hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

laeme - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2023-06-16 Fri

#5163. ֻηϤȤϲ [laeme][spelling][grammatology][orthography][eme]

ѸϿ LAEME Ի Lass and Laing LAEME 񤭤Ȥ񤤤ĹȥϡΤȤѸκɤƳŪȤäƤ褤ɮԤΰ Roger Lass ȤȤΤسνäǤꡤΥȥˤƤ⡤Ͽޤ䥳ѥԻˡۤȸ¤顤ȯθѸϿ LALME γػŪյޤǽIJ̵ԤƤꡤǡΤ롥
"Interpreting Middle English" ꤹ2ǤϡѸֻܺ٤Ƥ롥ξϤϡѸΤߤʤ餺̤˱ѸֻŪȤʤäƤꡤ̤˴ؿΤˤɬɤǤ롥äȤСֻȤϲȤܼṲ̄鰷äƤΤǤ롥Lass and Laing (3--4) 1Ѥ롥

A spelling system is a mapping of some chosen set (or sets) of linguistic units into a set of visual signs.5 The standard inventory of linguistic units is the word, the morphophonemic representation, the syllable6 and the 'phoneme'. In relatively rare cases allophones of certain phonemes may be represented (e.g. the velar nasal in the elder Futhark, Gothic and Greek).



5 Just what kind of units is a complex matter. In the earlier part of this exposition we will be considering phonemes, allophones and other traditional kinds; later on we will adopt a more medieval and less anachronistic perspective. The mapping need not be one-to-one and in no case does it have to involve one level of unit only.

6 We will be concerned here only with segmental styles of representation, as syllabaries are not part of the Germanic tradition. Even the oldest Germanic writing, the runic inscriptions in the Elder Futhark, are in principle alphabetical, if often 'defectively' so.


ֻη ("spelling system") Ȥϲ嵭ʬɤǡͽۤʾʣʪǤ뤳Ȥ٤˸ŪʬϤפ롤1ĤνפΰǤ롥

Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Interpreting Middle English." Chapter 2 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction." Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme2/laeme_intro_ch2.html .

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2023-01-10 Tue

#5006. YouTube ǡ515̤ through ä [spelling][me_dialect][lme][scribe][youtube][standardisation][oed][med][laeme][lalme][hc][through]

ǯ226ˡƱνΰʼ YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥ򳫻Ϥޤʹߡ轵쥮顼ǿ塦θ6ۿƤޤǿưϡ줿91Ƥ֤~αѸǤ֤ϥޥ롼롩through Υڥ󥰤515̤ꡪŪ뤵٥10Ǥ



Ѹ˾塤ֻ졦 through ϤɤΤ褦֤ƤΤǤ礦Ѹ1300--1500ǯˤ濴˻䤬Ĵƿ夲̡515̤ΰۤʤֻǧƤޤOED MED Τ褦˱Ѹ켭Helsinki Corpus, LAEME, LALME Τ褦˱Ѹ쥳ѥ˱ѸϿޤʤɡȤ꥽äƤߤ̤ǤõФäȤȻפޤ
ɸѸ줬ԺߤäѸˤϡ̻ (scribe) ȸƤФ񤭼ϡȯ˽äơνʤ˱ơֻ͡ñȤޤƱ̻Ʊñۤʤ뵡˰ۤʤֻ֤뤳ȤӻǤȤ櫓 through Ȥˤäȯ͡äᡤҲ첻Ȥ߹碌˭٤ǡ515̤ȤʤֻƤޤäΤǤ
Ϣ hellog Ǥ⤷Фм夲Ƥޤʲ򤴻Ȥ

#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])
#54. through ֤٥10ʥ10ˡ ([2009-06-21-1])
#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])
#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1])
#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1])

515̤ through YouTube ǤϤǤμϿäơ־ƻפѰդޤäǤΤǡʲ PDF ǸƤޤ

֤A4ѻ10515̤ through ֻߤͤ᤿ (PDF)
֤A4ѻ11̤ through ֻ礭515ڡλ (PDF)
Ĥ֥֡٥ȡʥȡ10פ through ֻ10ڡλ (PDF)

ֻȴϢơƱ YouTube ͥŪǶᥢåפ줿83֥Сȡɥ꡼Robert CawdreyˤαѱѼϤ뤤⤴Фȡcf. #4978. æϷϼΥ --- Cawdrey ˤѸ˾αѱѼϥե٥åȽ礬Ǥ ([2022-12-13-1]

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-11-1] [2024-11-13-1]

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2022-10-05 Wed

#4909. eWAVE LAEME/LALME θѸǤä [ewave][laeme][lalme][pde][eme][lme][world_englishes]

#4902. eWAVE 3.0 ξҲ --- ѸθŪħǼǡ١ ([2022-09-28-1]) ǡ77ѼαѸ־Ѥǡ١ eWAVE 3.0 (= The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English) Ҳ𤷤ܤ˴ؤʬۤϿ޾˥ץåȤƤͥΤɤ봶Τ褦ʤΤ򴶤Ƥ
ƻפäϽѸΥ󥰥Ͽ LAEME LALME θѸǤǤϤʤȡդˤСLAEME/LALME eWAVE ѸǤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ΤȤ˵Ťִ֡eWAVE LAEME/LALME αѸ˾ΰ֤ŤȰյǤ
eWAVE LAEME/LALME оݤȤŪʵϤۤʤäƤ뤬ȤƤƤ¿αѸθܤˤĤơϰѼ老Ȥ˥ץեޤȤƤ졤Ͽ޾ʬۤץåȤƤ롥ơϤ줿̤᤹뤿ˤϹ٤ʱѸءѸˤμɬפǤȤƤ롥ɸѼפγǰԺߡ뤤ϾʤȤ⶯ռƤʤȤΤⶦ
⤽ϢȤռ줿ץȤǤϤʤ櫓ǡʤۤʤ¿롥

eWAVE ΥåȤϸѸȤХʵϡLAEME/LALME ΥåȤϽѸ쥤󥰥ɤȤʵ
eWAVE ΥեޥȤϳѼ̤ȡLAEME/LALME ΥեޥȤϤޤ޸¸ƤܻeWAVE ˤ "fit-technique" Τ褦Ūʼˡס
eWAVE ֹܤòץեLAEME/LALME ϲֻ֡ܤòץե󶡤Ƥ
eWAVE Υ󥸥ϥǡ١LAEMEηŪǤϤʤ LALME ˤΥ󥸥ϥѥGloWbE Τ褦Ѹ쥳ѥ¸ߤ뤬eWAVE ȤΩƤ뤿ᡤLAEME Τ褦ϿޤȥѥȤΥ쥹ϢȤ˾ʤ

⤷ΤϡŪ eWAVE LAEME/LALME δ֤˰֤ѸˤĤơϿޤƤʤȤѸ鸽¸ȾɸѼǽ񤫤ƤꡤϰѼͻҤƤʤˡǡ١⥳ѥԻǤʤϰѼθȤ餹ȡ֤ƤѸȸѸΤۤषƤΤǤ롥

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2022-05-20 Fri

#4771. űѸ3;ñ̾г hie Ϳ hire ˰߹ޤ줿 [case][personal_pronoun][oe][inflection][paradigm][eme][laeme]

she θ츻ˤĤơϢ Laing and Lass ʸ夲Ƥcf. #4769. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ξҲ ([2022-05-18-1])#4770. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ɾ ([2022-05-19-1]))
Ʊʸμʴؿ3;ñ̾ʤη֤ˤĤƤгʤͿʤη֤ˤĤƤ⿨Ƥ롥űѸɸŪʥѥˤСгʤ hīeͿʤ hire η֤äˤߤ餫̤ꡤͿʷгʷ߹ǡŪ herפ뤳ȤˤʤäǤС¾3;̾ǤƱȤäƤ롥ñͿʤ him г hine ߹ߡʣͿʤ him г hīe ߹ʸˤ켫Ȥ them ִ줿ˡ
3;̾˴ؤͿʤгʤ߹ȤθݡͿؤгʤοʿˤϤޤܤ줺褽ĺΤȤäΤȵ䤬뤬ñ˴ؤƤ Laing and Lass (209) ˤǫä

By the time ME proper begins to emerge, and to survive in the written record in the mid to late twelfth century, the new 'she' type for the subject pronoun already begins to be found. For the object pronoun the levelling of the 'her/hir' type from the OE DAT/GEN variants is also already the majority for direct object function. For the fem sg personal pronoun used as direct object ($/P13OdF), LAEME CTT has 60 tokens of the 'heo/hi(e)' type across only 7 texts. If one includes hi(e) spellings for IT ($/P13OdI) showing survival of feminine grammatical gender in inanimates, the total rises to 77 tokens across 14 texts. Only 2 texts (with 3 tokens between them) have 'heo/hie' exclusively in direct object function for HER. The other 5 texts show 'her/hir' types beside 'heo/hie' types. Against this are 494 tokens of the 'her/hir' type for HER found across 51 texts. Or, if one includes 'her/hir' type spellings for IT showing the survival of grammatical gender, the total rises to 590 across 58 texts.


פˡгʤͿؤοʿϡճ᤯ѸʳǤǤ˿ʤǤȤȤˤʤ롥餯ñʣǤ褦ʾä뤬ˤĤƤ̤΢ɬפ롥
ȴϢƴϢơ#155. űѸο;̾ζޡ ([2009-09-29-1])#975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ ([2011-12-28-1])#4080. ʤ she νͭʤŪʤ her ƱˤʤΤǤ ([2020-06-28-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2022-05-19 Thu

#4770. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ɾ [personal_pronoun][sound_change][phonetics][etymology][laeme][cone][orthography][epenthesis][she]

ε#4769. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ξҲ ([2022-05-18-1]) ǡѸˤˤǯФ뿷ñ˾Ҳ𤷤Laing and Lass ʸηսѤȡΤ褦ˤʤ (231)

(a) For the history of she, we posit an approximant epenthesis of a type already found in OE, spreading to further items in ME, and occurring in all periods of Scots as well as PDE. This turns the word-onset into a consonant cluster with its own history, independent of that of the nuclear vowel (though it seems primarily to occur before certain nuclear types).
   (b) The nuclear vowel derives in the normal way from OE [eo], with no need for 'resyllabification' or the creation of 'rising diphthongs'.
   (c) This account allows an etymology with no interim generation of trimoric nuclei, or the problem of maintaining vowel length when the first element of the nucleus is the first vowel of the diphthong that constitutes it. It therefore allows for the unproblematic derivation of both [ʃe:] (required for PDE [ʃi:]) and [ʃo:] (required for some regional types such as [ʃu:]).
   (d) We claim that the so-called 'she problem' has been a problem mainly because of a misconception of the kind of etymology it is. The literature (and this is true even of Britton's account, which is clearly the best) founders (sic) on the failure to separate the development of the word-onset and the development of the nuclear vowel.
   The mistake has been the attempt to combine a vocalic story and a consonantal story and at the same time make phonological sense. We suggest that in this case it cannot be done, and that by separating the two stories we arrive at a clean and linguistically justifiable narrative.


ǵξܺ٤Ω뤳ȤϤʤοФ伫ȤɾҤ٤ʤСޤƤƤ¾ϤȤߤƤ롥

ޤLAEME ȤǿΥġѤĤġŪʼ̤λ˰͵򤷤ƤפǤ롥礭ʻ餳˼ȤǤȤ褯ʬȤ餯뿮괶ȤФ褤ιȿ˶ò롥
嵭ȴϢ뤬LAEME ϢȤƤ CoNE (= A Corpus of Narrative Etymologies from Proto-Old English to Early Middle English) CC (= the Corpus of Changes) ԻȤʸץȤΰĤȤơshe 夲ƤŦƤCoNE ϡѸʸڤñΤ۷֤ˤĤơѲֻѲδԤȤŪʴǤʡֽѸȤӸءפȸƤӤۤɤˡshe ˤĤƤСγƳʷޤ᤿٤Ƥΰ۷֤Ϳ褦ȤƤꡤ[ʃ] ޤ֤ΰ⤢ޤǤΰˤʤΤǤ롥scha, þoe, þie, yo Τ褦㳰Ūʰ۷֤ˤĤƤ⡤̣ͿƤ롥
ơ"Yod Epenthesis" Ƥ켫Τڥ˥Ūžäshe θ츻ˤǤ [j] 򤤤˼ƳФ뤫ײ1ĤȤʤäƤ [j] ƳФ뤳Ȥ򤢤̣Ƿ餯ᡤ֤ [j] äƤޤäפȼĥΤǤ롥ˤ [j] ɬԼפȤ櫓ǤʤȯŪǤϤ졤㤬뤳ȤʸΤ˼Ƥ뤫

Ū¿ĤҤȤĤεˤĤƤԤ䤤Ƥߤ⤢ΤΤȤϤꡤĻɷŪʹɾ

Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "On Middle English she, sho: A Refurbished Narrative," Folia Linguistica Historica 35 (2014): 201-40.
Lass, Roger, Margaret Laing, Rhona Alcorn, and Keith Williamson. A Corpus of Narrative Etymologies from Proto-Old English to Early Middle English and accompanying Corpus of Changes, Version 1.1. Edinburgh: U of Edinburgh, 2013--. Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/CoNE/CoNE.html.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-20-1]

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2022-05-18 Wed

#4769. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ξҲ [personal_pronoun][sound_change][phonetics][etymology][laeme][epenthesis][she]

3;ñ̾ she θ츻ä100ǯʾ褬³ƤˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ⼡εǼ夲Ƥ

#792. she --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻Ծܤθ ([2011-06-28-1])
#793. she --- 奤󥰥ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1])
#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])
#829. she θ츻ν ([2011-08-04-1])

θŤ LAEME ȤǿΥġѤĩΤ2014ǯ Laing and Lass ʸǤLAEME ˤĤƤϡ#4086. Ѹ츦ˤ LAEME ([2020-07-04-1])#4396. ѸϿޤȥդѥ󶡤Ƥ LAEME ([2021-05-10-1]) Ϥ laeme γƵ򻲾ȡˡ
she ϡüŪˤСѸǧ۷֡ʸɸ she Ϣʤ֤ޤˤ˸ (1) Ҳ [ʃ](2) [eː] [oː]ɤΤ褦ΤȤ2˽󤵤롥Ȥ櫓θȤʤܤƤ۷ [hjoː] ʤɤ˴ޤޤ [j] ɤΤ褦ƳФ뤫פȤʤ롥
Ǥϡ [j] ϴ¸βϢ³ΤʤŪƳФ뤳ȤȤƤLaing and Lass οϡ[j] ŪƳФ줿ΤǤϤʤŪ줿ˤʤȤȤñˤС [j] äƤޤäΤȤȤо嵭 (1), (2) Τ̵ʤǤ뤷LAEME ۷֤ʬۤδ̷ʤȤ
֤ [j] äƤޤäϡƱʸǤ "Yod Epenthesis" (= YE) ̾դƤ롥űѸ [heo] YE ͳ [hjeo] Ȥʤꡤθ "eo-Monophthongisation/Merger" (= EOM) ̤ [hjeː] 뤤 [hjoː] ƳФȤϩʼºݤˤϡκǸβطʤŪ [hjøː] ꤵƤ餷ˡˡƬ [hj] "Fusional Assimilation" (= FA) Ф [ç] ȤʤꡤǸ "Palatal Fronting" (= PF) η̡[ʃ] Ϥ롤Ȥƻڤ
űѸ줫ή޼мΤ褦ˤʤ (Laing and Lass 217)

*heo ((YE)) > *hjeo ((EOM)) >
1 *hjo: ((FA)) > [ço:] ((PF)) > [ʃo:]
2 *hje: ((FA)) > [çe:] ((PF)) > [ʃe:]


Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. "On Middle English she, sho: A Refurbished Narrative," Folia Linguistica Historica 35 (2014): 201-40.

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2021-05-10 Mon

#4396. ѸϿޤȥդѥ󶡤Ƥ LAEME [laeme][lalme][slide][corpus][academic_conference]

8ۤɤäǶ̤ǯ920ˤ˥饤dzŤ줿2020ǯѸ˸ˤơ̴Żҥѥ䥪饤󡦥꥽ȤäѸ˸ μȲǽפȯɽԤȤƻäƤȤѸˤλ夬ѸʤΤǡλϿޤȥդѥҲ𤹤ݤǡLAEME & LALME ѤѸ˸פꤷä򤤤ȥˤ LAEME LALME ȤΤϡѸɽ2ĤλϿޤˤĤ줿̾Ǥ롥ǤϡȤ櫓ʬǤѸ LAEME ξҲ˾Ƥ
ͻҤϤǤˡ#4166. ѸˤγƻΥѥӤбѸˤ狼ʤˡ ([2020-09-22-1]) Ǵñ𤷤ȯɽѤ饤ɻˤĤơѤʤϤ줿ۤ褤ȻפäΤǡˤƸɽƤʲϥ饤ɤγƥڡؤΥ󥯡

1. Ѹ˸̴Żҥѥ䥪饤󡦥꥽ȤäѸ˸ μȲǽLAEME & LALME ѤѸ˸
2. ܥ饤ɻ
3. Ѹ λ
4. LAEME & LALME λפ˻ȤǶθġ
5. LALME ʽǡˤγ
6. LAEME & LALME ȤλŪʤդ礤
7. LAEME & LALME 󶡤Ƥ
8. LAEME & LALME Τʳػ˾ΰյ
9. LAEME & LALME ζߤȼ
10. LAEME Υǡȥ (cf. #856)
11. LAEME ѥΡɽ (#1263)
12. LAEME Υη
13. The Owl and the Nightingale (MS Cotton) Ƭ2
14. б LAEME tag file
15. LAEME ǡʤȻפСˤǤ뤳Ȥ
16. LAEME ǤˤȤ
17. LAEME εǽҲ
18. 1 3ñ̻ʬ (#2142)
19. 2nighti(n)gale n (#797)
20. 3through ΰֻϤɤä (#53)
21. 4between ΰ۷֤Ϥɤä
22. 5third βžϤġɤǵä
23. 6ѸΡ֥ɡ
24. LAEME & LALME Ѥ¾Υߥ˸
25. ʸ

٤ŪʥġʤΤǼäĤˤΤϾΤʤ⡤LAEME ѤȤʤȤǤޤ衤ȤȤǥ֥쥹ȤƤߤ15. LAEME ǡʤȻפСˤǤ뤳Ȥܤ̤ƤФȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-18-1]

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2020-11-13 Fri

#4218. colour κǽΰֻ [spelling][laeme][ame_bre]

ε#4217. ѸΥꥹѸˤ colour vs color ([2020-11-12-1]) ˰³colour ֻꡥOED colour | color, n.1 ˤȡθ̾Ȥ1300ǯ˰ʲΤ褦˽Ф롥

c1300 St. Patrick's Purgatory (Laud) l. 562 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 216 He..axede him of ȝwuch colur were heuene op-riȝt þere.


colur Ȥֻߤ뤬ϺǽֻŵŪʤΤ1ĤǤ롥θϥƥ color ľܡ뤤ϥե󥹸 colur ͳƼڤ줿ΤȤ롥ʤȤ嵭κǽֻϡե󥹸ͳΥ롼Ȥ򼨺褦ˤߤ뤬ϤۤñǤϤʤե󥹸ˤֻѼ֤͡ǡOED θ츻ˤСΤ褦 variants Ϥ˭٤

 Anglo-Norman colur, culur, coler, coloure, coleure, collour, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French color, colour, coulour, Old French coulor, Old French, Middle French, couleur, coleur, Middle French colleur, coullour, etc.


ե󥹸¦ǤΤΤ褦ֻ¿ߤ뤬Ѹ¦餱ƤʤOED ֻƤߤ褦

 ME coleour, ME coleure, ME colewre, ME colovre, ME coulur, ME culur, ME kolour, ME-15 collore, ME-15 colowr, ME-15 colowre, ME-15 culoure, ME-16 coler, ME-16 coleur, ME-16 colore, ME-16 coloure, ME-16 colur, ME-16 colure, ME-16 cullour, ME-16 culour, ME- color (now U.S.), ME- colour, lME clour, lME (in a late copy) 15-16 collor, 15 colloure, 15 collyr, 15 cooler, 15 cooller, 15 coollor, 15 coollour, 15 coollur, 15 coolore, 15 cooloure, 15 coullar, 15 coulloure, 15 coulore, 15 cowler, 15-16 coller, 15-16 coolor, 15-16 coolour, 15-16 couler, 15-16 coullour, 15-16 coulor, 15-16 couloure, 15-16 culler, 15-16 cullor, 15-16 culloure, 15-17 collour, 15-17 couller, 15-17 coullor, 15-17 coulour; Scottish pre-17 coiller, pre-17 coller, pre-17 colleur, pre-17 collor, pre-17 collour, pre-17 colloure, pre-17 colore, pre-17 coloure, pre-17 colowr, pre-17 colowre, pre-17 colur, pre-17 couler, pre-17 couller, pre-17 coullour, pre-17 coulour, pre-17 culler, pre-17 cullor, pre-17 cullour, pre-17 culloure, pre-17 culour, pre-17 17-18 color, pre-17 17- colour.


ѸǤνиܤȡMED colour n. ǤϡФȤ colour Τۤ culur, colur, coler η֤󤲤Ƥ롥ޤLAEME ϡǽȤơ13ȾOED νǯ㴳ᤤˤ culur, colurޤ14Ⱦ colurs, colour, colures η5郎줿
Τ褦¿ͤʣޤʤˤơưפͭյʷŦ뤳ȤϤǤʤĸ뤳Ȥϡθ줬Ѹ˽иǽꡤǤ2첻1첻֤뤫2첻֤뤫ȤѰ --- colour vs color θ --- ǧȤȤäơʥϡ֥ե󥹸ֻ vs ƥֻפˡ⤷ϡ֥ե󥹸ѼΤֻ vs ե󥹸Ѽ̤ΰֻפˤȤäƤ褤Ϣơ#4161. ꥫ color ϥƥŪꥹ colour ϥե󥹸Ū ([2020-09-17-1]) ⻲ȡ

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2020-09-22 Tue

#4166. ѸˤγƻΥѥӤбѸˤ狼ʤ [academic_conference][corpus][eebo][glowbe][laeme][lalme][historiography][standardisation]

920ˡ2020ǯѸ˸ˤơ̴Żҥѥ䥪饤󡦥꥽ȤäѸ˸ μȲǽפȯɽԤȤƻäޤZoom ǤΥ饤Ǥ߳˲񤬿ʹԤޤʴΤƤμŤޤǤäˤʤޤ߷ءˡȯɽԤβջʵءˤȵءˡӻüԤ٤ƤˤϡŤʵȥ󥹥ԥ졼򤤤ޤ鿽夲ޤ
ȥåץХåλ伫ȤȯɽǤϡLAEME & LALME ѤѸ˸פꤷơѸɽ2Ĥλ女ѥ LAEME eLALME Ҳ𤷤ޤ³ơΡ֥ǡ١Ѥˤ륳ѥ --- Early English Books Online 濴ˡפꤹȯɽǤϡѸɽ륳ѥ EEBO corpus Ҳ𤵤ޤǸˡˤCorpus of Global Web-Based EnglishGloWbEˤѤ World Englishes βǽפȤȯɽˤꡤ21 World Englishes ħ GloWbE ƳޤʢˤȤä̤ΤäΤǶäϢ³Ǥˡ
ơȯɽϥѥξҲȥǥˤȤɤޤ餺βǽѾաפˤޤǿ줿ƤǤꡤȯɽΥǥå󥿥ǤϡѸ˸ˤƥѥѤϤɤΤ褦ʰյĤΤȤˡδοʵˤޤƧ߹᤿褦˻פޤʻ֤СäȵȤǤˡ
Ѹ졤Ѹ졤21ѸȤ3ĤΰۤʤαѸоݤȤѥ¤٤Ƥߤ櫓Ǥ񤬽äƤ餤ȹͤ⤫ǤޤƱѸΥѥȤϤоݤȤ夬ۤʤǡʤλ⸡η̤⥤󥿡ե⤳ޤǰۤʤΤȤȤǤϡֳơλˤѸΡʼҲ˸Ū礭ۤʤäƤ뤫顤ϢươʸθԤԻ˥ѥΤ礭ۤʤ餶ʤפȤȤǤϤʤȻפޤ
դߤСƻΥѥɤΤ褦Ի졤ɤΤ褦˻ѤƤ뤫ѻ뤳ȤˤꡤλαѸΡʼҲ˸Ū⤭ĦˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤƻ头Ȥħ줤⤭ĦˤʤäƤ褦ǤС¤٤ƤߤСαѸ˵ҤȤʤˤʤСƻΥѥȼ³ߤʤΤŦƤСλظˤƩƸƤΤǤϤʤȡ֥ѥΤߤѸˡפΤ褦ʻߤǽȤʤäƤǤ
ˤߤƤޤѸɸԺߤʤΤǡñ򸡺褦ȤƤ⡤⤽ɤֻǸФ褤ΤȤȯ餷Ȥʤޤ (cf. #1450. Ѹֻ¿ϤϤؤǤ ([2013-04-16-1])ˡºݡѸ켭 MED ǤñˤƤ⡤ϫ뤳ȤޤLAEME LALME Ǥ⸡󥿡եˤ͡ʹפϤʤƤޤϤμ丫ŤɬפǤΤǡñǤȤϸƤޤ󡥸¤ɸʤ櫓Ǥ顤פޤ
˽ѸǤEEBO ϸ󥿡եʤˤȤäĤ䤹츫ȸΤΤ꤬褦ˤϸޤ󡥤ѸŪˤϤޤɸಽϺƤˤȤɤޤꡤɸಽã줿Ȥϻ𤬰ۤʤޤĤޤꡤɸȤܤΤ򸡺ƥåȤƤ⡤¤Ͻϳ줬¿ƤޤΤǤˤϼƤȤ lemma ⡤ºݤˤϻפۤ٤Ϲ⤯ޤȤ꤬äѤǤ
Ǹˡ21ѸνѼоݤȤ GloWbE ˤĤƤϡʥݥȡ˸Ѹ줬Ǥ顤ʤɸϤƸǤޤBNC COCA Τ褦ʡ̤ΡץѥȰۤʤΤϡ֤븡̤Ѽͳ褹¿ͤȤȤǤ
绨ĤˤޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤޤ

 ɽѥˡʤɤȿǤ֥ѥΤʼҲ˸Ū
ѸLAEME, LALMEˡ񤷤ɸʤ
ѸEEBOˡ츫ȰפɸȾüˤʤ
21ѸGloWbEˡפɸϤ뤬εǽѼˤä¿


ۤʤΥѥ٤ƤߤȡѸˤߤƤȤȤ褯ʬޤѸ˸Ǥȯɽε򤤤ƴդޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-10-1] [2020-09-25-1]

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2020-07-04 Sat

#4086. Ѹ츦ˤ LAEME [laeme][lalme][me_dialect][dialectology][eme][manuscript][scribe]

ε#4085. Ѹ츦ˤ LALME ([2020-07-03-1]) ˰³LALME λǤǤѸϿ LAEME ˤĤƤ⡤˾νפʰ֤ŤҲ𤷤Ƥ
LAEME ϡȤƤ LALME Ť򰷤ץȤȤƤϤΤθѤȤƳϤ줿ˡָȯפ褫ΩˤäȤϤԼԤ1 Laing ϡѸ褹ü椨˿ǺߤƤѸƥȤ̤äȾʤʬۤФäƤꡤ⤽ƱκǽߤȤʤ "anchor texts" ˤȤ櫓ΥƥȤϡűѸ West-Saxon Schriftsprache ˱ƶ줿Τ¿Υڥ󥰤ƱΤѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤLaing ϥƥȻФ˹׸̻ǫʬɤμ̻δؤäɤʬΥڥ󥰤μ̻νн򼨤Ƥǽ⤤θǴ궯ѤƤä̤ȤơȤ "anchor texts" 뤳ȤȤ LALME Ƥ "fit-technique" ŬѤơ¾ΥƥȤϿ޾˥ץåȤƤä --- ϥǥϤڤ --- ΤǤ롥
LAEME οϡLALME տ魯ǯä (questionnaire) ȤˤäáʸˡŪդʤƥȤŻҥѥ¨ʤμܤбǤ褦˽ΤǤ롥äȤ⡤оݤȤƥȤʸФƴʤ륿դԤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ˼̻ˤ˴ؤä椨ԴˤȤɤޤʤɺʷаޤ⤢ä褦ץȤλ־⤢ꡤǽŪˤϽѸŪʥѥȤϤʤʤäΤΡդ줿65줫ʤ롤Ʋ븦ġ˻ž夬äȤ櫓ƱαѸˡΤˤϡʤƤϤʤʤɬܥġǤ롥
ġȤƤ LAEME κĹϡƥȤŰƬŰ "diplomatic" Ǥ뤳ȤǥǤʤܤֻ˸¤ʤ¤ǤȤ롤θʸФ "diplomatic" ٤ϡ¾ǤϤۤȤ򸫽ФȤǤʤ伫ȤʸѤäˤʤä꤬ġǤ롥ʾ塤Lowe (1126) ˰͵򤷤Ƽɮ

Lowe, Kathryn A. "Resources: Early Textual Resources." Chapter 71 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1119--31.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-18-1]

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2020-05-30 Sat

#4051. Ѹˤ bury ֻϿ --- LAEME [laeme][me_dialect][dialectology][vowel][map][isogloss][eme][lalme]

ѸؤǤ褯ΤƤ֤첻ѰۤλȤơ <i> = [i(ː)] <u> = [y(ː)] <e> = [e(ː)] ȤΤ롥ϡűѸ쥦ȥˤŵŪ <y> ֤줿첻ʽˤ [y(ː)]ˤ [i(ː)] äȤˤѸνǤɤΤ褦б򼨤Ƥ뤫޼ŪΤǤ롥
ѸñǤ busy, merry ʤɤŵŪ˾嵭ʬۤȴϢƤ롥 ϢϰʲεǰäƤ

#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1])
#563. Chaucer merry ([2010-11-11-1])
#570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1])
#1341. Ѹʬ8ĤŪʷ֡ ([2012-12-28-1])
#1434. left hemlock Kentish ([2013-03-31-1])
#4048. much, shut, such, trust 첻Ѹء ([2020-05-27-1])

ϤȤ櫓 bury ˾ơѸνˤ1첻ʻˤѰۤ LAEME Dot Map ˤ꼨ϡ #562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1]) #570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1]) ǤⰷäƤŪʥġѤƿ­ڵ򼨤Ȥ˽֤ʲ첻ʻˤȤ <i, y> Ѥʬۿޤ Dot Map ǽ˵󤲡³2ܤ <u>3ܤ <e> ˴ؤ Dot Map 򼨤



(1) BURY, BURIED: bir- and byr-. (Map No. 16255502)

BURY, BURIED: <em>bir</em>- and <em>byr</em>-. (Map No. 16255502)

(2) BURY, BURIED: bur-. (Map No. 16255503)

BURY, BURIED: <em>bur</em>-. (Map No. 16255503)

(3) BURY, BURIED: ber-. (Map No. 16255501)

BURY, BURIED: <em>ber</em>-. (Map No. 16255501)



#1262. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (1) ([2012-10-10-1])#1263. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (2) ([2012-10-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡLAEME ΰʤӽѸ̤ˤĤƤ˥ƥʬۤλˤꡤΤȤĴ (dots) ο¿ϤʤΤΡܵƬ˼Ūʿ޼ϡ3ĤϿޤˤ공ͻٻƤȤ褦
ʤ³ѸˤϡLAEME λ LALME Dot Map dzǧǤ뤬ˤϽߤ˷㤷־פƤꡤۤΤʬۤϸʤ

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2020-04-25 Sat

#4016. Ѹ츦ΤδŪʥ饤󡦥꥽ [bibliography][website][link][corpus][dictionary][hel_education][auchinleck][oed][htoed][laeme][lalme][med][ceec][me]

ɸˤĤơSmith (47--48) λʸɽꤤĤȴФ󥯤ĥäƤߤʸ󥯤Ǥ뤳ȤǧѤߡˡܥ֥Ǥϡ¾ƼΥ饤󡦥꥽Ҳ𤷤ƤޤȤ᤭ʤΤ link 򻲾ȡȤ櫓 Chaucer ϢΥ󥯤ϡ#290. Chaucer ˴ؤ Web resources ([2010-02-11-1]) ɤ



AM = Burnley, David and Alison Wiggins, eds. Auchinleck Manuscript. National Library of Scotland, 2003. Available online at http://www.nls.uk/auchinleck/ .
CEEC = Nevalainen, Terttu, Helena Raumolin-Brunberg, Jukka Keränen, Minna Nevala, Arja Nurmi, and Minna Palander-Collin. Corpus of Early English Correspondence (CEEC). Department of English, U of Helsinki. Available online at https://varieng.helsinki.fi/CoRD/corpora/CEEC/index.html .
CSC = Meurman-Solin, Anneli. Corpus of Scottish Correspondence. U of Helsinki, 2007. Available online at https://varieng.helsinki.fi/CoRD/corpora/CSC/ .
CTP = Robinson, Peter and Barbara Bordalejo. The Canterbury Tales Project. Institute of Textual Scholarship and Electronic Editing, U of Birmingham, 1996--. Available online at http://server30087.uk2net.com/canterburytalesproject.com/index.html .
HTOED = Kay, Christian, Jane Roberts, Michael Samuels, and Irené Wotherspoon, eds. Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: OUP, 2009. Available online via http://www.oed.com/ .
LAEME = Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. LAEME: A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1150--1325. U of Edinburgh, 2007. Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme2/laeme2.html .
LALME = McIntosh, Angus, Michael Samuels, and Michael Benskin, with Margaret Laing and Keith Williamson. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English (LALME). Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986. Available online as eLALME at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/elalme/elalme_frames.html .
LAOS = Williamson, Keith. A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots, Phase 1: 1380--1500 (LAOS). 2007. Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laos1/laos1.html .
MEC = McSparran, Frances, ed. Middle English Compendium. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2006. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mec/ .
MED = Kurath, Hans, Sherman M. Kuhn, John Reidy, and Robert E. Lewis. Middle English Dictionary. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1952--2001. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med/ .
MEG-C = Stenroos, Merja, Martti Mákinen, Simon Horobin, and Jeremy Smith. The Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C). Version 2011.2. Available online at https://www.uis.no/research/history-languages-and-literature/the-mest-programme/the-middle-english-grammar-corpus-meg-c/ .
OED = Simpson, John, ed. The Oxford English Dictionary. 3rd ed. Oxford UP, 2000--. Available online at http://www.oed.com/.
TOE = Edmonds, Flora, Christian Kay, Jane Roberts, and Irené Wotherspoon. Thesaurus of Old English. U of Glasgow, 2005. Available online at https://oldenglishthesaurus.arts.gla.ac.uk/ .
VARIENG = Nevalainen, Terttu, Irma Taavitsainen, and Sirpa Leppänen. The Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English (VARIENG). Department of English, U of Helsinki. Available online at https://varieng.helsinki.fi/index.html .



Smith, Jeremy J. "Periods: Middle English." Chapter 3 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 32--48.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-25-1]

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2019-12-01 Sun

#3870. Ѹˤ wh- ʤ q- ֻ [spelling][me_dialect][labiovelar][lalme][laeme][map]

ѸؤǤϤ褯ΤƤ뤬󥰥ɤǤϡŵŪ˸ (labiovelar) Ū wh- ʤɤֻǤϤʤquh-, qvh, qwh, qh ʤɤֻǸ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ what бֻ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤȡqwhat, qwat, quat, quad, qhat ΤȤǤ롥λҲĴδ֤ǰۤʤäƤȤ򼨺뤬ŪˤɤΤ褦ʰ㤤äΤˤĤƤϵ롥ʤʤˤƤ wh- ʤɤֻ̤˻ȤƤꡤʿԤ q- 褯ȤƤȤȤǤ롥
Ѹˤ q- Ūʬۤϡ¤ˤ줤Ǥ롥eLALME Item 44 ȤƼ夲Ƥ롤"WH-: q-, all spellings." ꤵ줿 Dot Map ʲ˺ƷǤ褦

eLALME Dot Map for AT

ΤܤäƽѸˤƤ⡤LAEME Map 28285405 Dot Map 򸫤Ȥ狼褦ˡʤϤʬۤƤ롥
󥰥³ΥåȥɤǤ quh- ʤɤֻŪѤƤ16ʹߤˤʤȡ󥰥ɤɸŪֻαƶˤꡤåȥɱѸǤ quh- ΩϼޤäƤäΤˤĤƤεǡ

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2019-06-16 Sun

#3702. Ѹ3;ʣг̾ es ϥ줫μѤ (2) [personal_pronoun][laeme][lalme][me_dialect][clitic][map][dutch]

ε ([2019-06-15-1]) ˰³Ѹ them Ѥ es Ȥ;֤̾ˤĤơBennett and Smithers Ѥơ褽 "SE or EMidl" ˻ѤФäƤȽҤ٤LAEME eLALME ѤơѸˤǧƤ
LAEME Ǥ Map No. 00064420 Ȥ "THEM dir obj: 's' forms (sometimes cliticised), e.g. as, es, is, ys, hes, his." 󤲤ƤʲޡˡeLALME Ǥ Item 8 Ȥ "THEM: 'his' type (incl as, es, is and enclitic -(e)s)." 󤲤ƤʲޡˡǤϽ̾ƷǤƤΤǡܤϥåƳ

LAEME_and_eLALME_es_for_them_small.png



ΤȤ㤬¿櫓ǤϤʤѸ̤ East Midland Southeastern 濴ȤơʬŪˤΦ West Midland ˤ⻶Ȥäʬۤ򼨤Ƥ뤳Ȥʬ롥
ȤδϢ뤿ˤϡΥüԽĤΥ󥰥ɤؤΰ̱ʤɤ˼ҲŪطʤĴ٤ɬפ롥ŪˤС#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ14դˤӿʪǰפȯŸˤեɥ쥤󥰥ɤδط϶̩ˤʤäȤ顤East Midland ˤ es ֤ʬۤ˴ؤƤϡƶϤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤWest Midland λȯŪʻˤĤƤϡ̤˹ͤʤФʤʤ

Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-01-1]

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2018-04-22 Sun

#3282. The Parsed Corpus of Middle English Poetry (PCMEP) [corpus][me][hc][ppcme][laeme][link]

Ѹαʸ򽸤᤿쥿դѥߤĤThe Parsed Corpus of Middle English Poetry Ի Richard Zimmermann εĤѤǤ롥
ʳǡƱѥ41Υƥȡ160,432줫ʤäƤʥƥȡꥹȤˡСϰϤ c. 1150--1420ǯʤ Helsinki Corpus ζʬǤ M1, M2, M3 Ǥ롥쥿 Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English ƱˡդƤꡤCorpus Search 2 ʤɤΥġѤƲϤǤ롥
Related Corpora ΥڡξͭѡˤѸ˴ؤƼ拾ѥǡ١ؤΥ󥯤򡤰ʲˤĥĤƤ

The Penn-Parsed Corpus of Middle English
The Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse
The Innsbruck Corpus of Middle English Prose
A Parsed Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (P-LAEME)
Database of Middle English Romance

ƥĥդäƤ뤦ˡʥץȤʪƤΤʤȤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-15-1]

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2018-01-24 Wed

#3194. Υޥ塤Ѹ줬ѤʤʤäȤؤò [norman_conquest][me_text][scribe][manuscript][alliteration][laeme][bible]

Worcester Cathedral, Dean and Chapter Library F 174 Ȥܤ Fol. 63r, lines 14--28 ˡˤƬ򼨤ûƥȤƤ롥ꥸʥϸűѸǽ񤫤Ƥ褦ΥƥȤθϤǤ˽ѸŪħ򼨤Ƥ롥ܤϤ餯132Ⱦ (C13a2) ΩΥƥȤľˤ Ælfic Grammar Glossary ľˤ "Body and Soul" ˴ؤƬƤ롥Τ "Worcester tremulous hand" ȤΤ̻ˤäƽ񤫤Ƥ롥
ƥȤƤϡɸ˼褦ˡΥޥ˶ʤɤθŪʾ̤DZѸ줬ѤʤʤäƤޤäȤؤòǤ롥θűѸˤϱѸǶ餬Ԥʤ졤󥰥ɤʸŪȿǤƤΤˡѸäʤΥޥͤդȤʤäƤޤäƤ롤˸ơò路Ȥ衤Ȥݤ
ݥȤϡl. 15 l. 18 Ǥ롥űѸˤϥ󥰥ͤζդѸǿ͡򶵰餷Ƥ (l. 15)ΥޥκǤϡ¾ο͡סʤΦϤäƤΥޥͤ¾θǡ˿͡򶵰餷Ƥȡ񤭼òƤ롥Ѹ줬Ūϰ̤鿶Ȥ졤䤫󤶤줿ͻҤ狼롥Dickins and Wilson (2) ΥƥȤ򼨤

[S]anctus Beda was iboren her on Breotene mid us, 
And he wisliche [bec] awende 
Þet þeo Englise leoden þurh weren ilerde. 
And he þeo c[not]ten unwreih, þe questiuns hoteþ, 
Þa derne diȝelnesse þe de[or]wurþe is.5
Ælfric abbod, þe we Alquin hoteþ, 
He was bocare, and þe [fif] bec wende, 
Genesis, Exodus, Vtronomius, Numerus, Leuiticus, 
Þu[rh] þeos weren ilærde ure leoden on Englisc. 
Þet weren þeos biscop[es þe] bodeden Cristendom,10
Wilfrid of Ripum, Iohan of Beoferlai, Cuþb[ert] of Dunholme, 
Oswald of Wireceastre, Egwin of Heoueshame, Æld[elm] of 
Malmesburi, Swiþþun, Æþelwold, Aidan, Biern of Wincæstre, 
[Pau]lin of Rofecæstre, S. Dunston, and S. Ælfeih of Cantoreburi. 
Þeos læ[rden] ure leodan on Englisc,15
Næs deorc heore liht, ac hit fæire glod. 
[Nu is] þeo leore forleten, and þet folc is forloren. 
Nu beoþ oþre leoden þeo læ[reþ] ure folc, 
And feole of þen lorþeines losiæþ and þet folc forþ mid. 
Nu sæiþ [ure] Drihten þus, Sicut aquila prouocat pullos suos ad volandum, et super eo[s uolitat.]20
This beoþ Godes word to worlde asende, 
Þet we sceolen fæier feþ [festen to Him.] 


l. 20 ΥƥϡDeuteronomy 32:11 ꡥThe King James Version бսѤ "As an eagle stirs up her nest, flutters over her young, spreads abroad her wings, takes them, bears them on her wings: / So the Lord alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him." (ll. 11--12) Ȥ롥褽褿ֿפ¤ޤȤä
μܤˤĤƤϡLAEME ξ⻲ȡ

Dickins, Bruce and R. M. Wilson, eds. Early Middle English Texts. London: Bowes, 1951.

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2016-11-22 Tue

#2766. Ѹˤ1;̾ʤΰ۷֤ʬ [laeme][eme][map][personal_pronoun][owl_and_nightingale][compensatory_lengthening]

ѸΥƥ The Owl and the Nightingale Cartlidge ǤɤǤ롥868ԤˤΥƥȤͣȤơ1;̾ʤȤ ih ֻ롥椬ΤΤˤĤƵƤ륷ǡNe singe ih hom no foliot! ȤѤƤ롥ֻCܤΤΤǤꡤФJܤǤϤβս˰Ūֻ ich ѤƤ롥
λ¤顤Ѹˤ1;̾ʤΰ۷֤ʬۤ˴ؿäǡLAEME ʬۤ򤵤äĴ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤä˵ˤʤäƤΤϸλҲ̵ͭӤλҲμǤ롥첻̵뤷ŵŪֻפФƤߤȡich, ik, ih, i դ꤬󤬤롥٤Фۤˤ⤢ꤦ뤬̤4ֻˤĤƽиʬۤ绨ĤˤߤƤ
LAEME ΥץϤ褯ǤƤΤǡιԤʤäȤȤС֤˴ؤϿޤɽ뤳ȤΤߤʲ4ʬۿޤĤʤ碌ΤǺܤ롥ץ󤬾ɤߤˤִطϼɽ˼̤ʲ򥯥åгǤˡ

ʲιϿޤǤΰMap No.
00001312I: Ih, ih and yh
00001305I: 'ik', all k forms, incl icke.
00001302I: '(h)ich' and 'ych' incl iich and ichs
00001308I: I.

LAEME Map for Variants of I

ʬۤȤƤϡŪ ich ϤǤ̤˹äƤΤʬ롥λҲ i Ϥֻ̤ǤꡤȤ˹äƤ롥 ih Ϥܤֻɽ魯ΡǤݼŪȸʬ˻٤Ǥ롥 ik Ϥϡ˻ߤ٤ǡŪǤϤʤ
The Owl and the Nightingale ˤĤƤ͡ʵʤƤμܤ⡤ΤΤȤ᤬ŪǤ롥餹ȡCܤ ih 줿ȤȤϡѸΤȰפ
˴ؿäƤΤϡŪ ich ʤϩéäƸ I ؤѲƤäȤŪ˴ط뤫μդˤĤơ#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1])#1773. ich, everich, -lich ch ä ([2014-03-05-1]) Ǵñˤñ /ʧ/ ꤵҲü첻Ĺ (compensatory_lengthening) ȹͤƤǤ褤ΤǰĤΤǤ롥Ū˻ ih ik θҲϡ/ʧ/ ̻ŪŪˤɤΤ褦ʴطˤΤih λҲ /ʧ/ μ岽ǡüؤʳɽ魯ΤǤϤʤʲǽƬ⤫֡

Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.

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2016-06-07 Tue

#2598. ťΥɸαƶϤŤõ븦ˤαդ٤Ѹ쥳ѥ [old_norse][loan_word][me_dialect][representativeness][geography][lexical_diffusion][lexicology][methodology][laeme][corpus]

#1917. numb ([2014-07-27-1]) εǡѸˤ nimen ȸťΥɸѸ taken ζˤĤĴ Rynell θ˿줿̤˸ťΥɸѸ줬Ѹ椤ˤƱѸ˿ƩƤäݤˤϡδϰδθ롥ΤȤʤ顤οƩˤϤ٤λ֤ΤǡΤۤƩٹ礤ϸȤʤޤťΥɸαƶ the Danelaw ȸƤФ륤󥰥ˤƺǤ⶯Ǥꡤ󥰥ؤϡξ׷⤬֤ޤʤŤƤäȹͤΤǤ롥
Τ褦˸ťΥɸθŪƶζˤĤƤϡϰδ֤̩ܤߴطꡤʬۤΤǤȤ롥ºݤˡ#818. 󥰥ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) #1937. Ϣ -son ˤΤϸťΥɸͳ ([2014-08-16-1]) ˼ʬۿޤϡΤʬۤ򼨤űѸȸťΥɸѸ줬礹륱Ǥϡ̤˾嵭ʬۤǧ뤳Ȥ¿褦Rynell (359) ۩"The Scn words so far dealt with have this in common that they prevail in the East Midlands, the North, and the North West Midlands, or in one or two of these districts, while their native synonyms hold the field in the South West Midlands and the South."
ϰ츫ۤñǤϤʤȤˤαդɬפ롥Rynell (359--60) Ͼʸ³ơΤ褦â񤭤դäƤ롥

This is obviously not tantamount to saying that the native words are wanting in the former parts of the country and, inversely, that the Scn words are all absent from the latter. Instead, the native words are by no means infrequent in the East Midlands, the North, and the North West Midlands, or at least in parts of these districts, and not a few Scn loan-words turn up in the South West Midlands and the South, particularly near the East Midland border in Essex, once the southernmost country of the Danelaw. Moreover, some Scn words seem to have been more generally accepted down there at a surprisingly early stage, in some cases even at the expense of their native equivalents.


äդ٤ϡ¸ѸƥȤʬۤФäƤǤ롥򤫤СѸ쥳ѥϰ˴ؤɽ (representativeness) 礤ƤȤRynell (358) ˤС

A survey of the entire material above collected, which suffers from the weakness that the texts from the North and the North (and Central) West Midlands are all comparatively late and those from the South West Midlands nearly all early, while the East Midland and Southern texts, particularly the former, represent various periods, shows that in a number of cases the Scn words do prevail in the East Midlands, the North, and the North (and sometimes Central) West Midlands and the South, exclusive of Chaucer's London . . . .


ťΥɸθŪƶϡѸᤤǡ٤ˤǴѻ롤ȤȤϳȤƽҤ٤뤳ȤϤǤΤΡ줬Ѹ쥳ѥλʬۤȸ˰פƤ¤ƨƤϤʤʤĤޤꡤ嵭γŪʬۤϡޤ޸¸ƥȤλ֡ŪʬۤʿԤƤ뤿ˡȤˤ˶ĴƤ뤫⤷ʤΤ䤹Τޤޤ䤹ʤꡤˤΤ줿ޤޤˤ빽¤Ū꤬ˤ롥
ϡťΥɸθŪƶˤȤɤޤ餺Ѹ̡ŤѲ̤ѻݤˤͿǤ (see #941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ ([2011-11-24-1])#1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1]))
ϢơѸ쥳ѥ A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (LAEME) ɽˤĤơ#1262. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (1) ([2012-10-10-1])#1263. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (2) ([2012-10-11-1]) ⻲ȡ

Rynell, Alarik. The Rivalry of Scandinavian and Native Synonyms in Middle English Especially taken and nimen. Lund: Håkan Ohlssons, 1948.

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2016-03-22 Tue

#2521. Ѹ113 "such" ΰֻ [spelling][eme][laeme][corpus][scribe][me_dialect][representativeness]

ε#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1]) ³ϽѸ쥳ѥ LAEME "such" ΰֻФƤߤ (see #1262. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (1) ([2012-10-10-1])) θϡѸǤϷƻ졤졤³ȤѤ졤ƻξˤ϶ޤ⤹ΤǡΤȤ͡ʷ֤롥ե٥åȽ˰褦ʤäοͤʸڤ١ˡ

hsƿucche (1), schilke (1), schuc (3), scli (1), scuche (1), sec (1), secc (1), secche (1), sech (2), seche (1), selk (1), selke (1), shuc (1), shuch (1), siche (1), silc (1), silk (3), sli (1), slic (5), sliik (1), slik (3), slike (1), slk (1), sly (1), soch (5), soche (1), solchere (1), suc (2), sucche (2), such (51), suche (1), suecche (1), suech (1), sueche (1), sueh (1), sug (1), suic (1), suicchne (1), suich (12), suiche (3), suilc (14), suilce (1), suilch (1), suilk (1), suilke (2), sulch (1), sulche (1), sulk (1), sulke (1), suuche (1), suweche (1), suwilk (1), suyc (1), suych (4), suyche (1), svich (2), sƿche (1), sƿic (3), sƿicche (1), sƿich (1), sƿiche (14), sƿichne (1), sƿilc (30), sƿilch (22), sƿilche (1), sƿilcne (1), sƿilk (14), sƿillc (10), sƿillke (2), sƿi~lch (1), sƿlche (1), sƿuc (4), sƿucch (1), sƿucche (4), sƿucches (1), sƿuch (1), sƿuche (1), sƿuchne (1), sƿuilc (1), sƿulc (8), sƿulce (1), sƿulche (9), swch (1), swecche (1), swech (1), sweche (2), swich (5), swiche (1), swics (1), swil (1), swilc (5), swilce (1), swilk (2), swilke (2), swilkee (2), swlc (1), swlch (1), swlche (1), swlchere (1), swlcne (1), swuche (2), swuh (1), swulcere (1), swulch (3), swulchen (1), swulchere (1), swulke (1), swulne (1), zuich (10), zuiche (14), zuichen (3), zuych (10), zuyche (2)


ʸȾʸζ̤ϤĤˡ113ֻʸڤ롥Τʤ٤ˤƥȥå5ֻȴФȡsuch, sƿilc, sƿilch, sƿilk, sƿiche Ȥʤꡤ5369ĤΤ131 (35.5%) 롥
θѸ줫134ȹ碌ʣֻ򸺻ȡѸΤȤ247ΰֻ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ѤϿޤ䥳ѥɬŪǤϤʤΤǡϹʿͤȻפ롥㤨СMED swich (adj.) ˷ǤƤֻäСϤ⤦

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-16-1]

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2015-04-09 Thu

#2173. gospel d æ [phonetics][consonant][etymology][loan_translation][folk_etymology][laeme]

ʡʽˤ̣ gospel θ츻Ϥ褯ΤƤ롥θϡƥ evangelium ʤ켫Τϥꥷ euaggélion "good news" ͳ褹ˤ (loan_translation) ǤꡤűѸ˼줿űѸ godspel (good news) 1Ǥ gōd (good) Ĺ첻äƤgod (God) Ȥ䤫û첻᤯ԤƤ褦ϡָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ȤäƤ褤OED Jespersen (126) ⤳ָ̱츻ٻƤ롥⤦1ĤȤơ#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡû첻3ҲûȤη̤ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ (142) ϡβǤ˽űѸ줫ϤޤäƤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
첻̤ˤĤƤϾΤ褦ͿƤ뤬űѸ godspel d æˤĤƤϤɤ (405) ˤС13ˡҲθ³ d κβĤθˤƴѻȤ󤲤ȡan (and), handeselle > hanselle (handsel), wenesday (Wednesday), godspell > gospel, andswerian > answerie (answer) Ǥcf. #1261. Wednesday ȯֻ츻 ([2012-10-09-1]
d æȤ˴ؿäΤϡWordorigins.org gospel ˴ؤ뵭ˡ13 godspel d ǡȤƾäȤεҤäǤ롥ǡȤƤȤȤǤСܤͤ롥LAEME ǴñĴ٤Ƥߤ
̤ϡμΰ۷ޤ213Τ18ˤ (¿ d ˲ä t 1Ĥäˤæ줿æΨ8.45%ˡ6ƥȤ˽椷Ƥꡤ North, South-West Midland, Southwestern ȤФФŪˤ13Ⱦ1Ƥ٤13Ⱦ14ȾˤĤơĤޤ1300ǯ򶴤Ǥ롥1300ǯʹߤˤ d 򼨤Τۤ¿ɤǤϤ뤷d ˴ؤɤ򼨤ƥȤ⤢롥ΤȤơWordorigins.org ξεǽҤ٤Ƥ褦13 d æȤפϤʤäæǡȤȤ櫓Ǥʤ餯θڤˤ⤢̤ꡤ13 d κϤޤäκǡȤƵä櫓ǤϤʤ14ʹߤ˸ƽ˿ʹԤȹͤΤMED gospel (n) ⻲Ȥ줿

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-03-28-1] [2015-04-10-1]

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