ؤȡ֥ߡ (meme) ˤĤơޥδ#3188. ߡȤƤθ (1) ([2018-01-18-1]) #3189. ߡȤƤθ (2) ([2018-01-19-1]) ˤƤ
ϥͥåȾǡߥʰ̣ǤθΡ֥ߡפήԤäƤ褦˥ͥåȥǥǷ֤Ѥ졤ѥǥʤ饦륹Τ褦̢䤷Ƥư衤ûʸƥȤǤ롥ŪˤϤûʸƥȤȤƤΥߡबȤʤ롥
Ȥ meme Ȥñϡ嵭βǾҲ𤷤Ƥ褦˥ꥹοʲʪؼ Richard Dawkins ¤Ǥ롥OED ˤ1976ǯ˽ФƤ롥ʪѸȤƤ meme ʸŪФơ2Ȥơʤ "An image, video, piece of text, etc., typically humorous in nature, that is copied and spread rapidly by internet users, often with slight variations. Also with modifying word, as internet meme, etc." ȤѤ줿1998ǯμʸǤ롥
1998 The next thing you know, his friends have forwarded it [sc. an animation of a dancing baby] on and it's become a net meme. (Sci. & Technol. Week (transcript of CNN TV programme) (Nexis) 24 January)
ǤϡͥåȾǿΥߡब̢䤷ƤϻǤƤäƤ롥Crystal (97) ꡤlinguistic memes βɤǤߤ褦
LINGUISTIC MEMES
The word meme was introduced in 1976 by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in Chapter 11 of The Selfish Gene as a shortened form of mimeme, from a Greek word meaning 'that which is imitated'. As Dawkins put it: 'I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like "gene". I hope my classicist friends will forgive me if I abbreviate mimeme to meme.' The word echoes the -eme suffix used in linguistics (phoneme, morpheme, etc), but lacks its notion of minimal contrastivity. A meme is a unit of cultural transmission which spreads throughout a population and which can persist for a considerable time. Dawkins illustrated from tunes, ideas, fashions in clothing, ways of making pots or of building arches, and --- of relevance to this book --- catch phrases.
The notion has achieved great prominence as a result of the Internet, which promotes the rapid spread of images and text, while at the same time allowing a potentially infinite number of variations. Most are photos with superimposed captions (similar to speech bubbles) that have humorous or satirical intent, though many convey messages of political or social seriousness, and some try to express notions of philosophy.
For a meme to work, it has to be unique, distinctive, and consistent --- something that is easily achievable using language. The chief linguistic feature is the use of nonstandard forms --- in earlier developments such as text messaging, chiefly deviant spelling; in more recent varieties, deviant grammar. Among the best-known inventions are Leetspeak, LOLcats, Doge, and Doggolingo (pp. 458--9). But standard English can also be a fruitful memic source, as the examples below illustrate.
No language domain is sacrosanct, and political correctness is conspicuous by its absence. Y U NO uses upper-case textese (p. 455) to parody the simplified speech of foreign learners, using a sketch of a character from a Japanese manga series: its memic origin began with I TXT U / Y U NO TXT BAK!? Ermahgerd shows a young woman holding several books from the children's horror fiction series Goosebumps; the name is a version of 'Oh my God', as spoken by someone with a speech impediment; it is also known as Gersberms and Berks (books).
There are hundreds of meme wannabes on the Internet now, all hoping (but few achieving) a permanent place in language history. Some sites provide instruction in 'how to create your own meme'. We must expect a significant increase in the amount of linguistic idiosyncrasy both on and off the web now, srsly.
