ѸϿ LAEME Ի Lass and Laing LAEME ȤĹȥϡΤȤѸκɤƳŪȤäƤ褤ɮԤΰ Roger Lass ȤȤΤسνäǤꡤΥȥˤƤ⡤Ͽޤ䥳ѥԻˡۤȸ¤顤ȯθѸϿ LALME γػŪյޤǽIJ̵ԤƤꡤǡΤ롥
"Interpreting Middle English" ꤹ2ǤϡѸֻܺ٤Ƥ롥ξϤϡѸΤߤʤ餺̤˱ѸֻŪȤʤäƤꡤ̤˴ؿΤˤɬɤǤ롥äȤСֻȤϲȤܼṲ̄鰷äƤΤǤ롥Lass and Laing (3--4) 1Ѥ롥
A spelling system is a mapping of some chosen set (or sets) of linguistic units into a set of visual signs.5 The standard inventory of linguistic units is the word, the morphophonemic representation, the syllable6 and the 'phoneme'. In relatively rare cases allophones of certain phonemes may be represented (e.g. the velar nasal in the elder Futhark, Gothic and Greek).
5 Just what kind of units is a complex matter. In the earlier part of this exposition we will be considering phonemes, allophones and other traditional kinds; later on we will adopt a more medieval and less anachronistic perspective. The mapping need not be one-to-one and in no case does it have to involve one level of unit only.
6 We will be concerned here only with segmental styles of representation, as syllabaries are not part of the Germanic tradition. Even the oldest Germanic writing, the runic inscriptions in the Elder Futhark, are in principle alphabetical, if often 'defectively' so.
ֻη ("spelling system") Ȥϲ嵭ʬɤǡͽۤʾʣʪǤ뤳Ȥ٤˸ŪʬϤפ롤1ĤνפΰǤ롥
Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Interpreting Middle English." Chapter 2 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction." Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme2/laeme_intro_ch2.html .
ǯ226ˡƱνΰʼ YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥϤޤʹߡ轵쥮顼ǿ塦θ6ۿƤޤǿưϡ줿91Ƥ֤~αѸǤ֤ϥޥ롼롩through Υڥ515̤ꡪŪ뤵٥10Ǥ
Ѹ˾塤ֻ졦 through ϤɤΤ褦֤ƤΤǤ礦Ѹ1300--1500ǯˤ濴˻䤬Ĵƿ夲̡515̤ΰۤʤֻǧƤޤOED MED Τ褦˱Ѹ켭Helsinki Corpus, LAEME, LALME Τ褦˱Ѹ쥳ѥ˱ѸϿޤʤɡȤäƤߤ̤ǤõФäȤȻפޤ
ɸѸ줬ԺߤäѸˤϡ̻ (scribe) ȸƤФϡȯ˽äơνʤ˱ơֻ͡ñȤޤƱ̻Ʊñۤʤ뵡˰ۤʤֻ֤뤳ȤӻǤȤ櫓 through Ȥˤäȯ͡äᡤҲ첻Ȥ߹碌˭٤ǡ515̤ȤʤֻƤޤäΤǤ
Ϣ hellog Ǥ⤷Фм夲ƤޤʲȤ
#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])
#54. through ֤٥10ʥ10ˡ ([2009-06-21-1])
#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])
#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1])
#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1])
515̤ through YouTube ǤϤǤμϿäơ־ƻפѰդޤäǤΤǡʲ PDF ǸƤޤ
֤A4ѻ10515̤ through ֻߤͤ (PDF)
֤A4ѻ11̤ through ֻ礭515ڡλ (PDF)
Ĥ֥֡٥ȡʥȡ10פ through ֻ10ڡλ (PDF)
ֻȴϢơƱ YouTube ͥŪǶᥢåפ줿83֥СȡɥRobert CawdreyˤαѱѼϤ뤤⤴Фȡcf. #4978. æϷϼΥ --- Cawdrey ˤѸ˾αѱѼϥե٥åȽ礬Ǥ ([2022-12-13-1])ˡ
#4902. eWAVE 3.0 ξҲ --- ѸθŪħǼǡ١ ([2022-09-28-1]) ǡ77ѼαѸ־Ѥǡ١ eWAVE 3.0 (= The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English) Ҳ𤷤ܤ˴ؤʬۤϿ˥ץåȤƤͥΤɤ봶Τ褦ʤΤƤ
ƻפäϽѸΥϿ LAEME LALME θѸǤǤϤʤȡդˤСLAEME/LALME eWAVE ѸǤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ΤȤ˵Ťִ֡eWAVE LAEME/LALME αѸ˾ΰ֤ŤȰյǤ
eWAVE LAEME/LALME оݤȤŪʵϤۤʤäƤ뤬ȤƤƤ¿αѸθܤˤĤơϰѼ老Ȥ˥ץեޤȤƤ졤ϿʬۤץåȤƤ롥ơϤ줿̤᤹뤿ˤϹ٤ʱѸءѸˤμɬפǤȤƤ롥ɸѼפγǰԺߡ뤤ϾʤȤռƤʤȤΤⶦ
⤽ϢȤռ줿ץȤǤϤʤ櫓ǡʤۤʤ¿롥
eWAVE ΥåȤϸѸȤХʵϡLAEME/LALME ΥåȤϽѸ쥤ɤȤʵ
eWAVE ΥեޥȤϳѼ̤ȡLAEME/LALME ΥեޥȤϤޤ¸ƤܻeWAVE ˤ "fit-technique" Τ褦Ūʼˡס
eWAVE ֹܤòץեLAEME/LALME ϲֻ֡ܤòץեƤ
eWAVE Υϥǡ١LAEMEηŪǤϤʤ LALME ˤΥϥѥGloWbE Τ褦Ѹ쥳ѥ¸ߤ뤬eWAVE ȤΩƤ뤿ᡤLAEME Τ褦ϿޤȥѥȤΥ쥹ϢȤ˾ʤ
⤷ΤϡŪ eWAVE LAEME/LALME δ֤˰֤ѸˤĤơϿޤƤʤȤѸ鸽¸ȾɸѼǽƤꡤϰѼͻҤƤʤˡǡ١⥳ѥԻǤʤϰѼθȤ餹ȡ֤ƤѸȸѸΤۤषƤΤǤ롥
she θ츻ˤĤơϢ Laing and Lass ʸ夲Ƥcf. #4769. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ξҲ ([2022-05-18-1])#4770. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ɾ ([2022-05-19-1]))
Ʊʸμʴؿ3;ñ̾ʤη֤ˤĤƤгʤͿʤη֤ˤĤƤƤ롥űѸɸŪʥѥˤСгʤ hīeͿʤ hire η֤äˤߤ餫̤ꡤͿʷгʷ߹ǡŪ herפ뤳ȤˤʤäǤС¾3;̾ǤƱȤäƤ롥ñͿʤ him г hine ߹ߡʣͿʤ him г hīe ߹ʸˤ켫Ȥ them ִ줿ˡ
3;̾˴ؤͿʤгʤ߹ȤθݡͿؤгʤοʿˤϤޤܤ줺褽ĺΤȤäΤȵ䤬뤬ñ˴ؤƤ Laing and Lass (209) ˤǫä
