٤ФʤꤿAmerican Dialect Society ˤ2020ǯ Word of the Year Ҳ𤷤褦Ƥ Covid Ǥ롥
1ǯäˤ¸ߤ餷ʤäñ줬ǺǤ褯Ȥ1ĤȤʤäΥ륹 Covid-19 WHO ̿̾Τ2020ǯ2Τȡθ夹 Covid ṳ̂졤ñΤѤǤʤCovid crisis, Covid relief, Covid vaccine Τ褦ʣʬȤƤѤ褦ˤʤäܺ٤Υڡɤ˾ܤϡΥץ쥹 (PDF) ⻲ȡ
Υץ쥹ꡤޤƨ¾ΥΥߥ͡ȸȤȤ˵Ƥߤ褦Covid ߤΤΤŪ¿
Covid: shorthand for Covid-19, the name given to the disease caused by infection from novel coronavirus; also used more broadly to refer to the pandemic and its impacts
2020: used to sum up chaotic and despondent feelings inspired by the years events
antiracism: the practice of actively working to prevent or combat racism
Before Times: the time before the beginning of the pandemic (followed by Now Times or After Times)
BIPOC: acronym for Black, Indigenous and People of Color or Black and Indigenous People of Color
doomscrolling: obsessively scanning social media and websites for bad news
pandemic: epidemic over a wide area affecting a large proportion of the population
social distancing: keeping away from others as much as possible to prevent the spread of coronavirus
unprecedented: never having happened, existed, or experienced before
American Dialect Society ˤ1990ǯʹߤμʤȥΥߥ͡ȸˤΥꥹȤ
ǯ⤳λäƤAmerican Dialect Society ˤ 2015ǯ The Word of the Year 18ȯɽ줿ǯμޤϡsingular "they" Ǥ롥
They was recognized by the society for its emerging use as a pronoun to refer to a known person, often as a conscious choice by a person rejecting the traditional gender binary of he and she.
. . . .
The use of singular they builds on centuries of usage, appearing in the work of writers such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Jane Austen. In 2015, singular they was embraced by the Washington Post style guide. Bill Walsh, copy editor for the Post, described it as "the only sensible solution to English's lack of a gender-neutral third-person singular personal pronoun."
While editors have increasingly moved to accepting singular they when used in a generic fashion, voters in the Word of the Year proceedings singled out its newer usage as an identifier for someone who may identify as "non-binary" in gender terms.
"In the past year, new expressions of gender identity have generated a deal of discussion, and singular they has become a particularly significant element of that conversation," Zimmer said. "While many novel gender-neutral pronouns have been proposed, they has the advantage of already being part of the language."
ʤ singular they ȤʤǤʤäεȹ碌 Wordorigins.org: ADS Word of the Year for 2015 εɤǤߤƹäñ̤ʤñΰ̿;̾ȤƤ they ˡϤǯ֤dzΤǧΤƤƤꡤȤ櫓2015ǯħŤˡȤ櫓ǤϤʤ˽Ȥ̤ʬˡΤΤ˵褹륷ܥ (nonbinary identifier) ȤơǯƤ줿ȤƥȤʤɤ transgender ꤬¿夲졤"nonbinary identifier" ȤƤ they λѤΩäȤȤʤsingular they ϡMOST USEFUL ƥǤޤƤ롥ΥɤǤ뤳Ȥäˤ褯狼ޤä
singular_they ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤äƤΤǡʲ˥ĥäƤ
#275. Ѹλ;ñ̾ ([2010-01-27-1])
#1054. singular they ([2012-03-16-1])
#1887. ˤͤݤ4Ĥλ ([2014-06-27-1])
#1920. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (1) ([2014-07-30-1])
#1921. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (2) ([2014-07-31-1])
#1922. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (3) ([2014-08-01-1])
WOY μޤˤĤƤϡwoy ȡ
19American Dialect Society ˤ 2014ǯ The Word of the Year ȯɽ줿ץ쥹 (PDF)
2014ǯޤ #blacklivesmatter Ǥ롥ߤ줿HASHTAG礫ޤǡ2009ǯμ twitter2012ǯμ hashtag ³twitter դΥåɾƤȤȤ
The hashtag #blacklivesmatter took on special significance in 2014 after the deaths of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo. and Eric Garner in Staten Island, N.Y., and the failure of grand juries to indict police officers in both cases. It became a rallying cry and vehicle for expressing protest, fueled by social media.
The word hashtag itself was the ADS Word of the Year in 2012. Now, two years later, hashtags were recognized with their own special category in the voting, which was also won by #blacklivesmatter.
"While #blacklivesmatter may not fit the traditional definition of a word, it demonstrates how powerfully a hashtag can convey a succinct social message," Zimmer said. "Language scholars are paying attention to the innovative linguistic force of hashtags, and #blacklivesmatter was certainly a forceful example of this in 2014."
MOST LIKELY TO SUCCEED μ salty ȥΥߥ͡ȸ basic Ϥ¸ηƻܤƤ褦salty "exceptionally bitter, angry, or upset" ΰ̣ǡbasic "plain, socially awkward, unattractive, uninteresting, ignorant, pathetic, uncool, etc." ΰ̣ǿѤƤȤ¯ŪʶŪɾỤ̄ (evaluative meaning) ȯŸƤȤǶ̤Ƥ롥ϢơɾỤ̄ȤŪȯŸˤĤơ#1099. Ҥηƻɾηƻ ([2012-04-30-1])#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1])#1193. ե˶줿Ѹθܡ ([2012-08-02-1])#1400. relational adjective qualitative adjective ؤΰ̣Ѳθưϡ ([2013-02-25-1]) Ȥ줿
ΤȤˤʤ뤬13American Dialect Society ˤ 2013ǯ The Word of the Year ȯɽ줿ץ쥹 (PDF)
2013ǯޤ because Ǥ롥ŤˡȯãƤ椨μޤȤ
This past year, the very old word because exploded with new grammatical possibilities in informal online use. . . . No longer does because have to be followed by of or a full clause. Now one often sees tersely worded rationales like 'because science' or 'because reasons.' You might not go to a party 'because tired.' As one supporter put it, because should be Word of the Year 'because useful!'
οˡϡߤ "in informal online use" Ȥ register ˸ꤵƤ뤬嵭̤ǤˤϤʤΤǡ register ȤƤ椯ǽ롥MOST USEFUL ǤޤƤ롥
ˡ because ǤϤʤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤäȤΤˤ2ब̤褦˻פ롥1Ĥϡ"because tired" "because useful" Τ褦ˡŪǤάƤȹͤΡǤϡ줾 "because (I am) tired" "because (it is) useful" Τ褦˼ be ư줬άƤȲǤ롥ȯäƤʤɤθŪʾȤȤ⡤ŪˡפǤ륿פŪ٤ˡȤ
⤦1Ĥϡ"because science" "because reasons" Υפ "because of science" "because of reasons" Ȥۤʤ뤷դŪءפǤ櫓Ǥʤष1ˤ̣ߤ;Ϳ뽤Ūʸ̤ФƤ롥ϡŪȤϽŪ٤ˡȤ롥
ơޤ because Τۤˤ⡤Υߥ͡ȸ¾Ǥμ礬ꡤįƤߤȤ⤷㤨 slash ϡ"used as a coordinating conjunction to mean 'and/or' (e.g., 'come and visit slash stay') or 'so' ('I love that place, slash can we go there?')" ƤꡤΤʸǤ롥դ°ɵ (punctuation) 1Ĥɽ줬äդ³ȤѤƤȤΤ⤷ְʾ彪פ̣ȤƤ Period. हðۤǤ롥
ǯϤФΤޤ˺Ƥǯܥ֥Ǥ1Ⱦ˼夲ϤǤ롥14ˡAmerican Dialect Society ˤ 2012ǯ The Word of the Year ɽ줿ޤ Twitter Υܥ hashtag Ǥ롥#263. 1990ǯ2009ǯޤǤαѸήԸޡ ([2010-01-15-1]) Ǹ褦ˡ2009ǯ WOY twitter ΤΤäȤ碌ƹͤȡοǥαƶϤ礭Ƽ´롥θϼΤ褦롥
Hashtag refers to the practice used on Twitter for marking topics or making commentary by means of a hash symbol (#) followed by a word or phrase.
ޤΤۤ͡ޤߤƤ뤬MOST USEFUL μޤ -(po)calypse, -(ma)geddon (hyperbolic combining forms for various catastrophes) MOST CREATIVE 礫ϡgate lice (airline passengers who crowd around a gate waiting to board) MOST UNNECESSARY MOST OUTRAGEOUS 2ƤΤϡlegitimate rape (type of rape that Missouri Senate candidate Todd Akin claimed rarely results in pregnancy) MOST EUPHEMISTIC Ǥϡself-deportation (policy of encouraging illegal immigrants to return voluntarily to their home) MOST LIKELY TO SUCCEED 礫 marriage equality (legal recognition of same-sex marriage) LEAST LIKELY TO SUCCEED 礫 phablet (mid-sized electronic device between a smartphone and a tablet) ڤ YOLO (acronym for "You Only Live Once," often used sarcastically or self-deprecatingly) ޤǯοȤ ELECTION WORDS 礫ϡbinders (full of women) (term used by Romney in the second presidential debate to describe the resumes of female job candidates that he consulted as governor of Massachusetts) Ф줿
¾ĿŪˤ MOST CREATIVE ΥΥߥ͡Ȥ˵ä alpacalypse (the Mayan apocalypse predicted for Dec. 21, 2012 (alpaca + -lypse)) ⤷ΥΥߥ͡ȸʤɡܤץ쥹ɤޤĤƤήԸоݤμޤˤĤƤϡAll of the Words of the Year, 1990 to Present ڤӡܥ֥ woy εȡ
ǯ⤳λäƤAmerican Dialect Society ˤ The Word of the Year θɽλ2011ǯޤ occupy ä¸θǤϤ뤬"verb, noun, and combining form referring to the Occupy protest movement" Ȥˡˤ꿷̿ޤ줿
2011ǯ917New York Zuccotti Park "Occupy Wall Street" αưϤޤäʹߡ Occupy movement ¿ȯ̱"We are the 99%" ȤǤơкѤҲʿƤ˾ФǤ롥
occupy ϡΥߥ͡Ȥ줿ΤʤǤϡ2011ǯΤʤȾνϤäۤɾ⤬ä褦ǡɼ˼ the 99%, 99 percenters 纹ˤäԤ "those held to be at a financial or political disadvantage to the top moneymakers, the one-percenters" ̣äƤߤ occupy ϢѸ顤Ҳݤαƶ礭Τ롥
ADS θɽˤĤơܤ17դADS ˤȯɽץ쥹 (PDF)Ȥ줿Wordorigins.org αļԤˤ롤η̤ˤĤƤΥӥ塼Υڡɤ롥
2011ǯήԸˤĤƤϡThe Daily Telegraph 2011ǯ1110εǤ⡤occupy 1ǯ֤ǥͥåȵڤӻ̤ǺǤ¿Ȥ줿ñäȤ븦Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥
The most commonly used English word on the internet and in print in the past year was "occupy", a study has found. Repeated references to the Occupy Movement, which inspired protests outside St Paul's Cathedral in London and in other major world cities, helped push the word into first place, researchers said.
ήԸθɽȤƤϡۤ Global Language Monitor ˤΤ롥εˤȡ2011ǯ Top Word ϤϤ occupyTop Phrase Arab Spring ǡTop Name Steve Jobs ȤΤȡ
ADS ˤήԸϢεˤĤƤϡ##623,262,263,245 ʤɤȡ
ǯ⤳λäƤAmerican Dialect Society ˤήԸޤθɽλ2009ǯ[2010-01-14-1]εǾҲ𤷤褦 tweet ޤФ줿2010ǯ app ä
ܤ17դADS ˤȯɽץ쥹 (PDF)Ȥ줿θϰʲ̤Ǥ롥
"app" --- noun, an abbreviated form of application, a software program for a computer or phone operating system
app ܸǤϡ֥ץפȤƤǤ˹ǧΤƤ롥αñ OED ǤϽ1985ǯȤƸФ˺ѤƤꡤ褷ƿǤϤʤǯϥԥ塼Ǥʤ iPhone, iPad ʤɤŻüб륢ץꥱμפapp store ʤ륪饤ŹޤΩĤ褦ˤʤäƤ2ǯ³ITӥϢθ줬ޤȤ¤ˡȤʡITפȤĤƤήԸϤǤ˸Ťˡ
¾ΥΥߥ͡ȸ礴ȤμįƤߤä˥ꥫΡФŪ꤬ʬ롥Wikileaks vuvuzela ǡǤ롥ͥåȴϢǤ褯ȤưȤƤ trend "to exhibit a burst of online buzz" MOST LIKELY TO SUCCEED ǤμޤȤʤäΤʤۤɤȻפ碌롥
ADS Ǥ Word of the Year for 2010 ȹ碌ơޤǤ Name of the Year for 2010 ɼԤʤ줿ԤޤΤϡܥ֥[2010-04-20-1]εǤ줿ɤβл Eyafjalljökul ä
ADS ѰѰĹ Ben Zimmer ϡ[2010-08-11-1]εǾҲ𤷤 Visual Thesaurus ǤԤǤ⤢롥
[2010-01-15-1]εǷǺܤε[2010-05-25-1]Ϣ饤Ǽꤢ to pluto ֹ߳ʤפ American Dialect Society ˤ2006ǯαѸήԸޤФ줿ͭ̾ưǤ롥
2006ǯ8ιŷʸϢ ( IAU ) ᤰǮȤϵ˿εķ̽ ( Pluto ) ǤϤʤ ( dwarf planet ) Ȥƺ뤳ȤˤʤꡤСֹ߳ʡפ뤳Ȥˤʤä̽۷9ܤȤ˹ƤޤƤˡIAU εķ˥åͿȤȤˡ̽߳ʤȷӤĤҲŪʥ硼ޤ줿ΰĤư to pluto Ǥ롥ADS ˤСưϼΤ褦롥
To pluto is to demote or devalue someone or something, as happened to the former planet Pluto when the General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union decided Pluto no longer met its definition of a planet.
ʲˡʸĤۤɡ
Pluto got plutoed, but it still won WOTY [Word of the Year].
He was plutoed like an old pair of shoes.
A recent Andy Borowitz humor column . . . reports that the Bush presidency has been plutoed: An international group of scientists who demoted the planet Pluto to dwarf status three months ago met in Oslo, Norway today and reclassified the Bush White House as a dwarf Presidency. . . . with the President's approval rating in a free fall, it became clear even before the scientists convened that some sort of reclassification along the lines of the Pluto demotion was in order.
ͭ̾ Pluto ʸư첽ȤǤΤ⡤Ѹ conversion ȤμʤͿƤ뤫Ǥ롥ܸǤϡͷˤʤֹסʶʪʤˤʤɤ to pluto žѤ˶ᤤȻפ뤬Ѹϲ֤פⲿĤˤΤޤʻžƤޤ-ed ޤղäƤޤΤΤconversion ˤĤƤ [2009-11-03-1] ȡ
to pluto ξܺ٤ϡ2007ǯ15դ ADS 饤PDFΥץ쥹Ȥ줿
ε[2010-01-14-1]ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡAmerican Dialect Society ˤ2009ǯαѸήԸޤץ쥹ˡ1990ǯʹߤμ礬ޤȤƷǺܤƤ롥䤹褦ˡˤƤߤѸʤ餺Ȥ⡤Τ˻ʤ
| Year | Word of the Year | Word of the Decade | Word of the Century | Word of the Millennium |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | ||||
| 2008 | bailout | |||
| 2007 | subprime | |||
| 2006 | to be plutoed, to pluto | |||
| 2005 | truthiness | |||
| 2004 | red / blue / purple states | |||
| 2003 | metrosexual | |||
| 2002 | weapons of mass destruction or WMD | |||
| 2001 | 9-11, 9/11 or September 11 | |||
| 2000 | chad | web | jazz | she |
| 1999 | Y2K | |||
| 1998 | e- | |||
| 1997 | millennium bug, Y2K bug or Y2K problem | |||
| 1996 | mom (as in soccer mom) | |||
| 1995 | (tie) World Wide Web and newt | |||
| 1994 | (tie) cyber and morph | |||
| 1993 | information superhighway | |||
| 1992 | Not! | |||
| 1991 | mother of all | |||
| 1990 | bushlips |
[2009-12-28-1]εǾҲ𤷤 American Dialect Society 2010ǯ108()դ2009ǯαѸήԸ "word of the year" ȯɽ10ǯ֤ǯǤ⤢äΤǡƱ "word of the decade" ȯɽ줿ܤϡAmerican Dialect Society뤤ľܥץ쥹PDFDZǽǤ롥
̤餤С"2009 Word of the Year" tweet"Word of the Decade" google Ǥ롥ǯΥ֡ߥ˥ѤƬʪ̤Ǥ롥
"2009 Word of the Year" tweet ϡ"(noun) a short message sent via the Twitter.com service, and (verb) the act of sending such a message" 롥Twitter Twitter.com 륪饤֤Ĥ֤䤭ץӥǡǯ麣ǯˤܤǤ֥졼Ƥ롥ŻҥȥåȤ٤Ρִˤץߥ˥ǽȤȤǡiPhone ʤɤηü饪饤˸äĤ֤䤯ͤä
"Word of the Decade" google ϡ"a generic form of 'Google,' meaning 'to search the Internet' " ΰ̣ǡΤưȤư̲Ѥ롥ʤߤ "Word of the Decade" μ blog ǤꡤϤꥦ֡ߥ˥ѸǤ롥軰̤ 9/11 ä
ήԸ American Dialect Society ŤɼˤäФ뤬ץ쥹ǤϾޤγϤ줿1990ǯγμ礬ǧǤΤǡɤǤȤƤϡ"MOST UNNECESSARY" 硤"MOST OUTRAGEOUS" 硤"MOST LIKELY TO SUCCEED" μʤɤȤ˾Ф롥
زμŤ륤٥ȤǤʤ顤桼⥢˺ƤʤȤڤץ쥹ΰʲΥȤˤ⡤ˤƤ롥
Members in the 120-year-old organization include linguists, lexicographers, etymologists, grammarians, historians, researchers, writers, authors, editors, professors, university students, and independent scholars. In conducting the vote, they act in fun and do not pretend to be officially inducting words into the English language. Instead they are highlighting that language change is normal, ongoing, and entertaining. (1)
10ǯ٤ǯȤȤǻפФΤǥ⡥American Dialect Society Ǥǯ American Speech ˤƱѸήԸޤȯɽƤ롥2000ǯˤϹڤʤȤ "1999 words of the year", "words of the decade", "words of the century", "words of the millennium" 쵤˸ɽ줿
ǯήԸޤΰǯμҲѲ֤ΤˤäƤĤǤΤƱͤˡ10ǯ100ǯ1000ǯȤѥǤΡήԸפܤߤ뤳ȤϡҲˤ֤ΤˤäƤĤǤ롥ʲϡޤ˥Υߥ͡Ȥ줿Ǥ롥ˤ * դƤ롥
Words of the Decade
e-
ethnic cleansing
* Web
Franken --- Genetically modified, as in Frankenfood
senior moment
way --- very
Words of the Century
teenager
* jazz
T-shirt
modern
DNA
media
acronym
teddy bear
World War
cool
melting pot
Words of the Millennium
science
freedom
news
justice
truth
nature
history
human
book
language
go
the
government
OK
* she
millennium ñ̤ˤʤȡΥߥ͡Ȥδʬ褦ʬʤ褦ʡǤ롥ûŪˤϡä go, the, Ƽޤ she ˤʤȤǤ롥⥲ޥϤĶܸǤꡤη֡ǽ夯ޤǤˤ٤λ֤ΤäǤ롥ΤˤäȤäƤ褤
ʤߤ "Words of the Millennium" ˥Υߥ͡Ȥ줿15Τְ㤤ʤѸȤΤ freedom, truth, book, go, the 5ΤߤǤꡤ¾ϼѸǤ롥ΤȤϡ1500ǯ;αѸθûˤħƤ褦˻פ롥
American Speech 75.3 (2000): 323--24 (in "Among the New Words").
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