hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

rp - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-11 Sat

#6193. Ť l θ [l][consonant][phonetics][pronunciation][vowel][rp][etymological_respelling]

Ϣ /l/ ˤĤˤƤ롥RP Ǥ /l/ ΰ۲1ġְŤ [ɫ]פϡѸ˾塤Ԥ첻ФƼ˼ŪʱƶͿ³ƤޤΤ褦첻˱ƶͿˡ [ɫ] 첻ƾäƤȤʤäˤϸ RP Estuary English Ǥ¿쾯ʤƤǤ⤢롥Cruttenden (203) ꡤŤ [ɫ] 첻ؤαƶȡ켫Ȥ첻üˤĤƤβսѤ롥

The velarization of [ɫ] often has the effect of retracting and lowering slightly the articulation of a preceding front vowel, e.g. feel, fill, fell, canal; in the case of /iː/+[ɫ], a central glide between the vowel and [ɫ] is often noticeable, and the [ɪ] element of [eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ] tends to be obscured, e.g. in pail, pile, oil. /uː/ before [ɫ] tends to be more monophthongal and nearer to C[u].


Variations in the quality of the back vowel resonance associated with [ɫ] are, however, to be found among RP


Ϣϡ#2027. 󥰥ɤdzȤ miuk ȯ ([2014-11-14-1]) Ǥ⿨줿ޤ#3947. Ҳˤ l æ ([2020-02-16-1]) Ȥ碌ơl ϼϤβˤƶͿ뤷ʬȤü䤹ȤħǡѸ˾βѲΥץ졼䡼ȤäƤ褤ΤǤ롥

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-04-09 Thu

#6191. 뤤 l ȰŤ l [rp][l][phonetics][phonology][pronunciation][minimal_pair][variety][consonant]

RP (= Received Pronunciation) Ǥϡ¦ /l/ ˡ뤤 [l] (clear [l]) ȡְŤ [ɫ] (dark [ɫ]) ̤롥뤤 [l] ϡ̤Ÿ˻夲Ĵǡ첻βȤʤ롥Ť [ɫ] ϸ̤˻夲Ĵǡ첻βȤʤ롥
줾줬ʬۤΤǤ롥첻뤤 /j/ ֤Ǥ뤤 [l] ¸졤ʳΤ٤Ƥΰ֤ǤϰŤ [ɫ]¸롥ʲĤΰ۲ñȤȤ˵󤲤Ƥߤ롥

뤤 [l]: leave, let, lock; blow, glad, splice; silly, yellow, alloy; medley, ugly, nobly; feel it, fall out, all over ʺǸΤ褦˸춭ˤ뤤 [l]
̵θ֤Ǥ̵뤤 [l] : play, please, plant, apply, aplomb, clean, close, climb
̵̵θ֤뤤̵໤θ֤ǤʬŪ̵뤤 [l] : placebo, aptly, butler, antler, ghastly; sloppy, slow, slink, fling, flow, earthly
Ť [ɫ]: feel, fill, fell, help, bulb, salt; alpine, elbow, halter
粻Ū [ɫ̩]: table, middle, cudgel, camel, final
̵Ҳθ֤ǤʬŪ̵粻Ū [ɫ̩] : apple, little, satchel, awful

ڤܤ /l/ ˤĤƤϡξζ̩ˤʤäƤ뤬뤤 [l] ȰŤ [ɫ] κǾФ򼨤üԤȤΤ褦üԤˤƤϡǤζڤ˱ coupling [ˈkʌplɪŋ] (connecting device) coupling [ˈkʌpɫɪŋ] (joining) ̤Ȥ
뤤 [l] ȰŤ [ɫ] RP Ǥ̤뤬ʳѼǤ϶̤ʤȤ¿㤨С̥ꥫѸ졤ɸॹåȥɱѸ졤ȥꥢѸ졤˥塼ɱѸ졤󥰥Ѹ졤̥륺ѸǤϡ٤Ƥΰ֤ǰŤ [ɫ] 롥ɱѸ졤ɽѸ졤륺Ѹ졤Tyneside Ǥϡ٤Ƥΰ֤뤤 [l] 롥
ʾ塤Cruttenden (200--05) ˰͵򤷤ƼɮϢơ#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-01-31 Mon

#4662. ΩαѸ쥹ԡ󥰥ƥȤ [elt][khelf][world_englishes][rp][walker][pronunciation]

ǯ1227ΤȤˤʤޤīʹ Edua ֤ɤʤء⹻ΩαѸ쥹ԡ󥰥ƥȡ餬ƳȿСפεԲ񸫡ꤹ뵭Ǻܤޤ1ͤҲ𤷤Ƥޤơ٤Фʤ⤳ؤΥե khelf ǵȯƤƤޤ
ϤΤǤȤ櫓ܤ٤ϰʲǤƱѡˡ

ɾοˤĤƤϡɤΤ褦ʴְ㤤ɤ뤫ƩȤäԶѤƤˤֲפιܡ3ˤˤĤƵ褷ιܤϡαƶ˶Ƥפ1αƶ򶯤Ƥפ2αƶƤ礬뤬ʤˤפ3ȤƤ롥ˡֻդǿѸ춵鸦ĹĿϡָ̩ʶ̤ĤȤϻפʤܸüԤܸαƶɬƤꡤˤƤޤȤäʤƤǤʤˤ¿ͤʱѸ줬Τˡ̤ȤΤϤΤǤϤʤפä


ĥåߤ饭꤬ʤȤΤϡޤˤΤȤǤ餳ե夬äƤȤ櫓ạ̇̄ǤȤƤ褤ȤʤäƤޤʤΥڡ3ǯ٤ΥץƥȺǤϡαƶפ˴ؤܤϺƤޤ
Ѹ˸ԤΩ줫뤳Ȥϡȯ濴Ȥäդ˴ؤ붯ϲϡޤĤ㤬ʤȤȤǤ18εϼλȯˤĤƤ⡤19Ⱦ RP ˤĤƤ⡤ޤܻؤ٤ȯ򼨤ΤǤꡤΡָŪʻǤפȤεϲˤϱ󤯵ڤӤޤcf. #768. ѲĤĤ RP ϰ̡ ([2011-06-04-1])#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1])#3356. ɸȯ18Ⱦ ([2018-07-05-1])ˡäդˤĤɸಽϲϡ "focused" ˤȤɤޤ "fixed" ܻؤȤϸ¤ˤԲǽǤ (cf. #3207. ɸѸȸɸಽ˴ؤ뤤ĤνѸ ([2018-02-06-1])) Τ褦ɸ򡤤ƻǤϲȤ¸ȤȤʤΤǤ礦
ޤ "World Englishes" Ǥϡ¿ͤʱѸȯԤʤƤȤ¤ޤ塤Ȥ٤ѸѼȯ뤳ȤɬפǤ¾Ѽȯ¸ߤǧ뤳ȤɬפǤξɬۤꤹ٤ˤơ嵭κΤ褦ʡˤΤ߿ڤäˤΤŬڤǤϤʤȹͤޤ
ܥ֥ɼԤγ⡤ˤĤƹͤƤߤƤϤǤ礦