By the time ME proper begins to emerge, and to survive in the written record in the mid to late twelfth century, the new 'she' type for the subject pronoun already begins to be found. For the object pronoun the levelling of the 'her/hir' type from the OE DAT/GEN variants is also already the majority for direct object function. For the fem sg personal pronoun used as direct object ($/P13OdF), LAEME CTT has 60 tokens of the 'heo/hi(e)' type across only 7 texts. If one includes hi(e) spellings for IT ($/P13OdI) showing survival of feminine grammatical gender in inanimates, the total rises to 77 tokens across 14 texts. Only 2 texts (with 3 tokens between them) have 'heo/hie' exclusively in direct object function for HER. The other 5 texts show 'her/hir' types beside 'heo/hie' types. Against this are 494 tokens of the 'her/hir' type for HER found across 51 texts. Or, if one includes 'her/hir' type spellings for IT showing the survival of grammatical gender, the total rises to 590 across 58 texts.
פˡгʤͿؤοʿϡճѸʳǤǤ˿ʤǤȤȤˤʤ롥餯ñʣǤ褦ʾä뤬ˤĤƤ̤ɬפ롥
ȴϢƴϢơ#155. űѸο;̾ζޡ ([2009-09-29-1])#975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ ([2011-12-28-1])#4080. ʤ she νͭʤŪʤ her ƱˤʤΤǤ ([2020-06-28-1]) ȡ
ε#4769. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ξҲ ([2022-05-18-1]) ǡѸˤˤǯФ뿷ñ˾Ҳ𤷤Laing and Lass ʸηսѤȡΤ褦ˤʤ (231)
(a) For the history of she, we posit an approximant epenthesis of a type already found in OE, spreading to further items in ME, and occurring in all periods of Scots as well as PDE. This turns the word-onset into a consonant cluster with its own history, independent of that of the nuclear vowel (though it seems primarily to occur before certain nuclear types).
(b) The nuclear vowel derives in the normal way from OE [eo], with no need for 'resyllabification' or the creation of 'rising diphthongs'.
(c) This account allows an etymology with no interim generation of trimoric nuclei, or the problem of maintaining vowel length when the first element of the nucleus is the first vowel of the diphthong that constitutes it. It therefore allows for the unproblematic derivation of both [ʃe:] (required for PDE [ʃi:]) and [ʃo:] (required for some regional types such as [ʃu:]).
(d) We claim that the so-called 'she problem' has been a problem mainly because of a misconception of the kind of etymology it is. The literature (and this is true even of Britton's account, which is clearly the best) founders (sic) on the failure to separate the development of the word-onset and the development of the nuclear vowel.
The mistake has been the attempt to combine a vocalic story and a consonantal story and at the same time make phonological sense. We suggest that in this case it cannot be done, and that by separating the two stories we arrive at a clean and linguistically justifiable narrative.
ǵξܺ٤Ω뤳ȤϤʤοФ伫ȤɾҤ٤ʤСޤƤƤ¾ϤȤߤƤ롥
ޤLAEME ȤǿΥġѤĤġŪʼ̤λ˰͵ƤפǤ롥礭ʻ餳˼ȤǤȤ褯ʬȤ餯뿮괶ȤФ褤ιȿ˶ò롥
嵭ȴϢ뤬LAEME ϢȤƤ CoNE (= A Corpus of Narrative Etymologies from Proto-Old English to Early Middle English) CC (= the Corpus of Changes) ԻȤʸץȤΰĤȤơshe 夲ƤŦƤCoNE ϡѸʸڤñΤ۷֤ˤĤơѲֻѲδԤȤŪʴǤʡֽѸȤӸءפȸƤӤۤɤˡshe ˤĤƤСγƳʷޤ٤Ƥΰ۷֤Ϳ褦ȤƤꡤ[ʃ] ޤ֤ΰ⤢ޤǤΰˤʤΤǤ롥scha, þoe, þie, yo Τ褦㳰Ūʰ۷֤ˤĤƤ⡤̣ͿƤ롥
ơ"Yod Epenthesis" Ƥ켫Τڥ˥Ūžäshe θ츻ˤǤ [j] ˼ƳФ뤫ײ1ĤȤʤäƤ [j] ƳФ뤳Ȥ̣Ƿ餯ᡤ֤ [j] äƤޤäפȼĥΤǤ롥ˤ [j] ɬԼפȤ櫓ǤʤȯŪǤϤ졤㤬뤳ȤʸΤ˼Ƥ뤫
Ū¿ĤҤȤĤεˤĤƤԤ䤤Ƥߤ⤢ΤΤȤϤꡤĻɷŪʹɾ
Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "On Middle English she, sho: A Refurbished Narrative," Folia Linguistica Historica 35 (2014): 201-40.
