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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-04-09 Tue

#3634. ̾ˤѸ첻ɽ [ipa][phonetics][elt][hiragana]

رѸ춵4ˡˤֶŪʱѸ첻ɽȤƤβ̾βǽˤؤӸߤ˳褫פꤹ뵭ǺܤƤꡤ̣ɤܤǽǤƤѸμñ콸ʽʤɤǡIPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) ɽ䤽˽सե٥åȻѤɽѤˡʿ̾Ҳ̾ѤΤ뤬ζṲ̄ϤɤʤΤʤΤȻפäƤ
̾ɽϡΤ餢ä褦IPA ƳˤϱѸؽ˺ݤƲ̾ɽԤʤƤä IPA ƳȲ̾ɽʬŪ˰ʤäʳŪסΡסּ«ɬספȤ᡼դ줿
IPA ʤɤˤ벻ɽؤ򤬿ޤäƤȡȿưäƤơͳϺԲϻȤʪ̾ɽʸ˾ФIPA Ⲿ̾ɽ⤢ޤɽˤξԤƤΰ㤤٤ȤäƤΤǤ롥ҤϡIPA ϽؼԤˤȤä̤οؤܤȤƤѸʸȤ̤οǤȤˡ̤̤οäƳؤФʤФʤʤȤΤϤäȻˤޤȤʵŸԲϤ⡤ؽŪǤϤʤŪΩƤС̾ɽŪǤϤʤɾ
ɤΤȤIPA ˤ貾̾ɽˤ衤ʤŪDZѸ첻ɽ褦ȤƤ뤫ȤǤפʤΤǤꡤ˱ơ֡˲ʳŪס֡ԡΡסּ«ʤסˡפɾѤäƤ#669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1]) Ǥ褦ˡnarrow transcription broad transcription ȤΤϡɤ餫ŪɤȤǤϤʤŪ˰¸ŪǤ롥äơ̾ɽŪäƤȤͥƤȤˤϤʤʤ
ʥ٥ˤ˱Ѹ춵塤ºݤ˲̾ɽɤŪʤΤ˴ؤ¾ŪʸϡۤȤɤʤƤʤ褦ȯƳ˴ؤĴˤȡѷȯǤ夷ؽԤǧŪ٤Ǥ㤯ʤä (69) Ȥ롥ȤСȡפΤ褦ɽ顤ؽԤϲˤĤƽפľȤϡֶŪɽˤȤäƽפʤΤϡɤΤɽΤǤϤʤˤƳؽԤ˳ؽʳȯ뤫Ǥ롥Ȥ⤹СؽԤ˻äƤĹФ­줬ˤ뤿˲̾ɽѤƤɤΤǤϤʤ (69) ᤯äƤ롥
ϢơIPA ȤˤˤĤơ#822. IPA άˡ ([2011-07-28-1])#3362. International Phonetic Association (IPA) ([2018-07-11-1])#3363. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) ([2018-07-12-1])#251. IPAΥ㡼ȡ ([2010-01-03-1]) ǽ񤤤ƤΤǻȤ줿

ֶ͡ŪʱѸ첻ɽȤƤβ̾βǽˤؤӸߤ˳褫סرѸ춵2019ǯ4桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ31468--69ǡ

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2018-07-12 Thu

#3363. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) [ipa][phonetics][history_of_linguistics][diacritical_mark][elt]

ε#3362. International Phonetic Association (IPA) ([2018-07-11-1]) ˰³ζ񤬺ؽѰ仺 International Phonetic Alphabet ʹݲɸʸ; IPAˤˤĤơ#822. IPA άˡ ([2011-07-28-1])#251. IPAΥ㡼ȡ ([2010-01-03-1]) Ǥ⳵פ˿줿 McArthur (523--24) αѸؼŵ

INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET, short form IPA. An alphabet developed by the International Phonetic Association to provide suitable symbols for the sounds of any language. The symbols are based on the Roman alphabet, with further symbols created by inverting or reversing roman letters or taken from the Greek alphabet. Such symbols are designed to harmonize as far as possible with standard Roman symbols, so as to fit as unobtrusively as possible into a line of print. The main characters are supplemented when necessary by diacritics. The first version of the alphabet was developed in the late 19c by A. E. Ellis, Paul Passy, Henry Sweet, and Daniel Jones from a concept proposed by Otto Jespersen. It has been revised from time to time, most recently in 1989 (see accompanying charts). The IPA is sufficiently rich to label the phonemes of any language and to handle the contrasts between them, but its wide range of exotic symbols and diacritics makes it difficult and expensive for printers and publishers to work with. As a result, modifications are sometimes made for convenience and economy, for example in ELT learners' dictionaries. Phoneme symbols are used in phonemic transcription, either to provide a principled method of transliterating non-Roman alphabets (such as Russian, Arabic, Chinese), or to provide an alphabet for a previously unwritten language. The large number of diacritics makes it possible to mark minute shades of sound as required for a narrow phonetic transcription. The alphabet has not had the success that its designers hoped for, in such areas as the teaching of languages (especially English) and spelling reform. It is less used in North America than elsewhere, but is widely used as a pronunciation aid for EFL and ESL, especially by British publishers and increasingly in British dictionaries of English. The pronunciation in the 2nd edition of the OED (1989) replaces an earlier respelling system with IPA symbols.