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-11-20 Fri

#4225. room Ĺ첻û첻 [vowel][sound_change][eme][map][rp][prestige]

Ϣ <oo> ֻбȯꤢƤ (cf. #4223. ʤƱ <oo> ֻʤΤ book food Ǥ첻ۤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-18-1])#4224. blood, flood Ǥʤ soot ⡩ ([2020-11-19-1])) ϡïǤΤäƤ <oo> ޤñ room 夲ѲȤʣΰü򼨤
room ȤܸǤ֥롼פ /ruːm/ Ĺ첻ĤΤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ¤û첻򼨤 /rʊm/ 褷ƵǤϤʤLPD Preference polls ˤȡû첻ȯϡꥹѸǤ19%ۤɡꥫѸǤ7%ۤɳǧ롥



ʣ bedroom ˤĤƤСꥹѸǤ37%ޤǤû첻ȯȤۤˤ broom ˤĤƤ⡤ϤꥤꥹѸ8%û첻򼨤ޤgroom ˤû첻ȯ롥
room, bedroom, broom ˤĤƤϡ#1353. 첻Ĺû ([2013-01-09-1]) Ǥ夲ŪʲѲ /uː/ /ʊ/ ϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤŵŪˤ16--17ʽѸˤΤȤƤ롥ˤäƤϡƱѲ٤줿Ȥ褦䤯3ˤɤ夭ĤĤȤ⤤롥
ϤñǤϤʤUpton and Widdowson (39) ˤ room Υ󥰥ɽȯ˴ؤˤСʬۤˤܤȽƤ櫓ǤϤʤ

At this period [= as late as the seventeenth or even the eighteenth century] such words as BOOK, HOOD and SOOT, which had in the later Middle and early Modern English periods been pronounced with [uː], came to be pronounced with [u], and although ROOM was not properly part of this change it seems to have become connected with it for some speakers. Why the short sound in ROOM should have acquired the geographical distribution for the non-standard dialects which the map shows is quite unclear.
   Although there is no firm evidence to support the claim, it is likely that the [u]- innovation in ROOM acquired some considerable popularity for a while in Received Pronunciation. Today it ranks as a quite acceptable minor variant in that accent, but not long ago its status was even higher. Daniel Jones (Outline of English Phonetics, para. 318) writes that 'In broom (for sweeping), groom, room, and soot both uː and u are heard, the u-forms brum, grum, rum, sut being perhaps more usual in Received English.'
   Today one would not expect an RP speaker to use [uː] in SOOT. Conversely, although [u] is shown as an RP variant in pronouncing dictionaries of British English for use in several words with -oo- spellings, it is now somewhat unusual for such a speaker to be heard using it in BROOM, ROOM and (especially) GROOM. In a survey of a somewhat less-than-representative sample of British English speakers, Wells (Pronunciation Dictionary) discovered an eighty-two percent preference for [uː] in ROOM and a ninety-two percent preference for its use in BROOM.


RP ˤƤϡ嵭ñû첻Ǥȯषҿ (prestige) äƤǽȤäߤˤû첻ǤȯϡƤȤϤsoot ФޤǥޥʡȯȤ٤֤ŤФҲŪɾϡľ̤ɤƤȤˤ϶̣
ɴǯȤϤƤû첻ȤǤ롥¾ǡοδ֤Ĺû첻ѰۤμҲŪʰ֤ŤɤƤȤ롥2ĤŪʸ̮ѤĤġ room 2Ĥȯʻ¸Ƥ롤λ¤פǤ롥
­ȤơUpton and Widdowson ꡤroom 2Ĥȯʬۤ򼨤Ƥ



Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-07-05 Thu

#3356. ɸȯ18Ⱦ [standardisation][prescriptivism][pronunciation][walker][rp][phonetics][dictionary][ipa]

#2772. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (1) ([2016-11-28-1])#2773. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (2) ([2016-11-29-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤˤɸಽϲήΤʤȯåȤˤ줿ΤϺǤ٤ä18Ⱦȯ񤬽ǤϤ᤿ΤäܳŪȯ "codification" ߤ줿ΤϤ1塤IPAInternational Phonetic Alphabet; ݲɸʸˤ߽Ф줿19ȾΤȤäơή2021ؤ³Ƥ롥Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade (307--08) βѤ褦

It is only relatively recently that the norms of standard British (or rather English) English pronunciation were first systematically codified. Attempts were made to that effect in pronunciation dictionaries in the late eighteenth century by Walker (1791) and, in particular, Sheridan (1780). However, a more detailed codification did not become possible until the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) came into existence and began to be used by Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones and their fellow phoneticians in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Jones' works ran into a large number of editions, An Outline of English Phonetics, first published in its entirely in 1918, into as many as nine. His English Pronouncing Dictionary came out in 1917 and underwent a series of revisions first by Jones himself, and later by A. C. Gimson and Susan Ramsaran (14th edition, 1977). Its sixteenth edition, prepared by Peter Roach and James Hartman, came out in 2003. The most comprehensive recent work in the field is John Wells' Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (1990), which shows both RP and General American pronunciations.


ѤǤϡȯεϲȤʤä18ȾǤȤ櫓ƶϤäΤȤ Walker Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) 򻲾ȡWalker θȤ Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ̾󤲤Ƥ뤬ȯܥ֥ǤȯˤȤ˲٤ȤʤäˤʤäƤ
ȯɸಽϲȤϤäƤ⡤񤭸դȷӤĤ䤹ֻʸˡȰۤʤꡤȯäդΰ°ΤʤΤǡɸಽϲ˾ȤƤñΤǤϤʤޤܻؤ٤ŪʥåȤǤ롥

Nevalainen, Terttu and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. "Standardisation." Chapter 5 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 271--311.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-31-1] [2018-10-15-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-11-28 Mon

#2772. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (1) [standardisation][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][emode][pronunciation][orthoepy][dictionary][lexicography][rp][johnson][lowth][orthoepy][orthography][walker]

