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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-12-11 Wed

#5707. 2Ż <gh> ε [graphotactics][orthography][spelling][gh][digraph][h][anglo-norman][scribe][yogh][consonant][silent_letter][diacritical_mark][grapheme][yogh]

2Ż (digraph) <gh> ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ gh γƵˤƤ2Ż <gh> ˤĤƤϡ줬ɽ魯ȤȤˡѸ˾Ǥ⤤롥ΤʤǤܤ1Ĥ˵꤬롥űѸǤϡѸʹߤŵŪ <gh> Ѥ¿Υǡ<h> 1ʸȤƤѸˤʤȡδĶˤ <h> λѤϽ˿षƤä <gh> <ȝ> (= yogh) ƬƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥<gh> Ϥäɤ褿Τ
Upward and Davidson (182) ˤȡ2Ÿ <gh> ϥ󥰥Υޥ̻ˤäƤ⤿餵줿ǤȤ

. . . ANorm scribes frequently replaced the OE H with GH: OE niht, ME night; OE brohte, ME broughte 'brought'. (The letter ȝ was also used: niȝt, brouȝte.) The GH represented /x/, which was pronounced [ç] after a front vowel and [x] after a back vowel, as in ME night and broughte respectively (and as also in Modern German). Although, under the influence of Chancery and the printers, this digraph has continued to be written from the ME period to the present day, the sound it represented/represents has undergone many changes.


󥰥Υޥֻˤ <ch>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ʤ2ʸܤ <h> 2ŻλѤǧ롥餹٤ƤѸǸƤۤ¿ѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ2Ż <gh> ⤳֤ä (cfAnglo-Norman Dictionary) 󥰥Υޥ񤭴줿̻䡤αƶѸμ̻Ѹ񤯺ݤˤ <gh> ȤȤˤʤ롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-12-1]

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2023-11-21 Tue

#5321. Ѹ̾ڥ󥰤ȥ󥰥Υޥ̻ο [name_project][spelling][orthography][language_myth][scribe][anglo-norman][eme]

ѸΥڥ󥰻ᤰäơ#1238. 󥰥Υޥ̻οá ([2012-09-16-1]) Ȥ꤬롥򺣤Ϥޤ夲ʤʤäʸǸڤ뤳ȤϤ롥ѸΥڥ󥰤űѸεϤæƤ¤ؤơ̻ϱѸäʤ󥰥Υޥͤ˰㤤ʤȲ᤹Ǥ롥
ˤ⸽ߤˤ⡤ѸüԤǤäƤѸ񤯺ݤ˥ڥ󥰥ߥȤȤӤν񤭼ֳ꤬͡פǤȤϡñ˷ŤΤǤϤʤѸ̾ˤĤƤ Clark (548--49) ⡤ȽŸƤ롥

Orthography is, as always in historical linguistics, a basic problem, and one that must be faced not only squarely but in terms of the particular type of document concerned and its likely sociocultural background. Thus, to claim, in the context of fourteenth-century tax-rolls, that 'OE þ, ð are sometimes written t, d owing to the inability of the French scribes to pronounce these sounds' . . . involves at least two unproven assumptions: (a) that throughout the Middle English period scriptoria were staffed chiefly by non-native speakers; and (b) that the substitutions which such non-native speakers were likely to make for awkward English sounds can confidently be reconstructed (present-day substitutes for /θ/ and /ð/, for what they are worth, vary partly according to the speakers' backgrounds, often involving, not /t/ and /d/, but other sorts of spirant, e.g., /s/ and /z/, or /f/ and /v/) Of course, if --- as all the evidence suggests --- (a) can confidently be dismissed, then (b) becomes irrelevant. The orthographical question that nevertheless remains is best approached in documentary terms; and almost all medieval administrative documents, tax-rolls included, were, in intention, Latin documents . . . . A Latin-based orthography did not provide for distinction between /θ/ and /t/ or between /ð/ and /d/, and so spellings of the sorts mentioned may reasonably be taken as being, like the associated use of Latin inflections, matters of graphic decorum rather than in any sense connected with pronunciation.


Clark ΤǤ롥̾Υڥ󥰤˴ؤ¤ꡤ⤽ѸǤϤʤƥǡʤ뤤ϺˡȤƥƥˡ֤ΤäΤ顤ѸüԤȥ󥰥ΥޥüԤΤȯΥåפʤɤȤǤޤΤǤ롥
̾ʳΰ̸Υڥ󥰤ˤĤƤɤΤ褦ʾäΤϡǤϤ롥

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. Olga Fischer. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 542--606.

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2023-01-10 Tue

#5006. YouTube ǡ515̤ through ä [spelling][me_dialect][lme][scribe][youtube][standardisation][oed][med][laeme][lalme][hc][through]

ǯ226ˡƱνΰʼ YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥ򳫻Ϥޤʹߡ轵쥮顼ǿ塦θ6ۿƤޤǿưϡ줿91Ƥ֤~αѸǤ֤ϥޥ롼롩through Υڥ󥰤515̤ꡪŪ뤵٥10Ǥ



Ѹ˾塤ֻ졦 through ϤɤΤ褦֤ƤΤǤ礦Ѹ1300--1500ǯˤ濴˻䤬Ĵƿ夲̡515̤ΰۤʤֻǧƤޤOED MED Τ褦˱Ѹ켭Helsinki Corpus, LAEME, LALME Τ褦˱Ѹ쥳ѥ˱ѸϿޤʤɡȤ꥽äƤߤ̤ǤõФäȤȻפޤ
ɸѸ줬ԺߤäѸˤϡ̻ (scribe) ȸƤФ񤭼ϡȯ˽äơνʤ˱ơֻ͡ñȤޤƱ̻Ʊñۤʤ뵡˰ۤʤֻ֤뤳ȤӻǤȤ櫓 through Ȥˤäȯ͡äᡤҲ첻Ȥ߹碌˭٤ǡ515̤ȤʤֻƤޤäΤǤ
Ϣ hellog Ǥ⤷Фм夲Ƥޤʲ򤴻Ȥ

#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])
#54. through ֤٥10ʥ10ˡ ([2009-06-21-1])
#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])
#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1])
#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1])

515̤ through YouTube ǤϤǤμϿäơ־ƻפѰդޤäǤΤǡʲ PDF ǸƤޤ

֤A4ѻ10515̤ through ֻߤͤ᤿ (PDF)
֤A4ѻ11̤ through ֻ礭515ڡλ (PDF)
Ĥ֥֡٥ȡʥȡ10פ through ֻ10ڡλ (PDF)

ֻȴϢơƱ YouTube ͥŪǶᥢåפ줿83֥Сȡɥ꡼Robert CawdreyˤαѱѼϤ뤤⤴Фȡcf. #4978. æϷϼΥ --- Cawdrey ˤѸ˾αѱѼϥե٥åȽ礬Ǥ ([2022-12-13-1]

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-11-1] [2024-11-13-1]

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2022-04-28 Thu

#4749. μ̻ϡۤʤǽ񤫤줿ܤ˽вäȤˤɤ [scribe][manuscript][me_dialect]

ε#4748. ѸΥڥ󥰤ѰۤȽ񤭸դμΩ ([2022-04-27-1]) ǤϡѸΥڥ󥰤Ѱ߽ۤФ줿طʤȤʤ5ѥҲ𤷤̻θŪѡȥ꡼̻ο񤤤˴ؤΤǤ롥μ̻ο񤤤ȤΤˤ͡ʥѥ󤬤뤬McIntosh and Samuels ˤСޤ3ѥ󤬶̤ȤLALME General Introduction (3.1.3) ꡤ3ѥ򼨤

A. He may leave the language more or less unchanged, like a modern scholar transcribing such a manuscript. This appears to happen only somewhat rarely.
B. He may convert it into his own kind of language, making innumerable modifications to the orthography, the morphology, and the vocabulary. This happens commonly.
C. He may do something somewhere between A and B. This also happens commonly.


üŪˤСA μ̻ "literatim-copyist"B "translator"C ϡŪʼ̻פȸƤǤƤ褤
ܥƥȤɽ蘆ƤηѾȤȤ館ʤСA ϼܸ⤦1ʤ館̻B ϤޤǤŪѤĢäˤƿϻϤ̻C ʬŪ˵ѾʬŪ˿ϻϤ̻ȤȤˤʤ롥
̻᤯Ż򤹤ɬפС̷ּСפȤ⤤ A κȤ׵ᤵ褦ʻ֤λȤϵʤ B 䡤 C λŻ֤ˤʤäƤȤ򤱤ʤºݡѸˤƼܺξȲʤˤĤ졤B פμ̻γ礬礭ʤäƤäȤβ¸ԤǤϤʤϻϼԤƬƤäǤ롥

McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.

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2020-07-04 Sat

#4086. Ѹ츦ˤ LAEME [laeme][lalme][me_dialect][dialectology][eme][manuscript][scribe]

ε#4085. Ѹ츦ˤ LALME ([2020-07-03-1]) ˰³LALME λǤǤѸϿ LAEME ˤĤƤ⡤˾νפʰ֤ŤҲ𤷤Ƥ
LAEME ϡȤƤ LALME Ť򰷤ץȤȤƤϤΤθѤȤƳϤ줿ˡָȯפ褫ΩˤäȤϤԼԤ1 Laing ϡѸ褹ü椨˿ǺߤƤѸƥȤ̤äȾʤʬۤФäƤꡤ⤽ƱκǽߤȤʤ "anchor texts" ˤȤ櫓ΥƥȤϡűѸ West-Saxon Schriftsprache ˱ƶ줿Τ¿Υڥ󥰤ƱΤѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤLaing ϥƥȻФ˹׸̻ǫʬɤμ̻δؤäɤʬΥڥ󥰤μ̻νн򼨤Ƥǽ⤤θǴ궯ѤƤä̤ȤơȤ "anchor texts" 뤳ȤȤ LALME Ƥ "fit-technique" ŬѤơ¾ΥƥȤϿ޾˥ץåȤƤä --- ϥǥϤڤ --- ΤǤ롥
LAEME οϡLALME տ魯ǯä (questionnaire) ȤˤäáʸˡŪդʤƥȤŻҥѥ¨ʤμܤбǤ褦˽ΤǤ롥äȤ⡤оݤȤƥȤʸФƴʤ륿դԤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ˼̻ˤ˴ؤä椨ԴˤȤɤޤʤɺʷаޤ⤢ä褦ץȤλ־⤢ꡤǽŪˤϽѸŪʥѥȤϤʤʤäΤΡդ줿65줫ʤ롤Ʋ븦ġ˻ž夬äȤ櫓ƱαѸˡΤˤϡʤƤϤʤʤɬܥġǤ롥
ġȤƤ LAEME κĹϡƥȤŰƬŰ "diplomatic" Ǥ뤳ȤǥǤʤܤֻ˸¤ʤ¤ǤȤ롤θʸФ "diplomatic" ٤ϡ¾ǤϤۤȤ򸫽ФȤǤʤ伫ȤʸѤäˤʤä꤬ġǤ롥ʾ塤Lowe (1126) ˰͵򤷤Ƽɮ

Lowe, Kathryn A. "Resources: Early Textual Resources." Chapter 71 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1119--31.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-18-1]

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2019-09-20 Fri

#3798. űѸδˤʬ [punctuation][writing][scribe][manuscript][distinctiones][anglo-saxon][orthography][hyphen]

Ѹɽˤññδ֤˶ʬ񤭤νˤĤƤϡ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ϤȤ distinctiones γƵǼ夲ƤνϳΤ˸űѸˤ⸫줿Τ٤̤ȯãǤꡤޤDzϴʳˤä¤ΤȤ³ѸǤ⵬ϤȤƴϤʤäΤǡűѸʬ񤭤δˤ򳵴ѤƤСѸΤδˤΤȤΤǤ롥
Baker ϡűѸˤñʬ񤭡ñǤιԸ٤˴ؤ "Word- and line-division" (159--60) ꤹߤƤ롥ʲʬ񤭤ˤĤƤβ⡥

Word-division is far less consistent in Old English than in Modern English; it is, in fact, less consistent in Old English manuscripts than in Latin written by Anglo-Saxon scribes. You may expect to see the following peculiarities.

spaces between the elements of compounds, e.g. aldor mon;
spaces between words and their prefixes and suffixes, e.g. be æftan, gewit nesse;
spaces at syllable divisions, e.g. len gest;
prepositions, adverbs and pronouns attached to the following words, e.g. uuiþbret walū, hehæfde;
many words, especially short ones, run together, e.g. þær þeherice hæfde.

The width of the spaces between words and word-elements is quite variable in most Old English manuscripts, and it is often difficult to decide whether a scribe intended a space. 'Diplomatic' editions, which sometimes attempt to reproduce the word-division of manuscripts, cannot represent in print the variability of the spacing on a hand-written page.


³ơñǤιԸ٤ΰˤĤơ

Most scribes broke words freely at the ends of lines. Usually the break takes place at a syllabic boundary, e.g. ofsle-gen (= ofslægen), sū-ne (= sumne), heo-fonum. Occasionally, however, a scribe broke a word elsewhere, e.g. forhæf-dnesse. Some scribes marked word-breaks with a hyphen, but many did not mark them in any way.


űѸˤϥեȤäƤ̻ȤȤζɵ椬̲Τϡ#2698. hyphen ([2016-09-15-1]) ǽҤ٤褦16ȾΤȤǤ롥
ʾꡤűѸʬ񤭤δˤҤƤˡδˤʬ

Baker, Peter S. Introduction to Old English. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-22-1]

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2019-03-13 Wed

#3607. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (3) [spelling][orthography][minim][vowel][spelling_pronunciation_gap][eme][scribe][anglo-norman]

ɸ˴Ϣϡ#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1])#2453. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (2) ([2016-01-14-1])#3513. come some ֻ ([2018-12-09-1])#3574. <o> ɽ蘆첻 --- donkey vs monkey ([2019-02-08-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥϡ<u> <o> ˤѡפȤֻѸʬۤ礵Ƥäаޤ˾Ƥ Wełna ʸ˰͵򤷤ĤġԸθҲ𤷤
Ѹ monk, son, tongue ʤɤˤߤ <o> ֻϡŪˤ <u> äΤѸʹߤ <o> ֤ʤ줿ΤǤ롥֤ʤͳϡ˥󥯤ĥäǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡ̤ "minim avoidance" Ȥ롥[2016-01-11-1]εǽҤ٤褦ˡ첻ɽ <u> ϥåΤǤϽ (minim) 2ܤ¤٤ <<ıı>> Τ褦˽񤫤줿Ʊ鹽 <m>, <n>, <u>, <v>, <w> ʤɤʸ¤־ˤϡʸɤζ̤񤷤ʤ롥Ѥ路򤱤뤿ˡѸμ̻첻ɽ <u> <o> ִפȤȤ
Ѹ˸ˤƤϡ"minim avoidance" ʳβƤƤ碌4Ĥۤɤβ Wełna (306--07) ꡤñ˾Ҳ𤷤褦

(1) Υե󥹸䥢󥰥ΥޥǤߤ줿 <u> <o> ֻ (ex. baron ? barun) Ѹˤ⤿餵줿
(2) "minim avoidance"
(3) ΥޥΥե󥹸 [o] [u] ؤȾ夲ФѲֻˤȿǤ줿
(4) ե󥹸ֻˤʤä /y(ː)/ <u> б̡/u/ бֻɬפȤʤä

Τ褦˽⤢ʤ (2) ͭϤȤʤäƤ櫓ºݤˤֻܤĴ٤Ƥ (2) βǤ٤Ƥλ㤬줤櫓ǤϤʤϤʤ꺮٤ȤƤ褦ΤʤǤѸξ˴ؤŪǤ¤ Morsbach ˴ŤƤޤȤСΤ褦ˤʤ (Wełna 306)

a. the 12th century English manuscripts employ the spelling <u>;
b. the first o-spellings emerge in the latter half of the 12th century;
c. <o> for <u> is still rare in the early 13th century and is absent in Ormulum, Katherine, Vices and Virtues, Proclamation, and several other texts;
d. from the latter half of the 13th century onwards the frequency of <o> grows, which results in both old <u> and new <o> spellings randomly used in texts composed even by the same scribe.


Ρ֥פʬۤѸˤޤDZ䡹³ƤȤˤʤ롥ꤴ襤Ǥ롥

Wełna, Jerzy. "<U> or <O>: A Dilemma of the Middle English Scribal Practice." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 305--23.
Morsbach, Lorenz. Mittelenglische Grammatik. Halle: Max Niemayer, 1896.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-08-21-1] [2019-03-14-1]

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2018-01-24 Wed

#3194. Υޥ塤Ѹ줬ѤʤʤäȤؤò [norman_conquest][me_text][scribe][manuscript][alliteration][laeme][bible]

Worcester Cathedral, Dean and Chapter Library F 174 Ȥܤ Fol. 63r, lines 14--28 ˡˤƬ򼨤ûƥȤƤ롥ꥸʥϸűѸǽ񤫤Ƥ褦ΥƥȤθϤǤ˽ѸŪħ򼨤Ƥ롥ܤϤ餯132Ⱦ (C13a2) ΩΥƥȤľˤ Ælfic Grammar Glossary ľˤ "Body and Soul" ˴ؤƬƤ롥Τ "Worcester tremulous hand" ȤΤ̻ˤäƽ񤫤Ƥ롥
ƥȤƤϡɸ˼褦ˡΥޥ˶ʤɤθŪʾ̤DZѸ줬ѤʤʤäƤޤäȤؤòǤ롥θűѸˤϱѸǶ餬Ԥʤ졤󥰥ɤʸŪȿǤƤΤˡѸäʤΥޥͤդȤʤäƤޤäƤ롤˸ơò路Ȥ衤Ȥݤ
ݥȤϡl. 15 l. 18 Ǥ롥űѸˤϥ󥰥ͤζդѸǿ͡򶵰餷Ƥ (l. 15)ΥޥκǤϡ¾ο͡סʤΦϤäƤΥޥͤ¾θǡ˿͡򶵰餷Ƥȡ񤭼òƤ롥Ѹ줬Ūϰ̤鿶Ȥ졤䤫󤶤줿ͻҤ狼롥Dickins and Wilson (2) ΥƥȤ򼨤

[S]anctus Beda was iboren her on Breotene mid us, 
And he wisliche [bec] awende 
Þet þeo Englise leoden þurh weren ilerde. 
And he þeo c[not]ten unwreih, þe questiuns hoteþ, 
Þa derne diȝelnesse þe de[or]wurþe is.5
Ælfric abbod, þe we Alquin hoteþ, 
He was bocare, and þe [fif] bec wende, 
Genesis, Exodus, Vtronomius, Numerus, Leuiticus, 
Þu[rh] þeos weren ilærde ure leoden on Englisc. 
Þet weren þeos biscop[es þe] bodeden Cristendom,10
Wilfrid of Ripum, Iohan of Beoferlai, Cuþb[ert] of Dunholme, 
Oswald of Wireceastre, Egwin of Heoueshame, Æld[elm] of 
Malmesburi, Swiþþun, Æþelwold, Aidan, Biern of Wincæstre, 
[Pau]lin of Rofecæstre, S. Dunston, and S. Ælfeih of Cantoreburi. 
Þeos læ[rden] ure leodan on Englisc,15
Næs deorc heore liht, ac hit fæire glod. 
[Nu is] þeo leore forleten, and þet folc is forloren. 
Nu beoþ oþre leoden þeo læ[reþ] ure folc, 
And feole of þen lorþeines losiæþ and þet folc forþ mid. 
Nu sæiþ [ure] Drihten þus, Sicut aquila prouocat pullos suos ad volandum, et super eo[s uolitat.]20
This beoþ Godes word to worlde asende, 
Þet we sceolen fæier feþ [festen to Him.] 


l. 20 ΥƥϡDeuteronomy 32:11 ꡥThe King James Version бսѤ "As an eagle stirs up her nest, flutters over her young, spreads abroad her wings, takes them, bears them on her wings: / So the Lord alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him." (ll. 11--12) Ȥ롥褽褿ֿפ¤ޤȤä
μܤˤĤƤϡLAEME ξ⻲ȡ

Dickins, Bruce and R. M. Wilson, eds. Early Middle English Texts. London: Bowes, 1951.

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2017-06-14 Wed

#2970. ʬ񤭤ȯ³񤭤 [punctuation][writing][scribe][manuscript][inscription][distinctiones]

񵭤ˤʬ (distinctiones) ˤĤƤϡ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#2695. Ѹˤʬ񤭤ζ̡ ([2016-09-12-1])#2696. ʬ񤭡ɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ ([2016-09-13-1]) ʤɤȤƤ⡤ʬ񤭤ˤβ߽ФƤȯʤǤꡤᤫ鼫ǼδǤä櫓ǤϤʤȤ򡤺ٳǧƤ
Τν񵭤ˤǤϡʬ񤭰ˡĹ³ (scriptura continua) λ夬äCrystal (3)

Word-spaces are the norm today; but it wasn't always so. It's not difficult to see why. We don't actually need them to understand language. We don't use them when we speak, and fluent readers don't put pauses between words as they read aloud. Read this paragraph out loud, and you'll probably pause at the commas and full stops, but you won't pause between the words. They run together. So, if we think of writing purely as a way of putting speech down on paper, there's no reason to think of separating the words by spaces. And that seems to be how early writers thought, for unspaced text (often called, in Latin, scriptura continua) came to be a major feature of early Western writing, in both Greek and Latin. From the first century AD we find most texts throughout the Roman Empire without words being separated at all. It was thus only natural for missionaries to introduce unspaced writing when they arrived in England.


Ѹν񵭤ˤ˴ؤ¤ꡤűѸޤǤˤϸȸʬ䤹벿餫λŪˡϺ褦ˤʤäƤCrystal (8--9) ˤС͡ˡ¸줿Ȥʰʲΰˤ "Undley bracteate" ˤĤƤϡ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ

People experimented with word division. Some inscriptions have the words separated by a circle (as with the Undley bracteate) or a raised dot. Some use small crosses. Gradually we see spaces coming in but often in a very irregular way, with some words spaced and others not --- what is sometimes called an 'aerated' script. Even in the eleventh century, less than half the inscriptions in England had all the words separated.


ͤƤߤС򺣤ΥǥǤ⡤ʬ񤭤μʤʣ롥URLե̾ʸʤɡͳǶ򤱤뷹ˤϡ㤨 "this is an example of separation" ɽȤˡΤ褦ʥꥨ󤬹ͤ (Crystal 8--9 ε⻲ȡˡ

thisisanexampleofwordseparation
this.is.an.example.of.word.separation
this+is+an+example+of+word+separation
this_is_an_example_of_word_separation
this-is-an-example-of-word-separation
thiSiSaNexamplEoFworDseparatioN
ThisIsAnExampleOfWordSeparation


ϡ̣ scriptura continua ɤĤĤȤΤ⤷ʤ³񤭤뤹ܸ񵭤ν֤

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-08-27-1] [2017-06-15-1]

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2016-12-15 Thu

#2789. Ѹ Engl&Ѹ 7honge [writing][netspeak][grammatology][grapheme][abbreviation][owl_and_nightingale][word_play][manuscript][scribe]

#817. Netspeak ˤάɽ ([2011-07-23-1]) Ǹ褦ˡͥåȾǤȽ (rebus) θˤʸͷӤȤ⤤άɽޤäƤ롥<Thx2U> (= Thanks to you) <4U> (= For you) <CUL8R> (= See you later) <Engl&> (= England) Τ褦ͷӿޤʸǤ롥ο䵭 <&> ϡɽʸʵˤɽŪѤƤȤƶ̣줾̣ϼξݤ[tuː], [fɔː], [eɪt], [ənd] ȤɽɽʸȤƵǽƤ롥
ϸͤθͷӤˤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ¤ϸŤ̤˹ԤʤƤ㤨С³ and ɽ魯Τ˸Ť <&> ǤϤʤ <7> ˻ <⁊ > Ȥ (Tironian et) ѤƤʡ#1835. viz. ([2014-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡơ줬³ and ɽ魯ΤȤƤǤϤʤ¾θΰʤ [and] ɽ魯ΤȤɽŪѤ㤬ä³ϡƱͤ˼夤ȯǤϸФæΤǡ[and] Ǥʤ [an] 뤤 [a] ɽʸȤƤⵡǽ㤨СThe Owl and the Nightingale 顤l. 1195 ˸ưβʬ anhonge Ƭ an- Tironian et ǽ񤫤Ƥꡤ<<⁊honge>> ȼܤ˸롥Ʊ褦ˡl. 1200 ưβʬ astorue <<⁊storue>> Ƚ񤫤ƤꡤƬ a- Tironian et ɽ蘆Ƥ롥
񤭼ͷӿ⤢Ǥûڤ˽񤭤Ȥפ⤢񤭼λפȡλפʤϡΤ⺣ⲿѤʤ

Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-14-1] [2016-12-16-1]

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2016-09-29 Thu

#2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ [eme][me_dialect][manuscript][orthography][spelling][standardisation][scribe][ormulum][ab_language][spelling_reform]

ѸֻɸಽˤϡȥɸŪʤΤ뤬ΥޥνѸˤϤ줬̵˵Ѹˤʤäƽ˺ɸಽѸɸಽʤߡ17--18ɸֻΩ绨ĤǤ롥γѤˤСѸֻɸबޤǤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥ϤǴְäƤϤʤֻɸȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ٰӤֻȤȤǤСλˤĿͤ侮ĤΥ٥ǼƤפĤ롥褯ΤƤΤϡ(1) "AB language" ֻ, (2) Ormulum κ Orm ֻ(3) ֥ƥ Brut 򥢥󥰥եǤ Laȝamon ֻǤ롥
(1) "AB language" ̾ϡƻΤλ Ancrene Wisse ޤ Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 402 Ȥ (= A) ȡϢ佡ޤ Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 34 μ (=B) ͳ褹롥2ܡʵڤӴϢ뤤ĤμܡˤˤϡʤӤֻηϤѤƤꡤʣμ̻ˤäƤ줬ѤƤ뤳Ȥ顤餯13Ⱦˡνƻܼ濴Ȥʤäơɸֻ夲ߤʤƤΤȿ¬Ƥ롥
(2) Orm ϡLincolnshire ΥƥνƻΤǡ1200ǯˡʬ䤹ʪ Ormulum 路¸ͣΥƥȤ2ԤĶʸǤꡤ줬äۤɰӤֻǽ񤫤Ƥ롥Orm ϡ첻̤ˤäƸ³ҲŤͤʤɤιɵ椷äֻηϤԤߤʬκʤǼΤǤ롥 Orm ֻϡ¾μܤˤहΤȯƤ餺ƸĿŪֻɸಽλϸ16θŪֻԤȤäƤ褤
(3) Laȝamon ϡWorcestershire λʺפǡ13Ƭ˱ʸǯ嵭ʸDZѸǤ˸ŤᤫʤäƤȤܤƬ (alliteration) 䡤ʸáֻ褵Υ른åʷϵ򤫤⤹ȤLaȝamon ϡºݤ˸űѸˤäֻɤ̤ȤơˤűѸֻռŪѤðۤǤꡤ򤢤θĿŪֻɸಽλߤȤߤ뤳Ȥǽ
ʾ塤Horobin (98--102) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

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2016-09-13 Tue

#2696. ʬ񤭡ɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ [punctuation][medium][writing][scribe][distinctiones]

ε#2695. Ѹˤʬ񤭤ζ̡ ([2016-09-12-1]) ˰³ʬ񤭤˴Ϣꡥ
#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡʬ񤭤δȯˤϡƥȤ륢ɤνƻΤθسؽƥ˥åͿƤʬ񤭤˹׸װϡФǤϤʤCrystal (10--13) ˤС7ޤǤȯãƤɽ䡤St Augustine ˤ륭ꥹȶˡȤʸŪҲŪװͿƤ
ɽȯãȤȤϡ񤭸դäդȤ϶̤ΤȤƵǽ褦ˤʤäȤȤǤꡤɤ߼ͥϺȤȤǤ롥̤δ餤С³񤭤ġɤߤˤפؤδƤƤΤȤϡֶΤߤʤ餺ˡ (punctuation) ̤ȯãˤط

By the seventh century in England, word-spacing had become standard practice, reflecting a radical change that had taken place in reading habits. Silent reading was now the norm. Written texts were being seen not as aids to reading aloud, but as self-contained entities, to be used as a separate source of information and reflection from whatever could be gained from listening and speaking. It is the beginning of a view of language, widely recognized today, in which writing and speech are seen as distinct mediums of expression, with different communicative aims and using different processes of composition. And this view is apparent in the efforts scribes made to make the task of reading easier, with the role of spacing and other methods of punctuation becoming increasingly appreciated. (Crystal 10)


ˡꥹȶȤδطǤСSt Augustine ʤɤνꥹȶζ㤬ŪᤰäƥƥȤ̯ʺۤˤ򼨤Ȥʬ񤭤ޤˡŻ뤹뷹߽ФȤ

The origins of the change are not simply to do with the development of new habits of reading. They are bound up with the emergence of Christianity in the West, and the influential views of writers such as St Augustine. Book 3 of his (Latin) work On Christian Doctrine, published in the end of the fourth century AD, is entitled: 'On interpretation required by the ambiguity of signs', and in its second chapter we are given a 'rule for removing ambiguity by attending to punctuation'. Augustine gives a series of Latin examples where the placing of a punctuation mark in an unpunctuated text makes all the difference between two meanings. The examples are of the kind used today when people want to draw attention to the importance of punctuation, as in the now infamous example of the panda who eats, shoots and leaves vs eats shoots and leaves. But for Augustine, this is no joke, as the location of a mark can distinguish important points of theological interpretation, and in the worst case can make all the difference between orthodoxy and heresy. (Crystal 12--13)


ޤ嵭2ȤŪ˴ؤ뤬ֶʤǤϤȤƤɤ˴ʤΥƥȤ褦ˤʤäȤ⡤ʬ񤭤δ¥ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤä㤨СʸϤǤϤʤñ콸Ȥ٤ glossary तǤ롥μñϤ⤽˺ϿѡѤǤꡤФɤ߾夲ȤϡƳǧӤǻȤ뤳Ȥ¿ȸζ뤳Ȥä׵ᤵƥȤȤäƤ褤 (Crystal 10--11)
Τ褦˸ߤ˴Ϣ뤤ĤʸŪҲŪ̮űѸ7ޤǤ˹ήʬ񤭤δޤδǧʤΤΡ褽̲ȹͤ롤

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

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2016-09-12 Mon

#2695. Ѹˤʬ񤭤ζ [punctuation][manuscript][writing][scribe][word][prosody][oe][inscription][distinctiones]

αѸν񵭤Ǥ뤵Ƥʬ (distinctiones) ŤˤǤϤʤष³ (scriptio continua) ̤äȤˤĤơ#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ǽҤ٤ºݡűѸʸʤɤǤϸζڤ꤬ʤΤ¿űѸѸμܤˤƤ⸽ΰӤʬ񤭤ϤޤãƤʤ
ʬ񤭤ȤݤΤΤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ǤߤǽΥ롼ʸʸǤ顤ȸδ֤˶ǤϤʤȤ⾮ݤ֤Ƥꡤʬ񤭤ԤʤƤȤ狼뤷7餤ޤǤˤϼܤ˵줿ѸˤƤ⡤֤ζϹԤʤƤݥȤϡֹԤʤƤפȤȡָ˰ӤƹԤʤƤפȤȤϰۤʤȤȤʬ񤭤ؤΰܹԤϡŤ³񤭤ξ˿ʬ񤭤ˡˤ֤äƤǤꡤξν¸ߤ֤ĹäΤǤ롥Ѹζˡ (punctuation) ˤˤĤư̤˸褦ˡֶεϤ뤳ȤϤʤޤǽ񤭼Ŀͤΰջ֤Ǽͳ˥ȥ뤷Ƥ褤ʪä
񤭼ˤ϶֤֤ʤμͳͿƤǤϤʤ֤ˡɤĹΥڡ뤫ȤͳͿƤ礦ɸѸʣˤơ2Ǵ֤Υʤ֤뤫 (flowerpot)ϥե뤫 (flower-pot)Υ֤뤫 (flower pot) 񤭼ȽǤ˰ѤͤƤΤȻ褦ʾǤ롥䡤ξˤϤ3Ĥ褷ʤξˤ϶̯̤ˤĴȤʥŪʼͳͿƤΤǤ롥㤨С礭Ūñ̤̣Ūñ̤ޤȤᤢ뤿Ĺζ֤줿ꡤǥ٥ξñ̤ζɽ魯Τ˶Ϥʶ֤ʤɡ񤭼θ촶Фܾ̯ȿǤ줿
Crystal (11-12) ϤξÆlfric ⶵ󤲤Ƥ롥

Very often, some spaces are larger than others, probably reflecting a scribe's sense of the way words relate in meaning to each other. A major sense-break might have a larger space. Words that belong closely together might have a small one. It's difficult to show this in modern print, where word-spaces tend to be the same width, but scribes often seemed to think like this:

     we bought   a cup of tea   in the cafe

The 'little' words, such as prepositions, pronouns, and the definite article, are felt to 'belong' to the following content words. Indeed, so close is this sense of binding that many scribes echo earlier practice and show them with no separation at all. Here's a transcription of two lines from one of Ælfric's sermons, dated around 990.

     þærwæronðagesewene twegenenglas onhwitumgẏrelū;
     þær wæron ða gesewene twegen englas on hwitum gẏrelū;
     
     'there were then seen two angels in white garments'
     
     
     Eacswilc onhisacennednẏsse wæronenglasgesewene'.
     Eacswilc on his acennednẏsse wæron englas gesewene'.
     
     'similarly at his birth were angels seen'

The word-strings, separated by spaces, reflect the grammatical structure and units of sense within the sentence.


äդǤϡٻ (pause) (intonation) ĴʤɤޤƼαΧŪʼʤǤȻ褦ʵǽ̤Ȥǽ񤭸դǤˡͿƤȤΤϡषˤϸʤħȤ٤Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1910. ٻߡ ([2014-07-20-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

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2016-03-22 Tue

#2521. Ѹ113 "such" ΰֻ [spelling][eme][laeme][corpus][scribe][me_dialect][representativeness]

ε#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1]) ³ϽѸ쥳ѥ LAEME "such" ΰֻФƤߤ (see #1262. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (1) ([2012-10-10-1])) θϡѸǤϷƻ졤졤³ȤѤ졤ƻξˤ϶ޤ⤹ΤǡΤȤ͡ʷ֤롥ե٥åȽ˰褦ʤäοͤʸڤ١ˡ

hsƿucche (1), schilke (1), schuc (3), scli (1), scuche (1), sec (1), secc (1), secche (1), sech (2), seche (1), selk (1), selke (1), shuc (1), shuch (1), siche (1), silc (1), silk (3), sli (1), slic (5), sliik (1), slik (3), slike (1), slk (1), sly (1), soch (5), soche (1), solchere (1), suc (2), sucche (2), such (51), suche (1), suecche (1), suech (1), sueche (1), sueh (1), sug (1), suic (1), suicchne (1), suich (12), suiche (3), suilc (14), suilce (1), suilch (1), suilk (1), suilke (2), sulch (1), sulche (1), sulk (1), sulke (1), suuche (1), suweche (1), suwilk (1), suyc (1), suych (4), suyche (1), svich (2), sƿche (1), sƿic (3), sƿicche (1), sƿich (1), sƿiche (14), sƿichne (1), sƿilc (30), sƿilch (22), sƿilche (1), sƿilcne (1), sƿilk (14), sƿillc (10), sƿillke (2), sƿi~lch (1), sƿlche (1), sƿuc (4), sƿucch (1), sƿucche (4), sƿucches (1), sƿuch (1), sƿuche (1), sƿuchne (1), sƿuilc (1), sƿulc (8), sƿulce (1), sƿulche (9), swch (1), swecche (1), swech (1), sweche (2), swich (5), swiche (1), swics (1), swil (1), swilc (5), swilce (1), swilk (2), swilke (2), swilkee (2), swlc (1), swlch (1), swlche (1), swlchere (1), swlcne (1), swuche (2), swuh (1), swulcere (1), swulch (3), swulchen (1), swulchere (1), swulke (1), swulne (1), zuich (10), zuiche (14), zuichen (3), zuych (10), zuyche (2)


ʸȾʸζ̤ϤĤˡ113ֻʸڤ롥Τʤ٤ˤƥȥå5ֻȴФȡsuch, sƿilc, sƿilch, sƿilk, sƿiche Ȥʤꡤ5369ĤΤ131 (35.5%) 롥
θѸ줫134ȹ碌ʣֻ򸺻ȡѸΤȤ247ΰֻ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ѤϿޤ䥳ѥɬŪǤϤʤΤǡϹʿͤȻפ롥㤨СMED swich (adj.) ˷ǤƤֻäСϤ⤦

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-16-1]

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2016-03-21 Mon

#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ [spelling][lme][lalme][corpus][scribe][me_dialect][frequency]

#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1]) ˰³ѸˤˤֻѰۤˤĤơϡֻμ¿ɾΤʡ "such" 夲롥
#1622. eLALME ([2013-10-05-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ѸϿ LALME βŻ eLALME ˤơItem List 10 "such" 򰷤äƤ롥ΰֻȴФȡԳΤƾܤ˿Ƥ⡤ʲ134ब󤬤ʤäοͤʸڤ١ˡ

asoche (1), aswyche (1), schch (1), schech (1), scheche (3), schiche (1), schoche (1), scht (1), schuc (1), schuch (3), schuche (4), schut (1), schute (1), sclik (2), sclike (1), sclyk (2), sclyke (2), scoche (1), scwche (1), sech (8), seche (39), sewyche (2), shich (1), shiche (1), shoch (1), shoche (1), shuch (5), shuche (3), shych (1), sic (6), sic- (1), sich (53), siche (101), sick (1), sɩͨh (1), sik (1), sik- (1), sike (2), silk (3), sli (1), slieke (1), slik (10), slike (26), slilk (2), slkyke (1), slyk (13), slyke (26), soch (12), soche (60), souche (3), sowche (2), soyche (1), squike (1), squilk (2), squylk (1), sqwych (1), sqwyche (1), sswiche (1), suc (1), succh (1), sucche (5), such (242), suche (375), suchee (1), sucheȝ (1), suchet (1), sucht (1), suchte (1), suech (4), sueche (6), suhc (1), suhe (1), suich (9), suiche (7), suilk (6), suilk- (1), suilke (3), suilkin (1), sulc (1), sulk (4), sulke (2), sutche (1), suth (1), suuch (1), suuche (1), suuech (1), suueche (1), suych (13), suyche (15), suylk (7), suylke (6), svche (1), sviche (1), swc (1), swch (7), swche (4), swech (19), sweche (48), swelk (4), swhiche (2), swhilke (2), swhych (2), swhyche (1), swic (2), swich (77), swiche (84), swichee (1), swilc (3), swilk (76), swilke (45), swilkes (1), swisɩͨhe (1), swlk (1), swlke (1), swuch (3), swuche (2), swych (56), swyche (65), swyeche (1), swyk (1), swyke (1), swyl (1), swylk (62), swylke (35), swylle (1), syc- (1), sych (23), syche (67), syge (1), syk (4), syk- (1), syke (5), sylk (3), sylke (2)


̤ٳ뤷٤פȡȥå10 suche, such, siche, swiche, swich, swilk, syche, swyche, swylk, soche Ǥ롥ȥåפ2 suche such ϸѸ򸫴ƤԤˤȤäơʬQŪˤߤºݡ2617㤬ʸڤ졤1867Τۤ3ʬ1롥ޤȥåפ10ǡۤ3ʬ2롥äơֻ¿뤫ȤäơΤޤ޴ʤ뺮٤ȤȤˤϤʤʤΤ褦ʻϡѸ¿ֻǧ¿θˤĤǧ졤٤Τʤˤ⤢٤餷ΤɤäƤȤ롥ȤƤ⡤ν񤭼ɤ߼ˤȤäƤϤϤؤʾä˰㤤ʤˤĤƤϡ#1311. ֻɸಽϤʤɬפ ([2012-11-28-1])#1450. Ѹֻ¿ϤϤؤǤ ([2013-04-16-1]) ̤Ǥ롥
ѸḽνĴ٤СäȰֻμŵϼǰˤΤΡ500ۤɤȤ򸫤Ȥ롦

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2015-10-26 Mon

#2373.  [punctuation][printing][manuscript][scribe]

ѸܤʤɤǸ֢פǤ롥ѸǤϡ"plicrow", "paragraph mark", "paragraph sign" ʤɤȸƤФ롥P(aragraph) 򺸸ˤΤȻפǤĴ٤뵡񤬤ꡤǤϤʤΤä餤СC α2ŽФΤȤȤ
Parkes (302) ˤȡΤμܤνλꡤȤäŪˤޤȤޤäñ̤ʸϤǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Τˡ͡ʵ椬ȤƤƥȤΤʤ򰷤ʬ꤬̿ϤޤȤˡ̣ capitulum (kapitulum) Ƭʸäơ.K.פɽ㤬Фи줿ޤC Ȥˤ₵פ֢פȯãԤ˴ޤޤ2Žϡ̻˼񤭤٤ս򼨤Τˡ//פΤ褦2ܼѤȤͳ褹롥Ρ//׼ΤγϤɽ魯Τ˽ʬʵǽƤᡤΤޤȤƤѤ褦ˤʤäǽȤơλϤˡ֦áס֦ס֡פʤɤդ paragraphus δȯãƤ (Parkes 305)
ȯãξܺ٤Ĵ٤Ƥʤɤ餳ν椬ǽȷξ̤ˤƹήparaph ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤɵ椬ΩƤΤ餷ɽȤƸޤǼѤƤΤ֢פȤȤˤʤ롥
Ѹν񤭸դǤϡ򼨤ˤϡʥǥȡˤѤΤŪŻʸʤɤǤ˰̲ĤĤΤȼʤ1ԶǤ롥δϡܸν񤭸դˤƤǤȯŪ˳ȤäƤȻפ롥
ŪãʡϤɤǤ졤Ȥʤ뤤ϤहŪñ̤򼨤Ȥߵϡź˽񤭼ΤˤäȤȤ
ܥ֥ǰä⤦1ĤζɵˤĤƤϡ#1274. hedera, or ivy-leaf ([2012-10-22-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Parkes, M. B. Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West. Aldershot: Scholar P, 1992.

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2015-10-21 Wed

#2368. űѸ sprecen r ξü [phonetics][manuscript][scribe][pchron]

Ѹ speak, speech ϡ줾ŪˤϸűѸ sprecan, sprǣc ʤɤ̤뤬ˤβ r üƤȤ˵Ťɥĸб sprechen, Sprache ˤ r ޤޤƤ뤳ȤʬȤꡤr ޤॲޥĸ̤εǤ (PGmn *sprekan, *sprǣkjō)
OED 츻ŵĴ٤ȡѸθˤ r ξüϤǤ˸űѸ줫ѻ졤11ˤϰŪˤʤäǡŤ r ֤ͭ12ȾаʹߤѤƤä r ξüϡOHG, MHG, MDu. бˤƤ⵩˸褦ѸǤȤƤ pang (< ME prange) ȤƤۤɤˤǤϤʤȤ餫Ǥ롥
εҤˤ11--12˿θȶ¸ߤ줿Ȥˤʤ뤬MED ǵ sprēcen (v.) ȡ󤲤ƤΤۤȤɤ The Peterborough Chronicle Ǥ롥131ĵ󤲤Ƥ뤬12ȾȾФˤƽ񤫤줿 The Peterborough Chronicle r ξѤ򼨤¾ǸΥƥȤȤߤʤƤ褤
礦ɺǶ The Peterborough Chronicle 1123ǯɤǤơr 򼨤̣˽вäEarle and Plummer Ǥ餽βսѤ롥

. . . se king rad in his der fald and se biscop Roger of Seres byrig on an half him. and se biscop Rotbert Bloet of Lincolne on oðer half him. 7 riden þær sp`r'ecende.


Henry I ֤ȼĤ˽Ф֤٤򤷤ʤϤ˾äƤ륷Ǥ롥ѤκǸ˸ʬȤ֤Ƥ sp`r'ecende θ̻Ϻǽ specende ֤ꡤθ r p פ롥r ΰ֤ˤĤƤϥ쥹ߥȹͤƤ褤̣Τϡr 虜虜ơƱƥ¾ sprecon ʤɤη֤ȹ碌Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥
μ̻ιưưƤߤ褦餯̻äդˤơǤ r Τʤ specen Τ褦ʷ֤̤äΤǤϤʤǡפ鷺񤭸վǤ specende ֤äƤޤäʸϸˤƤϡޤǤˤǤ˸ŤᤫʼĥäӤӤ褦ˤʤäѰ۷ sprecen Τۤդ路Ȼפľr ΤǤϤʤ1121ǯΤ "Copied Annals" ̤ʤǡμ̻ϸűѸɸŪʽ񤭸դǸ֤뤳Ȥ˴Ƥꡤ³ "First Continuation" ʬ񤯺ݤˤ⡤äƤפ餳˸롥̻ r ϡΤ褦ʸ̮ΤʤªɬפΤǤϤʤ
⤷ΥʥꥪȤСsprecen r üƤäΤߤʤ餺12ȾˤƿƷӤӤƤ register ָȤȤˤʤ롥

Earle, John and Charles Plummer, eds. Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel with Supplementary Extracts from the Others. London: OUP, 1892. 2 vols.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-10-20-1]

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2014-12-15 Mon

#2058. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (1) [french][etymological_respelling][latin][grammatology][manuscript][scribe][silent_reading][renaissance][hfl]

ε#2056. ե󥹸ȱѸˤ츻Ūֻδط (1) ([2014-12-13-1]) ǡե󥹸θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ʊ۵ɤ̤ΤäȤ˿줿ե󥹸ˤƸ츻ŪֻΤ褦ʵǽȤȤϡ̤δСե󥹸νηϤɽ (phonographic) ɽ (logographic) ؤȰŤȤɽǤ롥Τ褦ɽʸηϤؤܶ᤬ѸǤѸ줫ѸˤƤΤƱͤˡե󥹸Ǥϸʩ줫ʩˤƤषե󥹸ǤξѸ˿ʤǤcf. #1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1])
ե󥹸ξ˴ؤƤϡʤѸˤǤϤʤե󥹸ˤΰʤΤǡե󥹸˳äƤߤʲPerret (138) Ѥ褦ޤϡʩνηϤɽŪǤȤ꤫顥

L'ancien français : une écriture phonétique
. . . . dans la mesure où l'on disposait de graphèmes pour rendre les son que l'on entendait, l'écriture était simplement phonétique (feré pour fairé, souvent pour quí) . . . .


Perret (138--39) ³ơʩνηϤɽˤĤƼΤ褦˳⤷Ƥ롥

Le moyen français : une écriture idéographique
À partir du XIIIe siècle, la transmission des textes cesse d'être uniquement orale, la prose commence à prendre de l'importance : on écrit aussi des textes juridiques et administratifs en français. Avec la prose apparaît une ponctuation très différente de celle que nous connaissons : les textes sont scandés par des lettrines de couleur, alternativement rouges et bleues, qui marquent le plus souvent des débuts de paragraphes, mais pas toujours, et des points qui correspondent à des pauses, généralement en fin de syntagme, mais pas forcément en fin de phrase. Les manuscrits deviennent moins rares et font l'objet d'un commerce, ils ne sont plus recopiés par des moines, mais des scribes séculiers qui utilisent une écriture rapide avec de nombreuses abréviations. On change d'écriture : à l'écriture caroline succèdent les écritures gothique et bâtarde dans lesquelles certains graphèmes (les u, n et m en particulier) sont réduits à des jambages. C'est à partir de ce moment qu'apparaissent les premières transformations de l'orthographe, les ajouts de lettres plus ou moins étymologiques qui ont parfois une fonction discriminante. C'est entre le XIVe et le XVIe siècle que s'imposent les orthographes hiver, pied, febve (où le b empêche la lecture ‘feue’), mais (qui se dintingue ainsi de mes); c'est alors aussi que se développent le y, le x et le z à la finale des mots. Mais si certains choix étymologiques ont une fonction discrminante réelle, beaucoup semblent n'avoir été ajoutés, pour le plaisir des savants, qu'afin de rapprocher le mot français de son étymon latin réel ou supposé (savoir s'est alors écrit sçavoir, parce qu'on le croyait issu de scire, alors que ce mot vient de sapere). C'est à ce moment que l'orthographe française devient de type idéographique, c'est-à-dire que chaque mot commence à avoir une physionomie particulière qui permet de l'identifier par appréhension globale. La lecture à haute voix n'est plus nécessaire pour déchiffrer un texte, les mots peuvent être reconnus en silence par la méthode globale.


ѤκǸˤ褦ˡɽʸηϤȯãɽȯãȴϢŤƤȤ¤˱ԤƶǤ롥˽Фɤ߾夲ݤˤϡȯľ˷ӤĤɽʸηϤΤۤդ路ɤε񤬸ꡤɤ̾ɤˤʤäƤȡľ뤷䤹ȹͤɽɽաʸηϤդ路Ȥ⤤ (cf. #1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1])#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])) ɤɤؤžɽʸɽʸؤžȻŪˤ褽פȤȤˤʤСξԤδط򵿤虜ʤ
ե󥹸ˤѸˤ衤츻Ūֻϥͥ󥹴ΥƥǮȤδϢΤʸδߤСɽɽؤνηϤΥݥžȤȤʤ뤷ʪʸˤδߤСɤɤؤžȤȤʤ롥<doubt> <b> ظˤϡ¤˳غŪäƤΤǤ롥

Perret, Michèle. Introduction à l'histoire de la langue française. 3rd ed. Paris: Colin, 2008.

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2014-12-14 Sun

#2057. ե󥹸ȱѸˤ츻Ūֻδط (2) [etymological_respelling][spelling][french][latin][scribe][anglo-norman][renaissance]

ε˰³ʩξˤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δطˤĤơScragg (52--53) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Throughout the Middle Ages, French scribes were very much aware of the derivation of their language from Latin, and there were successive movements in France for the remodelling of spelling on etymological lines. A simple example is pauvre, which was written for earlier povre in imitation of Latin pauper. Such spellings were particularly favoured in legal language, because lawyers' clerks were paid for writing by the inch and superfluous letters provided a useful source of income. Since in France, as in England, conventional spelling grew out of the orthography of the chancery, at the heart of the legal system, many etymological spellings became permanently established. Latin was known and used in England throughout the Middle Ages, and there was a considerable amount of word-borrowing from it into English, particularly in certain registers such as that of theology, but since the greater part of English vocabulary was Germanic, and not Latin-derived, it is not surprising that English scribes were less affected by the etymologising movements than their French counterparts. Anglo-Norman, the dialect from which English derived much of its French vocabulary, was divorced from the mainstream of continental French orthographic developments, and any alteration in the spelling of Romance elements in the vocabulary which occurred in English in the fourteenth century was more likely to spring from attempts to associate Anglo-Norman borrowings with Parisian French words than from a concern with their Latin etymology. Etymologising by reference to Latin affected English only marginally until the Renaissance thrust the classical language much more positively into the centre of the linguistic arena.


פʥݥȤޤȤȡ

(1) ե󥹸ˤƥ츻򻲾ȤƤʸϡ̻ξԤΤä
(2) ե󥹸٤бѸˤϥޥ󥹷ϤθäʤŪˤгΤˤ̤ꡪˡƥ츻ضŤ٤оݤȤʤ⤽ʤäᡤ츻ŪֻβФˤä뤤ϷФΤ٤줿 (cf. #653. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1]))
(3) 14αѸθ츻Ūֻϡľܥƥ򻲾Ȥ̤ǤϤʤAnglo-Norman Υ Parisian French ָ̤Ǥ롥
(4) ƥľܤαƶϡܳŪˤϥͥ󥹤ԤʤФʤʤä

Ǥϡʤͥ󥹴Ūˤ16ˡƥ츻ľܻȤ츻ŪֻѸȤ䤤ФơScragg (53--54) ϥƥäμѤλäǤ롤üŪƤ롥

As a result both of the increase of Latinate vocabulary in English (and of Greek vocabulary transcribed in Latin orthography) and of the familiarity of all literate men with Latin, English spelling became as affected by the etymologising process as French had earlier been.


Τ˥ƥä̤ήϡƥ츻ռȤʤä츻Ūֻؤαƶ⤢äȤ롥츻ŪֻĬή¸ߤƤΤǤꡤñ16ΥƥѤεϤʤȥƥؤοƤߡˤΤߤ˸ڤơդƤޤΤϰ°פǤϤʤѸˤ츻Ūֻϡ礭Ūʸ̮֤򤹤뤳Ȥοʤ褦˻פ롥

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

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2013-11-29 Fri

#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν [h][spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation][french][anglo-norman][scribe]

ѸˤˤƬ <h> ϡ켫ΤˤäƤ롥ѸˤˤƸƬ <h> ϼºݤȯƤΤȤȯƤʤäΤȯʤäȤȡɤλˡɤѼȯʤäΤơĤɤΤ褦ˤɸѼǤ <h> ȯ [h] ȤơפΤβŪ֤ŤϤɤʤäƤΤե󥹼ѸʤɤˤƶϤäΤʤäΤ褷Ƥʤ꤬ѤߤǤ롥
Ƭ <h> θ˾塤ǤŤϡǤϡ֥󥰥Υޥ̻οáפȸƤФƤ벾Ǥʡ#1238. 󥰥Υޥ̻οá ([2012-09-16-1]) 򻲾ȡˡˤСƬ <h> Ͼȯ [h] ȤƼ¸ƤŪˤ <h> = [h] δطϡѸޤѸˤˤ錄äưݻƤѸˤ褯 <h> ˴ؤֻθϡѸ򤷤ʤ󥰥Υޥ̻ˤƳ줿ΤˤѸˤˤ [h] üȤ򼨤ڵȤϤʤꤨʤȤ롥˴ؤơCrisma (Were 51) 󤷤ƤΤǡѤ롥

[T]he traditional view . . . is that [h]- was preserved before vowels throughout ME, though it could be dropped in words bearing weak stress, such as pronouns and forms of auxiliary have. Spelling errors involving <h>- are noted, but they are not considered sufficient evidence for [h]- loss, being dismissed by attributing them to '(Anglo-)Norman' scribes. The general validity of this treatment of errors, however, has been very convincingly questioned by Clark . . ., who labels it as a 'myth'.


ߤǤϡ֥󥰥Υޥ̻οáϼƤʤǡ⤬줿Ѹ˸Ƭ <h> ֻȤƤϵ̤˻ĤäƤȯȤƤϾüȤΤǤ롥Ƭ <h> ֻ꤬ˤǤ뤳ȡPearl-poet ʤɤ <h> ǻϤޤ첻ǻϤޤ줬ƬƧ㤬뤳ȡChaucer ʤɤǸ <e> æ˴ؤơ³Ƭ <h> 첻Ʊ񤤤򼨤Ȥʤɤ顤Ƭ [h] ȯȤƤϼƤȲ᤹٤ȤǤ롥ߤǤϤǤŪȤʤäƤ벾#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1]) ǤȤƼ夲Ȥꡤ⤷ѸǤξüꤹȡѸǤΤܴۤʤפɤΤ褦뤫Ȥ䤬롥Crisma (Were 52) ⤳ŦƤ롥

Assuming an early and widespread loss of word-initial [h]- poses the problem of how to account for its eventual restoration. It seems dubious that this might have happened 'mainly via spelling and the influence of the schools' (Lass, 1992: 62), first because [h], if it was really generally lost at some point, was re-established without errors in all native words, which would be a spectacular success indeed.


Ƭ [h] ϾüΤʤäΤǡäŪʲ⤬줿Milroy, J. ("On the Sociolinguistic History of /h/-Dropping in English." Current Topics in English Historical Linguistics. Ed. M. Devenport, E. Hansen, and H. -F. Nielsen. Odense: Odense UP, 1983. 37--53) ϡƬ [h] üѼȾüʤäѼ郎ꡤξѼ郎ʸŪѰۤȤüԸĿͤΤʤ˶¸ƤȹͤˤСѸθƬ [h] 礭ȤϤʤʤ
ߡϩϡۤʤäǤϤ뤬Paola Crisma Julia Schlüter ʤɤθԤʤƤ롥

Crisma, Paola. "Were They 'Dropping their Aitches'? A Quantitative Study of h-Loss in Middle English." English Language and Linguistics 11 (2007): 51--80.
Crisma, Paola. "Word-Initial h- in Middle and Early Modern English." Phonological Weakness in English: From Old to Present-Day English. Ed. Donka Minkova. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 130--67.
Schlüter, Julia. "Consonant or 'Vowel'? A Diachronic Study of Initial <h> from Early Middle English to Nineteenth-Century English." Phonological Weakness in English: From Old to Present-Day English. Ed. Donka Minkova. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 168--96.

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