ߡήԤϱѸ˸¤ʤܡʸˤǤ⡤¿Ρ֡ʸפ߽ФƤ뤬ΥߡΰȤäƤ褤
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
ѸˤμȤμΤ⤷Ҳ𤵤Ƥޤ
ݥȥե (apostrophe) ϾŪ˻ȤʤʤǽϤȻפޤ
ͥƥ֤ǤѤ¿褦ǡʤХԥڤˤʤȻפޤ
"I'm" "Im" ȤʤȸܤʤȤʤǤ"dont", "Whats", "Whos" ʤɤϤʤƤ褤ʤȻפäƤޤޤͭ 's Ϥʤʶ路礬뤫⤷ޤ
* ͵"Have we murdered the apostrophe?" By Hélène Schumacher, 24th February 2020
ϱѸˤ椷ƤޤαѸ줬ɤʤäƤѸͽԤǤϤޤΤǡʾСˡݥȥե (apostrophe) ιԤʬޤο֤αѸζˡ (punctuation) ήƧޤĤġǯ Netspeak ˤưįƤȡ줫ϼΤ褦ʤȤΤ⤷ʤʤȴ뤳ȤϤޤ
̣ξҲ𡤤꤬ȤޤݥȥեˤĤƤϡ⤤ȹͤƤޤ Laurel MacKenzie Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤ"the apostrophe is subject to whims of fashion, just like other things in culture and society are" ȹͤƤޤߤεŪˡŪˤȾХɥۥåޤäƤΤǡѸȤˤϸ§ȤƤ˽äƽƤޤѸνδѤϻȤȤѤäƤޤ˱ƵϤѤäƤΤȤȤѸ˸̤Ʒ֤ߤƤޤФƤϡ̵ѤƤޤ
鸽ޤǤαѸζˡ (punctuation) ˤįȡɵμƸäƤƤȤή줬ޤ夫鸽ˤƤ⡤ɵλѤϳΤ˸äƤƤޤ20Ⱦǥꡤή³Ф꤫¿ʤȤ®ƤȤǽϽʬˤޤSNS ϤȤŪ֥եޥפʥǥȡʹܤʤɤŪ֥եޥפʥǥȤǤϡѲΥԡɤ˺ޤԤαƶʤ顤ԤϤޤǤäѲƤȤȤˤʤͽۤƤޤ
ݥȥեˤĤƤϤ hellog ƤޤݥȥեγƼˡΥȤޤƤаޤȷ̤ˤĤƤϡȤ櫓#3656. kings' Τ褦ʣͭʤΥݥȥեθˤϲάƤΤǤ ([2019-05-01-1])ɤǤߤƤ
ؿСۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯɤݥȥեˤĤƤͤùޤ
Ԥͽ̤ꡤݥȥեϡ餯äȤڡȤϻפޤƤϤΤʤȻפäƤޤ
äŻҥʸϤֿʤɤǰѤݤˡƹƬ浭Ρʤ ">" ("right angle bracket" or "greater than") դԤ夷Ƥ롥δԤϳƼΥޡåǤѤƤꡤͥåȻˤƿˡȯãƤȤʪΤǤ롥
äʤ졤ƥȰѤΤ ">" ˡϡ¤˵ĤΤǤ롥">" ˶ᤤ "diple" ȸƤФ뵭椬äϰѤƥȤγϤȤѤ줿˸Ūʰ (quotation mark) ؤȯãdiple ΤΤѤȤʤꡤ˺줿Ȼפ䡤ΥͥåȻ˿̿ޤ줿Ȥ櫓cf. Ϣơ#1097. quotation marks ([2012-04-28-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
Ȥ褷ȤǤäֳפΤߤѤĤפб뵭椬¸ߤʤȤΤ⡤ζˡ¤Ǥꡤ⤷δФȡ̤ˤˤ衤ֳפäɬڥǡĤפ¸ߤƤʤȵθŪʴ̲Τϡ#2969. Ĥʤ quotation marks ([2017-06-13-1]) Ǥ⸫Ȥꡤ٤18ΤȤǤ롥ǤϡֳäѤʤפäΤǤ롥ѾϤɤǡĤפΤʬˤȤϤϥԥ塼ǤϤʤ餫äΤ
ŻҥδǤ⡤ƹԤƬ ">" դˤϤ虜虜Ȥ "<" դȤݤʤȤϤʤΰ̣Ǥϡԥ塼θưǤʤ顤Ǥ⤪餫ȤФ餫
ǰѤΰѤȤ ">" 2ŤˤꤹȤΤϡ˸ŪȯŸˡȻפ뤬ˤƤˤ³Ϣ³Ϥ⤷
#817. Netspeak ˤάɽ ([2011-07-23-1]) Ǹ褦ˡͥåȾǤȽ (rebus) θˤʸͷӤȤ⤤άɽޤäƤ롥<Thx2U> (= Thanks to you) <4U> (= For you) <CUL8R> (= See you later) <Engl&> (= England) Τ褦ͷӿޤʸǤ롥ο䵭 <&> ϡɽʸʵˤɽŪѤƤȤƶ̣줾̣ϼξݤ[tuː], [fɔː], [eɪt], [ənd] ȤɽɽʸȤƵǽƤ롥
ϸͤθͷӤˤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ¤ϸŤ̤˹ԤʤƤ㤨С³ and ɽ魯Τ˸Ť <&> ǤϤʤ <7> ˻ <⁊ > Ȥ (Tironian et) ѤƤʡ#1835. viz. ([2014-05-06-1]) ȡˡơ줬³ and ɽ魯ΤȤƤǤϤʤ¾θΰʤ [and] ɽ魯ΤȤɽŪѤ㤬ä³ϡƱͤ˼夤ȯǤϸФæΤǡ[and] Ǥʤ [an] 뤤 [a] ɽʸȤƤⵡǽ㤨СThe Owl and the Nightingale 顤l. 1195 ˸ưβʬ anhonge Ƭ an- Tironian et ǽƤꡤ<<⁊honge>> ȼܤ˸롥Ʊ褦ˡl. 1200 ưβʬ astorue <<⁊storue>> ȽƤꡤƬ a- Tironian et ɽ蘆Ƥ롥
