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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2012-10-02 Tue

#1254. ѸäդθѲϽ񤭸դߤäƤ뤫 [writing][standardisation][creole][celtic][contact][reestablishment_of_english][scribe][koine][do-periphrasis][celtic_hypothesis]

äդˤƤѲŪݼŪʽ񤭸դȿǤ줺ˡδѻԤܤ˸ƤʤȤǽϡʸؾ塤򤱤뤳ȤΤǤʤΤǤ롥㤨С줬ν񤭸դȿǤƤʤȤäơäդȤѤƤ⤷ʤȤǽǤOED νǯΰ˴ؤ뿵ʤɤϻʹ롥ΤʿǤϤ뤬򤢤ޤ˿䤷ʤȡʸ˳ǧʤǡʤ뤳Ȥ⡤äդǤϤ⤷ʤ󵯤Ǥ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤޤϢȤơ񤭸վǡȤ礭Ѳä褦˸ˡϽ񤭸դڤؤ˵븫ѲˤбäդǤϡޤѲ˿ʹԤƤϤȤ롥
Ѹ᥯쥪βǤ⡤ˡ¤ѤƤ롥Poussa ϡ14ˤ Samuels ν񤭸դʬǤ Type II Type III ǡڤؤϡбäդεѲ򼨤ΤǤϤʤȤ񤭸դ˸ʤ̲äդˤƤϡKnut 衤쥪벽 koiné ³ƤϤȹͤƤ롥ơType III оϡ14Ūʥե󥹸ϰ̤βȡѸϰ̤θưŤ줿ѸɸಽĬήȿǤΤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

. . . if we take the view that the English speech of London had, since the time of Knut, been a continuum of regional and social varieties of which the Midland koiné was one, then it is easier to explain the changes in the written language [from Type II to Type III] as jerky adjustments to a gradual rise in social status of the spoken Midland variety. (80)


褦ʵϡǯ褦ˤʤäƤȸαѸ˵ڤܤƶˤĤƤʹ㤨С[2011-03-17-1]ε#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶפ򻲾ȡˡűѸɸ񤭸աLate West-Saxon Schriftsprache ߤäƤޤäƤΤΡűѸѸäդˤΥȸŪǤޤޤƤϤȤѸ줬ե󥹸ΤӤѸʹߤˡ褦䤯äդ񤭸դξ¤ȿǤ褦ˤʤꡤǤ˥ȸαƶƤ do-periphrasis ʹԷʸ塤Ƴǧ褦ˤʤäΤ롥
εϡʸؤˤƼֻܸѤƤ scribal error show-through Ȥäޤ餺äդƩƸƤޤ褦ʽ񵭾λ̵뤷Ƥ褦˻פ롥̻ʹ֤Ǥ롥񵭤˺ݤơäդȤȤʤɤǤ꡹ǻפ鷺äդϪ褷ƤޤΤȤΤǤϤʤ
äդ١񤭸դߤäƤȤΤϻ¤񤭸սڤؤˤäơ礭ʸѲä褦˸ȤΤˤ񤭸դ˸ʤȤǤäդǤϵäƤ⤷ʤ䵯äƤ˰㤤ʤȡѶŪƤƤ褤ͳˤϤʤʤƤѸ᥯쥪βȶǯΥȸƶδ֤˻褦򴶤Ǥ롥

Poussa, Patricia. "The Evolution of Early Standard English: The Creolization Hypothesis." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 14 (1982): 69--85.

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2012-09-16 Sun

#1238. 󥰥Υޥ̻ο [language_myth][scribe][anglo-norman][variation]

ε#1237. ɸѸΥǥȱѸɸಽ ([2012-09-15-1]) ǻȤ Milroy ʸǡSkeat ȯüȯ "the myth of the Anglo-Norman scribe" ḽŪɸѸΥǥ˱ѸᤷȤ̤˵󤲤Ƥ롥
Skeat ϡThe Proverb of Alfred ˤĤƤʸ ("The Proverbs of Alfred." Transactions of the Philological Society. 1897.) Τʤǡܤ˸ֻ̯ϡűѸǽ񤫤줿 exemplar ɤ߲򤱤ʤä̻˵٤ޤǤϤ褤ΤSkeat Ϥˡμ̻ϱѸ1Ȥʤ󥰥ΥޥͤäΤȷŤMilroy (21) Ƚ褦ˡ"Unfamiliarity with an older writing system does not necessarily mean that the scribe could not speak English" Ǥ롥
Skeat ιˤ Havelok the Dane Sisam (Sisam, K. and Skeat, W. W. The Lay of Havelok the Dane. Oxford: Clarendon, 1915.) ǡοä϶롥

The manuscript spelling appears . . . to be of a very lawless character, but is easily understood in the light of Professor Skeat's discovery (in 1897) that many of our early MSS . . . abound with spellings which can only be understood rightly when we observe that the scribe was of Norman birth and more accustomed to the spelling of Anglo-French than to that of the native language of the country, which he had acquired with some difficulty and could not always correctly pronounce. (cited in Milroy, p. 26 from Sisam and Skeat, xxxvii--xxxviii)


󥰥Υޥ̻ˤȤִֻ̯פˤϡ(1) Ƭ <h> ξά䡤դŪ <h> (2) <wh> ѤȤƤ <w> (ex. wat) (3) <sh> ѤȤƤ <s> (ex. sal) (4) <ht> ѤȤƤ <th>, <cht>, <cth>, <ct>, <t> (ex. rith, ricth) (5) <t> ѤȤƤ <th> (ex. with) (6) <th> ѤȤƤ <t> (ex. herknet) (7) <u>, <wu> ѤȤƤ <w> (ex. wl, hw) (8) <t>, <d> ʤɤդˤæ (ex. lan for land) ʤɤ롥
ɸѸΥǥ˿äƤܤˤϡѸֻˤ uniformity äƤ٤ǤꡤæƤΤǤʤäǤʤ̻μˤΤ˰㤤ʤȱǤߤǤϡѸֻθ椬Ÿ嵭Τ褦ֻѰۤˤηΤ뤳Ȥ狼äƤ롥
ߡѸֻθϡLALME LAEME ߽Ф Edinburgh ɤ濴ˡˤʤƤ롥ˤȤä variation ֤ǤԲķǤȤȤϡƳȡθį뤳ȤˤäƤưפǤΤǤϤʤϢơ[2012-08-08-1]ε#1199. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (2)פ⻲ȡ

Milroy, Jim. "Historical Description and the Ideology of the Standard Language." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 11--28.

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2012-04-25 Wed

#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][phonetics][scribe][paleography][centralisation][minim]

Ѹֻȯδطˤ11ʤ¿¿б㤬̵ˤ뤬<o> ֻ [u] 첻ɽ魯ϤʤΤȤ䤬Ф줿ξǤ˻פĤϤʤäϻפĤԤĤȤϡͤ٤Ĵ٤٤Ǥ롥ͤ٤ȤΤϡʤߤ򤫤ˡĤꤽޤѸDZ첻 /ʊ/ ϺǤ٤㤤û첻Ǥ[2012-02-13-1]ε򻲾ȡˡǡȤʤñпϾʤȤͽ¬Ωġ
ˡ첻ñפ⤫٤Ƥߤ롥˵󤬤äƤΤ push, put, pull ʤɤ <u> ĥ롼פȡbook, foot, look ʤɤ <oo> ĥ롼פǤ롥ԤϸűѸ /ʊ/ = <u> δطѸޤϢʤȷѾƤǤ롥첻ϰŪˤ1600ǯ餤ޤǤ岽ФơѸ³ /ʌ/ Ϥ˿ /l/ /ʃ/ ˶ޤ줿ĶǤϡΤ褦岽Фʤäֿ˸³ĶפҥȤˡɸμб褦㳰ʤȹͤƤߤȡ1ĻפĤȤǤűѸ wulf ͳ褹 wolf 첻ʻˤǤ롥Ԥϡֻǽ (minim) Ϣ³Ķ򤱤뤿 <u> <o> ؽ񤭴ȤѸΰŪֻǤޤǤ롥w <uu> ֤񵭽Ǥϡwolf <uuulf> ȤƼ¸ƤޤҤɤɤߤˤǡ <uuolf> Ȥʶ路򸺤ȤȤǤ (Upward and Davidson 59) <u> <o> Ѥ뽬ˤĤƤϡ[2009-12-06-1]ε#223. woman ȯֻפ[2009-07-27-1]ε#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ񤯤פǤ夲Ȥޤǽ񤤤ơwoman 1첻ʻˤɸμФ⤦1ĤǤ뤳Ȥ˵Ť
³ơ<oo> ĥ롼פͤƤߤ褦Υ롼פ벻ˤϡ/oː/ 첻ܡ /uː/ û /ʊ/ ȤѲǤ롥βѲ򤿤ɤʤֻΤۤŵŪ <oo> 夫<o> äƤ褦õФ褤Ȥˤʤ뤬űѸ bōsm ͳ褹 bosom 1첻ʻˤp. 111ˡ2첻ˤΤ1첻Ѳ <oo> Υ롼פˤȤˤƤ롥
¾ˤϡto μ岽ȯ1ĤȤ /tʊ/ 롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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2011-05-11 Wed

#744. Auchinleck MS ν [auchinleck][manuscript][romance][scribe][link]

The Auchinleck Manuscript (National Library of Scotland Advocates' MS. 19.2.1) ϡ󥰥ɤθءʸءܡɽʸʤɤݤ˺Ǥפʼܤ1ĤȤäƤϡμܤνŦʲϡPearsall and Cunningham Υȥ "LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MANUSCRIPT" (vii--xi) ȴФƥΡȤΤǤ롥

1330--40ǯȤᤤ˺Ƥꡤ͡ʥΥƥȤ󤻽᤿ܤȤƤϡȴƺǽΤΤǤ롥
ǼƤƥȤ¿ƥƥȤθ¸ǸŤΥ󶡤Ƥ롥㳰ϡnos. 4, 7, 8, 13, 19, 29, 34, 35, 40 ΤߤǤ롥
ƥȤΤۤȤɤѸǽ񤫤Ƥ롥㳰ϡno. 20 Anglo-Norman κΤ nos. 8, 10, 36 Latin ΤߤǤ롥Auchinleck MS Ի (Jesus College, Oxford, MS. 29; British Library Cotton Caligula A.ix; Trinity College, Cambridge, MS. 323; Bodleian Library Digby 2; Bodleian Library Digby 85; British Library Harley 2253) ˤϡAnglo-Norman Latin ΥƥȤ̤˸줿
ԻμܤˤϡȤƳؼؤоݤȤƥȤޤޤƤAuchinleck MS ˤ¯ŪƤʤƥȤ¿ޤޤƤꡤפɼؤ¸ߤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥
ƥȤΥ44ƥȡˡno. 21 ʳϤ٤Ʊʸǽ񤫤Ƥ롥
- saint's legends: nos. 1, 4, 5, 12
- other types of religious narrative: nos. 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 16, 29
- religious debates: nos. 7, 34
- homiletic and monitory pieces: nos. 10, 35, 39
- poems of religious instruction: nos. 14, 15, 36
- a chronicle: no. 40
- a list of names of Norman barons: no. 21 (not in verse)
- humorous tales: nos. 27, 28
- poems of satire and complaint: nos. 20, 42, 44
- romances: nos. 2, 11, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 41, 43 (accounting for three-quarters of the bulk of MS)
ޥ󥹤26ƥȤΤ15ƥȤ¸ͣμ̤Ǥ롥
ޥ󥹤18ƥȤΤ8ƥȤ¸ͣμ̤Ǥꡤ9ƥȤ¸ǤŤ̤Ǥ롥Ĥ1ƥ (no. 19 = Floris ) Τߤ㳰
оɼؤ "popular" ȤޤǤϤʤ"the aspirant middle-class citizen, perhaps a wealthy merchant" (viii) äꤵ롥
ɥ "bookshop" ǡʣμ̻ƱȤǺ夲ȹͤ롥ƱȤϹ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ٤ȿƤ
6ͤμ̻ʲʬۤǶƱܺ˹׸Ƥ롥scribe 1 Τ72%ôƤ롥
Gatherings Item nos. Texts Scribe
1--6 1--9 Religious poems (incl. King of Tars) 1
7--10 10 Speculum Gy de Warewyke 2
11--13 Religious poems (incl. Amis) 1
11--16 14--19 Miscellaneous 3
20 Sayings of the Four Philosophers 2
21 List of names of Norman barons 4
17(?)--25 22--23 Guy of Warwick and continuation 1
24 Reinbrun 5
26--36 25 Beues of Hamtoun 5
26--29 Arthour and Merlin plus 3 fillers 1
37 30--31 Lay le freine, Roland and Vernagu 1
38--[?] 32 Otuel (and other poems?) 6
[?]--41 33--36 Kyng Alisaunder plus 3 fillers 1
42--44 37--39 Tristrem and Orfeo plus 1 filler 1
45--47 40--42 Chronicle and Horn childe plus 1 filler 1
48--[?] 43 Richard 1
52 44 The Simonie 2

פ2ͤμ̻ scribe 1 (Τ72%ô) scribe 3 (11%) θ줬14ȾΥɥɽƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥ƱȾʹߤ˥ɥ˴Ť񤭸դɸಽƤAuchinleck MS ϤΥɥμ֤Τǽפʾڵ󶡤Ƥ ([2010-02-27-1]) scribes 2, 4, 5, 6 Ϥ줾Τ4%, 1%, 10%, 2%ôˡ
ƱԿˤĤƤϡKyng Alisaunder, Richard, The Seven Sages ƱɥԤ˵롥ƱͤˡOrfeo Lay le freine ⤪餯1ͤԤˤΤǤꡤSt Margaret St Katherine ƱͤȤ롥
μܤϤĤ Chaucer ͭƤǽȤ̣⤬ Loomis ˤäƾƤ롥

Τ褦ˡAuchinleck MS ȤΥƥȤϿԤ̥ϤƤ롥WebΥ꥽ȤƤϡʲ򻲾ȡ

The Auchinleck Manuscript : National Library of Scotland: ä˼ܤνˤĤƤϡImportance of the Auchinleck Manuscript 򻲾ȡ
Auchinleck MS Home Page: ŻҲ줿ƥ (transcription) ؤΥ󥯤ˤꡥ

ˡThe Auchinleck Manuscript : National Library of Scotland γƥƥ (eds. David Burnley and Alison Wiggins) ؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤ

  1. The Legend of Pope Gregory (ff.1r-6v)
  2. f.6Ar / f.6Av (thin stub)
  3. The King of Tars (ff.7ra-13vb)
  4. The Life of Adam and Eve (E ff.1ra-2vb; ff.14ra-16rb)
  5. Seynt Mergrete (ff.16rb-21ra)
  6. Seynt Katerine (ff.21ra-24vb)
  7. St Patrick's Purgatory (ff.25ra-31vb)
  8. þe Desputisoun Bitven þe Bodi and þe Soule (ff.31vb-35ra stub)
  9. The Harrowing of Hell (ff.?35rb-?37rb or 37va stub)
  10. The Clerk who would see the Virgin (ff.?37rb or 37va stub-38vb)
  11. Speculum Gy de Warewyke (ff.39ra-?48rb stub)
  12. Amis and Amiloun (ff.?48rb stub-?61va stub)
  13. The Life of St Mary Magdalene (ff.?61Ava stub-65vb)
  14. The Nativity and Early Life of Mary (ff.65vb-69va)
  15. On the Seven Deadly Sins (ff.70ra-72ra)
  16. The Paternoster (ff.72ra-?72rb or ?72va stub)
  17. The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin (?72rb or ?72va stub-78ra)
  18. Sir Degare (ff.78rb-?84rb stub)
  19. The Seven Sages of Rome (ff.?84rb stub-99vb)
  20. Gathering missing (c1400 lines of text)
  21. Floris and Blancheflour (ff.100ra-104vb)
  22. The Sayings of the Four Philosophers (ff.105ra-105rb)
  23. The Battle Abbey Roll (ff.105v-107r)
  24. f.107Ar / f.107Av (thin stub)
  25. Guy of Warwick (couplets) (ff.108ra-146vb)
  26. Guy of Warwick (stanzas) (ff.145vb-167rb)
  27. Reinbroun (ff.167rb-175vb)
  28. leaf missing.
  29. Sir Beues of Hamtoun (ff.176ra-201ra)
  30. Of Arthour & of Merlin (ff.201rb-256vb)
  31. þe Wenche þat Loved þe King (ff.256vb-256A thin stub)
  32. A Peniworþ of Witt (ff.256A stub-259rb)
  33. How Our Lady's Sauter was First Found (ff.259rb-260vb)
  34. Lay le Freine (ff.261ra-262A thin stub)
  35. Roland and Vernagu (ff.?262va stub-267vb)
  36. Otuel a Knight (ff.268ra-277vb)
  37. Many leaves lost, but some recovered as fragments.
  38. Kyng Alisaunder (L f.1ra-vb; S A.15 f.1ra-2vb; L f.2ra-vb; ff.278-9)
  39. The Thrush and the Nightingale (ff.279va-vb)
  40. The Sayings of St Bernard (f.280ra)
  41. Dauid þe King (ff.280rb-280vb)
  42. Sir Tristrem (ff.281ra-299A thin stub)
  43. Sir Orfeo (ff.299A stub-303ra)
  44. The Four Foes of Mankind (f.303rb-303vb)
  45. The Anonymous Short English Metrical Chronicle (ff.304ra-317rb)
  46. Horn Childe & Maiden Rimnild (ff.317va-323vb)
  47. leaf missing.
  48. Alphabetical Praise of Women (ff.324ra-325vb)
  49. King Richard (f.326; E f.3ra-vb; S R.4 f.1ra-2vb; E f.4ra-vb; f.327)
  50. Many leaves lost.
  51. þe Simonie (ff.328r-334v)

Pearsall, Derek and I. C. Cunningham, eds. The Auchinleck Manuscript: National Library of Scotland Advocates' MS. 19.2.1. London: Scholar P, 1979.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-05-18-1] [2012-11-10-1]

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2009-06-20 Sat

#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ [spelling][lme][scribe][me_dialect][through]

ѸγؽԤѸǽ񤫤줿ƥȤɤ⤦ȤȤ˶äΤϡڥ󥰤¿ͤǤ롥㤨СѸˤ through ȤñϤʤ515̤ΰۤʤ륹ڥ󥰤

doruȝ-, dorw, dorwe, dorwgh, dourȝh, drowgȝ, durghe, durwe, -thogh, thorch, thorew, thorewe, thorffe, thorg, Thorgh, thorgh, -thorgh, thorgh, thorghe, thorght, thorghw, thorghwe, thorgth, thorh, thoro, thorogh, thoroghe, thoroght, -thoroght, thorohe, thoroo, thorou, Thorough, thorough, thorough-, thoroughe, thorought, Thorouh, thorouȝ, thorouȝh, Thorow, thorow, thorow-, Thorowe, thorowe, thorowg, thorowgh, thorowghe, thorowght, thorowh, thorowth, thorowut, thorowȝ, thorowȝt, thorrou, thorrow, thorth, thorthe, thoru, thoru-, thorue, thorugh, -thorugh, thorughe, thorught, -thorught, Thoruh, thoruh, thoruh-, thorur, thoruth, Thoruȝ, thoruȝ, thoruȝh, thorv, Thorw, thorw, -thorw, thorw, Thorwe, thorwe, thorwgh, thorwh, thorwȝ, -thorwȝ, thorwȝ, thorwȝe, Thorȝ, thorȝ, Thorȝe, thorȝe, thorȝh, thorȝoh, thorȝt, thorȝw, thorȝwe, thour, thour, thoure, thourgh, -thourgh, thourghe, thourght-, thourh, thourhe, thourow, thourr, thourth, thourw, thourw, thourwg, thourȝ, thourȝ, thourȝe, thow, thowe, thowffe, thowr, thowrgh, thowrow, thowur, thrawth, threw, thro, thro-, -thro, throch, throcht, throgh, throghe, throghet, throght, throght, throghte, throighe, throu, throuche, throue, throug, through, through-, throughe, throught, throuh, throuȝ, throuȝe, throuȝht, throve, throw, throw-, throw, throwe, throwe, throwe, throwg, throwgh, throwght, throwh, throwr, throwth, throwȝ, throwȝe, throȝ, -throȝe, throȝe, throȝgh, throȝghe, throȝh, throȝhe, throȝt, thruch, thrue-, thrug-, Thrugh, thrugh, thrughe, thrught, thrughte, thruh, thruth, thruȝ, thruȝe, thruȝhe, thrvoo, thrw, thrwe, thrwgh, thrwght, thrygh, thuht, thur, thurch, thurew, thurg, thurge, thurge-, thurgeh, Thurgh, thurgh, thurgh-, -thurgh, thurgh, thurghe, thurght, thurghte, thurgth, thurgwe, Thurh, thurh, thurhe, thurhge, thurhgh, thuro, thurow, thurowe, thurth, thurthe, thuru, thurv, thurw, -thurw, thurwe, Thurȝ, thurȝ, thurȝe, Thurȝh, thurȝh, Thurȝhg, thurȝt, thurȝth, thwrgh, thwrw, torgh, torghe, torw, -torwe, trghug, trogh, troght, trough, trow, trowe, trowffe, trowgh, trowght, trugh, trughe, trught, twrw, yerowe, yhorh, yhoru, yhrow, yhurgh, yhurght, yora, yorch, yorgh, yorghe, yorh, yoro, yorou, yoroue, yorough, yorour, yorow, yorow-, yorowe, yorowe, yoru, yorugh, yoruh, yoruȝ, yorw, yorwe, yorȝ, your, yourch, yourgh, yourghe, yourh, yourw-, yourȝ, yowr, yowrw, yoȝou, yrogh, yrou-, yrow, yrugh, yruȝ, yurch, yurg-, yurgh, yurghe, yurght, yurh, yurhg, yurht, yurowe, yurth, yurthe, yuru, yurw, yurwh, yurȝ, yurȝe, ðoru, þarȝ, þerew, þerew, þerow, þerue-, þhorow, þhurȝ, þor, þorch, þore, þoreu, þorew, þorewe, þorewȝ, þoreȝ, þorg, -þorgh, þorgh, þorghe, þorght, þorghȝ, þorguh, þorgȝ, þorh, þoro, þorogh, þoroghe, þorou, þorou, þoroue, þorough, þorought, þorouh, þorour, -þorouȝ, þorouȝ, þorouȝe, þorouȝh, þorouȝt, þorow, -þorow, þorow, þorow, þorowe, þorowgh, þorowghe, þorowh, þorowth, þorowþ, þorouwȝ, þoroȝ, þorrow, þorrughe, þorth, þoru, -þoru, þorue, þorug, þorugh, þorught, þorugȝ, þoruh, þoruhg, þoruth, þoruþ, þoruȝ, -þoruȝ, þoruȝe, þoruȝh, þoruȝt, þorv, þorw, þorw-, -þorw, þorwe, þorwgh, þorwgȝ, þorwh, -þorwh, þorwhe, þorwth, þorwtȝ, þorwȝ, þorwȝe, þorþ, þorȝ, þorȝe, þorȝh, þorȝhȝ, þorȝt, þough, þour, þour, þour, þourg, þourgh, þourght, þourgȝ, þourh, þourh, þourow, þourt, þourth, þouruȝ, þourw, þourw-, -þourw, þourwe, þourþ, þourȝ, t-þourȝ, þourȝ, þourȝe, þourȝh, þourȝt, þourȝw, þouȝ, þouȝt, þowr, þowre, þro, þrogh, þroghe, þrorow, þrorowe, þroth, þrou, þrough, þrought, þroughte-, þrouh, þrouhe, þrouht, þrouȝ, þrouȝe, þrouȝh, þrouȝt, þrouȝte, þrouȝth, þrow, þrow, þrowe, þrowgh, þrowghe, þrowh, -þrowþ, þrowȝ, þrowȝe, þroȝ, þroȝe, þroȝgh, þroȝh, þroȝt, þroȝth, þrugh, -þruh, þruȝ, þruȝe, þur, þurch, þureh, þureȝ, þurf, þurg, þurgh, -þurgh, þurghe, þurght, þurghȝ, þurgȝh, þurh, þurh, þurhg, þurht, þuro, þurow, þurru, þurth, þurthe, þuru, þuruch, þurugh, þurughe, þurut, þuruȝ, þurw, þurw-, þurwe, þurwȝ, þurwȝ, þurþ, þurȝ, þurȝe, þurȝg, þurȝh, þurȝhg, þurȝt, þurȝth, þwrgh, ȝorgh, ȝoru, ȝoruȝ, ȝoruȝt, ȝorw, ȝour, ȝowr, ȝurch


ԴѤǤ롥ʤʾˤʤäƤΤ
ǤСɸॹڥ󥰤ȤΤʤäȤȤǤ롥ϵϤȤʤ뼭ʤСڥ󥰡ޥΤ褦ʿʪ⤤ʤ̻ ( scribe ) ȸƤФ񤭼γơ褽ʬȯ¨֤򤢤ƤΤǤ롥㤨С󥰥νпȤμ̻Ǥϡޤǰ㤦櫓ǤꡤȯۤʤäǡƱñǤ⤫ʤۤʤä֤Ѥ줿ϤǤ롥ˤϡƱ̻Ǥ⡤Ĥñ줬Ը˰ۤʤ륹ڥ󥰤ǽ񤫤ȤȤȤǤϤʤڥ󥰤ޤäƤ븽Ѹ줫鸫ȡǤ롥
ѸΥڥ󥰤褽ߤΤ褦ʷ夤ΤϡѸʹߤǤ롥ŪäȸǤޤäƤäѸλǰǤְ㤨ХĤȤȤ桹Τ褦˼Ƥ뤬μ̻θѸ춵θ򸫤ʤȤ
ѸΤۤ;͵ͷӤ褦ˤפ뤬515̤ϹԤ᤮⤽ <trghug> ʤƤɤȯ줿Τ

ʰʲ嵭2025/01/15(Wed)
hellog #5738. 516ܤ through 򸫤Ĥޤ ([2025-01-11-1]) heldio #1326. through ֻ516̤ܤȯ ǾҲ𤷤Ȥꡤפ֤˿ʰ֤򸫽Фޤ

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