ѸѸȾФˤƵäѸɸಽȵϲĬήˤĤơ#1237. ɸѸΥǥȱѸɸಽ ([2012-09-15-1])#1244. ʤϼ18˵Ĺ ([2012-09-22-1])#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) 濴Ȥơstandardisation prescriptive_grammar γƵˤƤήˤĤħŪĶ̣ϡΥСåפϤˤ衤âʸˡȯν˵ϲλߤʤƤȤ
󥰥ɡƥꥹ줿ѸɸಽܻؤƤǽϡää16ȾϸäƤȤϤθ17ˤƤϡֻε§첽˾Ƥ褦ˤʤääȤֻϡ17--18ޤǤˤϤ褽褷Ƥꡤ1755ǯ Johnson μνǤϤᲡȤߤƤ褤ʴϢơ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ɸಽϲΥåȤȤʤäΤϡʸˡǤ롥18ˤϵʸˡνǤ꼡Ǥ#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1]) 繥ɾ
ơ٤18Ⱦ19ˤơȯפؤΤ꤬褦ˤʤ롥Ū (orthoepy) ؤδؿϡ#571. orthoepy ([2010-11-19-1]) ǽҤ٤褦16鸫ΤŪˡȯפԤʤ٤ȤĬ͡δ֤Ǥˤ狼˹ޤäƤΤ18ȾԤʤФʤʤä礭ʹ׸ʤΤϡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) Ǥ롥
ȯפμĥʤ褦ˤʤäΤ18ȾȤŪ٤äȤˤĤơBaugh and Cable (306) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The first century and a half of English lexicography including Johnson's Dictionary of 1755, paid little attention to pronunciation, Johnson marking only the main stress in words. However, during the second half of the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century, a tradition of pronouncing dictionaries flourished, with systems of diacritics indicating the length and quality of vowels and what were considered the proper consonants. Although the ostensible purpose of these guides was to eliminate linguistic bias by making the approved pronunciation available to all, the actual effect was the opposite: "good" and "bad" pronunciations were codified, and speakers of English who were not born into the right families or did not have access to elocutionary instruction suffered linguistic scorn all the more.


ǤϡḽѸɸಽȵϲλߤáֻޤˢʸˡȯȤǿʤǤäΤϤʤˤĤƤεǡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-05-1] [2016-11-29-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-11-04 Fri

#2748. 첻ܤμҲ񲻱Ūͻ (4) [gvs][sociolinguistics][emode][contact][vowel][phonetics][rp][homonymic_clash]

[2016-10-01-1], [2016-10-11-1], [2016-10-31-1]³4ơޤǤεǡ15ޤǤˡChaucer ʤɤɽ볬λ¹äƤȹͤ첻η (System I)󥰥ɤǹԤʤƤη (System II)East Anglia ʤɤˤߤη (System III) 3बɥˤƺäƤ򼨤System II System III üԤϡAlexander Gil ˤơ "Mopsae" "Easterners" ȸƤФƤ롥
ηϤ1650ǯޤǤȼȯŸ뤲󥰥ɤǤϤȤ櫓Ťΰҿ System I ȡΤ System II 2郎Ԥʤ褦ˤʤäƤ

System I:
   ME /eː/ > EModE /iː/, e.g. meed
   ME /ɛː/ > EModE /eː/, e.g. mead
   ME /aː/, /ai/ > EModE /ɛː/, e.g. made, maid

System II:
   ME /eː/ > EModE /i:/, e.g. meed
   ME /ɛː/, /aː/, /ai/ > EModE /eː/, e.g. mead, made, maid

Ȥ18ˤʤȡޤ̤2ηϤ礹褦ˤʤäƤ1ĤϡSystem I ɤȴưҿΤ褦ʰ֤ŤȤ¸³Ƥ System II Ǥꡤ⤦1ĤϤϤŤǹԤʤƤ System III Ǥ롥System III ϡ[2016-10-31-1]εǽҤ٤褦ˡɥǤ System I Ȥ̤ܿưʲΤ褦Ѳ뤲Ƥ

System III:
   ME /eː/, /ɛː/ > ModE /iː/, e.g. meed, mead
   ME /aː, aɪ/ > ModE /eː/, e.g. made, maid

System III ϸŤηϤǤϤ뤬18ޤǤưҿϤƤꡤ̣ǿηϤǤ⤢äơθ塤 System III ޤޤͥȤʤꡤˤޤ³Ū RP δפȤʤäƤäSystem III ͥȤʤäΤϡSystem II ٤Ʊ۵ (homonymic_clash) ε򾯤ʤޤȤŪʥåȤˤϤäSmith (110) ϡSystem III II ǻܿϥɥ򤪤Ƥۤˤʤˤ⡤װ򸫤ȤƤ롥

. . . System III's success in London is not solely due to intralinguistic functional reasons but also to extralinguistic social factors peculiar to the capital. System II and System III could only come into contact in a major urban centre, such as London; in more rural areas, the opportunity for the two systems to compete would have been much rarer and thus it would have been (and is) possible for the older System II to have been retained longer. The coexistence of System II and System III in one place, London, meant that it was possible for Londoners to choose between them.


Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-07-13 Mon

#2268. ֤ʤޤפΰۤʤ˴ؤ붦Ū෿ [pronunciation][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][variation][ame_bre][rhotic][phonotactics][rp][merger]

Ѽ֤ȯΰۤʤϡܸǡ֤ʤޤסѸ "accents" ȸƤФ롥2ĤѼȯӤȡۤʤˤ͡ʼब뤳Ȥ狼롥㤨С#1343. ѸαƺʼȤȯȸáˡ ([2012-12-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡꥹѸȥꥫѸȯ٤Ȥbath class 첻ƴ֤ѰۤȤȤΰۤʤȡstar four ˤƸ <r> ȯ뤫ݤȤۤʤȤϸߤ˰ۼΤΤΤ褦˴롥Ѽ֤ˤ͡ʥפȯκۤꤦȹͤ졤ΰۤʤ˴ؤ붦Ū෿ȤΤͤ뤳ȤǤǤ롥
Trubetzkoy 1931ǯȤᤤʳ "différences dialectales phonologiques, phonétiques et étymologiques" Ȥ3ĤΰۤʤƤƤ롥Wells (73--80) Ϥ Trubetzkoy ʬΩӤ1Ĥäơ4פʤ෿򼨤Wells ѸǤȡ"systemic differences", "realizational differences", "lexical-incidental differences", "phonotactic (structural) differences" 4ĤǤ롥Ѥ뤬ʲȤȤä褦

(1) realizational differences. 2Ѽ֤ǡͭ벻ǤβŪ¸ۤʤȤ硥goat, nose ʤɤȯˤơRP (Received Pronunciation) Ǥ [əʊ] ΤȤ󥰥Ǥ [ʌʊ] ȼ¸줿ꡤåȥǤ [oː] ȼ¸ʤɤΰ㤤롥ҲȤƤϡRP ζκǽ˸ /p, t, k/ [ph, th, kh] ӵȤƼ¸ΤФơåȥǤ [p, t, k] ̵Ǽ¸ʤɤ󤲤롥ޤ/l/ RP ǤϴĶˤäƤ dark l ȤʤΤФǤϾ clear l Ǥʤɤΰ㤤⤢롥[r] μ¸Ѱۤ褯ΤƤ롥

(2) phonotactic (structural) differences. 벻Ǥʤäꤹ벻ĶۤʤȤ硥non-prevocalic /r/ μ¸̵ͭŵ1ĤǤ롥GA (General American) ǤϤδĶ /r/ ¸뤬б RP Ǥ̵Ȥʤ (cf. rhotic) Ū¸Ūʥ٥ˤ벻˴ؤۤʤȤ롥

(3) systemic differences. ηϤۤʤäƤ뤬椨ˡġβǤб㤦褦ʾ硥RP Ǥ GA Ǥ /u/ /uː/ ϰۤʤ2ĤβǤǤ뤬åȥǤξԤϤζ̤Ϥʤ /u/ Ȥ1Ĥ礵Ƥ롥첻˴ؤ⤦1Ĥ󤲤Сstock stalk Ȥ RP Ǥϲǥ٥Ƕ̤뤬ꥫѸ䥫ʥѸΤʤˤϲǤȤͻ礷ƤΤ⤢ (cf. #484. ǿΥꥫѸ첻ͻȿǤ MWALED ȯɽ ([2010-08-24-1])#2242. ʥѸβŪħ ([2015-06-17-1])) ҲǤСloch θҲˤĤơRP Ǥ [k] ȯ뤬åȥǤ [x] ȯ롥ϡԤѼǤ /k/ Ȥ϶̤벻ǤȤ /x/ ¸ߤ뤫Ǥ롥

(4) lexical-incidental differences. ηϤ䲻Ū¸ˡ켫ΤѰۤʤθǤˤơۤʤ벻ǡФ礬롥Ѽ֤ǰۤʤ뷹Ȥ⤢СüԸĿͤˤäưۤʤȤ⤢롥㤨Сeither 1첻ǤϡѼˤäơ뤤ϸĿͤˤä /iː/ /aɪ/ Ȥȯ롥ѼĿͤϡξ첻ǤηϤȤƤäƤ뤬either ȤФƤΤ줬ŬѤ뤫Ȥ򤬰ۤʤäƤΡĤޤꡤ٥롤٥ΰ㤤ǤϤʤå٥ΰ㤤ȤäƤ褤
̤ˡȯεϤˤ֤θȤʤΤϡΥ٥Ǥΰ㤤Ǥ롥㤨Сaccomplish Ȥ2ζ첻 strut 첻Ǥ٤lot 첻Ǥ٤Nazi 2Ҳ /z/ /ʦ/

Wells, J. C. Accents of English. Vol. 1. An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1982.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-07-1] [2015-07-26-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-11-13 Thu

#2026. intrusive r (2) [rhotic][rp][phonetics][phonotactics][euphony][analogy]

#500. intrusive r ([2010-09-09-1]) Ǹ "The idea(r) is . . . ." ʤɤ˸ r ˤĤơθݤϡRP ޤ฽Ѹνʬۤ򹭤Ƥ롤߿ʹθѲǤ롥ñΤǤ뤤ϻҲ³Ȥˤ /aɪˈdɪə/첻³ĶǤ /aɪˈdɪər/ Ѱۤ붦Ūݤ֤ȤȤʬۤ򹭤ƤȤǤ̻ŪݤǤ⤢롥
εǽҤ٤褦ˡintrusive r ΤϡŵŪ /ɔː/, /ɑː/, /ɜː/, /ə/ Τ줫첻ǽˤƤǤ롥Ѱۤ򼨤üԤˤȤäƤϡθδ첻ˤ /r/ ޤޤƤꡤ첻³ĶǤ /r/ Τޤ޼¸뤬ʳδĶǤ /r/ æǡʤȤƼ¸Ȥ§ߤƤȹͤ롥
Ѱۤ뤤ѲطʤǺѤƤ륫饯ͤƤߤ褦Ūɸ।ꥹѸѼǤϡ㤨 ear δ첻 /ɪər/idea δ첻 /aɪˈdɪə/ Ǥꡤ/r/ ̵ͭ˴ؤΤ˶̤Ƥñ첻³ĶʳǤ /ɪə/ ȤǼ¸뤿ˡ줾δ첻ˤ /r/ ̵ͭˤĤơɽŪʥҥȤ뵡񤬾ʤΤϤС첻 /ə/ ǽ /ər/ ǽΤۤŪ¿Ȥ⤢ꡤ (analogy) θ̤ idea ʤɤδ첻 /r/ 뤳ȤȤʤäˤꡤear idea ɽŪˤƱǼ¸뵡¿ˤ⤫餺ۤʤ첻⤿ʤФʤʤȤôȤʤ֤ä줿Ȥˤʤ롥
Υ饯ϡɽŪʥҥȡפηǡǤ롥첻³ĶʳȤ櫓ñΤǼ¸ݤˡear idea ȤǸζ̤ʤȤˤꡤߤδ첻Τˤ̤ʤϤȤǽȤʤ롥դ˸С¸벻˶̤硤ʤ줾 /ɪər/, /aɪˈdɪə/ ȯѼˤƤϡΥ饯꤬ư뤭äʤˡintrusive r ʤͽ¬롥ơºݤˤͽ¬Ȥ狼äƤ롥non-prevocalic /r/ 򼨤ѼǤ intrusive r Ƥ餺Τ褦ѼüԤϡ¾ѼǤ intrusive r ̯ʸݤȤȤ館Ƥ褦Trudgill (58) ΥȤ̣

. . . of course it [intrusive r] is a process which occurs only in the r-less accents. R-ful accents (as they are sometimes called), in places like the southwest, USA and Scotland, do not have this feature, because they have not undergone the loss of 'r' which started the whole process off in the first place. Speakers of r-ful accents therefore often comment on the intrusive-'r' phenomenon as a peculiar aspect of the accents of England. One can, for example, hear Scots ask 'Why do English people say "Canadarr"?'. English people of course do not say 'Canadarr', but those of them who have r-less accents do mostly say 'Canadarr and England' /kænədər ən ɪŋglənd/.


r ȯ̵ͭˤĤƤϡ#406. Labov New York City /r/ ([2010-06-07-1])#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1])#453. ꥫѸνˤ r ([2010-07-24-1])#1050. postvocalic r Υ󥰥ϿޤˤĤ­ ([2012-03-12-1])#1371. New York City ˤ non-prevocalic /r/ ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-27-1])#1535. non-prevocalic /r/ μҲŪʲ͡ ([2013-07-10-1]) ۤrhotic 򻲾ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-10-20-1] [2014-11-14-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-04-18 Fri

#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) [phonetics][consonant][rp][dialect][phoneme][r][l]