Lass, Roger, Margaret Laing, Rhona Alcorn, and Keith Williamson. A Corpus of Narrative Etymologies from Proto-Old English to Early Middle English and accompanying Corpus of Changes, Version 1.1. Edinburgh: U of Edinburgh, 2013--. Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/CoNE/CoNE.html.
3;ñ̾ she θ츻ä100ǯʾ褬³ƤˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ⼡εǼ夲Ƥ
#792. she --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻Ծܤθ ([2011-06-28-1])
#793. she --- 奤ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1])
#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])
#829. she θ츻ν ([2011-08-04-1])
θŤ LAEME ȤǿΥġѤĩΤ2014ǯ Laing and Lass ʸǤLAEME ˤĤƤϡ#4086. Ѹ츦ˤ LAEME ([2020-07-04-1])#4396. ѸϿޤȥդѥƤ LAEME ([2021-05-10-1]) Ϥ laeme γƵȡˡ
she ϡüŪˤСѸǧ۷֡ʸɸ she Ϣʤ֤ޤˤ˸ (1) Ҳ [ʃ](2) [eː] [oː]ɤΤ褦ΤȤ2˽롥Ȥ櫓θȤʤܤƤ۷ [hjoː] ʤɤ˴ޤޤ [j] ɤΤ褦ƳФ뤫פȤʤ롥
Ǥϡ [j] ϴ¸βϢ³ΤʤŪƳФ뤳ȤȤƤLaing and Lass οϡ[j] ŪƳФ줿ΤǤϤʤŪ줿ˤʤȤȤñˤС [j] äƤޤäΤȤȤо嵭 (1), (2) Τ̵ʤǤ뤷LAEME ۷֤ʬۤδ̷ʤȤ
֤ [j] äƤޤäϡƱʸǤ "Yod Epenthesis" (= YE) ̾դƤ롥űѸ [heo] YE ͳ [hjeo] Ȥʤꡤθ "eo-Monophthongisation/Merger" (= EOM) ̤ [hjeː] 뤤 [hjoː] ƳФȤϩʼºݤˤϡκǸβطʤŪ [hjøː] ꤵƤ餷ˡˡƬ [hj] "Fusional Assimilation" (= FA) Ф [ç] ȤʤꡤǸ "Palatal Fronting" (= PF) η̡[ʃ] Ϥ롤Ȥƻڤ
űѸ줫ήмΤ褦ˤʤ (Laing and Lass 217)
*heo ((YE)) > *hjeo ((EOM)) >
1 *hjo: ((FA)) > [ço:] ((PF)) > [ʃo:]
2 *hje: ((FA)) > [çe:] ((PF)) > [ʃe:]
Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "On Middle English she, sho: A Refurbished Narrative," Folia Linguistica Historica 35 (2014): 201-40.
8ۤɤäǶ̤ǯ920ˤ˥饤dzŤ줿2020ǯѸ˸ˤơ̴Żҥѥ䥪饤ȤäѸ˸ μȲǽפȯɽԤȤƻäƤȤѸˤλ夬ѸʤΤǡλϿޤȥդѥҲ𤹤ݤǡLAEME & LALME ѤѸ˸פꤷäȥˤ LAEME LALME ȤΤϡѸɽ2ĤλϿޤˤĤ줿̾Ǥ롥ǤϡȤ櫓ʬǤѸ LAEME ξҲ˾Ƥ
ͻҤϤǤˡ#4166. ѸˤγƻΥѥӤбѸˤ狼ʤˡ ([2020-09-22-1]) Ǵñ𤷤ȯɽѤ饤ɻˤĤơѤʤϤ줿ۤ褤ȻפäΤǡˤƸɽƤʲϥ饤ɤγƥڡؤΥ
1. Ѹ˸̴Żҥѥ䥪饤ȤäѸ˸ μȲǽLAEME & LALME ѤѸ˸
2. ܥ饤ɻ
3. Ѹ λ
4. LAEME & LALME λפ˻ȤǶθġ
5. LALME ʽǡˤγ
6. LAEME & LALME ȤλŪʤդ礤
7. LAEME & LALME Ƥ
8. LAEME & LALME Τʳػ˾ΰյ
9. LAEME & LALME ζߤȼ
10. LAEME Υǡȥ (cf. #856)
11. LAEME ѥΡɽ (#1263)
12. LAEME Υη
13. The Owl and the Nightingale (MS Cotton) Ƭ2
14. б LAEME tag file
15. LAEME ǡʤȻפСˤǤ뤳Ȥ
16. LAEME ǤˤȤ
17. LAEME εǽҲ
18. 1 3ñ̻ʬ (#2142)
19. 2nighti(n)gale n (#797)
20. 3through ΰֻϤɤä (#53)
21. 4between ΰ۷֤Ϥɤä
22. 5third βžϤġɤǵä
23. 6ѸΡ֥ɡ
24. LAEME & LALME Ѥ¾Υߥ˸
25. ʸ
٤ŪʥġʤΤǼäĤˤΤϾΤʤ⡤LAEME ѤȤʤȤǤޤ衤ȤȤǥ֥쥹ȤƤߤ15. LAEME ǡʤȻפСˤǤ뤳Ȥܤ̤ƤФȡ
ε#4217. ѸΥꥹѸˤ colour vs color ([2020-11-12-1]) ˰³colour ֻꡥOED colour | color, n.1 ˤȡθ̾Ȥ1300ǯ˰ʲΤ褦˽Ф롥
c1300 St. Patrick's Purgatory (Laud) l. 562 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 216 He..axede him of ȝwuch colur were heuene op-riȝt þere.