ͷӿ⤢Ǥûڤ˽Ȥפ⤢λפȡλפʤϡΤ⺣ⲿѤʤ
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
ǯ11ΤȤˤʤ뤬Joe Gilbert ˤ20ʬΥɥ "English 3.0 on Vimeo" 줿饤ǴվޤǤ롥Tom Chatfield, David Crystal, Robert McCrum, Fiona McPherson, Simon Horobin Ȥä̾ΩбؤˤꡤͥåȻαѸθ⤵롥
netspeak ɽ롤ͥåȾѤαѸäơ֤ˤ͡ʤȤ館롥ѸϤȤŪʸΩĤ嵭νбԤϸ·ơǤϤʤˤˤƤĤλˤ֤ⷫƤѲˤʤȸڤ롥ͥåȤоˤѲ®ȤȤ䡤#1664. CMC (computer-mediated communication) ([2013-11-16-1]) Τ褦ʿ (medium) ȤϳΤΤ褦ʤȤ˾¾εѳκݤˤ⤪褽ƤȤǤꡤˤȤ鸫̤ǤϤʤȡ
μĥϡ褽4
(1) ͥåȤоˤѲ®Ƥ
(2) ͥåȱѸ˸άɽˤѸꤶƤ뤬ºݤˤϱѸڵϤʤ
(3) 礭ʵѳλˤϸ䤹ºݤƤ뤳Ȥϡ˿ʼդäȤȤǤꡤѶŪɾ٤
(4) 塤ŪʵϼȡޤĤĤ꼫ͳʸѤȤΤ襤
⤳μĥˤϤܻۤ롥1ĵˤʤΤϡ(1) θѲβ®ȤˤĤƤǤ롥ƱδѻԤȤơŪˤߤƤѸѲ® (speed_of_change) ȤľϤ뤬Ѳ®٤ȤϤ⤽ɤΤ褦˵ҴŪ˷¬ǤΤʤΤ®٤Ȥñ̻դѲ̤ΤȤǤ뤫顤ޤѲ̤¬뤳ȤǤʤФʤʤǤϡѲ̤¬ȤäȤˡ¬оݤϲˤʤΤѸθѲȰˤäƤ⡤ѸȤñ̤ɤɤޤǤʤΤɸѼ˸¤ΤԥޤǴޤΤҲŪƬˤ꤬뤷ޤѲɶäʤΤʤΤʸˡʤΤȤ⤢롥ˡѲ®٤ޤäƤʤɤȷ뤿ˤϡӤΤ˲ΤĤλˤѲ®٤˳ФƤʤФʤʤ
ƱǤ뤫餳ľäƤϤʤȤΤǤСˤѲβ®Ȥ̿ϡ䤹ȤƼƤϤʤʤΤ⤷ʤƱɥФ Wordorigins.org Υӥ塼Ǥ⡤̤γ٤Ѳ®٤ˤĤȽŪ˹ͻƤΤǡȤ줿
19American Dialect Society ˤ 2014ǯ The Word of the Year ȯɽ줿ץ쥹 (PDF)
2014ǯޤ #blacklivesmatter Ǥ롥ߤ줿HASHTAG礫ޤǡ2009ǯμ twitter2012ǯμ hashtag ³twitter դΥåɾƤȤȤ
The hashtag #blacklivesmatter took on special significance in 2014 after the deaths of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo. and Eric Garner in Staten Island, N.Y., and the failure of grand juries to indict police officers in both cases. It became a rallying cry and vehicle for expressing protest, fueled by social media.
The word hashtag itself was the ADS Word of the Year in 2012. Now, two years later, hashtags were recognized with their own special category in the voting, which was also won by #blacklivesmatter.
"While #blacklivesmatter may not fit the traditional definition of a word, it demonstrates how powerfully a hashtag can convey a succinct social message," Zimmer said. "Language scholars are paying attention to the innovative linguistic force of hashtags, and #blacklivesmatter was certainly a forceful example of this in 2014."