Ѹ /l/ /r/ ˤĤƤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸 titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1]) ʤɤǰäƤȤ櫓ĴˤĤơ#1618. Ѹ /l/ /r/ ([2013-10-01-1]) dzפ򵭤ϰʣΤΡ­Ƥε Crystal (245) ˰͵򤷤ƽ񤯡
εǤ⸫褦ˡѸβ /l/ ϡ͡ʲȤƼ¸롥[l] δŪĴϡԤܤ¦̤ƵȴΤΤȤ˱礭2ब̤롥줾 "clear l" "dark l" ȸƤФ롥 [l] ϡ夬Ÿ˸äƾ夬Τǡ첻ζRP Ǥ첻 [j] ֤ǵ (ex. leap) [ɫ] ϡ夬˸äƾ夬Τǡ첻ζRP ǤϤʳΰ֤ǵ (ex. pool) clear l dark l ʬۤϡѼˤ͡Ǥꡤ㤨СIrish ΰǤ֤ clear l ʹ줿ꡤScots AmE ¿Ǥ֤ dark l ʹ롥ޤplease, sleep Τ褦̵Ҳθ֤Ǥ̵ [l] Ѥ롥Τۤbottle Τ褦˲粻Ū l ǤϡԤ [t] ¦ȼCockney RP Ǥ顤peel ʤɤ dark l 첻[piːo] ʤɤȤʤ롥
Ѹβ /r/ ϡ餯Ѽˤ뺹ĿͺǤ¿ҲǤ̤ˤͭܶ᲻ [ɹ] ȤƼ¸롥d ˸³ˤϡ褬Ԥ˸¤ʤܶᤷ໤ (ex. drive) 첻˶ޤ줿֤䤤ĤλҲθ֤ǡܸŵŪʥԤλҲƱ褦ͭԤϤ [ɾ] Ȥʤ (ex. very, sorry, three) ©ȼ [ph, th, kh] θ֤Ǥ̵໤Ȥʤ (ex. pry, try, cry)
Ѽˤ۲ȤƤϡǤͭ̾ʤΤͭܶ᲻ [ɻ] ǡԤ첻βӤӤ롥General American ŵŪۤˤ⥤󥰥ѼǤʹ롥ͭԤդ뤨 [r] ϡScots Welsh ΰʹ뤬¾ѼǤĴ⤤ȯˤƸ뤳Ȥ롥Τۤե󥹸ɥĸǰŪʹͭ໤ [ʁ] 뤤ͭդ뤨 [ʀ] 󥰥åȥǤʹ졤"Northumbrian burr" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥʡ#1055. uvular r θ춭ۤ ([2012-03-17-1]) 򻲾ȡˡǸˡ19ȾΥ󥰥ɤǡred [wed] ȯ褦 /r/ [w] Ѥ뤳ȤϤäȤդäƤ
ʤǤȤƤ /r/ ǤϤʤAmE matter t ͭԤϤ [ɾ] ȤƼ¸뤳Ȥ¿party t ͭϤ [ɽ] ȯ롥

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-03-30 Sun

#1798. Australia ˤѸ [history][australian_english][rp][map]

#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1])#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1])#1733. Canada ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-24-1]) ³ȥꥢαѸˤ򳵴Ѥ롥ʲFennell (246--47) ڤ Svartvik and Leech (98--105) ˰͵򤹤롥

Map of Australia

衼åѿͤȤƺǽ˥ȥꥢΦˤɤ夤Τ16Υݥȥͤȥͤꤿǡ顤Φ Nova Hollandia ȸƤФ줿Australia ϡƥ terra australis incongita (unknown southern land) ˡθˤ˽פʷȤʤäΤϡ1770ǯ Captain Cook (1728--79) Endeavour ǥȥꥢγߤҹԤȤäCook ϤϤΥꥹͭNew South Wales ̾Ť1788ǯ11ɤʤǽΥꥹ the First Fleet Arthur Phillip ĹλشΤ Botany Bay ŤΦΤŷɹȤߤʤ줿 Port Jackson ʸߤ SydneyˤǤ롥126 Australia Day ȤΤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
κǽͤۤɤο͡ȤȤˡSydney ήϤȤƤߤϤ᤿19ȾФˤ13ͤμͤȥꥢ졤1850ǯˤϥȥꥢ͸40ͤã1900ǯˤ400ͤؤȵʸߤο͸2͡ˡεϡ1851ǯ˻ϤޤäɥåäƤ롥̱¿ꥹпȼԤǤꡤȤ櫓ɥȥɤΰ̱¿äᡤȥꥢѸˤϤαѸħǻĤäƤꡤĹϾǤ롥θŪѰϡꥫ䥫ʥ椷Ƥʡ#591. ꥫѸ줬ͤǤͳ ([2010-12-09-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
1940ǯޤǤϡȥꥢΥǥǤ RP (Received Pronunciation) ѤƤʹߡʿΤζȤƤƬޤäơȥꥢѸ줬Ω (autonomy) ƤAustralian National Dictionary, Macquarie Dictionary, Australian Oxford Dictionary νǤ⡤ռ뤳Ȥˤʤäΰǡǯ֤ϡʿΤδطȿǤơȥꥢѸ˥ꥫѸαƶä˸ä̤ǡ˸褦ˤʤäƤ2ˤϡ첤ʤɤѸ񤫤ΰ̱ä̱ȥꥢѸ̱²ŪѼ߽ФȤ˹׸Ƥ롥
ȥꥢѸħϡȤƸä˸롥̱Ԥ̱Ȥ̤ܿơȥꥢͭưʪʸιܤˤĤ¿θääƤȥꥢ˵ͭùܤä1ĶȤ뤬Ĥ󤷤Ƥߤ褦dinkum (genuine, right), ocker (the archetypal uncultivated Australian man), sheila (girl), beaut (beautiful), arvo (afternoon), tinnie (a can of beer), barbie (barbecue), bush (uncultivated expanse of land remote from settlement), esky (portable icebox), footpath (pavement), g'day (good day), lay-by (buying an article on time payment), outback (remote, sparsely inhabited Australian hinterland), walkabout (a period of wandering as a nomad), weekender (a holiday cottage).
ȯħΰüˤĤƤϡ#402. Southern Hemisphere Shift ([2010-06-03-1]) 򻲾ȡȥꥢˤˤĤƤϡEthnologue Australia 򻲾ȡ

Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 144--49.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-03-31-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-02-24 Mon

#1764. -ing -in' μҲŪͤεž [sociolinguistics][variation][rp][pronunciation][suffix][rhotic][stigma]

Ѹ (-ing) 2ĤѰ۷ˤĤơ#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-26-1]) ӡ#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1]) ǰäƬ (h) Ѱۤȹ碌ơѸˤŪ˺Ǥ褯Τ줿ҲŪѰۤȤߤǤϡ[ɪŋ] ȯɸŪǡ[ɪn] ȯɸŪǤ롥ε ([2013-06-13-1]) Ǥ⿨줿Ȥꡤ1ۤˤξѰ۷μҲŪʲͤϵդǤä[ɪn] ҿΤȯǤꡤ[ɪŋ] ɸŪäΤǤ롥ɾˤĤƾܤŵõƤΤCrystal (309--10) ؤγǸڤƤΤ򸫤ĤΤǡȤꤢѤ롥

Everyone has developed a sense of values that make some accents seem 'posh' and others 'low', some features of vocabulary and grammar 'refined' and others 'uneducated'. The distinctive features have been a long-standing source of comment, as this conversation illustrates. It is between Clare and Dinny Cherrel, in John Galsworthy's Maid in Waiting (1931, Ch. 31), and it illustrates a famous linguistic signal of social class in Britain --- the two pronunciations of final ng in such words as running, [n] and [ŋ].
'Where on earth did Aunt Em learn to drop her g's?'
'Father told me once that she was at a school where an undropped "g" was worse than a dropped "h". They were bringin' in a country fashion then, huntin' people, you know.'
This example illustrates very well the arbitrary way in which linguistic class markers work. The [n] variant is typical of much working-class speech today, but a century ago this pronunciation was a desirable feature of speech in the upper middle class and above --- and may still occasionally be heard there. The change to [ŋ] came about under the influence of the written form: there was a g in the spelling, and it was felt (in the late 19th century) that it was more 'correct' to pronounce it. As a result, 'dropping the g' in due course became stigmatized.