colur Ȥֻߤ뤬ϺǽֻŵŪʤΤ1ĤǤ롥θϥƥ color ľܡ뤤ϥե colur ͳƼڤ줿ΤȤ롥ʤȤ嵭κǽֻϡեͳΥ롼Ȥ褦ˤߤ뤬ϤۤñǤϤʤեˤֻѼ֤͡ǡOED θ츻ˤСΤ褦 variants Ϥ˭٤
Anglo-Norman colur, culur, coler, coloure, coleure, collour, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French color, colour, coulour, Old French coulor, Old French, Middle French, couleur, coleur, Middle French colleur, coullour, etc.
ե¦ǤΤΤ褦ֻ¿ߤ뤬Ѹ¦餱ƤʤOED ֻƤߤ褦
ME coleour, ME coleure, ME colewre, ME colovre, ME coulur, ME culur, ME kolour, ME-15 collore, ME-15 colowr, ME-15 colowre, ME-15 culoure, ME-16 coler, ME-16 coleur, ME-16 colore, ME-16 coloure, ME-16 colur, ME-16 colure, ME-16 cullour, ME-16 culour, ME- color (now U.S.), ME- colour, lME clour, lME (in a late copy) 15-16 collor, 15 colloure, 15 collyr, 15 cooler, 15 cooller, 15 coollor, 15 coollour, 15 coollur, 15 coolore, 15 cooloure, 15 coullar, 15 coulloure, 15 coulore, 15 cowler, 15-16 coller, 15-16 coolor, 15-16 coolour, 15-16 couler, 15-16 coullour, 15-16 coulor, 15-16 couloure, 15-16 culler, 15-16 cullor, 15-16 culloure, 15-17 collour, 15-17 couller, 15-17 coullor, 15-17 coulour; Scottish pre-17 coiller, pre-17 coller, pre-17 colleur, pre-17 collor, pre-17 collour, pre-17 colloure, pre-17 colore, pre-17 coloure, pre-17 colowr, pre-17 colowre, pre-17 colur, pre-17 couler, pre-17 couller, pre-17 coullour, pre-17 coulour, pre-17 culler, pre-17 cullor, pre-17 cullour, pre-17 culloure, pre-17 culour, pre-17 17-18 color, pre-17 17- colour.
ѸǤνиܤȡMED colour n. ǤϡФȤ colour Τۤ culur, colur, coler η֤Ƥ롥ޤLAEME ϡǽȤơ13ȾOED νǯ㴳ᤤˤ culur, colurޤ14Ⱦ colurs, colour, colures η5郎줿
Τ褦¿ͤʣޤʤˤơưפͭյʷŦ뤳ȤϤǤʤĸ뤳Ȥϡθ줬Ѹ˽иǽꡤǤ2첻1첻֤뤫2첻֤뤫ȤѰ --- colour vs color θ --- ǧȤȤäơʥϡ֥եֻ vs ƥֻפˡ⤷ϡ֥եѼΤֻ vs եѼ̤ΰֻפˤȤäƤ褤Ϣơ#4161. ꥫ color ϥƥŪꥹ colour ϥեŪ ([2020-09-17-1]) ⻲ȡ
920ˡ2020ǯѸ˸ˤơ̴Żҥѥ䥪饤ȤäѸ˸ μȲǽפȯɽԤȤƻäޤZoom ǤΥ饤Ǥ߳˲ʹԤޤʴΤƤμŤޤǤäˤʤޤ߷ءˡȯɽԤβջʵءˤȵءˡӻüԤ٤ƤˤϡŤʵȥԥ졼ޤ鿽夲ޤ