MOST LIKELY TO SUCCEED μ salty ȥΥߥ͡ȸ basic Ϥ¸ηƻܤƤ褦salty "exceptionally bitter, angry, or upset" ΰ̣ǡbasic "plain, socially awkward, unattractive, uninteresting, ignorant, pathetic, uncool, etc." ΰ̣ǿѤƤȤ¯ŪʶŪɾỤ̄ (evaluative meaning) ȯŸƤȤǶ̤Ƥ롥ϢơɾỤ̄ȤŪȯŸˤĤơ#1099. Ҥηƻɾηƻ ([2012-04-30-1])#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1])#1193. ե˶줿Ѹθܡ ([2012-08-02-1])#1400. relational adjective qualitative adjective ؤΰ̣Ѳθưϡ ([2013-02-25-1]) Ȥ줿
#1662. äϸǤ (1) ([2013-11-14-1]) ǡҥȤθΤˤ4Ĥη֤ȽҤ٤ (speech)ʸ (writing)ԥ塼 (CMC = computer-mediated communication) (sign_language) Ǥ롥speech writing ζˤĤƤϡޤǤ#748. ä ([2011-05-15-1])#849. ä (2) ([2011-08-24-1]) #1001. äȤФȽȤ (3) ([2012-01-23-1])#230. äȤФȽȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1]) ۤεǼ夲ƤŻΤ̤ƤθѤǤ CMC ˤĤƹͤƤߤ
Żҥ롤åȡĥåSNS (Social Networking Service) Web ʤɤŻΤˤϡäȤŪ¦̤ȽȤŪ¦̤Ʊ路ƤȤФи롥㤨СŻҥǤϡ§ȤʸѤƤȤǽȤŪǤϤ뤬ʸΡĴϤФäȤŪǤꡤä˶ᤤӤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ŻŪʥ롼ƤϤʤ٤Ǥ뤷äȤФΰˤä֤Ĥ֤䤭פʸդư̤˸褦ˤʤäƤ롥
CMC äȤФȽȤФιλҤȤǤΤǤϤʤCMC ϤޤǤΤˤʤĤνפħäƤꡤΩΤȤߤʤΤǤ롥Crystal (153--58) ϡCMC äȤФȰۤʤ뤫˽ȤФȰۤʤ뤫Ŧʤ顤ΤȤƤμΧĥƤ롥
äȤФȰۤʤ
(1) ƱեɥХåʤԥ塼åݤˤϡȤɬפǤꡤǤ롥ȤϰλɬפꡤƱΤȤϵʤʤŪˤϡפ뤴ȤˡʤĤޤˡ˥å륷ƥۤȤϲǽǤꡤŪ˼¸뤳ȤϤ뤫⤷ʤ
(2) ˥åɤ٤ޤϤ¬ʤʤ
(3) åȥ롼ʤɤǡʣʤηˤβäİȤǤä뤳ȤǤ롥٤Ƥ˴ؤ뤳ȤǤ뤷뤳ȤǤ롥
(4) ȤΥꥺब٤Ȥ¿ֿԤԹ䥳ԥ塼εŪˤꡤֻǿ֤ԤĤȤ̤Ǥ롥
(5) äȤФˤäν (turn) εϤ̩ˤϼʤCMC ˤ turn ϾѥåȤǤꡤŪˤꡤԤ夹ǽ餢롥ޤ(3) ˤꡤʣȤ turn ǽ⤢롥
(6) äȤФˤĶʬŪǤĵǽޤƸǤʤؼʤȤơ#808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1]) λѤ롥
νȤФȰۤʤ
(8) ŪƤʤ㤨С֥ڡǤϥåƤưŪǤ롥åȯԤԤ⡤Τ褦˥åѹꡤäꡤõǤ롥ԡƲùʤɡΥåȤȤưפˤǤ롥CMC Τϡ̿ŪȤ⤤å "framing" ǽˤʣͤδ֤ǤȤꤵ줿åùꡤꤹ뤳ȤˤꡤŪ˱äѤǽȤʤ롥
(9) ĥꡤפ뤳ȤǤ롥ŪʽȤФǤ仲Ȥεǽϸ뤬ưפˤƥ֤ hypertext link ȤӤˤʤʤ
(10) տ줿ʸϹʤʤˤ뤷ˤ뤬ŵŪˤäơCMC ǤϽȤФŵŪʡϹͤ줿ʸϤ뤳ȤϾʤ
(11) ̵ǥԡǤ롥̡ŪԡȰۤʤꡤŻŪ̵ǺƸǤ롥
CMC ϡŪˤСäȤФȽȤФξΤܿη̤ȤȯƤȤϳΤŪˤСCMC äȤФȤФƱ֤뼫ΧȤߤʤƤ褤
Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.
ߡαѸȤޤĶˤϡELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ȤƤεǽʤ mutual intelligibility ܻؤῴϤȡüԽĤȼԡ뤹뵡ǽʤ cultural (national, ethnic, etc.) identity ƽѼ郎ʬ줷Ƥ椯ϤȤʣ˺ѤƤ롥塤ȿ2ĤϤɤΤ褦ޤ礤ĤƤ椯ΤȤϡѸ̤ꤦ礭ʥơޤǤ롥ϡرѸˤDzۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ104ֱϤȵῴϡ ǤƤ롥
Ѹ줬Ѽʬƻ路Ƥ椯⤷ʤȤʥꥪطʤˤϡĤιͻѻ롥㤨СĤƤ lingua franca ƥ줬ɤäѼؤʬȤŪ¤䡤˱ѸνѼ郎³λ̱ĥϤƤȤϤ®ƤǽΤ⤦1ĤװȤƤϡŪϰռμޤ꤬롥ϰռϵῴϤȤƺѤΤǡ줬ޤäƤȤСŪ˱ϤäΤϼǤ롥ϡ¿ƤҲĬȤӤĤƤ
Schmitt and Marsden (208--11) ϡϤĹƤװȤơ3Ƥ롥
(1) ɸಽʤ뤿ΰʸʸμβŻҵѤȯŸˤꡤ衤ῴϤȤƺѤƤտ줿ʸϤ⡤®٤Ż뤹Żҥʤɤˤά줿ʸϤ¸ߴƤƤ[2011-07-14-1]ε#808. smileys or emoticonsפȡˡηϡŻΤαѸ줫αѸʤɤؤ礷ƤꡤФݡȤαѸʤɤؤǤƤ롥
(2) Ѹ "localizing" ĤơBBC ϤȤɸѸôäƤǶϡष줾ϰ迧ФؤɤڤäƤƤ롥㤨СCNN ϥڥǤ CNNenEnpañol Ω夲Ƥ롥
(3) Ѹ춵餬åȤȤѼ¿ͲϡαѸ춵ΥåȤϡѼɽȤ ENL Ѽ路ʤäǯǤϡ¾ѼѸ춵ΥåȤȤʤꤦưФƤƤ[2009-10-07-1]ε#163. ɤαѸΤäȤ깽!?פȡˡ
(1) (2) ˤĤơϱѸεῴϤФǺѤȴԤ줿ǥ䵻ѳष¿ĹǺѤ褦ˤʤäƤƤȤΤǤ롥[2009-10-08-1]εǼ夲#164. ͥåȤѸ첽פ⡤ƱĬή°
21¿ƤĬϡѸХХˤƤ椯Τ
This diversification may be more acceptable to societies now than before, as there appears to be a general movement away from conformity and toward a greater tolerance of diversity. Whereas in former times there might have been an outcry against incorrect written English, nowadays people seem increasingly comfortable with the idea that different types of English might be suitable for different purposes and media. These trends may exert pressure toward more diversification of English rather than standardisation. (Schmitt and Marsden 210)
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
[2011-05-15-1], [2011-08-24-1]˰³ɸꡥξΤκۤŪʤΤǤϤʤȤˤĤƤϡ[2009-12-13-1]ε#230. äȤФȽȤФΩŪפǵŪȤƤϡξԤ֤ȤƤϤʤѸΩ⡤äդȽաʸ졤ƬȽ졤Ƭʸϸ졤äʸϤʤɹǧ졤䤿ΰռΤʤǤĤΤΤ˶̤Ƥ롥
[2011-08-24-1]εξΤħΰ㤤ܤŪħλŦФäƤ餤Τǡϸħ˾Ƥơۤ餫ˤͤˤΤϡܸ쳵(204--06) ǡܸ줫뤬¿ιܤϱѸˤ⤽¾θˤбΤǧ

Ʊ (p. 206) ǤΤޤȤϡäȤФߥ˥ΥԡɤȼڤͥҲǤʤСȤФϹ٤ʻۤ俼ʸŪ̯̣Ĥ˽ǤɽȤơʹ֤٤Ƥ롤ȸǤ
롤ĥååȤʤɤοΥߥ˥ˤϡäȤФȽȤФξħߤƤȤ뤬嵭ħ٤Ƥ椯ȡΤˤΤȤäȤФԶɽˤϵ¦̤⤢뤷ȤäƸߤƱˤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡȤФΤ褦ˡؼλѤϹ뤳Ȥ¿ʸŪɽɬȤ鷺Ȥ⡤Ʊ۵ƱѤ뤳ȤϤ֤ǤϤʤ
ƣ ɧ ɹ ԡܸ쳵١դ1989ǯ
դ˥ѤΤʤǤ⡤Ѹζˡ礭ħϡdiacritical markȯ(), ʬˤۤȤɻѤʤȤǤ롥褯ΤƤȤǤϡɥĸΥ饦ȵ (ex. ö, ü) եΥ䥻ǥ (ex. é, à, î, ç) ڥΥƥ (ñ)ƹݲɸʸ (International Phonetic Alphabet; [2011-07-28-1]εIPA άˡפ) 뤬ѸˤʸμϤʤ㤴㤵ϤۤȤɤʤˤꡤѸϥڥǽˤ⥭ܡɤǥפˤݤʤʼ hel typist ϡIPA Ѥ褦 diacritical mark פݤѤ路뤿ΥġǤ롥
diacritical mark 뤤 diacritic ȤѸϡʬΥŪʡ̤פ̣ διακριτικóς ͳ褹롥ѸȤƤϡ"[i]n alphabetic writing, a symbol that attaches to a letter so as to alter its value or provide some other information" (McArthur) Ǥ롥
ѸǤ diacritical mark ϤۤȤɻѤʤȽҤ٤ĤƤ͡ʤΤ¸ߤޤʤ館Τ⡤鷺ʤ¸ߤ롥apostrophe, diaeresis, supraliteral dot 3ĤǤ롥apostrophe ( ' )ϡ[2010-11-30-1]εapostropheפǿ줿褦ˡ3εǽôäƤ롥is i's Ǥȯΰ㤤˴ͿƤ뤳Ȥդ줿diaeresis ( ¨ ) ϡۤȤѤȤʤäƤ뤬naïve, coöperate, zoölogy ʤɤθֻ˸졤Ϣ³첻̡첻Ȥɤޤ뤳Ȥ
supraliteral dot ( ˙ ) i j ξǤ롥ʸΰȤȤ߹ޤƤΤ diacritical mark Ȥưռ뤳ȤϤʤΤ褦˸Ƥ֤ȤŬڤɤȤ⤢뤬ȤƤϳΤ̤ʸȡֶ̤ä i ˤ⡤ j ˤ supraliteral dot դƤʤäminim ȸƤФ1ܤǹʸϼϤʸνΤʤפ䤹äΤǡդ뤳ȤΩʸǤ뤳ȤΤǤʴϢơ[2009-07-27-1]ε֤ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽפȡˡƥˤƤ i supraliteral dot 12οǤꡤ褷ƥȯդƤ櫓ǤϤʤ i оŪˡꥷʸ ι (iota) ʤθȤɤƤ뤳Ȥաʤi j ʸȤƤʬ15ڥˤǡ˽ˤäΤǤʴϢơu v ʸʬˤĤƤ[2010-05-05-1], [2010-05-06-1]εȡˡ
ΤۤѸ café Schprachgefühl ʤɤˤơѸ diacritical mark ݻƤϤ뤬ϱѸʸηϤƱƤȤϤߤʤʤ
[2011-09-04-1]εָѸѲѰۤΰפǵѸνդηȤơλѤˤʤäƤƤȤή줬롥diaeresis ԻѤϤȤꡤapostrophe ξάǤˤǤꡤNetspeak ʤɤǤ̤ˤʤäƤƤ롥̡ˡȤƤݻƤ椯Ȼפ뤬ϰռѲƤ椱С줹μ¤ǤϤʤ⤷ʤsupraliteral dot ˴ؤƤϡǤæӻäɮΤƤǤ˺줿ꡤ̤ʸξǤäƤޤʤɤ¿ˡפǤǽ餫ޤƤæβǽʤΤǡ¾ diacritical mark Ȥϰ褷Ƥ椯
ܵˤĤƤϡPotter (38fn) ˰ʲΤ褦ʵҤäΤǻͤˤ
The apostrophe (now much diminished in use), the diaeresis (now obsolescent) and the supraliteral dot (over i and j) are, most fortunately, our only diacritics. The latter is a nuisance. How many writers place their dots precisely where they should be placed? In writing Greek you dot no iotas. No Latin manuscripts have supraliteral dots before the twelfth century when, for the first time, they were used to distinguish i more clearly since it was liable, especially in cursive script, to be taken as one of the strokes of an adjacent letter. An undotted j had begun as a mere final tailed i in Classical Latin in numerals like vıȷ and in words like fılıȷ 'of the son'. The letters i and j were first taken as two separate symbols in fifteenth-century Spanish. They did not become separate letters in English until the seventeeth [sic] century.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.
ϱѸǤܸǤ Netspeak ѤƤϤʤͥåȤȤѳȼοѼȯŸˤϴؿ롥[2011-07-01-1]ε֥ͥåȻϸѲβžΨκǤ®פ褦ˡθѲˤϡޤ˿ʳäȤǤ롥Netspeak ϸǤκüäƤѼǤꡤѸˤƤȼɽƤ롥
åȡŻҥ롤ƤȤ櫓 (texting) νդ˸ħȤơƼξάˡ롥¿ϡñƬʸĤʤ碌Ƭʸ (initialism) Ǥäꡤ"2" "4" 줾 "to" "for" б褦Ƚ (rebus) Ǥäꤹ롥ˤͷӿäƤ⥱Υѥåɾǿ餻ȤŪʸ̤롥Crystal (142--43) ꡤפʤΤ˵
initialism ΤϱѸǤϿȤǤϤʤrebus ⥯ǤߤΤ褦ʾάϤѤѸνѼ郎줿ȤȤ⡤ä˿ȤǤϤʤ㤨μܤƼξάƤ롥άưŤ⡤Netspeak μܤνդΤ˶롥ϤˤϫϤ餷ȤߵƱǤꡤȺ︺ʥͥåȾǤϥѥå⡤ܤǤϹʻˤȤưŤⶦ̤롥ĤޤꡤŪʸ줳ά椫 initialism Ǹߤ˰ۤʤ뤬ưŤƤꡤդˤΤʤǷ֤ڤƤΤǤ롥
⤽դϡɽʸ rebus Ū˱Ѥꡤꥷʸ alphabet ǤбäդޤޤƤ첻ɸʤäȡɤˤ٤βɺȤ᤹ΤȤƽȯȯŸƤ[2010-06-23-1]εʸμפȡˡNetspeak νդѼϡ츫Ū˸뤬ʸ餫¿ʬ˼ѤǤȤǡճݼŪȸΤǤϤʤ
| abbreviation | original phrase |
|---|---|
| afaik | as far as I know |
| afk | away from keyboard |
| asap | as soon as possible |
| a/s/l | age/sex/location |
| atw | at the weekend |
| bbfn | bye bye for now |
| bbl | be back later |
| bcnu | be seeing you |
| b4 | before |
| bg | big grin |
| brb | be right back |
| btw | by the way |
| cm | call me |
| cu | see you |
| cul8r | see you later |
| cya | see you |
| dk | don't know |
| eod | end of discussion |
| f? | friends? |
| f2f | face-to-face |
| fotcl | falling off the chair laughing |
| fwiw | for what it's worth |
| fya | for your amusement |
| fyi | for your information |
| g | grin |
| gal | get a life |
| gd&r | grinning ducking and running |
| gmta | great minds think alike |
| gr8 | great |
| gsoh | good sense of humour |
| hhok | haha only kidding |
| hth | hope this helps |
| icwum | I see what you mean |
| idk | I don't know |
| iirc | if I remember correctly |
| imho | in my humble opinion |
| imi | I mean it |
| imo | in my opinion |
| iou | I owe you |
| iow | in other words |
| iri | in real life |
| jam | just a minute |
| j4f | just for fun |
| jk | just kidding |
| kc | keep cool |
| khuf | know how you feel |
| l8r | later |
| lol | laughing out loud |
| m8 | mate |
| nc | no comment |
| np | no problem |
| oic | oh I see |
| otoh | on the other hand |
| pmji | pardon my jumping in |
| ptmm | please tell me more |
| rip | rest in peace |
| rotfl | rolling on the floor laughing |
| ruok | are you OK? |
| sc | stay cool |
| so | significant other |
| sol | sooner or later |
| t+ | think positive |
| ta4n | that's all for now |
| thx | thanks |
| tia | thanks in advance |
| ttfn | ta-ta for now |
| tttt | to tell the truth |
| t2ul | talk to you later |
| ttytt | to tell you the truth |
| tuvm | thank you very much |
| tx | thanks |
| tyvm | thank you very much |
| wadr | with all due respect |
| wb | welcome back |
| w4u | waiting for you |
| wrt | with respect to |
| wu | what's up? |
| X! | typical woman |
| Y! | typical man |
| yiu | yes I understand |
Żҥˤܸδʸ (^_^)V (>_<) ʤɤľΩΤΤΤ¿бѸ smiley 뤤 emoticon Ϻ90ٷΤ̤Ǥ롥Crystal (132) ꡤ硼ޤ褦ŪѤƤΤϡǽ2Ĥ餤Ǥ롥
| Basic smileys | |
| :-) | pleasure, humour, etc. |
| :-( | sadness, dissatisfaction, etc. |
| ;-) | winking (in any of its meanings) |
| ;-( or :~-( | crying |
| %-( or %-) | confused |
| :-o or 8-o | shocked, amazed |
| :-] or :-[ | sarcastic |
| Joke smileys | |
| [:-) | User is wearing a Walkman |
| 8-) | User is wearing sunglasses |
| 8:-) | User is wearing sunglasses on head |
| :-{) | User has a moustache. |
| :*) | User is drunk |
| :-[ | User is a vampire |
| :-E | User is a bucktoothed vampire |
| :-F | User is a bucktoothed vampire with one tooth missing |
| :-~) | User has a cold |
| :-@ | User is screaming |
| -:-) | User is a punk |
| -:-( | Real punks don't smile |
| +-:-) | User holds a Christian religious office |
| o:-) | User is an angel at heart |
ʣå㡼Ȥơˤʤʣ롥ȯ -s ξƱֻͤ <z> Ȥʤz ʣפǤ롥Crystal (137) ʲΤ褦˻ŦƤ
New spelling conventions have emerged, such as the replacement of plural -s by -z to refer to pirated versions of software, as in warez, tunez, gamez, serialz, pornz, downloadz, and filez. (137)
줾ȯκۤȼʤֻΰ۷֤路̤ȴǤ롥Τ路ͳ褹ΤȤС<z> ʸΤΤİͤ[2010-07-17-1]ε֤֤ȤĤäƤ <z>פǼꤢ褦ˡ<z> ϤƱƤʸ<s> 餫˴ԤȤ <z> ʲȤ䤱Ωġ
ֳ±ʣ ( plural of piracy ) ȤǤƤӤʤ뤳 <z> ʻˤλѤϡߤǤ NetSpeak ǤαȤƤλѤ˸ꤵƤ褦COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) θˤȡwarez 4㤬ҥåȤ warez ʳξǤθϥҥåȤʤˡʲϤΤ1ǡ2004ǯ Houston Chronicle εǤ롥
CW Shredder - www.spyware info.com/merijn/ Developed by the same author as Hijack This!, CW Shredder removes a very common piece of spyware known as the Coolwebsearch Trojan. It takes advantage of a flaw in a key component of Windows - Microsoft's version of the Java Virtual Machine - to install itself via pop-ups often found on porn and illegal software (a.k.a. "warez") sites.
¾ BNCweb "*z_NN2" ȤƸƤߤȡBOYZ ¿ҥåȤϥꥫο͵롼 Boyz II Men 䥢ꥫѸ Boyz n the Hood ؤθڤˤΤǡ±ʣȤϼۤʤ롥ȤϤͭ̾侦̾ʤˤɸŪֻѤ뤳ȤϾȹǤϹ븽ݤǤ㤨 Heinz Ҥ "Heinz Buildz Kidz" ˡΩ̤äƤǤ϶롥
ʤߤˡKirg(h)iz ֥륮͡פҥåȤϥֻ˽सΤñʣƱǤˤʤʰ۷Ȥ Kirg(h)izes ⤢ˡ
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
ͥåȤˤꡤλѤΤ뼡ˤ봷ѲĤĤ롥ϢäϤȤꡤNetSpeak ͭνȯãάʸˡ¿ѡѴϺʤɡǯ̿ѤȯŸˤȤʤѲβžΨϡθ˾塤ǤΤȤ롥ơεѳˤȤ櫓礭ʱƶƤΤѸǤ뤳ȤϵƤʤ
¿θѲĹ餯¸³뤳ȤˤʤΤ뤤ϰΤΤǤ꼡褿뿷ѲִΤϸǤʬʤäơѲΨ˾äȤǤ뤫ɤ̤ΤʤȤѲβžΨʤ̡ˤȤǤϡ餯˾ʤȤơ⤳βžΨϤäƤ椯Τͽۤ롥
ĹCrystal, The English Language 8 "The Effect of Technology" κǽѤ롥
The speed with which Internet usages are taken up is unprecedented in language change --- another manifestation of the influence of the technology on English. Traditionally, a new word entering the language would take an appreciable time --- typically a decade or two --- before it became so widely used that it would be noted in dictionaries. But in the case of the Internet, a new usage can travel the world and receive repeated exposure within a few days. It is likely that the pace of language change will be much increased through this process. Moreover, as word-inventors all over the world now have a global audience at their disposal, it is also likely that the amount of linguistic innovation will increase. Not by any means all innovations will become a permanent feature of the English language; but the turnover of candidates for entry at any one time is certainly going to be greater than at any stage in the past. Nor is it solely a matter of new vocabulary, new spellings, grammatical constructions, patterns of discourse, and regional preferences (intranational and international) can also be circulated at an unprecedented rate, with consequences that as yet cannot be anticipated. (140)
ߥ˥Ѥγλˤϡ礭Ѳ롥ʸ桤ѡץ饤á饸Dz衤ƥӡԥ塼ͥåȡȯθˤϡбѲȸѴѲ³ǯΥͥåȴϢѤϢΥߥ˥ѳκǽϤäƤȤϹͤ줺ߤǤͽۤΤĤʤѤλȤϴְ㤤ʤʤȤ⸽ߤ˻뵻ѳˤΤʤǤϡΥͥåȤۤ絬Ϥ˸ѲͶѳϤʤ
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow