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netspeak - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-01-22 Wed

#5749. ߡ [meme][internet][netspeak][biology][speed_of_change][evolution][variation]

ؤȡ֥ߡ (meme) ˤĤơޥδ#3188. ߡȤƤθ (1) ([2018-01-18-1]) #3189. ߡȤƤθ (2) ([2018-01-19-1]) ˤƤ
򺣤ϥͥåȾǡߥʰ̣ǤθΡ֥ߡפήԤäƤ褦˥ͥåȥǥǷ֤Ѥ졤ѥǥʤ饦륹Τ褦̢䤷Ƥư衤ûʸƥȤǤ롥ŪˤϤûʸƥȤȤƤΥߡबȤʤ롥
Ȥ meme Ȥñϡ嵭βǾҲ𤷤Ƥ褦˥ꥹοʲʪؼ Richard Dawkins ¤Ǥ롥OED ˤ1976ǯ˽ФƤ롥ʪѸȤƤ meme ʸŪФơ2Ȥơʤ "An image, video, piece of text, etc., typically humorous in nature, that is copied and spread rapidly by internet users, often with slight variations. Also with modifying word, as internet meme, etc." ȤѤ줿1998ǯμʸǤ롥

1998 The next thing you know, his friends have forwarded it [sc. an animation of a dancing baby] on and it's become a net meme. (Sci. & Technol. Week (transcript of CNN TV programme) (Nexis) 24 January)


ǤϡͥåȾǿΥߡब̢䤷ƤϻǤƤäƤ롥Crystal (97) ꡤlinguistic memes βɤǤߤ褦

LINGUISTIC MEMES

The word meme was introduced in 1976 by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in Chapter 11 of The Selfish Gene as a shortened form of mimeme, from a Greek word meaning 'that which is imitated'. As Dawkins put it: 'I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like "gene". I hope my classicist friends will forgive me if I abbreviate mimeme to meme.' The word echoes the -eme suffix used in linguistics (phoneme, morpheme, etc), but lacks its notion of minimal contrastivity. A meme is a unit of cultural transmission which spreads throughout a population and which can persist for a considerable time. Dawkins illustrated from tunes, ideas, fashions in clothing, ways of making pots or of building arches, and --- of relevance to this book --- catch phrases.
   The notion has achieved great prominence as a result of the Internet, which promotes the rapid spread of images and text, while at the same time allowing a potentially infinite number of variations. Most are photos with superimposed captions (similar to speech bubbles) that have humorous or satirical intent, though many convey messages of political or social seriousness, and some try to express notions of philosophy.
   For a meme to work, it has to be unique, distinctive, and consistent --- something that is easily achievable using language. The chief linguistic feature is the use of nonstandard forms --- in earlier developments such as text messaging, chiefly deviant spelling; in more recent varieties, deviant grammar. Among the best-known inventions are Leetspeak, LOLcats, Doge, and Doggolingo (pp. 458--9). But standard English can also be a fruitful memic source, as the examples below illustrate.
   No language domain is sacrosanct, and political correctness is conspicuous by its absence. Y U NO uses upper-case textese (p. 455) to parody the simplified speech of foreign learners, using a sketch of a character from a Japanese manga series: its memic origin began with I TXT U / Y U NO TXT BAK!? Ermahgerd shows a young woman holding several books from the children's horror fiction series Goosebumps; the name is a version of 'Oh my God', as spoken by someone with a speech impediment; it is also known as Gersberms and Berks (books).
   There are hundreds of meme wannabes on the Internet now, all hoping (but few achieving) a permanent place in language history. Some sites provide instruction in 'how to create your own meme'. We must expect a significant increase in the amount of linguistic idiosyncrasy both on and off the web now, srsly.


ߡήԤϱѸ˸¤ʤܡʸˤǤ⡤򺣡¿Ρ֡ʸפ߽ФƤ뤬ΥߡΰȤäƤ褤

Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

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2022-05-04 Wed

#4755. ݥȥեϤȤʤʤ롩 [apostrophe][punctuation][orthography][netspeak][speed_of_change]

ѸˤμȤμΤ⤷Ҳ𤵤Ƥޤ

ݥȥե (apostrophe) ϾŪ˻ȤʤʤǽϤȻפޤ
ͥƥ֤ǤѤ¿褦ǡʤХԥ󥰤ڤˤʤȻפޤ
"I'm" "Im" ȤʤȸܤʤȤʤǤ"dont", "Whats", "Whos" ʤɤϤʤƤ褤ʤȻפäƤޤޤͭ 's Ϥʤʶ路礬뤫⤷ޤ󤬡
* ͵"Have we murdered the apostrophe?" By Hélène Schumacher, 24th February 2020


ϱѸˤ򸦵椷ƤޤαѸ줬ɤʤäƤѸͽԤǤϤޤΤǡʾСˡݥȥե (apostrophe) ιԤʬޤ󡥤ο֤αѸζˡ (punctuation) ήƧޤĤġǯ Netspeak ˤưįƤȡ줫ϼΤ褦ʤȤΤ⤷ʤʤȴ뤳ȤϤޤ

̣ξҲ𡤤꤬ȤޤݥȥեˤĤƤϡ⤤ȹͤƤޤ Laurel MacKenzie Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤ"the apostrophe is subject to whims of fashion, just like other things in culture and society are" ȹͤƤޤߤεŪˡŪˤȾХɥۥåޤäƤΤǡѸ񤯤Ȥˤϸ§ȤƤ˽äƽ񤤤ƤޤѸν񤭼δѤϻȤȤѤäƤޤ˱ƵϤѤäƤΤȤȤ򡤱Ѹ˸̤Ʒ֤ߤƤޤФƤϡ̵ѤƤޤ
鸽ޤǤαѸζˡ (punctuation) ˤįȡɵμƸäƤƤȤή줬ޤ夫鸽ˤƤ⡤ɵλѤϳΤ˸äƤƤޤ20Ⱦǥꡤή³Ф꤫¿ʤȤ®ƤȤǽϽʬˤޤSNS ϤȤŪ֥եޥפʥǥȡʹܤʤɤŪ֥եޥפʥǥȤǤϡѲΥԡɤ˺ޤԤαƶʤ顤ԤϤޤǤäѲƤȤȤˤʤͽۤƤޤ
ݥȥեˤĤƤϤ hellog 񤤤ƤޤݥȥեγƼˡΥȤޤƤаޤȷ̤ˤĤƤϡȤ櫓#3656. kings' Τ褦ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθˤϲάƤΤǤ ([2019-05-01-1])ɤǤߤƤ
ؿС󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯɤݥȥեˤĤƤͤùޤ


Ԥͽ̤ꡤݥȥեϡ餯äȤڡȤϻפޤ󼺤ƤϤΤʤȻפäƤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-06-1]

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2020-01-25 Sat

#3925. Żҥ᡼ֿѤѤ ">" ϡ¤ζɵ [punctuation][netspeak]

äŻҥ᡼ʸϤֿ᡼ʤɤǰѤݤˡƹƬ浭Ρʤ ">" ("right angle bracket" or "greater than") դԤ夷Ƥ롥δԤϳƼΥޡå׸ǤѤƤꡤͥåȻˤƿˡȯãƤȤʪΤǤ롥
äʤ졤ƥȰѤΤ ">" ˡϡ¤˵ĤΤǤ롥">" ˶ᤤ "diple" ȸƤФ뵭椬äϰѤƥȤγϤ򼨤ȤѤ줿˸Ūʰ (quotation mark) ؤȯãdiple ΤΤѤȤʤꡤ˺줿Ȼפ䡤ΥͥåȻ˿̿᤭ޤ줿Ȥ櫓cf. Ϣơ#1097. quotation marks ([2012-04-28-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
Ȥ褷ȤǤäֳפΤߤѤĤפб뵭椬¸ߤʤȤΤ⡤ζˡ¤Ǥꡤ⤷δФȡ̤ˤˤ衤ֳפäɬڥǡĤפ¸ߤƤʤȵθŪʴ̲Τϡ#2969. Ĥʤ quotation marks ([2017-06-13-1]) Ǥ⸫Ȥꡤ٤18ΤȤǤ롥ǤϡֳäѤʤפäΤǤ롥ѾϤɤǡĤפΤʬˤȤϤϥԥ塼ǤϤʤ餫äΤ
Żҥ᡼δǤ⡤ƹԤƬ ">" դˤϤ虜虜Ȥ "<" դȤݤʤȤϤʤΰ̣Ǥϡԥ塼θưǤʤ顤Ǥ⤪餫ȤФ餫
᡼ǰѤΰѤȤ ">" 2ŤˤꤹȤΤϡ˸ŪȯŸˡȻפ뤬ˤƤˤ³Ϣ³Ϥ⤷

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-01-1]

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2016-12-15 Thu

#2789. Ѹ Engl&Ѹ 7honge [writing][netspeak][grammatology][grapheme][abbreviation][owl_and_nightingale][word_play][manuscript][scribe]

#817. Netspeak ˤάɽ ([2011-07-23-1]) Ǹ褦ˡͥåȾǤȽ (rebus) θˤʸͷӤȤ⤤άɽޤäƤ롥<Thx2U> (= Thanks to you) <4U> (= For you) <CUL8R> (= See you later) <Engl&> (= England) Τ褦ͷӿޤʸǤ롥ο䵭 <&> ϡɽʸʵˤɽŪѤƤȤƶ̣줾̣ϼξݤ[tuː], [fɔː], [eɪt], [ənd] ȤɽɽʸȤƵǽƤ롥
ϸͤθͷӤˤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ¤ϸŤ̤˹ԤʤƤ㤨С³ and ɽ魯Τ˸Ť <&> ǤϤʤ <7> ˻ <⁊ > Ȥ (Tironian et) ѤƤʡ#1835. viz. ([2014-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡơ줬³ and ɽ魯ΤȤƤǤϤʤ¾θΰʤ [and] ɽ魯ΤȤɽŪѤ㤬ä³ϡƱͤ˼夤ȯǤϸФæΤǡ[and] Ǥʤ [an] 뤤 [a] ɽʸȤƤⵡǽ㤨СThe Owl and the Nightingale 顤l. 1195 ˸ưβʬ anhonge Ƭ an- Tironian et ǽ񤫤Ƥꡤ<<⁊honge>> ȼܤ˸롥Ʊ褦ˡl. 1200 ưβʬ astorue <<⁊storue>> Ƚ񤫤ƤꡤƬ a- Tironian et ɽ蘆Ƥ롥
񤭼ͷӿ⤢Ǥûڤ˽񤭤Ȥפ⤢񤭼λפȡλפʤϡΤ⺣ⲿѤʤ

Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-14-1] [2016-12-16-1]

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2015-08-30 Sun

#2316. "English 3.0" by Joe Gilbert [link][internet][medium][netspeak][speed_of_change][language_change]

ǯ11ΤȤˤʤ뤬Joe Gilbert ˤ20ʬΥɥ󥿥꡼ "English 3.0 on Vimeo" 줿饤ǴվޤǤ롥Tom Chatfield, David Crystal, Robert McCrum, Fiona McPherson, Simon Horobin Ȥä̾Ωбؤˤꡤ󥿡ͥåȻαѸθ⤵롥
netspeak ɽ롤󥿡ͥåȾѤαѸäơ֤ˤ͡ʤȤ館롥ѸϤȤŪʸΩĤ嵭νбԤϸ·ơǤϤʤˤˤƤĤλˤ֤ⷫƤѲˤʤȸڤ롥󥿡ͥåȤоˤѲ®ȤȤ䡤#1664. CMC (computer-mediated communication) ([2013-11-16-1]) Τ褦ʿ (medium) ȤϳΤΤ褦ʤȤ˾¾εѳ׿κݤˤ⤪褽ƤȤǤꡤˤȤ鸫̤ǤϤʤȡ
μĥϡ褽4

(1) 󥿡ͥåȤоˤѲ®Ƥ
(2) 󥿡ͥåȱѸ˸άɽˤѸꤶƤ뤬ºݤˤϱѸ򼨤ڵϤʤ
(3) 礭ʵѳ׿λˤϸ䤹ºݤƤ뤳Ȥϡ˿ʼդäȤȤǤꡤѶŪɾ٤
(4) 塤ŪʵϼȡޤĤĤ꼫ͳʸѤȤΤ襤

⤳μĥˤϤܻۤ롥1ĵˤʤΤϡ(1) θѲβ®ȤˤĤƤǤ롥ƱδѻԤȤơŪˤߤƤѸѲ® (speed_of_change) ȤľϤ뤬Ѳ®٤ȤϤ⤽ɤΤ褦˵ҴŪ˷¬ǤΤʤΤ®٤Ȥñ̻դѲ̤ΤȤǤ뤫顤ޤѲ̤¬뤳ȤǤʤФʤʤǤϡѲ̤¬ȤäȤˡ¬оݤϲˤʤΤѸθѲȰˤäƤ⡤ѸȤñ̤ɤɤޤǤʤΤɸѼ˸¤ΤԥޤǴޤΤҲŪƬˤ꤬뤷ޤѲɶäʤΤʤΤʸˡʤΤȤ⤢롥ˡѲ®٤ޤäƤʤɤȷ뤿ˤϡӤΤ˲ΤĤλˤѲ®٤˳ФƤʤФʤʤ
ƱǤ뤫餳ľäƤϤʤȤΤǤСˤѲβ®Ȥ̿ϡ䤹ȤƼƤϤʤʤΤ⤷ʤƱɥ󥿥꡼Ф Wordorigins.org Υӥ塼Ǥ⡤̤γ٤Ѳ®٤ˤĤȽŪ˹ͻƤΤǡȤ줿

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2015-01-24 Sat

#2098. 2014ǯαѸήԸ [lexicology][ads][woy][netspeak][punctuation][adjective]

19American Dialect Society ˤ 2014ǯ The Word of the Year ȯɽ줿ץ쥹꡼ (PDF)
2014ǯޤ #blacklivesmatter Ǥ롥ߤ줿HASHTAG礫޼ޤǡ2009ǯμ޸ twitter2012ǯμ޸ hashtag ³twitter դΥåɾƤȤȤ

   The hashtag #blacklivesmatter took on special significance in 2014 after the deaths of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo. and Eric Garner in Staten Island, N.Y., and the failure of grand juries to indict police officers in both cases. It became a rallying cry and vehicle for expressing protest, fueled by social media.
   The word hashtag itself was the ADS Word of the Year in 2012. Now, two years later, hashtags were recognized with their own special category in the voting, which was also won by #blacklivesmatter.
   "While #blacklivesmatter may not fit the traditional definition of a word, it demonstrates how powerfully a hashtag can convey a succinct social message," Zimmer said. "Language scholars are paying attention to the innovative linguistic force of hashtags, and #blacklivesmatter was certainly a forceful example of this in 2014."


MOST LIKELY TO SUCCEED μ޸ salty ȥΥߥ͡ȸ basic Ϥ¸ηƻܤƤ褦salty "exceptionally bitter, angry, or upset" ΰ̣ǡbasic "plain, socially awkward, unattractive, uninteresting, ignorant, pathetic, uncool, etc." ΰ̣ǿѤƤȤ¯ŪʶŪɾỤ̄ (evaluative meaning) ȯŸƤȤǶ̤Ƥ롥ϢơɾỤ̄ȤŪȯŸˤĤơ#1099. Ҥηƻɾηƻ ([2012-04-30-1])#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1])#1193. ե󥹸˶줿Ѹθܡ ([2012-08-02-1])#1400. relational adjective qualitative adjective ؤΰ̣Ѳθưϡ ([2013-02-25-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

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2013-11-16 Sat

#1664. CMC (computer-mediated communication) [medium][netspeak][writing][cmc]

#1662. äϸǤ (1) ([2013-11-14-1]) ǡҥȤθΤˤ4Ĥη֤ȽҤ٤ (speech)ʸ (writing)ԥ塼޲ (CMC = computer-mediated communication) (sign_language) Ǥ롥speech writing ζˤĤƤϡޤǤ#748. ä񤭸 ([2011-05-15-1])#849. ä񤭸 (2) ([2011-08-24-1]) #1001. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (3) ([2012-01-23-1])#230. äȤФȽ񤭤ȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1]) ۤεǼ夲ƤŻΤ̤ƤθѤǤ CMC ˤĤƹͤƤߤ
Żҥ᡼롤åȡĥåSNS (Social Networking Service) Web ʤɤŻΤˤϡäȤŪ¦̤Ƚ񤭤ȤŪ¦̤Ʊ路ƤȤФи롥㤨СŻҥ᡼Ǥϡ§ȤʸѤƤȤǽ񤭤ȤŪǤϤ뤬ʸΡĴϤФäȤŪǤꡤä˶ᤤӤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ŻŪʥ롼ƤϤʤ񤯤٤Ǥ뤷äȤФΰˤä֤Ĥ֤䤭פʸդư̤˸褦ˤʤäƤ롥
CMC äȤФȽ񤭤ȤФιλҤȤǤΤǤϤʤCMC ϤޤǤΤˤʤĤνפħäƤꡤΩΤȤߤʤΤǤ롥Crystal (153--58) ϡCMC äȤФȰۤʤ뤫˽񤭤ȤФȰۤʤ뤫Ŧʤ顤ΤȤƤμΧĥƤ롥

äȤФȰۤʤ

(1) ƱեɥХåʤԥ塼åݤˤϡ׺ȤɬפǤꡤǤ롥ȤϰλɬפꡤƱΤȤϵʤʤŪˤϡפ뤴ȤˡʤĤޤˡ˥å륷ƥۤȤϲǽǤꡤŪ˼¸뤳ȤϤ뤫⤷ʤ
(2) ˥åɤ٤ޤϤ¬ʤʤ
(3) åȥ롼ʤɤǡʣʤηˤβäİȤǤä뤳ȤǤ롥٤Ƥ˴ؤ뤳ȤǤ뤷򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥
(4) ȤΥꥺब٤Ȥ¿ֿԤԹ䥳ԥ塼εŪˤꡤ᡼ֻǿ֤ԤĤȤ̤Ǥ롥
(5) äȤФˤäν (turn) εϤ̩ˤϼʤCMC ˤ turn ϾѥåȤǤꡤŪˤꡤԤ夹ǽ餢롥ޤ(3) ˤꡤʣȤ turn ǽ⤢롥
(6) äȤФˤĶʬ᲻ŪǤĵǽ򤦤ޤƸǤʤؼʤȤơ#808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1]) λѤ롥

ν񤭤ȤФȰۤʤ

(8) ŪƤʤ㤨С֥ڡǤϥåƤưŪǤ롥åȯԤԤ⡤Τ褦˥åѹꡤäꡤõǤ롥ԡƲùʤɡΥåȤ󤹤ȤưפˤǤ롥CMC Τϡ̿ŪȤ⤤å "framing" ǽˤʣͤδ֤ǤȤꤵ줿åùꡤꤹ뤳ȤˤꡤŪ˱äѤǽȤʤ롥
(9) 󥯤ĥꡤפ뤳ȤǤ롥Ūʽ񤭤ȤФǤ仲Ȥεǽϸ뤬ưפˤƥ֤ hypertext link ȤӤˤʤʤ
(10) տ줿ʸϹʤʤˤ뤷񤭼ˤ뤬ŵŪˤäơCMC ǤϽ񤭤ȤФŵŪʡϹͤ줿ʸϤ񤫤뤳ȤϾʤ
(11) ̵ǥԡǤ롥̡ŪԡȰۤʤꡤŻŪ̵ǺƸǤ롥

CMC ϡŪˤСäȤФȽ񤭤ȤФξΤܿη̤ȤȯƤȤϳΤŪˤСCMC äȤФ񤭤ȤФƱ֤뼫Χ޲ȤߤʤƤ褤

Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2013-01-16 Wed

#1360. 21¿εƤϱѸХХˤ뤫 [elf][variety][sociolinguistics][prescriptive_grammar][netspeak][writing][function_of_language][future_of_english]

ߡαѸȤޤĶˤϡELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ȤƤεǽʤ mutual intelligibility ܻؤῴϤȡüԽĤȼ򥢥ԡ뤹뵡ǽʤ cultural (national, ethnic, etc.) identity ƽѼ郎ʬ줷Ƥ椯ϤȤʣ˺ѤƤ롥塤ȿ2ĤϤɤΤ褦ޤ礤ĤƤ椯ΤȤϡѸ̤ꤦ礭ʥơޤǤ롥ϡرѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ104ֱϤȵῴϡ ǤƤ롥
Ѹ줬Ѽʬƻ路Ƥ椯⤷ʤȤʥꥪ󵯤طʤˤϡĤιͻѻ롥㤨СĤƤ lingua franca ƥ줬ɤäѼؤʬȤŪ¤䡤˱ѸνѼ郎³λ̱ĥϤƤȤ󤲤Ϥ®ƤǽΤ⤦1ĤװȤƤϡŪϰռμޤ꤬롥ϰռϵῴϤȤƺѤΤǡ줬ޤäƤȤСŪ˱ϤäΤϼǤ롥ϡ¿ƤҲĬȤӤĤƤ
Schmitt and Marsden (208--11) ϡϤĹƤװȤơ3󤲤Ƥ롥

(1) ɸಽʤ뤿ΰʸ񤭸ʸμβŻҵѤȯŸˤꡤ衤ῴϤȤƺѤƤտ줿ʸϤ⡤®٤Ż뤹Żҥ᡼ʤɤˤά줿ʸϤ¸ߴƤƤ[2011-07-14-1]ε#808. smileys or emoticonsפ򻲾ȡˡηϡŻΤαѸ줫αѸʤɤؤ礷ƤꡤФݡȤαѸʤɤؤǤƤ롥
(2) Ѹ "localizing" ĤơBBC ϤȤɸѸ򹭤ôäƤǶϡष줾ϰ迧ФؤɤڤäƤƤ롥㤨СCNN ϥڥǤ CNNenEnpañol Ω夲Ƥ롥
(3) Ѹ춵餬åȤȤѼ¿ͲϡαѸ춵ΥåȤϡѼɽȤ ENL Ѽ路ʤäǯǤϡ¾ѼѸ춵ΥåȤȤʤꤦưФƤƤ[2009-10-07-1]ε#163. ɤαѸΤäȤ깽!?פ򻲾ȡˡ

(1) (2) ˤĤơϱѸεῴϤФǺѤȴԤ줿ǥ䵻ѳ׿ष¿ĹǺѤ褦ˤʤäƤƤȤΤǤ롥[2009-10-08-1]εǼ夲#164. 󥿡ͥåȤѸ첽פ⡤ƱĬή°
21¿ƤĬϡѸХХˤƤ椯Τ

This diversification may be more acceptable to societies now than before, as there appears to be a general movement away from conformity and toward a greater tolerance of diversity. Whereas in former times there might have been an outcry against incorrect written English, nowadays people seem increasingly comfortable with the idea that different types of English might be suitable for different purposes and media. These trends may exert pressure toward more diversification of English rather than standardisation. (Schmitt and Marsden 210)


Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.

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2012-01-23 Mon

#1001. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (3) [writing][medium][japanese][internet][netspeak]

[2011-05-15-1], [2011-08-24-1]˰³ɸꡥξΤκۤŪʤΤǤϤʤȤˤĤƤϡ[2009-12-13-1]ε#230. äȤФȽ񤭤ȤФΩŪפǵŪȤƤϡξԤ֤ȤƤϤʤѸΩ⡤äդȽ񤭸աʸ졤ƬȽ񵭸졤Ƭʸϸ졤äʸϤʤɹǧ졤䤿ΰռΤʤǤĤΤΤ˶̤Ƥ롥
[2011-08-24-1]εξΤħΰ㤤ܤŪħλŦФäƤ餤Τǡϸħ˾Ƥơۤ餫ˤ󻲹ͤˤΤϡܸ쳵(204--06) ǡܸ줫󤲤뤬¿ιܤϱѸˤ⤽¾θˤбΤǧ

Speech and Writing

Ʊ (p. 206) ǤΤޤȤϡäȤФߥ˥ΥԡɤȼڤͥҲǤʤС񤭤ȤФϹ٤ʻۤ俼ʸŪ̯̣Ĥ˽ǤɽȤơ׺ʹ֤٤Ƥ롤ȸǤ
᡼롤ĥååȤʤɤοΥߥ˥ˤϡäȤФȽ񤭤ȤФξħߤƤȤ뤬嵭ħ٤Ƥ椯ȡΤˤΤȤäȤФԶɽˤϵ򸯤¦̤⤢뤷ȤäƸߤƱˤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡ񤭤ȤФΤ褦ˡؼλѤϹ뤳Ȥ¿ʸŪɽɬȤ鷺Ȥ⡤Ʊ۵ƱѤ뤳ȤϤ֤ǤϤʤ

ƣ ɧ ɹ ԡܸ쳵١դ1989ǯ

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2011-09-14 Wed

#870. diacritical mark [punctuation][alphabet][grammatology][ipa][netspeak][diacritical_mark]

񤭸դ˥޻ѤΤʤǤ⡤Ѹζˡ礭ħϡdiacritical markȯ(), ʬˤۤȤɻѤʤȤǤ롥褯ΤƤȤǤϡɥĸΥ饦ȵ (ex. ö, ü) ե󥹸Υ󵭹䥻ǥ (ex. é, à, î, ç) ڥΥƥ (ñ)ƹݲɸʸ (International Phonetic Alphabet; [2011-07-28-1]εIPA άˡפ򻲾) 뤬ѸˤʸμϤʤ㤴㤵ϤۤȤɤʤˤꡤѸϥڥǽ񤯤ˤ⥭ܡɤǥפˤݤʤʼ hel typist ϡIPA Ѥ褦 diacritical mark 򥿥פݤѤ路򸺤뤿ΥġǤ롥
diacritical markdiacritic ȤѸϡʬΥŪʡ̤פ̣ διακριτικóς ͳ褹롥ѸȤƤϡ"[i]n alphabetic writing, a symbol that attaches to a letter so as to alter its value or provide some other information" (McArthur) Ǥ롥
ѸǤ diacritical mark ϤۤȤɻѤʤȽҤ٤ĤƤ͡ʤΤ¸ߤޤʤ館Τ⡤鷺ʤ¸ߤ롥apostrophe, diaeresis, supraliteral dot 3ĤǤ롥apostrophe ( ' )ϡ[2010-11-30-1]εapostropheפǿ줿褦ˡ3εǽôäƤ롥is i's Ǥȯΰ㤤˴ͿƤ뤳Ȥդ줿diaeresis ( ¨ ) ϡۤȤѤȤʤäƤ뤬naïve, coöperate, zoölogy ʤɤθֻ˸졤Ϣ³첻̡첻Ȥɤޤ뤳Ȥ򼨤
supraliteral dot ( ˙ ) i j ξǤ롥ʸΰȤȤ߹ޤƤΤ diacritical mark Ȥưռ뤳ȤϤʤΤ褦˸Ƥ֤ȤŬڤɤȤ⤢뤬ȤƤϳΤ̤ʸȡֶ̤ä i ˤ⡤ j ˤ supraliteral dot դƤʤäminim ȸƤФ1ܤǹʸϼϤʸνΤʤפ䤹äΤǡդ뤳ȤΩʸǤ뤳ȤΤǤʴϢơ[2009-07-27-1]ε֤ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ񤯤פ򻲾ȡˡƥˤƤ i supraliteral dot 12οǤꡤ褷ƥ޻ȯդƤ櫓ǤϤʤ޻ i оŪˡꥷʸ ι (iota) ʤθȤɤƤ뤳Ȥաʤi j ʸȤƤʬ15ڥˤ׿ǡ˽ˤ⹭äΤǤʴϢơu v ʸʬˤĤƤ[2010-05-05-1], [2010-05-06-1]ε򻲾ȡˡ
ΤۤѸ café Schprachgefühl ʤɤˤơѸ diacritical mark ݻƤϤ뤬ϱѸʸηϤƱƤȤϤߤʤʤ
[2011-09-04-1]εָѸѲѰۤΰפǵ󤲤Ѹν񤭸դηȤơλѤˤʤäƤƤȤή줬롥diaeresis ԻѤϤȤꡤapostrophe ξά񤭤ǤˤǤꡤNetspeak ʤɤǤ̤ˤʤäƤƤ롥̡ˡȤƤݻƤ椯Ȼפ뤬ϰռѲƤ椱С줹μ¤ǤϤʤ⤷ʤsupraliteral dot ˴ؤƤϡ񤭤ǤæӻäɮΤ񤤤ƤǤ˺줿ꡤ̤ʸξǤäƤޤʤɤ¿ˡפǤǽ餫ޤƤæβǽʤΤǡ¾ diacritical mark Ȥϰ褷Ƥ椯
ܵˤĤƤϡPotter (38fn) ˰ʲΤ褦ʵҤäΤǻͤˤ

The apostrophe (now much diminished in use), the diaeresis (now obsolescent) and the supraliteral dot (over i and j) are, most fortunately, our only diacritics. The latter is a nuisance. How many writers place their dots precisely where they should be placed? In writing Greek you dot no iotas. No Latin manuscripts have supraliteral dots before the twelfth century when, for the first time, they were used to distinguish i more clearly since it was liable, especially in cursive script, to be taken as one of the strokes of an adjacent letter. An undotted j had begun as a mere final tailed i in Classical Latin in numerals like vıȷ and in words like fılıȷ 'of the son'. The letters i and j were first taken as two separate symbols in fifteenth-century Spanish. They did not become separate letters in English until the seventeeth [sic] century.


McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

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2011-07-23 Sat

#817. Netspeak ˤάɽ [writing][netspeak][grammatology][alphabet]

ϱѸǤܸǤ Netspeak ѤƤϤʤ󥿡ͥåȤȤѳ׿ȼοѼȯŸˤϴؿ롥[2011-07-01-1]ε֥󥿡ͥåȻϸѲβžΨκǤ®פ褦ˡθѲˤϡޤ˿ʳäȤǤ롥Netspeak ϸǤκüäƤѼǤꡤѸˤƤȼɽƤ롥
åȡŻҥ᡼롤ƤȤ櫓᡼ (texting) ν񤭸դ˸ħȤơƼξάˡ롥¿ϡñƬʸĤʤ碌Ƭʸ (initialism) Ǥäꡤ"2" "4" 򤽤줾 "to" "for" б褦Ƚ (rebus) Ǥäꤹ롥ˤͷӿäƤ⥱Υѥåɾǿ򸺤餻ȤŪʸ̤롥Crystal (142--43) ꡤפʤΤ򵭻˵󤲤
initialism ΤϱѸǤϿȤǤϤʤrebus ⥯ǤߤΤ褦ʾάϤѤѸν񤭸Ѽ郎줿ȤȤ⡤ä˿ȤǤϤʤ㤨μܤƼξάƤ롥άưŤ⡤Netspeak μܤν񤭸դΤ˶롥ϤˤϫϤ򸺤餷ȤߵƱǤꡤȺ︺ʥͥåȾǤϥѥå⡤ܤǤϹʻˤȤưŤⶦ̤롥ĤޤꡤŪʸ줳ά椫 initialism Ǹߤ˰ۤʤ뤬ưŤƤꡤ񤭸դˤΤʤǷ֤ڤƤΤǤ롥
⤽񤭸դϡɽʸ rebus Ū˱Ѥꡤꥷʸ alphabet ǤбäդޤޤƤ첻ɸʤäȡɤ߼ˤ٤βɺȤ׵᤹ΤȤƽȯȯŸƤ[2010-06-23-1]εʸμפ򻲾ȡˡNetspeak ν񤭸դѼϡ츫׿Ū˸뤬ʸ餫¿ʬ˼ѤǤȤǡճݼŪȸΤǤϤʤ

abbreviationoriginal phrase
afaikas far as I know
afkaway from keyboard
asapas soon as possible
a/s/lage/sex/location
atwat the weekend
bbfnbye bye for now
bblbe back later
bcnube seeing you
b4before
bgbig grin
brbbe right back
btwby the way
cmcall me
cusee you
cul8rsee you later
cyasee you
dkdon't know
eodend of discussion
f?friends?
f2fface-to-face
fotclfalling off the chair laughing
fwiwfor what it's worth
fyafor your amusement
fyifor your information
ggrin
galget a life
gd&rgrinning ducking and running
gmtagreat minds think alike
gr8great
gsohgood sense of humour
hhokhaha only kidding
hthhope this helps
icwumI see what you mean
idkI don't know
iircif I remember correctly
imhoin my humble opinion
imiI mean it
imoin my opinion
iouI owe you
iowin other words
iriin real life
jamjust a minute
j4fjust for fun
jkjust kidding
kckeep cool
khufknow how you feel
l8rlater
lollaughing out loud
m8mate
ncno comment
npno problem
oicoh I see
otohon the other hand
pmjipardon my jumping in
ptmmplease tell me more
riprest in peace
rotflrolling on the floor laughing
ruokare you OK?
scstay cool
sosignificant other
solsooner or later
t+think positive
ta4nthat's all for now
thxthanks
tiathanks in advance
ttfnta-ta for now
ttttto tell the truth
t2ultalk to you later
ttyttto tell you the truth
tuvmthank you very much
txthanks
tyvmthank you very much
wadrwith all due respect
wbwelcome back
w4uwaiting for you
wrtwith respect to
wuwhat's up?
X!typical woman
Y!typical man
yiuyes I understand


Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-08-11-1] [2016-12-15-1]

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2011-07-14 Thu

#808. smileys or emoticons [netspeak][writing][punctuation]

Żҥ᡼ˤܸδʸ (^_^)V (>_<) ʤɤľΩΤΤΤ¿бѸ smileyemoticon Ϻ90ٷΤ̤Ǥ롥Crystal (132) ꡤ硼ޤ󤷤褦ŪѤƤΤϡǽ2Ĥ餤Ǥ롥

Basic smileys
:-)pleasure, humour, etc.
:-(sadness, dissatisfaction, etc.
;-)winking (in any of its meanings)
;-( or :~-(crying
%-( or %-)confused
:-o or 8-oshocked, amazed
:-] or :-[sarcastic
Joke smileys
[:-)User is wearing a Walkman
8-)User is wearing sunglasses
8:-)User is wearing sunglasses on head
:-{)User has a moustache.
:*)User is drunk
:-[User is a vampire
:-EUser is a bucktoothed vampire
:-FUser is a bucktoothed vampire with one tooth missing
:-~)User has a cold
:-@User is screaming
-:-)User is a punk
-:-(Real punks don't smile
+-:-)User holds a Christian religious office
o:-)User is an angel at heart


90ٷƤΤϡ׿άǤ뤫ľΩΤǤϴΤ (^^) ʤɺ4ʸɬפsmiley Ǥ :-) ʤ3ʸ٤Ǥޤ뤳Ȥ¿
äդǤϡüԤ̯ʿŪ٤ϿȿꡤɽޤȤޤ᤿ĶʬŪǤưפɽ路뤬񤭸դƱͤοŪ٤ɽˤ̤ιפפ롥ʸѡꡤƥꥹˤ붯Ĵʤɶˡ (punctuation) ιפ¿嵭Τ褦 smiley ŪǤ롥ˤϡäդΤãǽϤΰü񤭸դ˻⤦Ȥ񤭼ɽߵ᤬롥
smiley emoticon ΤŪʥꥹȤϥͥåȾõȤȸĤ뤬㤨аʲΥڡ򻲾ȡ

- Recommended Emoticons for Email Communication For AIM, AOL, MSN, Yahoo and Others
- List of Emoticons and Smileys

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

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2011-07-05 Tue

#799. ±ʣ <z> [plural][netspeak][suffix][corpus][z][alphabet]

ʣå㡼Ȥơˤʤʣ롥ȯ -s ξƱֻͤ <z> Ȥʤz ʣפǤ롥Crystal (137) ʲΤ褦˻ŦƤ

New spelling conventions have emerged, such as the replacement of plural -s by -z to refer to pirated versions of software, as in warez, tunez, gamez, serialz, pornz, downloadz, and filez. (137)


줾ȯκۤȼʤֻΰ۷֤路̤ȴǤ롥Τ路ͳ褹ΤȤС<z> ʸΤΤİͤ[2010-07-17-1]ε֤֤ȤĤäƤ <z>פǼꤢ褦ˡ<z> ϤƱƤʸ<s> 餫˴ԤȤ <z> ʲȤ䤱Ωġ
ֳ±ʣ ( plural of piracy ) ȤǤƤӤʤ뤳 <z> ʻˤλѤϡߤǤ NetSpeak ǤαȤƤλѤ˸ꤵƤ褦COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) θˤȡwarez 4㤬ҥåȤ warez ʳξǤθϥҥåȤʤˡʲϤΤ1ǡ2004ǯ Houston Chronicle εǤ롥

CW Shredder - www.spyware info.com/merijn/ Developed by the same author as Hijack This!, CW Shredder removes a very common piece of spyware known as the Coolwebsearch Trojan. It takes advantage of a flaw in a key component of Windows - Microsoft's version of the Java Virtual Machine - to install itself via pop-ups often found on porn and illegal software (a.k.a. "warez") sites.


¾ BNCweb "*z_NN2" ȤƸƤߤȡBOYZ ¿ҥåȤϥꥫο͵롼 Boyz II Men 䥢ꥫѸ Boyz n the Hood ؤθڤˤΤǡ±ʣȤϼ񤬰ۤʤ롥ȤϤͭ̾侦̾ʤˤɸŪֻѤ뤳ȤϾȹǤϹ븽ݤǤ㤨 Heinz Ҥ "Heinz Buildz Kidz" ˡΩ̤äƤǤ϶롥
ʤߤˡKirg(h)iz ֥륮͡פҥåȤϥֻ˽सΤñʣƱǤˤʤʰ۷Ȥ Kirg(h)izes ⤢ˡ

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

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2011-07-01 Fri

#795. 󥿡ͥåȻϸѲβžΨκǤ® [speed_of_change][language_change][internet][netspeak][pde_language_change]

󥿡ͥåȤˤꡤλѤΤ뼡ˤ봷ѲĤĤ롥ϢäϤȤꡤNetSpeak ͭν񵭽ȯãάʸˡ¿ѡѴϺʤɡǯ̿ѤȯŸˤȤʤѲβžΨϡθ˾塤ǤΤȤ롥ơεѳ׿ˤȤ櫓礭ʱƶƤΤѸǤ뤳ȤϵƤʤ
¿θѲĹ餯¸³뤳ȤˤʤΤ뤤ϰΤΤǤ꼡褿뿷ѲִΤϸǤʬʤäơѲΨ˾äȤǤ뤫ɤ̤ΤʤȤѲβžΨʤ̡ˤȤǤϡ餯˾򸫤ʤȤơ⤳βžΨϤäƤ椯Τͽۤ롥
ĹCrystal, The English Language 8 "The Effect of Technology" κǽѤ롥

The speed with which Internet usages are taken up is unprecedented in language change --- another manifestation of the influence of the technology on English. Traditionally, a new word entering the language would take an appreciable time --- typically a decade or two --- before it became so widely used that it would be noted in dictionaries. But in the case of the Internet, a new usage can travel the world and receive repeated exposure within a few days. It is likely that the pace of language change will be much increased through this process. Moreover, as word-inventors all over the world now have a global audience at their disposal, it is also likely that the amount of linguistic innovation will increase. Not by any means all innovations will become a permanent feature of the English language; but the turnover of candidates for entry at any one time is certainly going to be greater than at any stage in the past. Nor is it solely a matter of new vocabulary, new spellings, grammatical constructions, patterns of discourse, and regional preferences (intranational and international) can also be circulated at an unprecedented rate, with consequences that as yet cannot be anticipated. (140)


ߥ˥󵻽Ѥγ׿λˤϡ礭Ѳ롥ʸ桤ѡץ饤á饸Dz衤ƥӡԥ塼󥿡ͥåȡȯθˤϡбѲȸѴѲ³ǯΥ󥿡ͥåȴϢѤϢΥߥ˥󵻽ѳ׿κǽϤäƤȤϹͤ줺ߤǤͽۤΤĤʤѤλȤϴְ㤤ʤʤȤ⸽ߤ˻뵻ѳ׿ˤΤʤǤϡΥ󥿡ͥåȤۤ絬Ϥ˸ѲͶѳ׿Ϥʤ

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

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