥˤ봷ѤˤĤƤ᤬ޤ

Note: /ˈfɔː-/ is the usual British pronunciation among people who practise the sport of falconry, with /ˈfɔː-/ and /ˈfɔːl-/ most usual among them in the US.


뾢δ֤ǤϡꥹǤ /l/ ȯʤ̤ǤꡤꥫǤ⤽ηȤΤǤȤδ֤ǤϡŪȯֶȳѸפΤ褦˲вƻĤäƤȤΤ϶̣ݤǤ
ǤϡŪ˸Ƥ <l> ֻϤĺ夷ΤǤ礦Hotta and Iyeiri ǤϡEEBO corpus (Early English Books Online) ѤơѸˤ falcon ֻѰۤܺ٤ĴޤĴˤСñʣޤơʲΤ褦37̤ΰ۷ǧޤ (147) <l> ̵ͭܤƤ

falcon, falcons, faulcon, faucon, fawcons, faucons, fawcon, faulcons, falkon, falcone, faukon, faulcone, faukons, falkons, faulcones, faulkon, faulkons, falcones, faulken, fawlcon, fawkon, faucoun, fauken, fawcoun, fawken, falken, fawkons, fawlkon, falcoun, faucone, faulcens, faulkens, faulkone, fawcones, fawkone, fawlcons, fawlkons


ޤɴǤʬϤΤʷƤޤʸǤϼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤޤ (152)

FALCON is one of the most helpful items for us in that it occurs frequently enough both in non-etymological spellings without <l> and etymological spellings with <l>. The critical point in time for the item was apparently the middle of the sixteenth century. Until the 1550s and 1560s, the non-etymological type (e.g., <faucon> and <fawcon>) was by far the more common form, whereas in the following decades the etymological type (e.g., <faulcon> and <falcon>) displaced its non-etymological counterpart so quickly that it would be the only spelling in effect at the end of the century.


Ĥޤꡤ16ȾС1550ǯ~1560ǯˤžǤޤǤ faucon Τ褦ŪֻͥǤθ塤® falcon ʤɤθ츻ŪֻäꡤˤϤܴ֤ۤäΤǤ
salmon falconƱƱ褦ư l ʤ顤ۻȤʤꡤ¾ϡȤСۤܡȯ褦ˤʤäѸˤϡͽ¬ԲǽʸġñΥɥޤƤޤ
falcon ˤĤƿƤ¾ε⤴Ȥ

#192. etymological respelling (2) ([2009-11-05-1])
#488. ȯɤ򼨤ΰ ([2010-08-28-1])
#2099. fault l ([2015-01-25-1])
#5981. ˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ʸҡ2011ǯˡ ([2025-09-11-1])

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Roach, Peter, James Hartman, and Jane Setter, eds. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 17th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
Hotta, Ryuichi and Iyeiri Yoko. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus." Chapter 8 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 143--63.

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2026-01-26 Mon

#6118. salmon l ϤʤȯʤΤǤ --- mond μ [mond][sobokunagimon][notice][l][silent_letter][etymological_respelling][emode][renaissance][french][latin][spelling_pronunciation_gap][eebo][pronunciation]

salmon ϤĤŤ l Τ l ȯʤȤ餷ơ16~17ΤĤŤȯκ𤬱ƶƤ뽭ޤsalmonȯɽˤˤĤƶƤ


μͭץåȥե mond ˤơ嵭μ򤤤ޤŪʱñֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؤ뵿Ǥ
СԤο仡äƤޤsalmon l ϡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ŵǤꡤѹͥ󥹴γؼԤθŵ󵢤ؤƴ줬񸽲ΤǤ
hellog Ǥ⤿ӤӼ夲ƤޤѸθä¿ϥե󥹸ͳäƤޤƥ salmō (acc. salmōnem) ϡťե󥹸 l æ saumon ʤɤηˤʤޤѸˤñ줬Ѥ줿ȤʤѸǤ l ֤줺ȯ⤵ޤǤʸ򸫤Сsamon samoun ȤäֻŪäΤǤ
Ȥ16濴ȤѸȡƥ䥮ꥷܤμͤѸֻͳƥη᤹٤ȹͤϤޤϥե󥹸첽ơ¤äֻ츻Ǥƥη򻲾ȤơͰŪʸΤǤ
debt doubt breceipt p salmon l ʤɤϡ٤ƤλλʪǤθŪֻϡѸ¿ۻ (silent_letter) ĤȤˤʤޤ
DZѸˤΤ⤷ʤʡ꤬ޤֻѤäȤơȯϤɤʤΤȤǤֻ˰ȯѲñfault assault ʤɡˤ⤢СֻѤȯϸŤޤ޼Ĥ줿ñdebt doubt ʤɡˤ⤢ޤsalmon ϸԤΥ롼פ°ޤֻȯΤͤ줿бط夷ΤϡĺΤȤäΤǤ礦
ǤϡEEBO corpus (Early English Books Online) ΥѥǡȤơsalmon ֻ l 夷ƤŪʻ10ǯߤοܡˤ򥰥դǼޤĴη̡1530ǯ夫1590ǯˤƤѲ濴äȤʬޤ1590ǯʹߡбطΩȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Ǥϡ1635ǯʸ˸롤Ҳ𤷤ƤޤޤäΥȤơֺפΤΤǤϤޤ󤬡ñ˴Ϣ뤢ٶݡʿǤθȤͭ̾ʥǤˤ̾ˤĤƤ⿨Ƥޤ
ʤ salmon l ȯʤޤޤʤΤظˤ˥ɥޤȶŪʥǡˤĤƤϡҰʲΥβ


mond_20260117.png



Hotta, Ryuichi and Iyeiri Yoko. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus." Chapter 8 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 143--63.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-31-1] [2026-01-27-1]

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2024-10-14 Mon

#5649. <l> ֻŤͤ뤫 [spelling][orthography][latin][greek][french][prefix][etymology][l]

ε#5648. <l> ֻŤͤ뤫ݤ ([2024-10-13-1]) ³<ll> ꡥϥꥹѸǤ <ll> ȽŤ͡ꥫѸǤ <l> 1ĤΤߡȤΤη̤ȤơɤΤ褦ñˤ <ll> 뤫ʬۤߤƤߤ
Τ褦˽Ҥ٤

<ll> ϤȤȸŵˤ椫ΤֻäŵǤե󥹸줬װȤƻƤե󥹸ϸŵͳνŤͤ <ll> 򤽤Τޤ޼Ѥ1Ų <l> ǷѾ뤳ȤФФäˡ餬ߤƤѸäˡ <l> Ťͤ뤫ݤˤĤƤळȤˤʤäΤ


<ll> ʬۤˤĤơCarney (250) ñѤ褦

Normally, <l> would double after a short vowel in a monosyllable (bell, cell, doll, mill, etc.), but there are some exceptions. There are all marginal in various ways, usually by abbreviation: technical loan col ('gap between hills' < French); gal (< girl), pal (< Romany); technical abbreviations bet (< the name '(A. G.) Bell', = 'unit of power comparison'), cel (< celluloid . . .), gel (< gelatine), mel ('perpetual unit of pitch'), mil (< millimetre), nil (contraction of Latin nihil); short names Hal (< Henry), Sal (< Sally) . . . .
   Examples of <-ll-> with prefixes . . .:

- (reduced vowel): alleviate, alliteration, allude, allusion, ally (v.); collate, collateral, collect (v.), collide, collision.
- (unreduced vowel): Allocate, ally (n.); collect (n.), colleague, college, collimate, colloquy; illegal, illegible, illicit, illimitable, illuminate, illusion, illustrate; pellucid.

There are quite a few words which resemble the above and in which the <-ll-> is not covered by other doubling conventions: allegory, allergy, alligator. There is some etymological uncertainty about allot, allow, and allure. Allay has come to have a §Latinate appearance in spite of its Old English origin (a + lecgan). To the average reader these spellings must seem to belong with the §Latinate prefixes.
   A good many words . . . have <-ll-> in the third syllable from the end of a free-form after a stressed short vowel. The ending <-ion> seems to require this spelling, but not in all instances: billion, bullion, galleon, million, mullion, pillion, postillion, stallion, but also battalion, pavilion, verlion. Compare doubled and single <r> in carrion--clarion.
   Other examples of <-ll-> unaccounted for are: ballerina, ballistic, balloon, bellicose, brilliant, bulletin, calligraphy, calliopsis, camellia, colliery, ebullient, ellipse, embellish, fallacious, fallacy, fallible, gallery, gallium, halleluja, hallucinate, hellebore, intellect, intelligent, mellifluous, miscellany, palliate, pallium, parallel, pollute, shallot, shillelagh, tellurium.
   Pseudo-compounds are: ballyhoo, bulldozer, hullaballoo, lollipop, scallywag.


<ll> ᤰ뾯ηȽκ٤ĤΤǤϤʤѸˡϤʣǤ롥

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

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2024-10-13 Sun

#5648. <l> ֻŤͤ뤫ݤ [spelling][orthography][ame_bre][latin][greek][french][l]

ѸˡǤϡ<l> Ťͤ뤫ɤȤʤ륱ʤ餺롥
ޤפ⤫֤Τ traveler traveller ΰ㤤Ǥ롥#240. ֻαƺ礭 ([2009-12-23-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡŵŪ˥ꥫֻǤ <l> 1ĤˤȤɤޤ뤬ꥹֻǤ <l> ŤͤΤ§Ǥ롥ȻפСꥫֻ fulfill Ϥष <l> Ť͡ꥹֻ fulfil ϽŤͤʤΤǡˤʤ롥
<l> Ťͤ뤫ݤֻΥꥨϸűѸꤢȤФꡤȤƤˤ⿼⿼ȤäƤ褤ֻȤ <l> 1ĤǤ2ĤǤ⡤̤ȤƼϤȯˤϱƶͿʤΤǡǤȤˤƤ
伫ȤϡŤͤ <ll> ֻܼϡľ첻Ūˡû첻Ǥ뤳ȤѶŪ˼ȤˤȹͤƤ뤬¤ˤϤۤɤ䤹դǤϤʤѸˡ Carney (250) ϡ"Distribution of <ll>" ꤹ1ˤơƤ롥ƬʬѤ롥

There is more difficulty in accounting for the occurrence of double <-ll-> than for the double spelling of any other consonant. This is partly due to the frequency of <-ll-> in Latin and Greek stems and partly because §Latinate words borrowed by way of French may no longer have recognizable constituents.


<ll> ϤȤȸŵˤ椫ΤֻäŵǤե󥹸줬װȤƻƤե󥹸ϸŵͳνŤͤ <ll> 򤽤Τޤ޼Ѥ1Ų <l> ǷѾ뤳ȤФФäˡ餬ߤƤѸäˡ <l> Ťͤ뤫ݤˤĤƤळȤˤʤäΤʤۤɡѸ餷ȤбѸ餷̤ȤäƤ褤ǰǤ⤢ʤ򤯤⤢롥
Ѹˡθ§ȤƤʤС褽ε§ΩΤΤǤ (Carney 251fn)

In the Hanna (1966) spelling rules, <l> is the default spelling and:

1 <ll> word-final accented after /ɔː/ or a short vowel (tall, mill, bell, pull, hull).


<ll> ˤĤƤϡVoicy heldio Ǽ夲Ȥ롥#456. -l ʤΤ -ll ʤΤ till/until, travel(l)er, distil(l)İС



Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-14-1]

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2020-09-23 Wed

#4167. ʤѸǤ l r ̤ΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][pronunciation][consonant][l][r][dissimilation]

hellog 饸ǤϡܸüԤȤѸ l r ζ̤ˤĤƤǤƱԲȤ r ҤȤĤǺѤޤгڤʤϤʤΤˡʤѸǤϤ虜虜 l r 2ĤβʬΤΤ褦ݤϡҤƤۤȤʤäȤʤȤǤI eat rice. ʻƤ򿩤٤ޤˤ I eat lice. ʻϤߤ򿩤٤ޤˡI love you. ʤʤ򰦤Ƥޤˤ I rub you. ʤʤ򤳤ޤˤʤɡܸüԤ l r ζ̤Ǥ뤳ȤˤäƬ른硼⤢ޤϲȤ֤򤷤ʤС
ȤȤǡʲβİ۲ (dissimilation) βǤ⤢ޤ



ѸǤϸߤΤߤʤ餺Ūˤ⤺ä l r ۤʤ벻ǤȤƶ̤ƤޤŪˤäξƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤξؤؤƤȤ pilgrim, marble, colonel αñΤɤäƤˤΤʤ˳ǧΤǤl r ϱѸǤäѤƤ󤸤
˴ؿäϡ##72,1618,1817,3684,3016,3904,3940εåɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-27-1]

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2020-02-16 Sun

#3947. Ҳˤ l æ [l][phonetics][sound_change][etymological_respelling][anglo-norman][french]

#2027. 󥰥ɤdzȤ miuk ȯ ([2014-11-14-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡܲ󥰥ɤ첻³ʤ l 첻ȤѲʹǤ롥ŪˤߤСl 벻ĶˤФæƤȤѲϷ֤ƤƤꡤ򺣤Ѳ l μ岽ȤŪʷΤ⤦1ĤȤߤʤȤǤ롥
l æ˴ؤᤤϡѸǧ롥űѸ hwylc (= "which"), ælc (= "each"), wencel (= "wench"), mycel (= "much") Τ褦˻ c ٤礦Ķ l æѸˤ hwich, ech, wenche, muche ȤƸƤ롥ۤ˸űѸ ealswa (= "as") Ѹ als(o)/assceolde (= "should") shudwolde (= "would") wud ʤɤѻ졤Ѹ˼˹ٸˤ l æƤȤ狼롥Ѹ˶Ťȡfolk halfpenny ʤɡ俰٤ΰ֤ˤƤ l æä
Τ褦 l μ岽ϱѸˤˤŪʷȲᤷƤ褤褦Ѳ٤Υե󥹸᤯Ƥ¤ˤդƤMinkova (131) ԤŦƤ̤ꡤѸ˾ l æϡΩݤȤߤƤ褤ե󥹸ƱѲϤƤȤǽ롥

An important, though often ignored contributing factor in the history of /l/-loss in English is the fact that Old French and Anglo-Norman had undergone an independent vocalisation of /l/. Vocalisation of [ɫC] clusters, similar to [rC] clusters, started in OFr in the ninth century, and although the change in AN seems to have been somewhat delayed ... , the absence of /lC/ in bilingual speakers would undermine the stability of the cluster in ME. Thus we find Pamer (personal name, 1207) < AN palmer, paumer 'palmer, pilgrim', OE palm 'palm' < Lat. palma ? OFr paume, ME sauder, sawder < OFr soud(i)er, saudier 'soldier', sauf 'safe' < Lat. salvus. The retention of the /l/ in some modern forms, as in fault, vault is an Early ModE reversal to the original Latin form, and in some cases we find interesting alternations such as Wat, Watson, Walter.


ѤθȾˤ褦ˡե󥹸 l æ̤ϱѸ줬Ѥ¿Υե󥹼ѸˤȿǤƤꡤ줬Ѹֻ l 褵츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ѰդȤѸ˾ήˤդϢήϡl λҲȤƤ԰ꤵ¾ڤƤ褦˻פ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-11-1]

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2020-02-09 Sun

#3940. ƻ -al -ar [suffix][adjective][morphology][dissimilation][r][l]

ѸηƻŵŪ (suffix) -alabdominal, chemical, dental, editorial, ethical, fictional, legal, magical, medical, mortal, musical, natural, political, postal, regal, seasonal, sensational, societal, tropical, verbal ʤ˿¿󤲤뤳ȤǤ롥ϥƥηƻ -ālis (pertaining to) Ѹ˥ե󥹸ͳäƤΤǡŪǤ롥
褯 -ar ȤΤ⤢롥褷ƾʤʤangular, cellular, circular, insular, jocular, linear, lunar, modular, molecular, muscular, nuclear, particular, polar, popular, regular, singular, spectacular, stellar, tabular, vascular ʤ¿㤬󤬤롥εϤϤƥˤꡤƻ -āris (pertaining to) ˤΤܤ롥ξΰ㤤 l r ߤ˴طƤΤ
Yes Ǥ롥ŵŪ l r ΰ۲ (dissimilation) ȤʤäƤ롥ƥˤǥեȤ -ālis Τ l ޤޤȤˤ l νʣäơ l r ؤȰ۲ä˴ΤֻҲ -leפǽˤϡؤȤƻҲθ u (anaptyxis) ƻ -ular Ȥ򼨤Ȥˤʤ롥
l r ΰ۲ˤĤƤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸 titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1])#3016. colonel ֻȯ ([2017-07-30-1])#3684. l r ϤäѤᤤ ([2019-05-29-1])#3904. corianderl ǤϤʤ r ([2020-01-04-1]) ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-05-1] [2021-01-01-1]

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2020-01-04 Sat

#3904. corianderl ǤϤʤ r [dissimilation][r][l][wycliffe]

̣ȤΤ coriander ʥꥢˤѸǤ coliandre ʤɤ l İ۷ԤʤƤȤȤΤär l ؤ븽ݡä˸ƱҲ2ĸ˰ؤ븽ݤϡ۲ (dissimilation) ȤΤƤꡤˤȤϤȤ褷ƵǤϤʤε򻲾ȡ

#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])
#259. phonaesthesia ۲ ([2010-01-11-1])
#3016. colonel ֻȯ ([2017-07-30-1])
#3229. 2Februaryǡ ([2018-02-28-1])
#3684. l r ϤäѤᤤ ([2019-05-29-1])

MED Ƥߤȡcoria(u)ndre (n.) colia(u)ndre (n.) ̸ФΩƤƤ롥¾θ츻ŵξ󤫤ͤ碌ȡr 򼨤Ԥη֤ˤĤƤϡL coriandrum > OF coriandre > ME coria(u)ndre Ȥȥ졼ȤʼѤή줬ꤵƤ褦l 򼨤Ԥη֤ˤĤƤϡL coriandrum > VL *coliandru(m) > OF coliandre > ME colia(u)ndre Τ褦ˡ¯ƥʳǰ۲ФΤѸäȤ롼ȤꤵƤ롥
⤷ΤϡMED Τ줾θФΤȤ˼Τ褦 Wycliffite Bible 㤬ǺܤƤ뤳ȤEarly Version Ǥ r l ξȤƤ뤳Ȥǧ롥

a1425 (a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4) Num.11.7: Manna forsothe was as the seed coryaundre [WB(2): seed of coriaundre], of the colour of bdelli.
a1425 (a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4) Ex.16.31: The hows of Yrael clepide the name of it man, that was as the seed of coliaundre [WB(2): coriandre] white, and the taast of it as of tryed floure with hony.

ޤƱʸˡˤƤ⡤츻ȤδطˤĤƻŦߤ롥

a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)17b/b: Coriandrum: coliandre.

ĤǤ OED 򻲾ȤƤߤȡǤ coriander coliander 2ĤθФΩƤƤ뤬ԤνФΤۤᤤʰʲʸˡ l ϽѸǸѤȤʤäƤ롥

c1000 Sax. Leechd. I. 218 Genim þas wyrte þe man coliandrum & oðrum naman þam gelice cellendre nemneð.

ŪȤƤߤС۲ФƤʤפη֤ɸ˼Ѥ줿Ȥˤʤ뤬ѸξŪ¸ƤȤΤϤ⤷̾۲ϡr l Ѳפʤɤ̻ŪʸݤȤƸ뤬ξζ¸ȤŪʴįƤߤΤ1Ĥƶ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-09-1]

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2019-08-28 Wed

#3775. ѸϳܻؤƲѲ򵯤Ƥ [sound_change][phonetics][phonology][r][l][consonant][syllable][vowel][stress][rhythm][prosody]

#3719. ܸϳ졤ѸIJ ([2019-07-03-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ෿Ūˤͭɸβ᥿פǤIJ¿ĸǤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ǤѸβѲĬήįƤߤȡѸ̵ɸγָƤȹͤ줽Ǥ롥
ƣ߷ĤϸѸˤߤ r Ʋ (flapping; city, data ʤɤ t [ɾ] Ȥʤ븽)l ΰƬ (pharyngealization; feel, help ʤɤ l Ť [ɫ] Ȥʤ븽)Ҳæattem(p)t, exac(t)ly, mos(t) people ʤɡˤȤä夲ⲻλҲؤäƤꡤβ򳫲˶ŤƤΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ʲβѤ褦 (70)

Ʋϡ˳ /t/ 򡤤첻ŪʶIJѤ븽ݤǤꡤϰ (vocalization) ȹͤ롥ᤤäǤϡbetter [bɛ́r] Τ褦ˡƲ줿 /t/ æ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ޤ/l/ ΰƬǤϡΤ˰ưä뤬ܼŪ첻ŪưǤꡤ/l/ ܸΡ֥פΤ褦첻˶Ťºݡfeel [fíːjo] Τ褦ˡ/l/ 첻ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥äơ/l/ ΰƬ⡤IJ /l/ 򤵤첻˶Ť첻ȹͤ롥Ҳæϡ첻ǤϤʤIJˤ벻λҲϢñ㲽븽ݤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡĤθݤϡ⡤λҲ첻ꡤæ뤳ȤˤäơǸ夬첻ǽ볫˶Ť褦ȤƤ븽ݤǤꡤǽŪˤ϶̤Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥άܼŪ˳ָѸϡޤޤʲݤʤ顤IJ򳫲˶Ť褦ȤƤȹͤ롥


ϲѲṽ¤ΤȴϢƤȤβṽ¤Τ켫ȤϡꥺȤäΧˤäƷꤵƤȤ⤤롥ϲѲ˴ؤʲǤ롥#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])#3466. űѸ첻β̤Ѹʹߤ첻βŻ뤷 ([2018-10-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ƣ ͺ߷ رѸ١ҡ2001ǯ

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2019-05-29 Wed

#3684. l r ϤäѤᤤ [phonetics][phonology][dissimilation][l][r][japanese]

ܸüԤϱѸ줽¾θǶ̤벻 /l/ /r/ ζ̤Ǥ롥ܸǤϰۤʤ벻ǤǤϤʤޤǥԻҲ /r/ 2Ĥΰ۲Ȥ֤ŤǤ뤫顤̵ʤѸؤְʾ塤ȯʬİʬɬפ뤳Ȥǧ뤬̤ζꤽΤΤ̵ȤСϿǤ롥ŪʶȤϤ鷺ȤŪʶǤ롥ɤ褦ʤܸüԤξζ̤ʤΤϡŪʱѸ켪ǤƤʤȤ⡤ޤDzŪʱѸ켪ǤƤʤȤ٤ǤꡤǽϤȤϹ¤Ȥ򤹤ɬפ롥
DzŪʴ餤äƤ⡤l r ϡϤᤤǤ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ롥ΤȤϤäȶĴ٤Ȥή (liquid) ȾΤ졤İŪˤ첻˶ᤤή褦ʻҲȰ֤Ť롥ĴŪˤ l r ۤʤΤϳΤä r Ǥ벻ǤμºŪĴϼ¤͡Ǥʡ#2198. 衼åѽ͡ r ([2015-05-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡΤʤˤ [l] ȻŤȤ٤ r Ĵ⤢ºݡܸüԤǤ⡤ԻҲŪʻƤ [ɾ] ȤƤǤʤ¦ [l] ȤȯüԤ⤤롥l r ϡĴŪˤİŪˤϤʤΤǤ롥
¤ϡ/l/ /r/ ̤٤ۤʤ벻Ǥɸ֤ƤѸˤƤ⡤ŪˤξؤƤ褦ʸݡ뤤ξԤѥȯãƤ褦ʸݤߤ롥褯ΤƤȤƤϡƱ̤ pilgrim ʽԡˤ peregrine ʳΡˤ l r ΩǤ롥츻ŪˤϸԤ r ǤꡤԤ l ϡñ2 r 뤳ȤäƤΰ۲ (dissimilation) Ȥ롥Ʊͤˡե󥹸 marbre Ѹ줬Ѥ marble ȤΤ۲κѤȤ롥۲ȤϡñˤСƱȯϢ³äơȯڤؤȤȤǤ롥
äơ嵭Τ褦ʥڥ顤ѸǤ l r ϳΤˡƱײǤϤʤʤȤײǤ뤳Ȥڤ롥Ѹʸ̮Ǥ顤l r ŪˤϤᤫäǤᤤ
Ϣơʲε⻲ȡ

#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])
#1618. Ѹ /l/ /r/ ([2013-10-01-1])
#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1])
#1818. ܸ /r/ ([2014-04-19-1])
#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])
#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸 titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1])

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2017-07-30 Sun

#3016. colonel ֻȯ [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][dissimilation][silent_letter][folk_etymology][l][r]

Φ纴̣ colonel ϡֻ /ˈkəːnəl/ ȯ롥̤ñ kernel ʳ˿ˤƱȯǤ롥l ۻ (silent_letter) ǤФ꤫첻⡤ȯȤбΤʤΤ狼ʤۤɤԵ§Ǥ롥Ϥʤ
ñαѸǤνФ1548ǯΤȤǤꡤΤȤֻ coronell äl ǤϤʤ r ƤΤǤ롥бե󥹸줫μѸǡ coronnel, coronel, couronnel ʤɤ֤ƤΤ褽ΤޤޱѸäƤȤˤʤ롥Υեñ켫Τϥꥢ줫μѤǡꥢǤ colonnello, colonello Τ褦֤ƤĤޤꡤꥢ줫ե󥹸ϤäȤˡǽή l r ؤؤ줿ΤǤ롥ϥޥ󥹽ǤϤ褯۲ (dissimilation) κѤη̤Ǥ (cf. Sp. coronel) l 2ٸ뤳ȤäƤβѲʱѸ˴ؤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸 titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
˸츻̤Хƥ columnam ʱˤ˹Ԥ夭ʼΤʥ꡼ˡפۤɤΰ̣Ѥ褦ˤʤäե󥹸Ѳ coronnel ֻˤĤƤСָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ˤ corona, couronne "crown" ȴطŤݤ줿ե󥹸Ǥ16Ⱦˤ l ֻᤵ졤colonnel ȤƸߤ˻롥
ѸǤϡֻ˴Ť l ǤϤʤ r ȯθѤ³ֻ˴ؤƤ᤯16Ⱦ˸ֻ򻲾Ȥ l ᤵ뤳Ȥˤʤäե󥹸ˤ l Ʊ˻ȤΤȻפ롥18ȾޤǤϸŤ coronel ¸³Ƥ˾äƤߤ colonel ֻͣȤʤäȯϸŤΤ˿졤ֻѲ椨ˡߤˤޤ³ֻȯΥåפƤޤäȤ櫓
ºݤηаޤϡǽҤ٤ۤñǤϤʤä褦ֻ l ᤵ줿Τ˸ƱȯǤ l ᤵ줿ȳǧϤꡤ/ˌkɔləˈnɛl/ ʤɤȯ19ޤѤƤȤȯ벻ˤĤƤ̻ŪѲߤ졤3ä17ȾФ2Ȥȯ㤬졤19ޤǤˤϤ줬̲ĤĤä
<colonel> = /ˈkəːnəl/ ϡֻȯδطʣˤФơŪԵ§˸ǤޤäƤλ1ĤǤ롥

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2014-11-14 Fri

#2027. 󥰥ɤdzȤ miuk ȯ [bre][dialect][phonetics][assimilation][map][rhotic][vowel][l]

ε#2026. intrusive r (2) ([2014-11-13-1]) Ǹ奤󥰥ɤʬۤ礵Ƥ븽ݤ1Ĥܤ⤦1Ĥε®ʬۤȤƤ벻ѲǤ [l] 첻Ҳ𤷤褦벻Ķˤ [l] 첻βӤӤ뷹󥰥ǸȤʤäƤƤꡤ礷Ƥ (Trudgill 63--66; Ͽޤ Trudgill 64 Ȥ˺)

Map of 'Miuk' for 'Milk'

ɽȤƵ󤲤Τmilk ȯǤ롥 [mɪlk] ȯ[mɪʊlk] Ф [mɪʊk] ؤѲƤƤ롥[l] (ä dark l; cf. #1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1])) Τĸľ첻˱ƶͿơ[ɪ] [ɪʊ] Ѥ [l] ϾäƹԤȤǤ롥첻θ [l] ³ĶǹäƤꡤhill, roll, ball ʤɤǤƱݤǧ롥ŪˤƱ (assimilation) 1ǤꡤۤȤǤʤɥä˸˵äƤꡤ쥤󥰥ɤ濴˱ƶϤϤƤȤ̣Ǥϡfill feel Ȥ [fɪʊ ? fɪʊl] ˹줷Ƥꡤdoll dole [dʌʊ] ؼ̤pull Paul [pʌʊ] ͻ礷ƤޤäƤ롥
250ǯۤ non-prevocalic /r/ æɥդǵꡤϤ礷ƤȤͤȡ non-prevocalic /l/ æɥ濴˻ϤޤäƤȤȤϼŪǤ롥塤󥰥ɤΤ깭ϰس礷󥰥ɸˤɸܤ褦ˤʤǽ롥

Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-11-1] [2020-02-16-1]

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2014-04-19 Sat

#1818. ܸ /r/ [phonetics][consonant][japanese][phoneme][r][l]

#1618. Ѹ /l/ /r/ ([2013-10-01-1]) Ӻε#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1]) ˰³/r/ ꡥܸ /r/ βŪ¸ˤĤƤǤ롥
ܸΥԤλҲ /r/ ϡŵŪˤϡͭԤϤ [ɾ] ȤƼ¸롥äˡ֤פΤ褦ˡ첻˶ޤ줿ĶǤϤ줬̤Ǥ롥βϡBrE merry AmE letter 2ҲȤŵŪ˸벻Ǥ⤢롥ĴŪˤϡβͭĺ /d/ ˤʤᤤ[ɾ] ǤȻԤˤĺ夯λ֤ûȤħ롥֥饤פʤɤθƬ֥å顼פʤɤ¥θǤܿʤꡤ/d/ ˤ˶ŤĺγϼǤ롥
ճΤƤʤȤܸüԤθĿͤˤäƤϡͭ¦ܶ᲻ [l] ˶ᤤҲԻҲȤѤƤ롥ƬθǸ뤳Ȥ¿첻֤Ǥ¦˶᤯ʤͤ⤤롥ԤäβɸϤʤͭ [ɖ] ͭ¦̤Ϥ [ɺ] ܿĹΡˤͭ¦ܶ᲻ [l̺] ˤᤤΤǡѤˡ⤢롥ͭ¦̤Ϥ [ɺ] ϡ [l] ϤΤ󥶥˥Υ㥬ʤɤʹҲǤ롥
ۤˤ֤٤ᤨĴפŵŪȤͭԤդ뤨 [r] ܸ /r/ μͳ۲ȤƸ뤳Ȥ롥
ʾ塤ƣ (91) Ⱥƣ (43) 򻲾Ȥ

ƣ ˡܸ첻ٲǡƲ2013ǯ
ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-29-1] [2015-05-04-1]

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2014-04-18 Fri

#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) [phonetics][consonant][rp][dialect][phoneme][r][l]

Ѹ /l/ /r/ ˤĤƤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸 titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1]) ʤɤǰäƤȤ櫓ĴˤĤơ#1618. Ѹ /l/ /r/ ([2013-10-01-1]) dzפ򵭤ϰʣΤΡ­Ƥε Crystal (245) ˰͵򤷤ƽ񤯡
εǤ⸫褦ˡѸβ /l/ ϡ͡ʲȤƼ¸롥[l] δŪĴϡԤܤ¦̤ƵȴΤΤȤ˱礭2ब̤롥줾 "clear l" "dark l" ȸƤФ롥 [l] ϡ夬Ÿ˸äƾ夬Τǡ첻ζRP Ǥ첻 [j] ֤ǵ (ex. leap) [ɫ] ϡ夬˸äƾ夬Τǡ첻ζRP ǤϤʳΰ֤ǵ (ex. pool) clear l dark l ʬۤϡѼˤ͡Ǥꡤ㤨СIrish ΰǤ֤ clear l ʹ줿ꡤScots AmE ¿Ǥ֤ dark l ʹ롥ޤplease, sleep Τ褦̵Ҳθ֤Ǥ̵ [l] Ѥ롥Τۤbottle Τ褦˲粻Ū l ǤϡԤ [t] ¦ȼCockney RP Ǥ顤peel ʤɤ dark l 첻[piːo] ʤɤȤʤ롥
Ѹβ /r/ ϡ餯Ѽˤ뺹ĿͺǤ¿ҲǤ̤ˤͭܶ᲻ [ɹ] ȤƼ¸롥d ˸³ˤϡ褬Ԥ˸¤ʤܶᤷ໤ (ex. drive) 첻˶ޤ줿֤䤤ĤλҲθ֤ǡܸŵŪʥԤλҲƱ褦ͭԤϤ [ɾ] Ȥʤ (ex. very, sorry, three) ©ȼ [ph, th, kh] θ֤Ǥ̵໤Ȥʤ (ex. pry, try, cry)
Ѽˤ۲ȤƤϡǤͭ̾ʤΤͭܶ᲻ [ɻ] ǡԤ첻βӤӤ롥General American ŵŪۤˤ⥤󥰥ѼǤʹ롥ͭԤդ뤨 [r] ϡScots Welsh ΰʹ뤬¾ѼǤĴ⤤ȯˤƸ뤳Ȥ롥Τۤե󥹸ɥĸǰŪʹͭ໤ [ʁ] 뤤ͭդ뤨 [ʀ] 󥰥åȥǤʹ졤"Northumbrian burr" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥʡ#1055. uvular r θ춭ۤ ([2012-03-17-1]) 򻲾ȡˡǸˡ19ȾΥ󥰥ɤǡred [wed] ȯ褦 /r/ [w] Ѥ뤳ȤϤäȤդäƤ
ʤǤȤƤ /r/ ǤϤʤAmE matter t ͭԤϤ [ɾ] ȤƼ¸뤳Ȥ¿party t ͭϤ [ɽ] ȯ롥

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2013-10-01 Tue

#1618. Ѹ /l/ /r/ [phonetics][consonant][spectrogram][l][r]

#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸 titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1]) εǡ/l/ /r/ θؤ򸫤ƤܸüԤϡѸؽ塤ξμ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥ褯ΤäƤΤǡμ˴ؿ䤹ξƤ뤳ȤΤäƤ뤬ŪˤϤɤΤ褦˻ƤΤϡѸ /l/ /r/ Ӥΰ۲˴ؤ벻Ūʻ¤Ҳ𤷤ʲ罤۱Ѹػŵ (325--28) ξˤĤƤεҤ󤹤롥
Ѹ¦ /l/ ԤˤĤĴ뤬Ǥΰ֤˱2Ĥΰ۲̤롥첻 /j/ ǤŸ˸äƾ夲졤첻˻ clear l ȯ롥ٻߤȻҲǤϡ˸äƾ夲졤첻˻ dark l ȯ롥/l/ ϸ§Ȥͭ©ȼ /ph, kh/ ˸³ˤ̵롥ŪˤС/l/ 첻ŪǤꡤŪʤʻҲȤϰۤʤʥեޥȤ򼨤1եޥ (F1) 2եޥ (F2) clear l Ǥ첻ħŪΰ˸졤dark l Ǥϸ첻ħŪΰ˸롥
/r/ ϡĶơޤüԤѰ˱ơĤ۲Τ줫ȤƼ¸롥Ƭ첻³֡/d/ ʳͭ³֤Ǥϡܶ᲻Ȥȯ롥/d/ ˸³ˤͭ໤Ȥʤ롥©ȼ /ph, th, kh/ ˸³ˤ̵໤Ȥʤ롥첻֡뤤 /θ, ð/ /b, g/ θ֤ǡȤƲѤ롥ޤĴ⤤ϯɤʤɤưѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ūˤϡ/r/ ¦ /l/ Ʊ͡첻ŪǤ롥/r/ /l/ βŪʺϡȤ F3 եޥȿܤ˸롥Fry, D. B. (The Physics of Speech. Cambridge: CUP, 1979) ˤl r Υڥȥפ򡤡罤۱Ѹػŵ (327) ƷǤ褦

Formants of l and r

mallow marrow ȯ򥹥ڥȥդˤ̤Ǥ롥/l/ Ǥ F3 첻 F3 ȤۤƱΰ˸ΤФ/r/ Ǥ F3 ë롥 F3 ο񤤤κۤϡ첻Ωݻ롥Ѹ /l/ /r/ ʹʬΤ˺򴶤ܸüԤϡʤ󤺤ξˤ F3 ưФƴ٤㤤ȤȤˤʤ

ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ

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2009-12-23 Wed

#240. ֻαƺ礭 [ame_bre][spelling][webster][l]

ѸαƺȤֻαƺϡȤǼͳݡȤʤɤݤȿ͵ΤǤ롥ʲΤ褦оɽ뤳Ȥ¿

ꥫѸꥹѸ
color, humorcolour, humour
center, litercentre, litre
defense, offensedefence, offence
traveler, traveledtraveller, travelled
ameba, anestheticamoeba, anaesthetic


ơԻ Noah Webster (1758-1843) 礤˽ФƥꥫѸֻפä򤹤Τ֤Ǥ롥
ɽֻαƺΰ򼨤˲᤮ʤȤϤΤΡŪûɽηǤޤȤȤȤϡ⤽⺹ʤȤξڵǤ롥षŪˤ⤪ΥƤꡤʬ줷400ǯ᤯κзήƤˤ⤫餺ʤȤȤ϶äǤ롥
ƺϤȤĴ줬ºݤˤϺ϶ϾǤȤϡ[2009-12-21-1]ǿ줿 Krapp ˸Ǥ롥Krapp ϥꥫѸˤ򥤥ꥹѸˤΩƵҤ뤳Ȥ褷Ȥʤ٤ӤƤȤäƤ롥ֻκˤĤƤ֤ߤפȤոΤ褦Ǥ롥

On the whole, Americans, like the British, have been conservative in their treatment of spelling, and the notion that American spelling is radical and revolutionary seems indeed to be mainly a survival from eighteenth and early nineteenth century political feeling. (Vol. 1, 328)


Krapp, George Philip. English Language in America. 2 vols. New York: Century, 1925.

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