ȥåץХåλ伫ȤȯɽǤϡLAEME & LALME ѤѸ˸פꤷơѸɽ2Ĥλ女ѥ LAEME eLALME Ҳ𤷤ޤ³ơΡ֥ǡ١Ѥˤ륳ѥ --- Early English Books Online 濴ˡפꤹȯɽǤϡѸɽ륳ѥ EEBO corpus Ҳ𤵤ޤǸˡˤCorpus of Global Web-Based EnglishGloWbEˤѤ World Englishes βǽפȤȯɽˤꡤ21 World Englishes ħ GloWbE ƳޤʢˤȤä̤ΤäΤǶäϢ³Ǥˡ
ơȯɽϥѥξҲȥǥˤȤɤޤ餺βǽѾաפˤޤǿ줿ƤǤꡤȯɽΥǥåǤϡѸ˸ˤƥѥѤϤɤΤ褦ʰյĤΤȤˡδοʵˤޤƧ߹褦˻פޤʻ֤СäȵȤǤˡ
Ѹ졤Ѹ졤21ѸȤ3ĤΰۤʤαѸоݤȤѥ¤٤Ƥߤ櫓ǤäƤ餤ȹͤ⤫ǤޤƱѸΥѥȤϤоݤȤ夬ۤʤǡʤλ⸡η̤⥤ե⤳ޤǰۤʤΤȤȤǤϡֳơλˤѸΡʼҲ˸Ū礭ۤʤäƤ뤫顤ϢươʸθԤԻ˥ѥΤ礭ۤʤ餶ʤפȤȤǤϤʤȻפޤ
դߤСƻΥѥɤΤ褦Ի졤ɤΤ褦˻ѤƤ뤫ѻ뤳ȤˤꡤλαѸΡʼҲ˸Ū⤭ĦˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤƻ头Ȥħ줤⤭ĦˤʤäƤ褦ǤС¤٤ƤߤСαѸ˵ҤȤʤˤʤСƻΥѥȼ³ߤʤΤŦƤСλظˤƩƸƤΤǤϤʤȡ֥ѥΤߤѸˡפΤ褦ʻߤǽȤʤäƤǤ
ˤߤƤޤѸɸԺߤʤΤǡñ褦ȤƤ⡤⤽ɤֻǸФ褤ΤȤȯ餷Ȥʤޤ (cf. #1450. Ѹֻ¿ϤϤؤǤ ([2013-04-16-1])ˡºݡѸ켭 MED ǤñˤƤ⡤ϫ뤳ȤޤLAEME LALME Ǥ⸡եˤ͡ʹפϤʤƤޤϤμ丫ŤɬפǤΤǡñǤȤϸƤޤ¤ɸʤ櫓Ǥ顤פޤ
˽ѸǤEEBO ϸեʤˤȤäĤ䤹츫ȸΤΤ꤬褦ˤϸޤѸŪˤϤޤɸಽϺƤˤȤɤޤꡤɸಽã줿Ȥϻ𤬰ۤʤޤĤޤꡤɸȤܤΤƥåȤƤ⡤¤Ͻϳ줬¿ƤޤΤǤˤϼƤȤ lemma ⡤ºݤˤϻפۤ٤Ϲ⤯ޤȤ꤬äѤǤ
Ǹˡ21ѸνѼоݤȤ GloWbE ˤĤƤϡʥݥȡ˸Ѹ줬Ǥ顤ʤɸϤƸǤޤBNC COCA Τ褦ʡ̤ΡץѥȰۤʤΤϡ֤븡̤Ѽͳ褹¿ͤȤȤǤ
绨ĤˤޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤޤ
| ɽѥ | ˡʤɤȿǤ֥ѥΤ | ʼҲ˸Ū | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ѹ | LAEME, LALME | ˡ | ɸʤ |
| Ѹ | EEBO | ˡ츫Ȱפ | ɸȾüˤʤ |
| 21Ѹ | GloWbE | ˡפ | ɸϤ뤬εǽѼˤä¿ |
ε#4085. Ѹ츦ˤ LALME ([2020-07-03-1]) ˰³LALME λǤǤѸϿ LAEME ˤĤƤ⡤˾νפʰ֤ŤҲ𤷤Ƥ
LAEME ϡȤƤ LALME ŤץȤȤƤϤΤθѤȤƳϤ줿ˡָȯפ褫ΩˤäȤϤԼԤ1 Laing ϡѸ褹ü椨˿ǺߤƤѸƥȤ̤äȾʤʬۤФäƤꡤ⤽ƱκǽߤȤʤ "anchor texts" ˤȤ櫓ΥƥȤϡűѸ West-Saxon Schriftsprache ˱ƶ줿Τ¿ΥڥƱΤѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤLaing ϥƥȻФ˹̻ǫʬɤμ̻δؤäɤʬΥڥμ̻νнƤǽ⤤θǴ궯ѤƤä̤ȤơȤ "anchor texts" 뤳ȤȤ LALME Ƥ "fit-technique" ŬѤơ¾ΥƥȤϿ˥ץåȤƤä --- ϥǥϤڤ --- ΤǤ롥
LAEME οϡLALME տ魯ǯä (questionnaire) ȤˤäáʸˡŪդʤƥȤŻҥѥ¨ʤμܤбǤ褦˽ΤǤ롥äȤ⡤оݤȤƥȤʸФƴʤ륿դԤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ˼̻ˤ˴ؤä椨ԴˤȤɤޤʤɺʷаޤ⤢ä褦ץȤλ־⤢ꡤǽŪˤϽѸŪʥѥȤϤʤʤäΤΡդ줿65줫ʤ롤Ʋ븦ġ˻ž夬äȤ櫓ƱαѸˡΤˤϡʤƤϤʤʤɬܥġǤ롥
ġȤƤ LAEME κĹϡƥȤŰƬŰ "diplomatic" Ǥ뤳ȤǥǤʤܤֻ˸¤ʤ¤ǤȤ롤θʸФ "diplomatic" ٤ϡ¾ǤϤۤȤФȤǤʤ伫ȤʸѤäˤʤä꤬ġǤ롥ʾ塤Lowe (1126) ˰͵Ƽɮ
Lowe, Kathryn A. "Resources: Early Textual Resources." Chapter 71 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1119--31.
ѸؤǤ褯ΤƤ֤첻ѰۤλȤơ <i> = [i(ː)] <u> = [y(ː)] <e> = [e(ː)] ȤΤ롥ϡűѸ쥦ȥˤŵŪ <y> ֤줿첻ʽˤ [y(ː)]ˤ [i(ː)] äȤˤѸνǤɤΤ褦бƤ뤫ŪΤǤ롥
ѸñǤ busy, merry ʤɤŵŪ˾嵭ʬۤȴϢƤ롥 ϢϰʲεǰäƤ
#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1])
#563. Chaucer merry ([2010-11-11-1])
#570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1])
#1341. Ѹʬ8ĤŪʷ֡ ([2012-12-28-1])
#1434. left hemlock Kentish ([2013-03-31-1])
#4048. much, shut, such, trust 첻Ѹء ([2020-05-27-1])
ϤȤ櫓 bury ˾ơѸνˤ1첻ʻˤѰۤ LAEME Dot Map ˤ꼨ϡ #562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1]) #570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1]) ǤⰷäƤŪʥġѤƿڵȤ˽֤ʲ첻ʻˤȤ <i, y> Ѥʬۿޤ Dot Map ǽ˵³2ܤ <u>3ܤ <e> ˴ؤ Dot Map



ɸˤĤơSmith (47--48) λʸɽꤤĤȴФĥäƤߤʸǤ뤳ȤǧѤߡˡܥ֥Ǥϡ¾ƼΥ饤Ҳ𤷤ƤޤȤʤΤ link ȡȤ櫓 Chaucer ϢΥϡ#290. Chaucer ˴ؤ Web resources ([2010-02-11-1]) ɤ
ѸؤǤϤ褯ΤƤ뤬ɤǤϡŵŪ˸ (labiovelar) Ū wh- ʤɤֻǤϤʤquh-, qvh, qwh, qh ʤɤֻǸ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ what бֻĤƤߤȡqwhat, qwat, quat, quad, qhat ΤȤǤ롥λҲĴδ֤ǰۤʤäƤȤ뤬ŪˤɤΤ褦ʰ㤤äΤˤĤƤϵ롥ʤʤˤƤ wh- ʤɤֻ̤˻ȤƤꡤʿԤ q- 褯ȤƤȤȤǤ롥
Ѹˤ q- Ūʬۤϡ¤ˤ줤Ǥ롥eLALME Item 44 ȤƼ夲Ƥ롤"WH-: q-, all spellings." ꤵ줿 Dot Map ʲ˺ƷǤ褦

ΤܤäƽѸˤƤ⡤LAEME Map 28285405 Dot Map Ȥ狼褦ˡʤϤʬۤƤ롥
³ΥåȥɤǤ quh- ʤɤֻŪѤƤ16ʹߤˤʤȡɤɸŪֻαƶˤꡤåȥɱѸǤ quh- ΩϼޤäƤäΤˤĤƤεǡ
ε ([2019-06-15-1]) ˰³Ѹ them Ѥ es Ȥ;֤̾ˤĤơBennett and Smithers Ѥơ褽 "SE or EMidl" ˻ѤФäƤȽҤ٤LAEME eLALME ѤơѸˤǧƤ
LAEME Ǥ Map No. 00064420 Ȥ "THEM dir obj: 's' forms (sometimes cliticised), e.g. as, es, is, ys, hes, his." ƤʲޡˡeLALME Ǥ Item 8 Ȥ "THEM: 'his' type (incl as, es, is and enclitic -(e)s)." ƤʲޡˡǤϽ̾ƷǤƤΤǡܤϥåƳ

ΤȤ㤬¿櫓ǤϤʤѸ̤ East Midland Southeastern 濴ȤơʬŪˤΦ West Midland ˤȤäʬۤƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
ȤδϢ뤿ˤϡΥüԽĤΥɤؤΰ̱ʤɤ˼ҲŪطʤĴ٤ɬפ롥ŪˤС#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ14դˤӿʪǰפȯŸˤեɥ쥤ɤδط϶̩ˤʤäȤ顤East Midland ˤ es ֤ʬۤ˴ؤƤϡƶϤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤWest Midland λȯŪʻˤĤƤϡ̤˹ͤʤФʤʤ
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Ѹαʸ쥿դѥߤĤThe Parsed Corpus of Middle English Poetry Ի Richard Zimmermann εĤѤǤ롥
ʳǡƱѥ41Υƥȡ160,432줫ʤäƤʥƥȡꥹȤˡСϰϤ c. 1150--1420ǯʤ Helsinki Corpus ζʬǤ M1, M2, M3 Ǥ롥쥿 Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English ƱˡդƤꡤCorpus Search 2 ʤɤΥġѤƲϤǤ롥
Related Corpora ΥڡξͭѡˤѸ˴ؤƼ拾ѥǡ١ؤΥʲˤĥĤƤ
The Penn-Parsed Corpus of Middle English
The Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse
The Innsbruck Corpus of Middle English Prose
A Parsed Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (P-LAEME)
Database of Middle English Romance
ƥĥդäƤ뤦ˡʥץȤʪƤΤʤȤ
Worcester Cathedral, Dean and Chapter Library F 174 Ȥܤ Fol. 63r, lines 14--28 ˡˤƬûƥȤƤ롥ꥸʥϸűѸǽƤ褦ΥƥȤθϤǤ˽ѸŪħƤ롥ܤϤ餯132Ⱦ (C13a2) ΩΥƥȤľˤ Ælfic Grammar Glossary ľˤ "Body and Soul" ˴ؤƬƤ롥Τ "Worcester tremulous hand" ȤΤ̻ˤäƽƤ롥
ƥȤƤϡɸ˼褦ˡΥޥ˶ʤɤθŪʾ̤DZѸ줬ѤʤʤäƤޤäȤؤòǤ롥θűѸˤϱѸǶ餬Ԥʤ졤ɤʸŪȿǤƤΤˡѸäʤΥޥͤդȤʤäƤޤäƤ롤˸ơò路Ȥ衤Ȥݤ
ݥȤϡl. 15 l. 18 Ǥ롥űѸˤϥͤζդѸǿ͡餷Ƥ (l. 15)ΥޥκǤϡ¾ο͡סʤΦϤäƤΥޥͤ¾θǡ˿͡餷ƤȡòƤ롥Ѹ줬Ūϰ̤鿶Ȥ졤䤫줿ͻҤ狼롥Dickins and Wilson (2) ΥƥȤ
[S]anctus Beda was iboren her on Breotene mid us, And he wisliche [bec] awende Þet þeo Englise leoden þurh weren ilerde. And he þeo c[not]ten unwreih, þe questiuns hoteþ, Þa derne diȝelnesse þe de[or]wurþe is. 5 Ælfric abbod, þe we Alquin hoteþ, He was bocare, and þe [fif] bec wende, Genesis, Exodus, Vtronomius, Numerus, Leuiticus, Þu[rh] þeos weren ilærde ure leoden on Englisc. Þet weren þeos biscop[es þe] bodeden Cristendom, 10 Wilfrid of Ripum, Iohan of Beoferlai, Cuþb[ert] of Dunholme, Oswald of Wireceastre, Egwin of Heoueshame, Æld[elm] of Malmesburi, Swiþþun, Æþelwold, Aidan, Biern of Wincæstre, [Pau]lin of Rofecæstre, S. Dunston, and S. Ælfeih of Cantoreburi. Þeos læ[rden] ure leodan on Englisc, 15 Næs deorc heore liht, ac hit fæire glod. [Nu is] þeo leore forleten, and þet folc is forloren. Nu beoþ oþre leoden þeo læ[reþ] ure folc, And feole of þen lorþeines losiæþ and þet folc forþ mid. Nu sæiþ [ure] Drihten þus, Sicut aquila prouocat pullos suos ad volandum, et super eo[s uolitat.] 20 This beoþ Godes word to worlde asende, Þet we sceolen fæier feþ [festen to Him.]
l. 20 ΥƥϡDeuteronomy 32:11 ꡥThe King James Version бսѤ "As an eagle stirs up her nest, flutters over her young, spreads abroad her wings, takes them, bears them on her wings: / So the Lord alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him." (ll. 11--12) Ȥ롥褽褿ֿפ¤ޤȤä
μܤˤĤƤϡLAEME ξ⻲ȡ
Dickins, Bruce and R. M. Wilson, eds. Early Middle English Texts. London: Bowes, 1951.
ѸΥƥ The Owl and the Nightingale Cartlidge ǤɤǤ롥868ԤˤΥƥȤͣȤơ1;̾ʤȤ ih ֻ롥椬ΤΤˤĤƵƤ륷ǡNe singe ih hom no foliot! ȤѤƤ롥ֻCܤΤΤǤꡤФJܤǤϤβս˰Ūֻ ich ѤƤ롥
λ¤顤Ѹˤ1;̾ʤΰ۷֤ʬۤ˴ؿäǡLAEME ʬۤäĴ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤä˵ˤʤäƤΤϸλҲ̵ͭӤλҲμǤ롥첻̵뤷ŵŪֻפФƤߤȡich, ik, ih, i դ꤬롥٤Фۤˤ⤢ꤦ뤬̤4ֻˤĤƽиʬۤ绨ĤˤߤƤ
LAEME ΥץϤ褯ǤƤΤǡιԤʤäȤȤС֤˴ؤϿޤɽ뤳ȤΤߤʲ4ʬۿޤĤʤ碌ΤǺܤ롥ץɤߤˤִطϼɽ˼̤ʲåгǤˡ
| ʲιϿޤǤΰ | Map No. | |
|---|---|---|
| 00001312 | I: Ih, ih and yh | |
| 00001305 | I: 'ik', all k forms, incl icke. | |
| 00001302 | I: '(h)ich' and 'ych' incl iich and ichs | |
| 00001308 | I: I. |
#1917. numb ([2014-07-27-1]) εǡѸˤ nimen ȸťΥɸѸ taken ζˤĤĴ Rynell θ˿줿̤˸ťΥɸѸ줬Ѹ椤ˤƱѸ˿ƩƤäݤˤϡδϰδθ롥ΤȤʤ顤οƩˤϤ٤λ֤ΤǡΤۤƩٹ礤ϸȤʤޤťΥɸαƶ the Danelaw ȸƤФ륤ˤƺǤǤꡤؤϡξ⤬֤ޤʤŤƤäȹͤΤǤ롥
Τ褦˸ťΥɸθŪƶζˤĤƤϡϰδ֤̩ܤߴطꡤʬۤΤǤȤ롥ºݤˡ#818. ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) #1937. Ϣ -son ˤΤϸťΥɸͳ ([2014-08-16-1]) ˼ʬۿޤϡΤʬۤűѸȸťΥɸѸ줬礹륱Ǥϡ̤˾嵭ʬۤǧ뤳Ȥ¿褦Rynell (359) ۩"The Scn words so far dealt with have this in common that they prevail in the East Midlands, the North, and the North West Midlands, or in one or two of these districts, while their native synonyms hold the field in the South West Midlands and the South."
ϰ츫ۤñǤϤʤȤˤαդɬפ롥Rynell (359--60) Ͼʸ³ơΤ褦âդäƤ롥
This is obviously not tantamount to saying that the native words are wanting in the former parts of the country and, inversely, that the Scn words are all absent from the latter. Instead, the native words are by no means infrequent in the East Midlands, the North, and the North West Midlands, or at least in parts of these districts, and not a few Scn loan-words turn up in the South West Midlands and the South, particularly near the East Midland border in Essex, once the southernmost country of the Danelaw. Moreover, some Scn words seem to have been more generally accepted down there at a surprisingly early stage, in some cases even at the expense of their native equivalents.
äդ٤ϡ¸ѸƥȤʬۤФäƤǤ롥СѸ쥳ѥϰ˴ؤɽ (representativeness) 礤ƤȤRynell (358) ˤС
A survey of the entire material above collected, which suffers from the weakness that the texts from the North and the North (and Central) West Midlands are all comparatively late and those from the South West Midlands nearly all early, while the East Midland and Southern texts, particularly the former, represent various periods, shows that in a number of cases the Scn words do prevail in the East Midlands, the North, and the North (and sometimes Central) West Midlands and the South, exclusive of Chaucer's London . . . .
ťΥɸθŪƶϡѸᤤǡ٤ˤǴѻ롤ȤȤϳȤƽҤ٤뤳ȤϤǤΤΡ줬Ѹ쥳ѥλʬۤȸ˰פƤ¤ƨƤϤʤʤĤޤꡤ嵭γŪʬۤϡޤ¸ƥȤλ֡ŪʬۤʿԤƤ뤿ˡȤˤ˶ĴƤ뤫⤷ʤΤ䤹Τޤޤ䤹ʤꡤˤΤ줿ޤޤˤ빽¤Ū꤬ˤ롥
ϡťΥɸθŪƶˤȤɤޤ餺Ѹ̡ŤѲ̤ѻݤˤͿǤ (see #941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ ([2011-11-24-1])#1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1]))
ϢơѸ쥳ѥ A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (LAEME) ɽˤĤơ#1262. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (1) ([2012-10-10-1])#1263. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (2) ([2012-10-11-1]) ⻲ȡ
Rynell, Alarik. The Rivalry of Scandinavian and Native Synonyms in Middle English Especially taken and nimen. Lund: Håkan Ohlssons, 1948.
ε#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1]) ³ϽѸ쥳ѥ LAEME "such" ΰֻФƤߤ (see #1262. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (1) ([2012-10-10-1])) θϡѸǤϷƻ졤졤³ȤѤ졤ƻξˤ϶ޤ⤹ΤǡΤȤ͡ʷ֤롥ե٥åȽ˰褦ʤäοͤʸڤ١ˡ
hsƿucche (1), schilke (1), schuc (3), scli (1), scuche (1), sec (1), secc (1), secche (1), sech (2), seche (1), selk (1), selke (1), shuc (1), shuch (1), siche (1), silc (1), silk (3), sli (1), slic (5), sliik (1), slik (3), slike (1), slk (1), sly (1), soch (5), soche (1), solchere (1), suc (2), sucche (2), such (51), suche (1), suecche (1), suech (1), sueche (1), sueh (1), sug (1), suic (1), suicchne (1), suich (12), suiche (3), suilc (14), suilce (1), suilch (1), suilk (1), suilke (2), sulch (1), sulche (1), sulk (1), sulke (1), suuche (1), suweche (1), suwilk (1), suyc (1), suych (4), suyche (1), svich (2), sƿche (1), sƿic (3), sƿicche (1), sƿich (1), sƿiche (14), sƿichne (1), sƿilc (30), sƿilch (22), sƿilche (1), sƿilcne (1), sƿilk (14), sƿillc (10), sƿillke (2), sƿi~lch (1), sƿlche (1), sƿuc (4), sƿucch (1), sƿucche (4), sƿucches (1), sƿuch (1), sƿuche (1), sƿuchne (1), sƿuilc (1), sƿulc (8), sƿulce (1), sƿulche (9), swch (1), swecche (1), swech (1), sweche (2), swich (5), swiche (1), swics (1), swil (1), swilc (5), swilce (1), swilk (2), swilke (2), swilkee (2), swlc (1), swlch (1), swlche (1), swlchere (1), swlcne (1), swuche (2), swuh (1), swulcere (1), swulch (3), swulchen (1), swulchere (1), swulke (1), swulne (1), zuich (10), zuiche (14), zuichen (3), zuych (10), zuyche (2)
ʸȾʸζ̤ϤĤˡ113ֻʸڤ롥Τʤ٤ˤƥȥå5ֻȴФȡsuch, sƿilc, sƿilch, sƿilk, sƿiche Ȥʤꡤ5369ĤΤ131 (35.5%) 롥
θѸ줫134ȹ碌ʣֻȡѸΤȤ247ΰֻ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ѤϿޤ䥳ѥɬŪǤϤʤΤǡϹʿͤȻפ롥㤨СMED swich (adj.) ˷ǤƤֻäСϤ⤦
ʡʽˤ̣ gospel θ츻Ϥ褯ΤƤ롥θϡƥ evangelium ʤ켫Τϥꥷ euaggélion "good news" ͳ褹ˤ (loan_translation) ǤꡤűѸ˼줿űѸ godspel (good news) 1Ǥ gōd (good) Ĺ첻äƤgod (God) Ȥ䤫û첻ԤƤ褦ϡָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ȤäƤ褤OED Jespersen (126) ⤳ָ̱츻ٻƤ롥⤦1ĤȤơ#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡû첻3ҲûȤη̤ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ (142) ϡβǤ˽űѸ줫ϤޤäƤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
첻̤ˤĤƤϾΤ褦ͿƤ뤬űѸ godspel d æˤĤƤϤɤ (405) ˤС13ˡҲθ³ d κβĤθˤƴѻȤȡan (and), handeselle > hanselle (handsel), wenesday (Wednesday), godspell > gospel, andswerian > answerie (answer) Ǥcf. #1261. Wednesday ȯֻ츻 ([2012-10-09-1])ˡ
d æȤ˴ؿäΤϡWordorigins.org gospel ˴ؤ뵭ˡ13 godspel d ǡȤƾäȤεҤäǤ롥ǡȤƤȤȤǤСܤͤ롥LAEME ǴñĴ٤Ƥߤ
̤ϡμΰ۷ޤ213Τ18ˤ (¿ d ˲ä t 1Ĥäˤæ줿æΨ8.45%ˡ6ƥȤ˽椷Ƥꡤ North, South-West Midland, Southwestern ȤФФŪˤ13Ⱦ1Ƥ٤13Ⱦ14ȾˤĤơĤޤ1300ǯǤ롥1300ǯʹߤˤ d Τۤ¿ɤǤϤ뤷d ˴ؤɤƥȤ⤢롥ΤȤơWordorigins.org ξεǽҤ٤Ƥ褦13 d æȤפϤʤäæǡȤȤ櫓Ǥʤ餯θڤˤ⤢̤ꡤ13 d κϤޤäκǡȤƵä櫓ǤϤʤ14ʹߤ˸ƽ˿ʹԤȹͤΤMED gospel (n) ⻲Ȥ줿
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
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