19̾Ω벻ؼԡؼԤˤäƺ줿 IPA ϡθ塤ܤˤ⤿餵졤Ѹ춵νפʰüôȤˤʤäءʤɤγؽŪʸ̮ǤΩθǤƤˤƥ᥸㡼ǤϤʤäߤܤαѸ춵ˤƤ IPA ˴ŤȯפϤĤƤۤɰŪ˶Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ褦
⤽⡤ȯɽȤäƤ⡤ˤ͡Ω줬롥ɽȲɽȤǤϸ첻Фޤǰۤʤ뤷̩ܤ˴Ϣ narrow transcription broad transcription ζ̤ (cf. #669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1]))
IPA ɽƤ130ǯۤɤФĤ첻ɽϡءȸ춵μȤʣ߹礤Τʤǡưפ˲褹ΤǤϤʤȤϡ̯ʵоݤǤ롥
ʤΰǤ IPA κǿǤ1989ǯȤʤäƤ뤬 McArthur ԤμŵνǤ1992ǯΤᡥߤǤɤǤ2015ǯǿǤ롥  *

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-04-09-1]

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2018-07-11 Wed

#3362. International Phonetic Association (IPA) [ipa][phonetics][history_of_linguistics]

International Phonetic Association ʹݲضˤȤȿȡ줬߽ФؽѰ仺Ǥ International Phonetic Alphabet ʹݲɸʸˤˤĤơ#822. IPA άˡ ([2011-07-28-1]) #251. IPAΥ㡼ȡ ([2010-01-03-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤʶʸȤ IPA άΤաˡ
ȿˤĤơ2ĤαѸؼŵ񤭤ѤƤޤCrystal (251) 顥

International Phonetic Association (IPA) An organization founded in 1886 by a group of European phoneticians (Paul Passy (1859--1940) and others) to promote the study of phonetics. In 1889 it published the International Phonetic Alphabet (also IPA) which, in modified and expanded form, is today the most widely used system for transcribing the sounds of a language . . . .


ˡMcArthur (525--26) 餵˾ܺ٤󤲤褦

INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION, short form IPA. An association that seeks to promote the science of phonetics and its practical applications. It was founded in 1886 in France under the English name The Phonetic Teachers' Association, by a group of language teachers who used phonetic theory and transcription in their work. The journal Dhi Fonètik Titcer started in France in the same year, edited by Paul Passy and printed in English in a phonetic script; its name was changed in 1889 to Le Maître phonétique. At first, the Association was concerned mainly with phonetics applied to teaching English, but interest expanded with the membership to the phonetic study of all languages. It acquired its present name in 1897. Although the Association played an important part in the European movement for the reform of language teaching in the late 19c, it is now best known for its regularly revised alphabet. In addition to such occasional publications as Differences between Spoken and Written Language (Daniel Jones, 1948) and The Principles of the International Phonetic Association (Daniel Jones, 1949), which includes ample transcription of large number of languages, the Association publishes The Journal of the IPA, which evolved from Le Maître phonétique.


ȤƤϱѸ춵ǰƬΩ줿衼åѤȿǤ뤳ȡθȤƤϡݲɸʸβڤؤƤȤפǤ롥
θۡڡ

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-04-09-1] [2018-07-12-1]

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2018-07-05 Thu

#3356. ɸȯ18Ⱦ [standardisation][prescriptivism][pronunciation][walker][rp][phonetics][dictionary][ipa]

#2772. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (1) ([2016-11-28-1])#2773. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (2) ([2016-11-29-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤˤɸಽϲήΤʤȯåȤˤ줿ΤϺǤ٤ä18Ⱦȯ񤬽ǤϤ᤿ΤäܳŪȯ "codification" ߤ줿ΤϤ1塤IPAInternational Phonetic Alphabet; ݲɸʸˤ߽Ф줿19ȾΤȤäơή2021ؤ³Ƥ롥Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade (307--08) βѤ褦

It is only relatively recently that the norms of standard British (or rather English) English pronunciation were first systematically codified. Attempts were made to that effect in pronunciation dictionaries in the late eighteenth century by Walker (1791) and, in particular, Sheridan (1780). However, a more detailed codification did not become possible until the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) came into existence and began to be used by Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones and their fellow phoneticians in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Jones' works ran into a large number of editions, An Outline of English Phonetics, first published in its entirely in 1918, into as many as nine. His English Pronouncing Dictionary came out in 1917 and underwent a series of revisions first by Jones himself, and later by A. C. Gimson and Susan Ramsaran (14th edition, 1977). Its sixteenth edition, prepared by Peter Roach and James Hartman, came out in 2003. The most comprehensive recent work in the field is John Wells' Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (1990), which shows both RP and General American pronunciations.


ѤǤϡȯεϲȤʤä18ȾǤȤ櫓ƶϤäΤȤ Walker Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) 򻲾ȡWalker θȤ Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ̾󤲤Ƥ뤬ȯܥ֥ǤȯˤȤ˲٤ȤʤäˤʤäƤ
ȯɸಽϲȤϤäƤ⡤񤭸դȷӤĤ䤹ֻʸˡȰۤʤꡤȯäդΰ°ΤʤΤǡɸಽϲ˾ȤƤñΤǤϤʤޤܻؤ٤ŪʥåȤǤ롥

Nevalainen, Terttu and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. "Standardisation." Chapter 5 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 271--311.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-31-1] [2018-10-15-1]

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2015-12-17 Thu

#2425. 񤭸դˤ첻Ĺûζ̤μʤ줳 [writing][digraph][grapheme][orthography][phoneme][ipa][katakana][hiragana][diacritical_mark][punctuation][final_e]

ε#2424. digraph (2) ([2015-12-16-1]) ǤϡŻ (digraph) 뤤ʣʸ (compound grapheme) ȤƤ <th> ȤƼ夲2ʸ <h> ȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1]) ȤѤƤȤҲ𤷤ޤŪˡܸե󥹸Υ夲ξǡ䥢󤬤ޤǸɤŪǤΤФơѸ <h> Ϥ켫ΤñʸǤȤƤѤȤۤŦ󡤤줫ˡȤƤ櫓Ǥ񤷤Ƥ櫓Ǥʤ񵭸ˤäơ褦ȯ̵ǽ̤٤ۤʤʤѰդƤΤȤȤĥäǤ롥
ˤĤ󤲤ʤƹͤƤߤû첻 /e/ Ĺ첻 /eː/ ̤ˡ񵭾ɤΤ褦ˡ뤫˼ޤ⤽񵭾ζ̤򤷤ʤȤ褬롥ƥû첻 edo (I eat) Ĺ첻 edo (I give out) Ǥ롥ƥʤɤǤϡؼԤȽ䤹褦Ԥ edōԤ ēdō ɽ뤳ȤϤ뤬¤θŵƥƥȤˤƤϤΤ褦Ĺ (macron) ϸʤ첻ĹûƤñǤ뤫ϡʸ̮ȽǤΤƥήäƱͤˡܸΡֱסʤˤȡֱʼסʤؤˤˤֱҡפˤƤ⡤첻ĹûŪ˼Ƥʤ
ˡȯѤơĹǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ȥˡ롥ҤΥƥؼѤĹ椬ޤˤѸʤɤǤ첻ξ˥դȤǡĹ򼨤ȤԤƤޤѸ Richard Hodges ˤ붵Ūֻˤ⥦饦ȵ椬ƳƤ (see #2002. Richard Hodges ֻפʤֻ ([2014-10-20-1])) Ȼ褦ȤơҲ̾ˤ֥פФ֥פ˸Ĺʲˤ󤲤롥֡פϡ֥פƱͤˤä1ʸʬΥڡȤǡʤȤ⸫ɤϥƥĹ䥢ۤŪǤϤʤǤϡIPA International Phonetic Alphabet; ݲɸʸˤĹ /ː/ ֡פ˻ƤȤ롥ǵ󤲤ƼϡñȤǤϰ̣ʤɬǽŪ˥ᥤʸ˽°뤫ѤƤ뤳Ȥդ
³ơʿ̾Ρ֤פΤ褦ˡƱʸ򷫤֤Ȥˡ롥ѸǤѸǤ met /met/ Ф meet /meːt/ ʤɤʸ򷫤֤Ȥ̤˸줿
ޤ#2423. digraph (1) ([2015-12-15-1]) Ǥ夲褦ʡϢ³ʣʸ (discontinuous compound grapheme) λѤ롥Ѹ줫ѸˤƹԤ줿red /red/ rede /reːd/ Τ褦ʽ񵭾ΩǤ롥rede 2ܤ <e> 1ܤ <e> ĹˤƷꤷƤ롥
ǸˡꥷǤϤޤäۤʤʸѤû첻 ǡĹ첻 ɽ魯
Τ褦ˡ񵭸ˤäƼʤۤʤ졤ۤƱǽ餫ˡǼƤʤ뤤ϡʤˤΤǤ롥

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2015-04-15 Wed

#2179. IPA ٵήˤҲʬ (2) [phonetics][consonant][ipa][chart][hel_education][cgi][web_service]

#1813. IPA ٵήˤҲʬ ([2014-04-14-1]) ˰³Ĵؤ˴ؤɽˤĤơCarr (xx--xxi) βؤζʽˡĴﴱοޤIPAʬ᲻ɽڡ˰ƤΤ򸫤ĤΤǡ󤷤ʲ򥯥åPDFˡ

The Organs of Speech and IPA Charts by Carr (xx--xxi)

ä˱ˤٵήˤҲʬɽˤĤơؽΰˤʤ褦ˤȡɽηġʲ˺äƤߤĴؤγؽΰˤɤ

Choose how many questions to make out of the total of 78. (0 questions will give the original table.)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 78

    


Carr, Philip. English Phonetics and Phonology: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.

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2014-04-14 Mon

#1813. IPA ٵήˤҲʬ [phonetics][consonant][ipa][chart][link]

ɸƤˡϢεإ󥯤ĥäƤ

#251. IPAΥ㡼ȡ ([2010-01-03-1])
#669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1])
#822. IPA άˡ ([2011-07-28-1])
#1376. ﴱοޡ ([2013-02-01-1])
#31. ѸλҲβǡ ([2009-05-29-1])

Ǥϡءʲ IPA 2005ǯ (PDF; 58KB) ٵήʡ#1672. ή ([2013-11-24-1]) 򻲾ȡˤˤҲɽǡԤϤ줾첿ɽ路Ƥ

IPA Pulmonic Consonants

ޤĴ (place of articulation) ɽ路üο鱦üޤǡƻγƴﴱб롥βȤȤ館Ф褤
ԤĴͼ (manner of articulation) ɽ路夫鲼ء褽ƵФ˸٤ι⤤Τ¤Ǥ롥˸μ8Ĥ˶ʬƤ뤬ˤ¤ϰ롥ϡƣ (21) ˤޤߤаʬ᲻μ˱ѸĤĤġοޤƸ褦

                                                θϲ (plosive)
                                ˡ
                                              ɡ (nasal)
                                
ĺĤΡդ뤨դ뤨 (trill)
                                
                                ϤϤ (tap or flap)


                                                Ū໤ (fricative)
                                ࡡ
                                              ¦̡Ū໤ (lateral fricative)
˷֤ĤΡ                          
                                              Ūܶ᲻ (approximant)
                                ܡᡡ
                                                ¦̡Ūܶ᲻ (lateral approximant)

礭2ʬ롥˴ĺơήߤΤȡĺԴǷ֤ĤꡤήߤʤΤȤǤ롥ԤϹ̣Ǥɽ路ĺη³3ʳʤ롥äꤷ³1ϤΡȸƤ褤ήγΤߤθϲ (plosive) ɡǤСɡ (nasal) Ȥʤ롥³ζˤûĺʣ󷫤֤ȡ㤨д岻Τ褦ʡդ뤨 (trill) Ȥʤ롥ޤˤûĺ٤ˤϡܸΥԤλҲ˸褦ʡϤ (tap or flap) Ȥʤ롥̩˸Сtap flap ϰۤʤꡤtap ưŪĴﴱˤ켫ΤαưŪȤƾԤʤɡŪĴﴱˤܿƤɤΡflap 夬Ȥΰ֤ˤɤ뱿ưǾԤʤɤ1󿨤Τ򤵤סƣp. 40ˡ
⤦1Ĥη󡤤ʤ˷֤Ĥ벻ˤϡĴﴱΤ̤뵤ή໤ζΤȡΤ褦໤ۤȤɤʤĴﴱ֤ܶᤷƤˤʤΤȤ̤롥ޤ줾ˤĤơήο̤뤫Ƥ̤뤫˱ơŪ¦Ūʲ̤롥̤ȤơŪ໤ (fricative) ¦̡Ū໤ (lateral fricative) Ūܶ᲻ (approximant) ¦̡Ūܶ᲻ (lateral approximant) 4बʬ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
IPA λҲʬϡäơĴؤδ餭ŪˤʤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ΤȤơٵήˤҲʬϡʲ5ĤδʤƤȤƣp. 25ˡ

(1) ξ֡Ӥοư̵ͭ
(2) ĴξʤɤʬǶή˸뤫
(3) ήϩʵήϸο̤뤫Ƥ̤뤫
(4) ܶٹ礤ʤɡʵήФƤɤΤ褦˸뤫
(5) ΰ֡ʵήɡФȴ뤫ȴʤ

IPA 䲻ؤγؽˤϡİȤǤʲΥڡɤ

ؤˤ IPA ⥸塼
Department of Language and Communication Studies, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet ˤ A Sound Reference to the IPA: active, sound-enabled version of the International Phonetic Alphabet
Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London ˤ IPA: Alphabet
The UCLA Phonetics Lab
Institute of Phonetic Sciences, University of Amsterdam ˤ Phonetic Sciences, Amsterdam
ؤθƣƶˤ Υ󥯽

ƣ ˡܸ첻ٲǡƲ2013ǯ

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2012-02-12 Sun

#1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ [phonology][phonetics][phoneme][vowel][consonant][ipa][pde][japanese][minimal_pair][rp]

βǰϡ¤ؤμˡˤΤäȤꡤǾи (minimal pair) ФƤ椯ȤˤäƺǤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ롥θΤɤѼоݤˤ뤫ʱѸǤ BrE AmE ʤɡˡɤβ˴Ťʤɤˤäơ͡ʲǰ롥ۤȤɤΰ㤤ʤΤǡɸΤ褦˱ѸܸӤŪˤϡɤΰѤƤ礭ʺϤʤʲǤϡѸβǰˤϡGimson (Gimson, A. C. An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English. 1st ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1962.) ˴Ť Crystal (237, 242) 򻲾Ȥܸˤ϶İ (96) 򻲾ȤѸϥꥹѸǧȯ (RP) ̸ܸоݤȤƤ롥

Ѹβǰ20첻24Ҳ44ǡˡ
/iː/, /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/, /ʌ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/, /ɔː/, /ʊ/, /uː/, /ɜː/, /ə/, /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ, ɑʊ/, /ɪə/, /eə/, /ʊə/; /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/, /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/, /w/, /j/

ܸβǰ5첻16Ҳ3ü첻ǡ24ǡˡ
/a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/; /j/, /w/; /k/, /s/, /c/, /t/, /n/, /h/, /m/, /r/, /g/, /ŋ/, /z/, /d/, /b/, /p/; /N/, /T/, /R/


ºݤˤ¿θβǰӤ٤βǰǤ⤽줾θ첻ħ򤢤٤ɤ߼뤳ȤǤ롥ʲ˾դäʤ饳Ȥ롥

첻ˤĤơѸ20ǡܸ5Ǥȳ뤬5첻ηϤǤäȤ̤Ǥ롥äȾʤΤǤϡӥ졤졤ܸΰ3첻ߤäƤӥո2첻ȤηϤ롥ܸǤϡ4첻8첻̻ŪѲƤ
ҲˤĤơѸ24ǡܸ16Ǥǡܸ줬ŪʤʤΤǤϡϥ磻8Ҳ֡ӥΥȥ6Ҳ¿ΤǤ˵󤲤ӥո80ҲȤä٤ηϤ롥
ܸˤ໤ʤ/z/ ϸ嶦̸Ǥ [dz] ˻Ǽ¸Τ̡ޤǤ /h/, /s/ Ϥ줾 /p/, /ts/ äȻפ졤໤ޤäʤäǽ롥ѸǤ໤¤Ƥ롥
ܸǤϡ̻Ūʿಽ (delabialisation) Фơʤ첻߿ [ɯ] Ǽ¸ʤǯϱ߿Ĵ⤪ʤˡ

ܸüԤˤȤäƱѸȯ񤷤ˤĤƤϡ#268. Ѹ Liabilities ˬ ([2010-01-20-1]) ȡ#293. ٤¬뤫 ([2010-02-14-1]) Ǵñ˿줿
ʱѸ˲ؤδä˴ؤɽˤϡʲ򻲾ȡ

#19. 첻շ: [2009-05-17-1]
#118. 첻շʤ첻ϻΡ: [2009-08-23-1]
#31. ѸλҲβǡ: [2009-05-29-1]

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
İ ɧܸ졡ǡʾˡ١ȽŹ1988ǯ

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2011-09-14 Wed

#870. diacritical mark [punctuation][alphabet][grammatology][ipa][netspeak][diacritical_mark]

񤭸դ˥޻ѤΤʤǤ⡤Ѹζˡ礭ħϡdiacritical markȯ(), ʬˤۤȤɻѤʤȤǤ롥褯ΤƤȤǤϡɥĸΥ饦ȵ (ex. ö, ü) ե󥹸Υ󵭹䥻ǥ (ex. é, à, î, ç) ڥΥƥ (ñ)ƹݲɸʸ (International Phonetic Alphabet; [2011-07-28-1]εIPA άˡפ򻲾) 뤬ѸˤʸμϤʤ㤴㤵ϤۤȤɤʤˤꡤѸϥڥǽ񤯤ˤ⥭ܡɤǥפˤݤʤʼ hel typist ϡIPA Ѥ褦 diacritical mark 򥿥פݤѤ路򸺤뤿ΥġǤ롥
diacritical markdiacritic ȤѸϡʬΥŪʡ̤פ̣ διακριτικóς ͳ褹롥ѸȤƤϡ"[i]n alphabetic writing, a symbol that attaches to a letter so as to alter its value or provide some other information" (McArthur) Ǥ롥
ѸǤ diacritical mark ϤۤȤɻѤʤȽҤ٤ĤƤ͡ʤΤ¸ߤޤʤ館Τ⡤鷺ʤ¸ߤ롥apostrophe, diaeresis, supraliteral dot 3ĤǤ롥apostrophe ( ' )ϡ[2010-11-30-1]εapostropheפǿ줿褦ˡ3εǽôäƤ롥is i's Ǥȯΰ㤤˴ͿƤ뤳Ȥդ줿diaeresis ( ¨ ) ϡۤȤѤȤʤäƤ뤬naïve, coöperate, zoölogy ʤɤθֻ˸졤Ϣ³첻̡첻Ȥɤޤ뤳Ȥ򼨤
supraliteral dot ( ˙ ) i j ξǤ롥ʸΰȤȤ߹ޤƤΤ diacritical mark Ȥưռ뤳ȤϤʤΤ褦˸Ƥ֤ȤŬڤɤȤ⤢뤬ȤƤϳΤ̤ʸȡֶ̤ä i ˤ⡤ j ˤ supraliteral dot դƤʤäminim ȸƤФ1ܤǹʸϼϤʸνΤʤפ䤹äΤǡդ뤳ȤΩʸǤ뤳ȤΤǤʴϢơ[2009-07-27-1]ε֤ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ񤯤פ򻲾ȡˡƥˤƤ i supraliteral dot 12οǤꡤ褷ƥ޻ȯդƤ櫓ǤϤʤ޻ i оŪˡꥷʸ ι (iota) ʤθȤɤƤ뤳Ȥաʤi j ʸȤƤʬ15ڥˤ׿ǡ˽ˤ⹭äΤǤʴϢơu v ʸʬˤĤƤ[2010-05-05-1], [2010-05-06-1]ε򻲾ȡˡ
ΤۤѸ café Schprachgefühl ʤɤˤơѸ diacritical mark ݻƤϤ뤬ϱѸʸηϤƱƤȤϤߤʤʤ
[2011-09-04-1]εָѸѲѰۤΰפǵ󤲤Ѹν񤭸դηȤơλѤˤʤäƤƤȤή줬롥diaeresis ԻѤϤȤꡤapostrophe ξά񤭤ǤˤǤꡤNetspeak ʤɤǤ̤ˤʤäƤƤ롥̡ˡȤƤݻƤ椯Ȼפ뤬ϰռѲƤ椱С줹μ¤ǤϤʤ⤷ʤsupraliteral dot ˴ؤƤϡ񤭤ǤæӻäɮΤ񤤤ƤǤ˺줿ꡤ̤ʸξǤäƤޤʤɤ¿ˡפǤǽ餫ޤƤæβǽʤΤǡ¾ diacritical mark Ȥϰ褷Ƥ椯
ܵˤĤƤϡPotter (38fn) ˰ʲΤ褦ʵҤäΤǻͤˤ

The apostrophe (now much diminished in use), the diaeresis (now obsolescent) and the supraliteral dot (over i and j) are, most fortunately, our only diacritics. The latter is a nuisance. How many writers place their dots precisely where they should be placed? In writing Greek you dot no iotas. No Latin manuscripts have supraliteral dots before the twelfth century when, for the first time, they were used to distinguish i more clearly since it was liable, especially in cursive script, to be taken as one of the strokes of an adjacent letter. An undotted j had begun as a mere final tailed i in Classical Latin in numerals like vıȷ and in words like fılıȷ 'of the son'. The letters i and j were first taken as two separate symbols in fifteenth-century Spanish. They did not become separate letters in English until the seventeeth [sic] century.


McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

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2011-07-28 Thu

#822. IPA ά [ipa][phonetics]

IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) ݲɸʸפˤĤƤϡipa γƵǼ夲ƤIPA ϡȯοʤǰƬˡ첻Τ˰Ӥɽǽ񤭼뤿εηϤΩȤŪǺФ줿A. J. Ellis H. Sweet Ԥ߽Фߥåɽ (Romic) ȤˤʤäƤꡤO. Jespersen Ƥ International Phonetic Association ʹݲض񡨤 IPA άˤͭϥСǤä P. Passy Ωԡˤ D. Jones 餬1888ǯˤޤȤ夲θ첻б뤿˸˾IJ졤ʣʵηϤˤʤäƤߤǤ2005ǯβѤƤ롥
Ūʲɽˤϡ̩кɽ಻ɽɬפIPA ϤξǤ褯ƤȤ졤ǺǤ⹭ƤȯȤäƤ褤ꥫǤ IPA ʳˤȼȯηϤѤƤ뤬衼åѤܤǤ IPA αƶä˶IPA ܤǤϻԲϻͳϺˤƳ졤夷ƤߤܤμǤϡξѼȯб뤿νäʤ顤 IPA δάɽ (broad notation) ѤƤ롥
IPA Ϥˤϡĺ hel typist Web ӥȤ󶡤Ƥ IPA Chart Keyboard Type IPA phonetic symbols ɤ
ۤˡIPA ˤˤĤƤν Bibliography of the history of the IPA ˤ롥

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2011-05-16 Mon

#749. hel typist --- hellog ͤʸѴ CGI [cgi][web_service][ipa]

ܥ֥ǤϡűѸ졤Ѹ졤ե󥹸ΰѤ䡤IPA ݲɸʸפʤɤȯϤ뵡¿Τ̤¿ȡüʸü쵭Ǥߤ路ʤäƤ롥κݤȻפASCIIʸϤǤ뵭ˡŪʸѴġƤߤѸˤμդѤ뤳Ȥ¿ʸѴоݤˤΤǡ̾դ hel typist͡㡤ˡ



ŪʻȤñ˲⤹롥a#d#eling, t#e_od, g#iue, Vous vous e^tes leve' tre`s to^t . ʤɤϤ æðeling, þēod, ȝiue, Vous vous êtes levé très tôt. ʤɤѴȤñִġǡۤȤɤü쵭ˡ֥ե٥å1ʸܶɵ1?2ʸפǹ롥ǻȤƤɵ椽ΤΤϤˤϡڡ1ʸԤ뤳Ȥǥפ롥
ޤ// // 뤤 [[ ]] ǰϤޤ줿ʬ̤ IPA mode ȤƲᤵ졤IPA ȯѤεˡͭˤʤ롥ȤƸѸɸŪʲǤɽ魯椬줾ASCII1ʸбƤꡤ㤨 "[[f@'nEtIks]]" Ϥ [fəˈnɛtɪks] 롥
ˡϤޤǸĿŪ˻ȤäƤΤäȤʤäƤ뤬Ǥ¤ (1) ʤǿϤǤ &thorn; ʤɤ HTML μλȤڡˡ(2) ΤޤޤǤⲿȤɤǧݤ¿ΰŵɬפ t# thorn Ȥ@ schwa ȤΤǧǽȹͤ˵ˡ򿴤
ԥ塼ǤϡUnicode ʤʸιݲʤǤȤϤޤ˥־᡼ǤASCIIͥASCIIΥƥȥեΥݡӥƥι⤵ѤäƤʤؤǤϡü쵭 (La)TeX ˤASCIIʸΤߤɽ魯ˡѤƤꡤʬǤΥߥ˥˹׸ƤʹƤ롥ؤǤ⡤뤤ϤŪ˱Ѹ˴ϢǤ⡤Τ褦ʴäȯãФ褤ʤȻפΤ
hel typist ƤʤȯˤĤƤϡIPAϥġ

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2011-02-25 Fri

#669. ȯɽȱѸ [phonetics][phonology][phoneme][ipa]

ȯɽˤϡ礭ʬɽ ( phonetic transcription or narrow transcription ) ɽ ( phonemic transcription or broad transcription ) 2ब롥Ԥ [ ] ǰϤߡԤ / / ǰϤΤǤ롥ɽȲɽϸܤϻƤ뤬ܼŪˤϤޤäۤʤΤǤ롥ɽϡĴŪŪʴβεҤܻؤƤꡤ§ȤθǤβ̤ǽϹθƤʤǡɽϡʪŪ¦̤ϼξݤ§ȤθǤβ̤Ż뤹롥¤ؤˤСǵǽṲ̄Ƥ벻ñ̤ ( phoneme ) ȸƤФ졤ǤǾ ( minimal pair ) ˴ŤΩ ( opposition ) ˤäƸ̩롥ʤʹ¤Ω줫ϡǤĴŪŪȤ̵ǤꡤJakobson and Halle θ褦ˡ"all phonemes denote nothing but mere otherness" (11) Ǥ롥
ºݤΤȤȯɽϡɽȲɽߤߴäȤǼ¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿̩˲ɽܻؤȤСʪŪ;ȤʤɽʤФʤ餺̵οͤ䲻ڥȥ ( spectrogram ) ɽʤФʤʤʤ롥ǡ̩˲ɽܻؤȤƤ⡤ǤεäΩġֵǽŪΩפˤԤˤäʣ⤬뤷ĴŪʴǡƤ뤿ˡǽŪΩʤƤʤɤδطϰ̵뤵ƤޤȤˤʤ롥ǡسؽؤθǤ⡤ȲǤξιͤ褫 broad phonetic transcription Ȥ⤤٤ƤѤƤ롥[ ] ǰϤޤƤʤ鲻ŪǤäꡤ/ / ǰϤޤƤʤ鲻ŪǤäꤹ뤳ȤΤϡΤǤ롥
Ѹˤ˱ѸؤǤ⡤§ȤƤƤѤƤȹͤƤ褤Ȥꡤȯ򡤸̩ʲɽɽ碌ۤΤ뤳ȤϤǤʤޤ̩ʲɽ򤹤ˤԤˤä͡Ω줬ΤϸθξƱǤ뤷ĴŪ¦̵̤뤷ƤƤͭյ˲Ѳ򵭽ҤǤʤȤŪʻ𤬤롥㤨С[i] 첻Ǥ뤳Ȥʤ¤ i-mutation ˤä [o] [e] Ѳ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤ̩˹¤ŪΩǤϡ[i] 첻ǤȤĴŪʼĥ򤹤뤳ȤǤʤΤǤ롥
ΤˤǤʤβ򰷤顤ޤѲͭյɬפ뤫顤˸ؤǤϤȤŪȯɽѤ뤳Ȥ򤱤ʤѸˤʬʤܥ֥ˤ˽ФƤȯɽϡʲɽǤʲɽǤʤ§ȤŪ "poorly resolved broad transcription" (Lass and Laing 20) ȹͤƤ褤
ߺǤ⹭ѤƤȯɽǤ IPA ݲɸʸפ The International Phonetic Association ΥȤ IPA: Alphabet 򻲾ȡ

Jakobson, R. and Halle, M. Fundamentals of Language. The Hague: Mouton, 1965.
Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Interpreting Middle English." Chapter 2 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction.'' Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/pdf/Introchap2.pdf .

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2010-01-03 Sun

#251. IPAΥ㡼 [ipa][phonetics][chart][link]

ε[2010-01-02-1]˰³Ǥޤޤ򤬲äƤΤǷڤ⤦ġ
IPA ݲɸʸפοޤThe International Phonetic Association ΥȤPDFǥɤǤľܤˤˡA4ѻ1˰ǤΤǡOE Inflection Magic Sheet΢̤˰Ƥߤ
ʤߤˡ[2009-05-17-1]ǤҲ𤷤PCIPAȯǤˤΥǤ롥

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2009-08-23 Sun

#118. 첻շʤ첻ϻ [vowel][ipa][phonetics]

[2009-05-17-1]ǡ첻ηŪ˵Ҥ첻շƳؤδܤǤꡤ줬ʬäƤʤȡ첻ܤϤȤѸ˵äβѲ򤹤뤳ȤǤʤ
첻 (1) ι⤵(2) ΰ֡(3) δݤ̵ͭȤĤΥѥ᡼ǵҤ뤬ؽƳ첻շǤϡδݤɽޥȴƤʤι⤵ˤĤƤϡ첻շ򤽤Τޤ޺ɸȸΩƤơǤΰ֤򤽤ΤޤޥץåȤФ褤δݤȤΤ첻շǤϤޤɽǤʤΤdzκ¦߿첻¦˱߿첻β椬ΤȤʤäƤ롥
˴ؤơǶᡤʤۤɤȴȤäؤȤˤϾQʤΤ⤷ʤLadefoged ȤؼԤ첻շΩǡ첻ϻΤȤǤƤ֤٤Τ󼨤Ƥ뤳ȤΤä

Ladefoged's Vowel Diagram

δݤԤ첻ηϤΩŪɽޤǤ롥߿߿Ǥ롥οޤνϡ첻Ǥΰ֤㤤ۤɡ첻Ǥΰ֤⤤ۤɱ߿ȼ䤹ȤĴؤθ§ɽƤǤ롥οޤɸŪʸѸδ첻ǤꡤǷ֤Ⱦθ§褯ƤˡοޤϲŪʥѥ᡼Ȥб⤦ޤäƤȤʸʤǤ롥
ѥ᡼ĤΩΤɽ褦ȤȯۤϤǤꡤï⤬ͤĤȯۤºݤˤοޤ줿Τ1971ǯǤꡤۤΤΤȤǤϤʤ϶äǤ롥첻շޤͭ̾ʤΤǡȯ֥ۤåƤޤäΤˡδݤȤѥ᡼ΩΤΰĤμˤƤϤΤľŪǤϤʤ⤷ʤˤƤäΤǤϤʤɤʬˤ⤳Τ褦Ϥޤޤ¸ߤ˰㤤ʤ

Ladefoged, Peter. Preliminaries to Linguistic Phonetics. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1971. 72.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-12-27-1] [2012-02-12-1]

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2009-05-17 Sun

#19. 첻շ [vowel][ipa][phonetics]

[2009-05-15-1]ǸűѸȯȤˡ첻첻ȤѸȤä첻ηϤϡ첻շפȤȵҤ졤٤Ƥ첻ϡʲλĤδˤäƱꤵ롥

(1) γι⤵: close, close-mid, open-mid, open
(2) ΰ֡κǤ⤯ʤ֤ɤ: front, central, back
(3) δݤ: rounded, unrounded

첻շϡΰ֤ɽƤȹͤȤ褤äƺ衤Ȥ᡼Ǥ롥㤨С/i/ȯȤˤϡγϤۤȤɤʤ (close)夬ˤʤ (front)ʿ (unrounded) ϤǤ롥
Ĥβս˺ΥڥΤϡƱΰ֤Ǥ⡤Ωƴݤ᤿ʿǤ뤫Ǥ롥ڥΤ߿ǡ߿Ȥʤ롥̾첻Ǥ߿첻Ǥϱ߿Ȥʤ뤬Ǥʤ첻⤢ꤦ롥㤨СűѸե󥹸ɥĸˤ/ʏ/߿Ǥ뤷ܸΡ֥פϸ߿/ɯ/Ǥ롥
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) 򥿥פˤϡΥǤ롥ΤȤʤΤȤƤ IPA (International Phonetic Association) ΥȤ

vowel_trapezoid

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