(-ing) 뤳ˤϡѰ۷ȯΤΤͥȤäͤտ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤ餫ˤƤ롥#1535. non-prevocalic /r/ μҲŪʲ͡ ([2013-07-10-1]) Ǥ褦ˡܤʣѰ۷δ֤ˡͤͥ褦˸ȤƤ⡤βͤϼҲŪʥƥ쥪פˤƱΤ˱ѰۤήưŪʲͤˤʤȤȤǤ롥
ܸѲʹΡ֤ȴȤСפ֤줳ȤСפμҲŪͤʤɤ⻲ȤƤߤȤ⤷

Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-09-14 Sat

#1601. Ѹܸ첻ΰ [phonetics][japanese][vowel][rp]

ѸܸĴΰƱˤĤƤϡɤβؤζʽǤܽҤƤ뤬첻Ĵݤΰ֤ˤĤƤ첻շŪ˼ΤǤ狼䤹 (2) ꡤû첻Ĺ첻οޤǺܤ롥

Vowel Trapezoid of Japanese and English

嵭첻Ĵ֤Ϥ줾θɸѼ˴ŤƤ뤬ˤơ۲⤢СĿͺ⤢롥οޤߤСܸȤѸؽԤȯ塤Ū˵Ĥ٤¿ȤǤܸ [] Ϥ⤤ΤǡȤ˱Ѹ [e] ǤϤʤ [ɪ] ˶Ťȡȯ [ʌ] ϡƳܸ [] ˶ᤤȡܸ [] [] κŪʤѸбȤߤʤƤ [uː] [ʊ] [ɔː] κŪ礭ȡ֥ʡˡפȲ [ɑː], [ɑ], [ɒ] ϡѸǤ˱ޤäƤ뤳ȡ
ơѸˤϼüĴ첻¿⤬ȤȤݤܸ첻ĴϡФˤޤʬۤƤ褦ܤܤȤΤ˸򤢤ޤưˡ֥פȯǤƤޤ
οޤĴ֤ѤŪʤΤȤȤ館ΤϸǤ롥100ǯۤɤδ֤αѸˤĴ֤ѲߤƤߤȡճѲ礭Bauer (121) ˤȡRP ȤäƤߤƤ⡤[uː] ĴϾοޤɽ蘆⸲ˤʤäƤƤȤ[ʌ] ˤĤƤ⡤餫岽ʤǤƤ뤷[æ] ޤ㴳ǤĴη򼨤ڵ򤬤롥ѲϾ˿ʹԤƤ뤿򤱤ʤȤǤϤ뤬ʤɤĴޤϡ§Ȥ¿ʤȤ٤Ĵɽ魯ΤȹͤƤƤ褤

ˮɧإե󥿥벻ء١ҤĤ˼2007ǯ
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-21-1] [2015-04-17-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-06-13 Thu

#1508. ѸˤɡβDz [consonant][phoneme][phonology][diachrony][methodology][variation][phonemicisation][suffix][rp][minimal_pair][spelling_pronunciation]

Ѹǡfinger singer ˤ ng ʬȯϰۤʤ롥Ԥ [fɪŋgə]Ԥ [sɪŋə] Ǥ롥ԤΤ褦ˡ-ing ǽ촴ղäˤ [ŋ] ΤߤȤʤդƻѲ̤ long ӵ longer [lɔŋgə] Ǥ롥äơ֤Ĺפȡ˾͡פȤǤϡƱ longer Ǥ [lɔŋgə] [lɔŋə] ȯۤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ťϸ -ng Ͼ [ŋg] ä岻Ǥˤ뤬14Ⱦ顤ǤɸѸ17顤[ŋŋ] ͳ [ŋ] ؤȲѲ뤲West Midlands Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool ʤɤǤϤβѲϵ餺[ŋg] ݤ줿
Τ褦¿Ǹ -ng [ŋg] [ŋ] Ѳ뤳Ȥˤäơsing [sɪŋ] sin [sɪn] ʤɤǾ (minimal pair) 뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ/ŋ/ Dz (phonemicisation)
ʤưȤƤ -ing ϡ [ɪŋg] [ɪŋ] Ѳۤˡ [ɪn] ؤȯŸѰ۷⤢äѸǤϤФ -in' ɽǡɸŪȤƤ[2013-01-26-1]ε#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴפ򻲾ȡˤŪˤϹԤʤƤ19ˤݼŪ RP ǤѤƤꡤषҤȯȤߤʤƤθ塤Ū˰ҿƤäΤϡֻȯ (spelling pronunciation) αƶȹͤ롥

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-04-22 Mon

#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) [orthoepy][pronunciation][dictionary][lexicography][rp][prescriptive_grammar][walker][bl]

ѸȤ18˱ѸεϤäĿ̾󤲤ȸ줿顤ֻˤ Samuel Johnson (1709--84)ʸˡ Robert Lowth (1710-87)Ǥȯï
ϡJohn Walker (1732--1807) Ǥ롥路 A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ϡҤȯ᤿18Υꥹ̱˳Τƻ٤Ϳǰʹߡ100ǰʾŤͤƿ͵ƤǤ "Elocution Walker" ȸƤФޤǤ˻ä18 Walker 夵Ťϩϡ1920ˤǧȯ (RP = Received Pronunciation) ߽Фפ󶡤ɸѸˤޤ礭ʱƶڤܤƤ롥
ɽˤäĹ"A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language: to which are prefixed Principles of English Pronunciation: Rules to be Observed by the Natives of Scotland, Ireland, and London, for Avoiding their Respective Peculiarities; and Directions to Foreigners for Acquiring a Knowledge of the Use of this Dictionary." ɽɽȤꡤɥ濴˶ŤǤޤäϼǤ롥ʸǤɥȯ "undoubtedly the best" ǸƤ뤬ɥȤϤäƤ Cockney ȯ㳰Ǥꡤåȥɤ䥢ɤȯ礤˽Фʤ Cockney "a thousand times more offensive and disgusting" ȵƤƤ롥
Walker μȯϼ¤˾ܺ٤ǡ㤨 drama θ22ۤɤǽäƤ뤬ȯ770˵ڤ־ܤϿ36,600ϡ饤Х뼭Ȥ⤤ Thomas Sheridan A General Dictionary of the English Language (1780) 38,000ˤϾڤФʤȯξܺ٤Ӥˤʤʤ
British Library English Timeline ˤ Walker's correct pronunciation ꡤФ "BACK" ǻϤޤ뼭ΥڡǤ롥ʾ塤Crystal (52) ӻ߷ (19--20) 򻲾ȤƼɮ
ˤĤƤϡ#571. orthoepy ([2010-11-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
߷ ˧ͺԡˡؼѸ졦١ұѸʸꡡ8ҡ2006ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-01-15 Tue

#1359. ϰѰۤȼҲѰ [sociolinguistics][variation][variety][rp][elf]

ҲŪʸѰ (linguistic variation) Υѥ᡼ˤ͡ʼΤΤ롥Ѹ˴ؤƤϡ#227. ѸѼΥǥ ([2009-12-10-1]) #228. ѸѼΥǥ (2) ([2009-12-11-1]) ʤɤǤĤΥѥ᡼򸫤ŪˤСѰۤμפʥѥ᡼Ȥơ顤̱²̡ȡʤɤ󤲤롥衤ҲؤǤȤ櫓ˤƤΤϡϰѰۤȳʼҲѰۤ
ϰѰۤȼҲѰۤδطȤǤ뤬פʱѸҲˤƤϰŪ˼Τ褦ʥǥȤɽʥȥåɥ롤p. 37 οޤȤ˺ˡ

Trudgill's Variation Pyramid

οޤϡҲŪ˹⤤ΩˤüԤɤδ֤ˤϰŪʺʤ㤤ΩˤüԤɤδ֤ˤϰŪʺ礭Ȥ򼨤Ƥ롥ꥹˤѸѤƤϤƤȡŪ˰ҿΤ RP (Received Pronunciation) üԤϡꥹΤɤޤäȤƤ⤪褽Ʊ RP äɸȤѼäüԤϡϰˤäƸߤ礭ۤʤäѤ롥ΥǥϡRP Τ褦ȯΤߤʤ餺äʸˡˤͭǤ롥㤨С֤פɽ魯ϡԥߥåɤĺˤɸѸǤ scarecrow ʤԥߥåɤդˤʤɸѸǤϡϰˤä bogle, flay-crow, mawpin, mawkin, bird-scarer, moggy, shay, guy, bogeyman, shuft, rook-scarer ʤɤȸؤ롥ʸˡǤϡɸŪ He's a man who/that likes his beer ФơɸѼǤϰˤäƴط̾ʬwho, that, at, as, what, he, Τ褦˸ؤʥȥåɥ롤p. 38ˡ
ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) δ顤Υǥ Svartvik and Leech ˤ#426. ѸѼΥԥߥåɥǥ ([2010-06-27-1]) Ƥ뤳Ȥդ
դäƤ٤ϡˤϡϰѰۤȼҲѰۤδطषեԥߥåɤȤʤ⤢ȤȤȥåɥ (31--32) ˤСɤΥɥ²°륫ʥˤĤơäʸˡˤĤϰ躹ȥȺδطĴƤߤȡ̥ȡʥ֥եޥˤǤϰˤäѰۤ¿ΤФơ̥ȡ֥եޥˤǤϰޤǸߤ˶Ȥ
ԥߥåɤθϰۤʤ뤬ˤ衤ϰѰۤȼҲѰۤδ֤ˤϡФСشطȤȤϤ

P. ȥåɥ ظȼҲ١ȽŹ1975ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-06-09-1] [2013-05-17-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-02-12 Sun

#1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ [phonology][phonetics][phoneme][vowel][consonant][ipa][pde][japanese][minimal_pair][rp]

βǰϡ¤ؤμˡˤΤäȤꡤǾи (minimal pair) ФƤ椯ȤˤäƺǤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ롥θΤɤѼоݤˤ뤫ʱѸǤ BrE AmE ʤɡˡɤβ˴Ťʤɤˤäơ͡ʲǰ롥ۤȤɤΰ㤤ʤΤǡɸΤ褦˱ѸܸӤŪˤϡɤΰѤƤ礭ʺϤʤʲǤϡѸβǰˤϡGimson (Gimson, A. C. An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English. 1st ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1962.) ˴Ť Crystal (237, 242) 򻲾Ȥܸˤ϶İ (96) 򻲾ȤѸϥꥹѸǧȯ (RP) ̸ܸоݤȤƤ롥

Ѹβǰ20첻24Ҳ44ǡˡ
/iː/, /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/, /ʌ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/, /ɔː/, /ʊ/, /uː/, /ɜː/, /ə/, /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ, ɑʊ/, /ɪə/, /eə/, /ʊə/; /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/, /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/, /w/, /j/

ܸβǰ5첻16Ҳ3ü첻ǡ24ǡˡ
/a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/; /j/, /w/; /k/, /s/, /c/, /t/, /n/, /h/, /m/, /r/, /g/, /ŋ/, /z/, /d/, /b/, /p/; /N/, /T/, /R/


ºݤˤ¿θβǰӤ٤βǰǤ⤽줾θ첻ħ򤢤٤ɤ߼뤳ȤǤ롥ʲ˾դäʤ饳Ȥ롥

첻ˤĤơѸ20ǡܸ5Ǥȳ뤬5첻ηϤǤäȤ̤Ǥ롥äȾʤΤǤϡӥ졤졤ܸΰ3첻ߤäƤӥո2첻ȤηϤ롥ܸǤϡ4첻8첻̻ŪѲƤ
ҲˤĤơѸ24ǡܸ16Ǥǡܸ줬ŪʤʤΤǤϡϥ磻8Ҳ֡ӥΥȥ6Ҳ¿ΤǤ˵󤲤ӥո80ҲȤä٤ηϤ롥
ܸˤ໤ʤ/z/ ϸ嶦̸Ǥ [dz] ˻Ǽ¸Τ̡ޤǤ /h/, /s/ Ϥ줾 /p/, /ts/ äȻפ졤໤ޤäʤäǽ롥ѸǤ໤¤Ƥ롥
ܸǤϡ̻Ūʿಽ (delabialisation) Фơʤ첻߿ [ɯ] Ǽ¸ʤǯϱ߿Ĵ⤪ʤˡ

ܸüԤˤȤäƱѸȯ񤷤ˤĤƤϡ#268. Ѹ Liabilities ˬ ([2010-01-20-1]) ȡ#293. ٤¬뤫 ([2010-02-14-1]) Ǵñ˿줿
ʱѸ˲ؤδä˴ؤɽˤϡʲ򻲾ȡ

#19. 첻շ: [2009-05-17-1]
#118. 첻շʤ첻ϻΡ: [2009-08-23-1]
#31. ѸλҲβǡ: [2009-05-29-1]

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
İ ɧܸ졡ǡʾˡ١ȽŹ1988ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-06-04 Sat

#768. ѲĤĤ RP ϰ [rp][pronunciation][bre][estuary_english][variety]

RP ( = Received Pronunciation ) ǧȯפΩˤĤơ[2009-11-21-1]εֻȳ̿ȳ̿ȱѸˡפǴñ˿줿RP ϡ18Ⱦȳ̿ȳ̿δŪʷ̤Ȥ19ˤ Eton, Harrow, Winchester ʤɤΥѥ֥åȯȷӤĤ졤䤬ƶؤȯȤƹǧ褦ˤʤä⤤ RP ȤˤĤܴ͡ģ䷳ΤʤǸϤᡤRP ϸҤθȤʤäRP ϼҲŪѼǤϰŪ¤ޤǤʤȤ顤1920ǯ塤BBC Ω夲˺ݤƵŪȯȤƺѤ졤ޤޤ͡μ˿褦ˤʤä2ˤϡBBC ̤¿ο͡ˡ RP ἫͳפȤݤĤ졤θҤޤä
RP 200ǯˤ錄äƱѹ⳰ۤ夲Ƥϰ̤ϸߤǤ˴롥㤨СˡIJ񡤱ѹ񶵲¾ιŪؤǤϹʹ롥ޤꥹѸǥȤ EFL ؽԤˤȤäƤϡ¾塤ͣΥꥹȯȤäƤ褤ºݤˡѹͤ RP üԤ⳰ͤ RP üԤΤۤ¿ˡѸ츦塤ǤܤӤƤѼǤ⤢롥
ζؤϡRP ŤʹѤθȯposh ȯȤɾ⸽ϤƤꡤĤƤ RP Ūͤɤ餤ǤƤ롥ǥȯãˤϰѼ郎͡μ褦ˤʤäơ񹳴ԴƤ¤餤ǤȤͳ⤢[2010-08-04-1]εEstuary EnglishפǸȤꡤ¾Ѽ郎饤ХȤƱƶϤƤƤȤ⤢
Crystal (68) Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤߡRP ˤϲߴäƤ褦Ǥ롥

For the first time since the eighteenth century, the 'prestige accent' has begun to pick up some of the negative aura which traditionally would have been associated only with some kinds of regional speech.


Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-31-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-09-09 Thu

#500. intrusive r [rhotic][rp][phonetics][phonotactics][euphony]

[2010-07-23-1]εǿ줿ȤŵŪʥꥹѸ졤Ȥ櫓 RP ( Received Pronunciation ) Ǥ̾ postvocalic r ȯʤ non-rhotic r 졤ľθ줬첻ǻϤޤˤ r פꥨ ( liaison ) ѻ롥㤨 "My car is very old." "Necessity is the mother of invention." ʤɤǤ r ȯΤ̤Ǥ롥
פ뤿ˤŪ r ʤФʤʤϤcar mother ȤñȤȯˤ r ϼ¸ʤ嵭ߤŪ˸ r ꤹΤǤ롥ȤŪ r 礱Ƥˤ⤫餺θ줬첻ǻϤޤ r 礬롥ξˤϡפȤϸƤ٤ʤΤǡפֳߡ ( intrusion ) ȸƤ֤Ȥˤʤ롥intrusive r äդǤˤ롥
Ǥ褯Τ줿ϡlaw(r) and order the idea(r) of this ٤ι⤤ɽǤϡŪˤϤΤʤ r ͩΤ褦˸롥¾ˤ Shah(r) of Persia, Africa(r) and Asia, an area(r) of disagreement, drama(r) and music ʤɤ롥ޤ1Ǥⲻڤܤ r awe(r)-inspiring, draw(r)ing ʤɤ㤬롥ݤȤơIndia(n) and Pakistan ʤ intrusive n ʤΤ⸫롥
intrusive r 첻Ϣ³򤱤褦Ȥβ ( euphony ) ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥βǤϡʤΤ r ǤʤФʤʤΤʤ *"I(r) am a student" ʤ intrusive r ʤ礬Τ򤦤ޤǤʤȯΤ䤹˴Ť euphony ȤƤ⡤(1) ٤ι⤤ɽ˵䤹ȡ(2) 첻ؤȤ˵䤹Ȥ2Ŧɬפ롥
(2) ˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦r פ륿פθθ첻ϡ¤4षʤfour, car, fur, mother ˤ줾ޤޤ /ɔː/, /ɑː/, /ɜː/, /ə/ Ǥ롥첻ǽ뤬פʤסĤޤŪ r ޤޤʤפθϡ˾ʤ㤨 law, Shah, sofa ʤɤ뤬/ɜː/ бΤϤʤäơ4첻ǽϽȬ塤Ū r äƤǤꡤintrusive r ȼΤ̾Ǥ롥ǡŪ r Ĥ¿ɤΰϤˤäơ㳰° law Shah intrusive r ȼ褦ˤʤäȹͤ롥Ǥϡ ( phonotactics ) Τ䤹 ( likelihood ) ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥
intrusive r ȯεϤռ͡ˤä񤵤뤳Ȥ뤬ܿͤ "the idea(r) of an intrusive r is obnoxious" r ꤷơϤȤ񤷤Τʤ뤫 ( Crystal, p. 61 )

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002. 60--61.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-08-04 Wed

#464. Estuary English [estuary_english][bre][rp][cockney][variety]

ǯꥹ˽иƱƶϤ򹭤ĤĤѸѼ郎롥1983ǯ Rosewarne ˤä Estuary English ֲϸѸפ̾դ줿ѼǡŪ RP (Received Pronunciation) Ǥʤ Cockney ǤʤäŪȯƥॺϸɥؤϤ򹭤Ƥ롥1994ǯ˥ꥹζĹƸ Estuary English ȯᤵ륭ڡĥä餤顤γϤζΤ롥̾դƤ Rosewarne ˤСEstuary English ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥

Estuary English, a new accent variety I first described in 1984, is neither Cockney nor RP, but in the middle between these two. 'Estuary English . . . is to be found in its purest form along the seaward banks of the Thames, whither it has drifted from the eastern end of the capital' (leader article in the Independent on Sunday of 18 June 1995). The heartland still lies by the banks of the Thames and its estuary, but it has spread to other areas, as the Sunday Times announced on 14 March 1993 in a front-page headline 'Estuary English sweeps Britain'. Experts on British English agree that it is currently the strongest influence on the standard spoken form and that it could replace RP as the most influential accent in the British Isles. (Rosewarne 1996: 15 quoted in Jenkins 130--31)



ѸΤɨΥꥹƤѼʤˡȯRosewarne Ϥ RP Estuary English ߹फ뤤ϵդΤȤΤǤϤʤͽۤƤ뤬ԤΤʤˤ Estuary English üԸĿʸΤˤҲŪѼȤƤ¸ߤʤȤԤ⾯ʤʤUniversity College London Estuary English Ǥ¿ξ롥Varieties of English "British English" Υڡˤ Estuary English θŪħʤɤͭѤʾ󤬤롥

Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009.
Rosewarne, D. "Changes in English Pronunciation and Some Implications for Teachers and Non-Native Learners." Speak Out! Newsletter of the IATEFL Pronunciation Special Interest Group. No. 18 (1996): 15--21.

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow