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she - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-05-10 Sat

#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][mindmap][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][lexicology][she][personal_pronoun][link]

426ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼󥿡Υ꡼ֺ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñνȤơshe --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פɶˤƳ֤ޤͽ𵭻Ȥơ#5829. īֺ¤ο꡼˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñפ426ǻϤޤޤ ([2025-04-12-1]) ǤΤ餻̤Ǥ
markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲȤƤɤˡѤˤȤС



īֺ¤νմ5ʬ6ʬˤĤƤʲΤ褦˳ꤷƤޤؿΤϡHPܺ٤򤴳ǧξ塤ߤ

2524ڡˡthrough --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸ
3621ڡˡautumn --- ³Ƥ

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2022-05-19 Thu

#4770. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ɾ [personal_pronoun][sound_change][phonetics][etymology][laeme][cone][orthography][epenthesis][she]

ε#4769. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ξҲ ([2022-05-18-1]) ǡѸˤˤǯФ뿷ñ˾Ҳ𤷤Laing and Lass ʸηսѤȡΤ褦ˤʤ (231)

(a) For the history of she, we posit an approximant epenthesis of a type already found in OE, spreading to further items in ME, and occurring in all periods of Scots as well as PDE. This turns the word-onset into a consonant cluster with its own history, independent of that of the nuclear vowel (though it seems primarily to occur before certain nuclear types).
   (b) The nuclear vowel derives in the normal way from OE [eo], with no need for 'resyllabification' or the creation of 'rising diphthongs'.
   (c) This account allows an etymology with no interim generation of trimoric nuclei, or the problem of maintaining vowel length when the first element of the nucleus is the first vowel of the diphthong that constitutes it. It therefore allows for the unproblematic derivation of both [ʃe:] (required for PDE [ʃi:]) and [ʃo:] (required for some regional types such as [ʃu:]).
   (d) We claim that the so-called 'she problem' has been a problem mainly because of a misconception of the kind of etymology it is. The literature (and this is true even of Britton's account, which is clearly the best) founders (sic) on the failure to separate the development of the word-onset and the development of the nuclear vowel.
   The mistake has been the attempt to combine a vocalic story and a consonantal story and at the same time make phonological sense. We suggest that in this case it cannot be done, and that by separating the two stories we arrive at a clean and linguistically justifiable narrative.


ǵξܺ٤Ω뤳ȤϤʤοФ伫ȤɾҤ٤ʤСޤƤƤ¾ϤȤߤƤ롥

ޤLAEME ȤǿΥġѤĤġŪʼ̤λ˰͵򤷤ƤפǤ롥礭ʻ餳˼ȤǤȤ褯ʬȤ餯뿮괶ȤФ褤ιȿ˶ò롥
嵭ȴϢ뤬LAEME ϢȤƤ CoNE (= A Corpus of Narrative Etymologies from Proto-Old English to Early Middle English) CC (= the Corpus of Changes) ԻȤʸץȤΰĤȤơshe 夲ƤŦƤCoNE ϡѸʸڤñΤ۷֤ˤĤơѲֻѲδԤȤŪʴǤʡֽѸȤӸءפȸƤӤۤɤˡshe ˤĤƤСγƳʷޤ᤿٤Ƥΰ۷֤Ϳ褦ȤƤꡤ[ʃ] ޤ֤ΰ⤢ޤǤΰˤʤΤǤ롥scha, þoe, þie, yo Τ褦㳰Ūʰ۷֤ˤĤƤ⡤̣ͿƤ롥
ơ"Yod Epenthesis" Ƥ켫Τڥ˥Ūžäshe θ츻ˤǤ [j] 򤤤˼ƳФ뤫ײ1ĤȤʤäƤ [j] ƳФ뤳Ȥ򤢤̣Ƿ餯ᡤ֤ [j] äƤޤäפȼĥΤǤ롥ˤ [j] ɬԼפȤ櫓ǤʤȯŪǤϤ졤㤬뤳ȤʸΤ˼Ƥ뤫

Ū¿ĤҤȤĤεˤĤƤԤ䤤Ƥߤ⤢ΤΤȤϤꡤĻɷŪʹɾ

Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "On Middle English she, sho: A Refurbished Narrative," Folia Linguistica Historica 35 (2014): 201-40.
Lass, Roger, Margaret Laing, Rhona Alcorn, and Keith Williamson. A Corpus of Narrative Etymologies from Proto-Old English to Early Middle English and accompanying Corpus of Changes, Version 1.1. Edinburgh: U of Edinburgh, 2013--. Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/CoNE/CoNE.html.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-20-1]

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2022-05-18 Wed

#4769. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ξҲ [personal_pronoun][sound_change][phonetics][etymology][laeme][epenthesis][she]

3;ñ̾ she θ츻ä100ǯʾ褬³ƤˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ⼡εǼ夲Ƥ

#792. she --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻Ծܤθ ([2011-06-28-1])
#793. she --- 奤󥰥ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1])
#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])
#829. she θ츻ν ([2011-08-04-1])

θŤ LAEME ȤǿΥġѤĩΤ2014ǯ Laing and Lass ʸǤLAEME ˤĤƤϡ#4086. Ѹ츦ˤ LAEME ([2020-07-04-1])#4396. ѸϿޤȥդѥ󶡤Ƥ LAEME ([2021-05-10-1]) Ϥ laeme γƵ򻲾ȡˡ
she ϡüŪˤСѸǧ۷֡ʸɸ she Ϣʤ֤ޤˤ˸ (1) Ҳ [ʃ](2) [eː] [oː]ɤΤ褦ΤȤ2˽󤵤롥Ȥ櫓θȤʤܤƤ۷ [hjoː] ʤɤ˴ޤޤ [j] ɤΤ褦ƳФ뤫פȤʤ롥
Ǥϡ [j] ϴ¸βϢ³ΤʤŪƳФ뤳ȤȤƤLaing and Lass οϡ[j] ŪƳФ줿ΤǤϤʤŪ줿ˤʤȤȤñˤС [j] äƤޤäΤȤȤо嵭 (1), (2) Τ̵ʤǤ뤷LAEME ۷֤ʬۤδ̷ʤȤ
֤ [j] äƤޤäϡƱʸǤ "Yod Epenthesis" (= YE) ̾դƤ롥űѸ [heo] YE ͳ [hjeo] Ȥʤꡤθ "eo-Monophthongisation/Merger" (= EOM) ̤ [hjeː] 뤤 [hjoː] ƳФȤϩʼºݤˤϡκǸβطʤŪ [hjøː] ꤵƤ餷ˡˡƬ [hj] "Fusional Assimilation" (= FA) Ф [ç] ȤʤꡤǸ "Palatal Fronting" (= PF) η̡[ʃ] Ϥ롤Ȥƻڤ
űѸ줫ή޼мΤ褦ˤʤ (Laing and Lass 217)

*heo ((YE)) > *hjeo ((EOM)) >
1 *hjo: ((FA)) > [ço:] ((PF)) > [ʃo:]
2 *hje: ((FA)) > [çe:] ((PF)) > [ʃe:]


Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "On Middle English she, sho: A Refurbished Narrative," Folia Linguistica Historica 35 (2014): 201-40.

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2014-05-14 Wed

#1843. conservative radicalism [language_change][personal_pronoun][contact][homonymic_clash][homonymy][conjunction][demonstrative][me_dialect][wave_theory][systemic_regulation][causation][functionalism][she]

#941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ ([2011-11-24-1]) ϡޤϤäƲƤʤѸˤǤ롥QŪˤϡҲŪƶϤΤ London 濴Ȥ륤󥰥ѲȯϤȤʤꡤʤɼդŤƤϤѸǤϤषդθबعߤƤȤ㤬¿
ФơMillar Samuels ήεǽŪΩ줫顤"conservative radicalism" ȤͿƤ롥ȤƼ夲ƤѲϡ3;ʣ̾ they ˤűѸ hīe ִȡͤȲꤵƤ롤³ though ˤ þeah ִӻؼ those ˤ tho ִ

   The issue with ambiguity between the third person singular and plural forms was also sorted through the borrowing of Northern usage, although on this occasion through what had been an actual Norse borrowing (although it would be very unlikely that southern speakers would have been aware of the new form's provenance --- if they cared): they. Interestingly, the subject form came south earlier than the oblique them and possessive their. Chaucer, for instance, uses the first but not the other two, where he retains native <h> forms. This type of usage represents what I have termed conservative radicalism (Millar 2000; in particular pp. 63--4). Northern forms are employed to sort out issues in more prestigious dialects, but only in 'small homeopathic doses'. The problem (if that is the right word) is that the injection of linguistically radical material into a more conservative framework tends to encourage more radical importations. Thus them and their(s) entered written London dialect (and therefore Standard English) in the generation after Chaucer's death, possibly because hem was too close to him and hare to her. If the 'northern' forms had not been available, everyone would probably have 'soldiered on', however.
   Moreover, the borrowing of they meant that the descendant of Old English þeah 'although' was often its homophone. Since both of these are function words, native speakers must have felt uncomfortable with using both, meaning that the northern (in origin Norse) conjunction though was brought into southern systems. This borrowing led to a further ambiguity, since the plural of that in southern England was tho, which was now often homophonous with though. A new plural --- those --- was therefore created. Samuels (1989a) demonstrates these problems can be traced back to northern England and were spread by 'capillary motion' to more southern areas. These changes are part of a much larger set, all of which suggest that northern influence, particularly at a subconscious or covert level, was always present on the edges of more southerly dialects and may have assumed a role as a 'fix' to sort out ambiguity created by change.


Millar Conservative radicalism ̾ΤȤDz⤷ƤηϤ˼ޤƤᥫ˥ϡƵǽŪȤ뤬Υᥫ˥बѤȤơܿ (dialect contact) ȽѰ۷ (variants) ζ¸äȤפǤ롥ܿ (contact) η̤ȤƷ֤Ѱ (variation) εޤ졤ηŪĴ (systemic regulation) ˤꡤ֤Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥ˤϡ#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ѳ3 contact, variation, systemic regulation ФäƤ롥Millar conservative radicalism Ȥͤϡ츫ԲĻ׵ĤؤθѲŤȤˡӤŪͿƤ褦˻פ롥
they though Ѳ˴ؤ̤ȤƤϡ#975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ ([2011-12-28-1]) ȡ#713. "though" "they" Ʊ۵ ([2011-04-10-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ʤMillar (119--20) ϡ3;νñ̾ she ˤűѸ hēo ִˤ conservative radicalism Ʊ褦ŬѤǤȹͤƤ褦she ˤĤƤϡ#792. she --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻Ծܤθ ([2011-06-28-1]), #793. she --- 奤󥰥ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1])#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])#974. 3;̾μʷ˺Ѥ۲([2011-12-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Millar, Robert McColl. English Historical Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2012.

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2012-02-19 Sun

#1028. ʤ̾ȤߤʤƤΤ [personal_pronoun][she][gender][personification][latin][suffix][sobokunagimon]

Ѹǡ̾̾ she ǼƤŪطʤ䡤50ǯۤɤΤˤˡषƤаޤˤĤƤϡ##852,853,854 εǼ夲ϡʤ̾Ū˽ǧƤȤꤿ
1Ĥˤϡ[2011-08-29-1]ε#854. ̾̾ she (3)פǿ줿褦ˡȤȤϡԤˤȤäơۤ٤Ρ٤ΤȤǧäΤǤϤʤ롥䤽¾ξʪ̾ǼΤƱͤȯۤ
⤦1Ĥϡٹ (259) ֤ι̱ФƽѤ뤳Ȥʤɤϡ餫˥ƥʸˡμ̤ǤפȻŦ褦ˡƥ Italia, Græcia, Britannia, Germania, Hispania ʤɤ̾ -ia ǽäƤ뤳Ȥαƶͤ롥ʸˡĥ衼åѤ¾θ줬̾ɤǼ줿ϡơǤꡤɬ̲Ǥʤ褦ʸˡ򼺤äѸˤƵŪ˽ηΤˤϡƥϤä礭Ȥ뤫⤷ʤ
ƥθ -ia ϡꥷƱͳ褷ꥷǤ -os ƻ줫̾Τ¿Ѥ줿OED ˤȡAustralia, Tasmania, Rhodesia ʤɤι̾̾Τۤhydrophobia, mania, hysteria ʤɤ̾Cryptogamia, Dahlia ʤɤοʪ̾ammonia, morphia ʤɤαʪ̾¤ˤѤ줿ŵǤϡθϽñʣƱɽ路Τǡɸʪ°ʪ̱νΤʤɡʪݲ̾դˤϤäƤĤθäΤ
ƥǤ -ia Τߤʤ餺 -a Ǥꡤˤ̾̾¤⤵ä (ex. Africa, Asia, Corsica, Malta)

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

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2011-08-29 Mon

#854. ̾̾ she (3) [personal_pronoun][she][gender][personification][political_correctness][corpus][statistics][lexical_diffusion]

ɸˤĤ[2011-08-27-1], [2011-08-28-1]εˤƤѸǤˡ she ԸդȤʤäƤƤ롤뤤ϾʤȤ⤽ register ޤäƤƤΤϤʤ
ˤϡ1960ǯʹߡȤ櫓ꥫѸǹޤäƤ gender ˽ʿȤ political correctness (PC) ؤδؿäƤ롥δ顤ʹ֤ΤȤƤ man(kind) -essȿͤɽ魯ʣ -man̿;̾ȤƤ he λѤʤɤ뤵졤ɽƤƤʴϢϡ[2009-08-20-1]ˤο͵ϤʤΤ, [2010-01-27-1]ָѸλ;ñ̾, [2011-04-17-1]֥ȥåŪȥݥȤƤθ츻פʤɤε򻲾ȡ
δ she üˡ򸫤ȡ̾ΩƤƽ̾ǼͳϤʤǤϤʤȤ롥ΰԤȤäȤѸˤȿǤƤ뤳ȤϳΤߤδѤ٤ϤʤȤͤǤ롥
ä˹̾ she ˡϡĥä񤭸դȤ register ˸¤ȡ1960ǯʹߡ㸺ƤƤ뤳Ȥ¾ڤ롥The Times corpus ѤƤ򸡾ڤ Bauer (148--49) ˤȡ1930ǯޤǤϹؼ she ˡɸŪäºݡ1900ǯ1930ǯδ֤ǡؼ it 3ΤߤäȤȤ1935ǯʹߡit 㤬³Ū˸1970ǯˤshe ư쵤ɸȤʤäshe 㤬ƤϵSƤ뤫Τ褦ǤꡤóȻ (lexical diffusion) פ碌롥ʲΥդ Bauer (149) Υդ˴ŤƳƺΤǤ롥

Feminine References to Country Names in The Times Corpus


Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.

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2011-08-28 Sun

#853. ̾̾ she (2) [personal_pronoun][she][personification][gender]

ε[2011-08-27-1]ǡѸ̾̾ she εϡűѸʸˡǤϤʤѸδŪʵˡˤ뤳Ȥ⤷ϸѸǤˡˤĤơʸ󤲤ʤ鸫Ƥ
֤ʤɤξʪؤ she ϡäѤȤ롥ϡʪ򰦾оݤȤƤȤ館Ƥ뤫ȸ롥

Look at my sports car. Isn't she a beauty?
What a lovely ship! What is she called?
Hundreds of small boats clustered round the yacht as she sailed into Southampton docks.
There were over two thousand people aboard the Titanic when she left England.


̾ she ϡʸкŪʴȤ館Ѥ뤬Ū˸ˤ it Ѥ롥

Iraq has made it plain that she will reject the proposal by the United Nations.
France increased her exports by 10 per cent.
Britain needs new leadership if she is to help shape Europe's future.
After India became independent, she chose to be a member of the Commonwealth.


ɽ Australian English ǤϡϵͲʤΤǤ it she Ѥ뤳Ȥ롥ξ硤ʤɤδ𤬰ؤ (Quirk et al. 318)

Remember that battle? Yeah, she was a doozie.
She's an absolute bastard, this truck.


Τ褦ˡʸϽФƤ뤬ߤǤϤˡˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥פʳؽѱѱѼƤߤȡOALD8 ǤϤˡεҤʤLDOCE5 Ǥ "old-fashioned" Υ졼٥롤Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, 2nd ed. Ǥ "mainly literary" Υ졼٥롤Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary Ǥ "somewhat old-fashioned" Υ졼٥롤COBUILD English Dictionary Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary Ǥϥ졼٥ʤäˤäƥ졼٥˺뤬ΤȤƤˡ register ꤵƤƤ餷Ȥʬ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2011-08-27 Sat

#852. ̾̾ she (1) [personal_pronoun][she][gender][personification]

űѸˤʸˡäѸˤʸˡʤʤꡤ˼ (natural gender) ääȤѲϡѸˤˤ˽פǤ ([2009-05-23-1], [2009-05-26-1]) ѸˤμȤʸˡ伫ä򤹤ȡޤäƴ󤻤ꥢ󡦥ڡѡ䤤롥ϡʤɤξʪ̾̾Ȥ she ѤȤѸδˤĤƤǤ롥줬űѸʸˡƤȤ¸ߤʸˡȲ餫δطΤεǤϡˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ȡ̾ she ǼȤϡűѸʸˡε§ȤϤޤäطʤ⤽űѸǡ (scip) ̾Ǥꡤ̾ǤϤʤäOED ˤȡʰʲ˰ѡˡ̾ȤƤ she ν1375ǯǤ롥14--15οˤĤƤʸˡĥե󥹸줫ȤƲᤷΤ⤢뤬Ūʵˡ (personification) ȸ٤

2. Used (instead of it) of things to which female sex is conventionally attributed. a. Of a ship or boat. Also (now chiefly in colloquial and dialect use), often said of a carriage, a cannon or gun, a tool or utensil of any kind; occas. of other things.


ʤɤξʪƻΤۤˡԻ̾񡤹̾⡤䤽¾ŷΤʤɤ she ǼƤˤ뤬űѸʸˡλ¸ȤϹͤʤѸ줫˭٤ϡMED entry for "she" (pron.) 2(c) 򻲾ȡ
ŪʵˡȤȡĤɤΤ褦˴ƤȤȤȤʤ롥ʸؤΰĤȤѸʸؤǤŪͲ (allegorical personification) ԤʤƤҤ褦ˡե󥹸δʸˡ򤽤ΤޤޱѸȲ᤹٤⤢뤬ͿžƤ⤢ꡤȤư̲ǤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥դλ Mustanoja (49--50) ˳⤵Ƥ뤬Ʊ̾ǤʤˤäƵͲͿۤʤʤɡȤϤʤμͳ٤ä褦ѸεŪ she ˡˤĤƤϡŪʸŪ뤳ȤɬפΤ褦ѸǤˡˤĤƤϡεǡ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2011-08-04 Thu

#829. she θ츻ν [personal_pronoun][she][etymology][bibliography]

εshe θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1]) dz⤷褦ˡshe θ츻ϽʶȤƤ롥ϢߡѤ߽ŤͤƤƤꡤνޤȤǤ̣뤫⤷ʤޤäŪǤϤʤ󤲤ʸ˺ܤäƤΤ濴ˤĤ򼨤Ƥ

Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968. xxxvi--xxxviii.
Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. London: OUP, 1958. lxvi--lxvii.
Dieth, E. "Hips: A Geographical Contribution to the 'She' Puzzle." ES 36 (1955): 209--17.
Flom, G. T. "The Origin of the Pronoun 'She'." JEGP 7 (1908): 115--25.
Lindkvist, H. "On the Origin and History of the English Pronoun she." Anglia 45 (1921): 1--50.
Luick, K. Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache. Stuttgart: Tauchnitz, 1964. Section 705.
Ruud, M. B. "A Conjecture concerning the Origin of Modern English She." MLN 25 (1920): 222--25.
Ruud, M. B. "'She' Once More." RES 2 (1926): 201--04.
Samuels, M. L. "The Role of Functional Selection in the History of English." Transactions of the Philological Society. 1965. 21--23.
Sarrazin, G. "Der Ursprung von NE. 'She'." Englische Studien 20 (1895--96): 330--31.
Smith, A. H. "Some Place-Names and the Etymology of 'She'." RES 2 (1925): 437--40.
Stevick, R. D. "The Morphemic Evolution of Middle English She." ES 65 (1964): 381--88.
Vachek, J. "Notes on the Phonological Development of the NE Pronoun she." Sborník Praci Filosfické Faculty Brnenské University 3 (1954): 67--80.
Vachek, J. "On Peripheral Phonemes of Modern English." Brno Studies in English 4 (1964): 21--29.

ֿ֡;̾ she εˤĤ: enclitic *-se סر : ˭Ѳʳؿʸʳطϵס121990ǯ43--48ǡ
ƣ ů Havelok the Dane λ;̾ʽʡñ SHE ˴ؤơסʡصס22005ǯ27--45ǡ CiNii PDF ǽpp. 28--29 ˽⤬ޤȤޤäƤ롥

ۤȤɤ Bennett and Smithers Ť뼰˽Ĵ٤ΤǡǤ⿷1960ǯǤ롥ʹߤĴ٤СȽФƤդ顤嵭ȤƤ˲äƤ椭

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-18-1]

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2011-08-03 Wed

#828. Shetland [personal_pronoun][she][etymology][old_norse][map][phonetics]

εshe θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1]) (4) θ츻⡤ "Shetland-theory" ˤĤƾƤ [hj] ( > [ç] ) > [ʃ] βȯãꤹǡOED ˤƱȯãΥ륦˸Ȥ롥Ѹ˴طȤǤϡťΥɸ̾ Hjaltland, Hjalpandisøy 줾Ѹ Shetland, Shapinshay бȤ㤬󤲤롥󥰥ˡűѸ hēope "hip" б shoop ʤ֤ǧΤ⡤ťΥɸ *hjúpa ȯãȤƱͤˤߤʤ뤫⤷ʤ
ơѸ Shetland ϸťΥɸ Hjaltland ͳ褹ȤȤԤ hjalt "hilt" + land "land" ʣǤ롥ϡη֡Τ˷פ˻Ƥ뤳ȤˤΤȹͤƤ롥ȥɽ (the Shetland Islands) ̳μտޤ򼨤ʥåȥϿޤ Encyclopaedia Britannica: Scotland 򻲾ȡȥɽξܺϿޤ Shetland Map 򻲾ȡ

Map of Shetland and the North Sea
Map of Shetland

ϿޤǸ¤ꡤüΥǥޡΥե (the Faeroe Islands) ¤ǡ̳⤫䳤θȤݤǤ롥ȥɽϥꥹΤǥåȥɤκ̽Ƥꡤ羮100礫뤬8ʾ夬̵Ǥ롥̰60ն˰֤Ƥꡤ٤ȤƤǤϥإ륷󥭡󥯥ȥڥƥ֥륯䥯ĥ󥫥쥸ʤɤ¤֡1974ǯޤǤϸ Zetland ȸƤФƤ
ȥɽȷӤĤʪ仺ȤȤƤϡ趯ʻ Shetland pony, ȥӤӻԤ ShetlandʴϢ Shetland sheep Shetland sheepdog ΤƤ롥Ԥΰ sheltie <l> ĤäƤ뤳ȤաˡѸȤ롥1970ǯʹߤϡ濴Ի Lerwick ֥̳ĤθϤȤƽפȤʤäƤ롥
˻ˤϥԥȿͤľФʸ򳫤Ƥ7--8˥ɤåȥɤ붵Ĥ褦ˤʤä8--9ˤϥΥ륦󥰤15ޤǥȥɤ1469ǯåȥɤ James III (1451--88) ȥǥޡ Margaret 뺧ȤˤꥷȥɤϥåȥΤȤʤä18˻ޤǸťΥɸ줫Υ (Norn; from ON Norrœnn "Norwegian" ) ȸƤФ줬ԤʤƤΤ褦˥åȥɻˤμή鳰줿ȼˤǤᡤߤǤ̱ˤ̲Ϥθ䴷롥
ȥɴϢξ Shetland Heritage VISIT.SHETLAND.ORG ͭסȥΥ Shetland Forwirds äȥΥڡ⤷

Referrer (Inside): [2016-05-31-1]

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2011-08-02 Tue

#827. she θ츻 [personal_pronoun][she][etymology][demonstrative][blend][sandhi][old_norse]

[2011-06-28-1]εshe --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻Ծܤθפǿ줿̤ꡤѸɸŪ3;νñ̾εޤƤ롥[2011-06-29-1]εshe --- 奤󥰥ˤ۷ʬۡפǸ褦ˡǤ⥤󥰥Ǥ͡ʷ֤ѤƤ뤬she ϤΤ褦ʰ۷1Ĥˤʤä⤽ she ʤ뤤ϽǤ scæ ˤ۷ȤƸ줿аޤԾܤʤΤǤ롥
she εˤϿ⤬ƤƤ롥פʤΤޤȤ褦

(1) űѸλؼ̾ se [2009-09-28-1]εˤѥ򻲾ȡˤνñʷ sēosīo ȡ;̾[2009-09-29-1]εˤѥ򻲾ȡˤνñʷ hēo (blend) Ȥ⡥
(2) Ҥ sēo ΰưˤ siō Фơshō ȯŸ
(3) wæs hēo ʤ -s ǽư޷֤줿ȤˡϢ (sandhi) ơsēo ȤʤäȤ ("sandhi-theory") 뤤ϡhēo ˤϡưĸƬ h æ yo Ȥ۷ǧ뤳Ȥ顤 wæs yo ľ sjo ˤ sho Ȥͤ⤢롥
(4) hēo ζư [hjoː] > [çoː] > [ʃoː] ȲѲȤ ("Shetland-theory") Ѳ˳ǧ롥
(5) ťΥɸλؼ̾ν , sjá Ѥ졤;̾ȤѤ줿Ȥ⡥ʤȤ̤ˡ (2) ζΰư˸ťΥɸαƶäΤǤϤʤȤ⤢롥

(2), (3), (4) ϽϤ줿첻 ē ǤϤʤ ō Ǥ뤳Ȥդ she ˶ᤤ֤˻ˤϡ첻꤬ĤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥첻ˤϡ2ĤβƤФƤ롥1Ĥϡ̾ 2;ʣ̾ ȝē ˴Ťˤꡤ첻 ē ˤäִ줿ȤΤǤ (cf. [2009-12-25-1], [2011-07-06-1]) ⤦1ĤϡűѸνñʷ hēo ǤϤʤñгʷ hīe ˴ŤƸɸȯãȤǤ롥
첻βΤߤʤ餺Ҳβ [ʃ] ȯŸаޤ⤦Ĥ礭Ǥ롥(2), (4) Τ褦ˡβѲȤȯãȤ⡤(3) Τ褦 sandhi Ȥ⡤뤤 [ç] ޤǤϲѲȤȯŸ /ç/ βǤȤƤϰ̤ŪǤ뤿˺Ǥᤤ /ʃ/ ִ줿Ȥʤɤ󵯤Ƥ롥
첻ȻҲξɬ⼫ǤϤʤɬפȤȤˡshe 񤷤롥餯ϡŪ1ĤϤʤΤƼѲִ䡤ʤɤˤޤ졤Τʤ she ΤȤȤʤ֤ǽŪ򤵤줿ȤȤǤϤʤ
ʾεҤˤϡOED, رѸ츻ŵ١Bennett and Smithers (xxxvi--xxxviii), Clark (lxvi--lxvii) 򻲾Ȥ

߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. London: OUP, 1958.

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2011-06-29 Wed

#793. she --- 奤󥰥ˤ۷ʬ [personal_pronoun][dialect][map][she]

ε[2011-06-28-1]˰³ she ꡥϸŤѸˤ she ֤͡ˤäȤҤ٤ѸǤĴ٤3;νñ̾ΰ۷ʣ¸ߤ롥ʲϿޤϡ20ȾФλǤΥ󥰥ɤˤ she ΰ۷ʬۤǤ Upton and Widdowson, p. 80 Ͽޤ˴Ťƺˡ

Map of Variants of

Ѹ West Midlands ǤϡűѸ West-Saxon hēo б֤Ȥ ha ho ԤʤƤԤƬ /h/ æޤǷѾΤϿ޾Фɽ路 oo Ȥ֤Ǥ롥ŪˤϤäȤŤ֤ȤäƤ褤
ʬۤ er her /h/ æ֤ǡher ΤϽͭʷŪʷȤɸѸǤ⤪ʤߤǤ롥Ǥ er ʤȤ she ѤƤ뤳Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥ۤ˼гʷʷ֤ȤƤϡ[2011-06-17-1], [2009-10-24-1], [2009-10-25-1]ʤɤεǸ褦ˡyou ŵǤ롥гʤä you ʤ ye ֤ߡyou ϼʤŪʤ̤ǤʤФ꤫̤ǤʤѤ­Ƥ롥

Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.

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2011-06-28 Tue

#792. she --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻Ծܤθ [personal_pronoun][she][etymology][pchron][homonymic_clash]

[2009-12-28-1]ε2000ǯαѸήԸޡפǸȤꡤAmerican Dialect Society 2000ǯΥɤ she ä12ȾФ˽ƱѸ˸졤2000ǯθˤơ줽ΤΤФǤʤ referent ¸ߴŪƤ¤ƧޤƤμޤαѸǤνФ The Peterborough Chronicle 1140ǯεϿʬǡscæ ȤֻǸ롥 scæ λؼоݤHenry I ̼Dz̷Ѿä Stephen Ȥꤢä˾ Matilda ǤΤȤ⤪⤷ Matilda ϸ©Ҥ Henry II Ȥƥ󥰥ɲ̤ˤĤ뤳Ȥ¾ Plantagenet īϻϤΩԤȤ⤤롤Ūˤפ scæ äȤˤʤ롥ս Earle and Plummer Ǥѡ

Þer efter com þe kynges dohter Henries þe hefde ben Emperice in Alamanie. 7 nu wæs cuntesse in Angou. 7 com to Lundene 7 te Lundenissce folc hire wolde tæcen. 7 scæ fleh 7 for les þar micel.


Ȥ she ȤϡѸˤǤͭ̾ʤȤˡ츻ԾܤǤ롥[2010-03-02-1]εָѸδܸ100εȳפ she ťΥɸ줫μѸȤƿ줿ΤϰĤˤʤѸäΤʤǤϺǤ٤ι⤤츻ԾܤθȤäƤ褤
ƤƤȤˡʣǤ롥ξܺ٤ϤҲ𤷤ȻפǤϤ󤬶ͭƤ뤳ȤŦƤűѸ3;νñ̾ hēo 䤽ΰ۷ϡѸޤǤ첻경űѸ3;ñ̾ 3;ʣ̾ hīe νȯãƱ֤ˤʤäƤޤäƱ۵ ( homonymic clash ) ΰϤϡΤ褯ʬʤ she ޤ᤿ΰ۷3;νñ̾ΥåȤή¥3;ʣ̾ they μƤ⡤Ʊ۵ͤˤäƻư;̾κη̤ȤǤ롥
she εõ븦ϡΰ۷ʬۡǯ塤ŪħѤʤɤδϢμưƤĶإѥǤ롥hēo, hīe, sēo, sīo, hjō, sho, yo, ha, ho, ȝho, scæ, etc. 椫ʤɤΤ褦ˤ she 򤵤졤夷ƤΤѸ츻ؤκ1ĤǤ롥

Earle, John and Charles Plummer, eds. Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel with Supplementary Extracts from the Others. London: OUP, 1892. 2 vols.

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2009-12-28 Mon

#245. 2000ǯαѸήԸ [lexicology][loan_word][ads][she]

10ǯ٤ǯȤȤǻפФΤǥ⡥American Dialect Society Ǥǯ American Speech ˤƱѸήԸޤȯɽƤ롥2000ǯˤϹڤʤȤ "1999 words of the year", "words of the decade", "words of the century", "words of the millennium" 쵤˸ɽ줿
ǯήԸޤΰǯμҲѲ򿶤֤ΤˤäƤĤǤΤƱͤˡ10ǯ100ǯ1000ǯȤѥǤΡήԸפܤߤ뤳ȤϡҲˤ򿶤֤ΤˤäƤĤǤ롥ʲϡޤ˥Υߥ͡Ȥ줿Ǥ롥޸ˤ * դƤ롥

Words of the Decade

e-
ethnic cleansing
* Web
Franken --- Genetically modified, as in Frankenfood
senior moment
way --- very

Words of the Century

teenager
* jazz
T-shirt
modern
DNA
media
acronym
teddy bear
World War
cool
melting pot

Words of the Millennium

science
freedom
news
justice
truth
nature
history
human
book
language
go
the
government
OK
* she

millennium ñ̤ˤʤȡΥߥ͡Ȥδʬ褦ʬʤ褦ʡǤ롥ûŪˤϡä go, the, Ƽޤ she ˤʤȤǤ롥⥲ޥϤĶܸǤꡤη֡ǽ夯ޤǤˤ٤λ֤ΤäǤ롥ΤˤäȤäƤ褤
ʤߤ "Words of the Millennium" ˥Υߥ͡Ȥ줿15Τְ㤤ʤѸȤΤ freedom, truth, book, go, the 5ΤߤǤꡤ¾ϼѸǤ롥ΤȤϡ1500ǯ;αѸθûˤħƤ褦˻פ롥

American Speech 75.3 (2000): 323--24 (in "Among the New Words").

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