1126ڡˤθ10:00--11:00ˡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ɸۿޤΩ̿ؤܹȤ̤ȤǤϤޤ

Ƥϡ1125ʶˤڤȤʤDzإʥȡȡθǤѸޥإФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) ˤĤơθΤȤʤäƤʥ顼ʤѸ쥤˾ƤĤĥǥפ˻̤ͽǤDzľȤȤǤΤǡĤĤ⾯ΥͥХOK!?ȤΥǹԤȻפޤʻޤѤƤʤޤޤ̤ʤΤǤˡˤΤ褦ʥȥԥå̤ϤǤФȻפäƤޤ
ʥ顼ʡإʥȡ٤ˤĤ
Ѹ츶ŵإФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) Ȥλط
ŪÿʱѸȥƥ
ŵξҲɤߤɤ
Dzإʥȡ٤˴ؤơʥͥХա
26ڡˤ˸ơ˲Ф뤴䥳ȤʤɤСҾ嵭 Voicy ۿ̤Ƥޤꤲˤʤ٤бȻפäƤޤ˻äǤʤˤ⡤ī heldio 쥮顼ǼϿͻҤȤưۿ⤷ޤΤǡİ褤йǤ
궵ƤDzإʥȡ٤δϢʲŽդƤޤ
Dz
ܱDzα۵ Transformer
ܱDzߥĥå
A24£եإʥȡ١פʥ졼̳ưء
ֻʿDz֥ʥȡפΥ饹ܤΤ饳Ȥ
heldio ǤϡޤǤⲬ3٤̤ۤƤޤ٤˸ơʲİ褷ͽƤȡ٤ȻפޤºݡäƤϲαĹȤʤͽǤ
heldio #173. Ω̿ءܹȤ̡ݱѸȤϲ (2021/11/20)
heldio #386. ܹȤλ̡ۥӥαѸܤˤĤƸ (2022/06/21)
heldio #478. Ѹʥ顼̵ʲܹδˡ (2022/09/21)
ˡ̤Ǥ濴ŪȤʤϤ vernacular ˤĤƤ⡤ͽƤФˤ⤷ʤȻפޤʲ hellog δϢؤΥĥäƤޤ
#4804. vernacular Ȥϲ ([2022-06-22-1])
#4809. OED vernacular θΤ ([2022-06-27-1])
#4812. vernacular Ф1601ǯλطʡ ([2022-06-30-1])
#4814. vernacular ɤȤƱѸˤįʤȤ⤷ ([2022-07-02-1])
#4885. ֱѸʥ顼̵ʲܹδˡפΤΤ餻920ʲС14:50--15:50 Voicy ˡ ([2022-09-11-1])
ҸϤȴ1126ڡˤİ
դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ8ε֤ʤ֥ˡ§פѸ˾פʤΤޤˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ֤ⷫ夲ƤޤϢܵǤϽ鿴Ԥˤʤ٤狼䤹ˡ§βѲμ˱ѸؽΩĤ⤷ޤ
Ϣܵɤˡ#103. ˡ§Ȥϲ ([2009-08-08-1]) ӡ#102. hundred ˡ§ ([2009-08-07-1]) ɤǤȡˤʤȻפޤ
ϢܵǤϡˡ§Ρ֤ʤפˤĤƤϡ⤤ῨƤޤؿϲؤ˸ؤδ#650. ˥ȥˡ§ ([2011-02-06-1]) #794. ˡ§Ȼη֡ ([2011-06-30-1])#1121. Grimm's Law Ϥʤ ([2012-05-22-1]) Ȥ
ˡ§䴰ͥˡ§ (verners_law) ˤĤƤϡ#104. hundred ͥˡ§ ([2009-08-09-1])#480. father ͥˡ§ ([2010-08-20-1])#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1]) ޤξˡ§碌ơ1ޥҲܡ (First Germanic Consonant Shift) ȸƤ֤ȤϢܵǿޤǤϡ2ޥҲܡפΤȵˤʤϡ#405. Second Germanic Consonant Shift ([2010-06-06-1]) ȡ#416. Second Germanic Consonant Shift Ϥʤä ([2010-06-17-1]) ΤɤߤѸȥɥĸλҲбˤĤƶ뤳ȤǤޤ
ѸαѸǽ줿ʸؤˤĤơȤ Baugh and Cable 110 "Middle English Literature" (149--51) ˰͵Ѹˤ˴Ϣϰ绨Ĥ˳礷
Ѹ줬ҲŪˤɤä̿ȡѸʸؤ̩ܤ˥Ƥ롥ΥޥˤꡤեäήʸŪϹϡʤեǽ줿ʪظäƤꡤѸǽ줿Τ˥ѥȥդǽϳ̵äѸʪԤȤϳΤǤꡤ̤ŪǽȤ٤ԤʤäƤΤǤ롥ϡѸ줷ʤ̱̽˥ꥹȶ۶褦ȤǮ˶줿Ԥääơ1150--1250ǯѸ˱Ѹǽ줿Τϡۤܤ٤ƤŪ͡ŪʸؤǤ롥Ancrene Riwle Ormulum (c. 1200) Τ褦ʡβܤ䡤űѸͳ褹ⶵξƤľλαѸʸؤä㳰Ū Layamon's Brut (c. 1200) The Owl and the Nightingale (c. 1195) Τ褦ŪʸؤФ㳰ȸäƤ褤λϡ§Ȥ "Period of Religious Record" ȸƤ٤
100ǯ֤ϡեФƱѸ줬ᡤѸ줬깭ʸؤȤɽ蘆褦ˤʤäƤեǽ줿ʸؤʤɤơ14ˤƱѸʸؤƤŪˤϡŪʥޥ (romance) Ȥ뤬ѸȤΤ˾褻褦ˤʤä1250--1350ǯαѸʸؤλϡ"Period of Religious and Secular Literature" ȸƤ֤ȤǤ
14θȾޤǤˤϡɤˤƱѸϤܴۤ (reestablishment_of_english) ̤λѸʸػˤˤڤθ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Canterbury Tales Troilus and Criseyde ȤäĤ Geoffrey Chaucer (1340--1400) ȤơҲŪ Piers Plowman (1362--87) 路 William LanglandʪĤ⤷ John Wycliffe (d. 1384)Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ۤ3ĤζŪŪʼ̤λĤͤ졤ޤ "Period of Great Individual Writers" ȸäƤ褤
15ϡChaucer ʤɤΰͤαƶǡѸʸػ˾塤ƤȤʤäƤꡤ"Imitative Period"뤤Ͻ Shakespeare ޤǤΤĤʤλȤ̣ "Transition Period" ʤɤȸƤФƤ롥ʸػŪˤŪ˲ᾮɾƤ餤뤬Lydgate, Hoccleve, Skelton, Hawes ʤɤηʪƤ롥åȥɤǤ⡤Henryson, Dunbar, Gawin Douglas, Lindsay ʤɤʤˤ Malory Caxton 뤬15θؤʸؤϤäȿ˰Ƥ٤Ǥ롥κǸλθءʸŪˤĤƤϡ#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1]) ӡ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ȡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
رμȤǡ"Breton lay" ȸƤФ른°Ѹޥ Sir Orfeo Burrow and Turville-Petre Ǥ˴ŤɤϤ롥ӤȤơBliss, Sisam, Treharne ˤǤѡ
Bliss, A. J., ed. Sir Orfeo. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005.
Sisam, Kenneth, ed. Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose. Oxford: OUP, 1921.
Treharne, Elaine, ed. Old and Middle English c. 890--c. 1450: An Anthology. 3rd ed. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
WebǴϢõΤǡʲˤޤȤƤ
Page from the Online Database of the Middle English Verse Romances: Ѹޥ祵Ȥƶڤȴܤξ
Page from Middle English Compendium HyperBibliography: MED ƥȾ
Page from Wikipedia
Text and Manuscript from the Auchinleck Manuscript: Auchinleck ǤΥƥȤȼܲ
Text: Laskaya and Salisbury's edition (based on Auchinleck): ȥ並Auchinleck MS ˤĤƤϡ#744. Auchinleck MS ν ([2011-05-11-1]) ⻲ȡ
Text: Shuffleton's edition (based on Ashmole): ȥ
Introduction and Text: Hostetter's edition
Modern English translation in the Hannah Scot Manuscripts
Modern English translation by Hunt
ѸˤλʬˤĤơperiodisation εǰäƤȤ櫓ĸűѸ줬ꡤѸ줬ϤޤäˤĤƤϡ[2012-06-12-1], [2012-06-13-1]εǽѸγϻˤĤƤϡεޤοȤŪʴ˵äƤ뤬ƤŪʴऱŪʴѤȡϰѤ롥ε#1240. ΥޥȸˡΧѸִ ([2012-09-18-1]) Ǽ夲 Lutz ʸǤϡäδλʬƤƤ롥
Lutz ϡ(1) 褯ΤƤ褦˥եäήΥԡ13ʹߤǤ[2009-08-22-1]ε#117. եѸǯʬۡס[2012-08-14-1]ε#1205. Ѹ˥եѸ줬ȯΤϤʤפȡˡ(2) ѸαѸƥȤϸűѸƥȤѤΤ¿եѸϤۤɸȿǤƤ餺(3) ¾ٱѸޥνи٤줿Ȥ¤ʤ顤űѸʤ뤤 Lutz θƤ֤褦 Anglo-SaxonˤνŪʶʬǤνѸν֤ȤǤΤǤϤʤƤ롥
For the lexicon, we need a . . . bipartite periodization distinguishing Anglo-Saxon (comprising Old and Early Middle English) from English (comprising all later stages), which reflects the lexical and cultural facts. . . . During this extended period of time, several generations of inhabitants of post-Conquest England preserved their Anglo-Saxon lexicon and, more generally, seem to have looked back to their Anglo-Saxon cultural heritage when they expressed themselves in their own tongue. . . . / By contrast, the English we are familiar with is basically a creation of the late thirteenth to fifteenth centuries when the French-speaking ruling classes of England gradually switched to the language of those they governed and, in the course of that process, imported their superstratal lexicon in large quantities. (161--62)
Lutz ͤϡ̤ȤơΥޥȤȥեѸܳŪήΤˤϻȤ¤ĴƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
Lutz, Angelika. "When did English Begin?" Sounds, Words, Texts and Change. Ed. Teresa Fanego, Belén Méndez-Naya, and Elena Seoane. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2002. 145--71.
ε[2012-05-05-1]˰³ grey eyes ꡥϡѸޥ grey eyes ˤĤƹͤζɽϸˤ³Ƥ롥BNCWeb ǡ"(grey|gray) {eye/N}" ȤƸȡ287㤬ҥåȤgrey eyes ̤ηƻԤƤߤȡclear, dark, deep, pale Ū¿beautiful bright 鷺ʤ餢ä
Τ褦㤫ȽǤȡgrey Τϵ̵ͭɽ魯̣ôƤʤ褦˻פ롥⤷ôƤȤСष pale ΡΤʤפȤ˰ѱѼdzǧ¤ꡤѸ grey ΰŪʸ촶ϡܸΤȤ褯ơnegative ϷǯµͫݵŷΥäơѸ grey eyes ϡnegative ʥ˥奢ä˴ްդʤɤߤȤʤС˿ȤƤΡֳפ뤤ϡĤߤΤ֤äפɽ魯Τȹͤ롥뤤ϡgrey eyes ϡ̣ޤäɽȤѤƤˤʤȤǽ⤢뤫⤷ʤ
ȡޤޤѸŵṲ̄ȤƤ grey eyes 狼ʤ⤷MED Silverstein Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸ grey ɽ路ΤȤСѸεΤʤ grey 180٤ΰ̣ѲФȤˤʤ롥
gradation ΤǤꡤĤʤäƤϰϤ̣ꤷ뤳ȤϡʤʤѸΤߤʤ餺ܸˤƤ⡤̸Ǥ롥
ʤŵṲ̄ƤBrewer (258) ϡMatthew of Vandôme ˤ Helen of Troy ̤ʲ̤ꡤ1ĤηǤȤƤ롥
. . . her hair is golden, forehead white as paper, eyebrows black and thin. The space between the eyes (in contrast to the Greek ideal) is white and clear, a 'milky way'; the face is a shining star; the eyes are like stars. She has a little smile, a nose neither too big nor too small. Her face is rosy, her colouring white and red, like rose and snow. Teeth are like ivory, lips are small, slightly swelling, honeyed. Her mouth smells like a rose, her neck is smooth, shoulders radiant, well-spaced (dispatiati), breasts small, and figure incomparable.
ʽǤ礦ҲäƤߤ
Silverstein, Theodore, ed. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1983.
Brewer, D. S. "The Ideal of Feminine Beauty in Medieval Literature, Especially 'Harley Lyrics', Chaucer, and Some Elizabethans." The Modern Language Review 50 (1955): 257--69.
ѸޥɤǤȡҥ grey eyes Ȥ̤뤳Ȥ¿̤Ǥ뤫顤grey eyes ŪˤɤΤ褦Ʒɽ路ƤΤΤꤿȻפΤ줬ƳǤ롥ȸȤŪФۤʤ뤳ȤϤˤȤƤ⡤ֳƷפȤΤʤΤ뤤ϡѸ grey ɽ魯̣Ѹ grey ȤϰۤʤäƤȤǽϤʤ
㤨СSir Gawain and the Green Knight ll. 81--84 "wheel" Ǥϡ Guenevere grey eyes ȤƤAndrew and Waldron Ǥѡˡ
Þe comlokest to discrye
Þer glent with yȝen gray;
A semloker þat euer he syȝe
Soth moȝt no mon say.
gray βϡԼԤˤäƤۤʤäƤ롥Andrew and Waldron ϥå "(of eyes) blue-grey" ȤƤꡤĤߤäפȲᤷƤ롥Gollancz, Barron, Tolkien and Gordon ϡѸ grey ƱǤȤƤꡤĤߡפѶŪӽƤ櫓ǤϤʤŪˤϡֳפȤߤʤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥grey eyes ϳƷؤȤľʲϡOED Ǥ3ˤ "Having a grey iris" ȤƺѤƤ롥
MED Ǥ grei (adj. & n.) ǤϡۤʤƤ롥 2 (b) ǡ"of eyes: bright, gleaming (of indeterminate color)" Ȥꡤ礤ǤϤʤ굱ͤҤƻȤƤ롥Ʊ Silverstein ˤäƤ⼨Ƥꡤ"With lively, sparkling eyes" ȤͿƤ롥Ѹˤϡgreye as glas (The General Prologue, l. 152 Prioress 䡤The Reeve's Tale, l. 3974 ʴ̼ηơˤ grey as crystalle stone ʤɤɽߤĤ뤷Τ褦ܡפȤ̤뤳Ȥ顤Ʒο礤ΤΤϤεܤɽȤäΤ⤷ʤ
ˤ̤ˤĤƤ Brewer ܤ12ˤϡʸؾ塤ƽפȤϤƤʤäȤʹߤϡŵṲ̄νޤ³ξˡ˳Ūɽ줿㤨С"whiter than the swan" Τ褦ηƤѸˤϰƤȤ (Brewer 262) grey eyes ϥեϰƤ줿 des yeux vaires ȤƤ롥 vaires ʤƻβ⡤礤ȵΤɽ路ΤǤꡤgrey eyes βɬҥȤͿƤʤ
Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
Gollancz, Israel, ed. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. EETS os 250. 1950.
Tolkien, J. R. R. and E. V. Gordon, eds. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. 2nd ed. Rev. Norman Davis. Oxford: Clarendon, 1967.
Barron, W. R. J., ed. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
Silverstein, Theodore, ed. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1983.
Brewer, D. S. "The Ideal of Feminine Beauty in Medieval Literature, Especially 'Harley Lyrics', Chaucer, and Some Elizabethans." The Modern Language Review 50 (1955): 257--69.
The Auchinleck Manuscript (National Library of Scotland Advocates' MS. 19.2.1) ϡɤθءʸءܡɽʸʤɤݤ˺Ǥפʼܤ1ĤȤäƤϡμܤνŦʲϡPearsall and Cunningham Υȥ "LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MANUSCRIPT" (vii--xi) ȴФƥΡȤΤǤ롥
1330--40ǯȤᤤ˺Ƥꡤ͡ʥΥƥȤܤȤƤϡȴƺǽΤΤǤ롥
ǼƤƥȤ¿ƥƥȤθ¸ǸŤΥƤ롥㳰ϡnos. 4, 7, 8, 13, 19, 29, 34, 35, 40 ΤߤǤ롥
ƥȤΤۤȤɤѸǽƤ롥㳰ϡno. 20 Anglo-Norman κΤ nos. 8, 10, 36 Latin ΤߤǤ롥Auchinleck MS Ի (Jesus College, Oxford, MS. 29; British Library Cotton Caligula A.ix; Trinity College, Cambridge, MS. 323; Bodleian Library Digby 2; Bodleian Library Digby 85; British Library Harley 2253) ˤϡAnglo-Norman Latin ΥƥȤ̤˸줿
ԻμܤˤϡȤƳؼؤоݤȤƥȤޤޤƤAuchinleck MS ˤ¯ŪƤʤƥȤ¿ޤޤƤꡤפɼؤ¸ߤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥
ƥȤΥ44ƥȡˡno. 21 ʳϤ٤ƱʸǽƤ롥
- saint's legends: nos. 1, 4, 5, 12
- other types of religious narrative: nos. 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 16, 29
- religious debates: nos. 7, 34
- homiletic and monitory pieces: nos. 10, 35, 39
- poems of religious instruction: nos. 14, 15, 36
- a chronicle: no. 40
- a list of names of Norman barons: no. 21 (not in verse)
- humorous tales: nos. 27, 28
- poems of satire and complaint: nos. 20, 42, 44
- romances: nos. 2, 11, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 41, 43 (accounting for three-quarters of the bulk of MS)
ޥ26ƥȤΤ15ƥȤ¸ͣμ̤Ǥ롥
ޥ18ƥȤΤ8ƥȤ¸ͣμ̤Ǥꡤ9ƥȤ¸ǤŤ̤Ǥ롥Ĥ1ƥ (no. 19 = Floris ) Τߤ㳰
оɼؤ "popular" ȤޤǤϤʤ"the aspirant middle-class citizen, perhaps a wealthy merchant" (viii) äꤵ롥
ɥ "bookshop" ǡʣμ̻ƱȤǺ夲ȹͤ롥ƱȤϹ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ٤ȿƤ
6ͤμ̻ʲʬۤǶƱܺ˹Ƥ롥scribe 1 Τ72%ôƤ롥
| Gatherings | Item nos. | Texts | Scribe |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1--6 | 1--9 | Religious poems (incl. King of Tars) | 1 |
| 7--10 | 10 | Speculum Gy de Warewyke | 2 |
| 11--13 | Religious poems (incl. Amis) | 1 | |
| 11--16 | 14--19 | Miscellaneous | 3 |
| 20 | Sayings of the Four Philosophers | 2 | |
| 21 | List of names of Norman barons | 4 | |
| 17(?)--25 | 22--23 | Guy of Warwick and continuation | 1 |
| 24 | Reinbrun | 5 | |
| 26--36 | 25 | Beues of Hamtoun | 5 |
| 26--29 | Arthour and Merlin plus 3 fillers | 1 | |
| 37 | 30--31 | Lay le freine, Roland and Vernagu | 1 |
| 38--[?] | 32 | Otuel (and other poems?) | 6 |
| [?]--41 | 33--36 | Kyng Alisaunder plus 3 fillers | 1 |
| 42--44 | 37--39 | Tristrem and Orfeo plus 1 filler | 1 |
| 45--47 | 40--42 | Chronicle and Horn childe plus 1 filler | 1 |
| 48--[?] | 43 | Richard | 1 |
| 52 | 44 | The Simonie | 2 |
[2011-02-26-1], [2011-02-27-1]εǻȤ Wittig ϡѸޥ formula ǽŪñ̤Ȥư֤ŤԤǤ롥Wittig εˤϹ¤λǻȿǤƤꡤä˼2ˤƸ롥
1Ĥϡformula "a kind of mental template, in the mind of the poet, a pattern-making device which generates a series of derivative forms" (Wittig 29) ȤߤʤƤǤ롥ιͤˤȡformula Ȥط ( syntagm ) ɽ魯ַפΤȤǤꡤط ( paradigm ) ˤزǽʸ緲1ĤήǤ椯ȤˤäƤɽ¸Ȥ롥㤨 al thus in boke as as we rede ȤޤʸϡʲΡַפγƥåȤŬʸƤϤƤä̤Ǥȹͤ롥

⤦1Ĥƹ¤ŪʤΤϡ嵭Τ褦٥η "syntagmeme" ̾դƥޥι¤ʤǾñ̤Ȱ֤ŤȤǡָزǽ椫פȤͤ礭ñ̤ؤȳĥƤ椯Ǥ롥㤨СޥˤϡּλפȤ̤롥ξ̤ΤϡְԤˤ뻦δߡסоסŨĩסŨȤ襤סֻפȤϢνǤꡤ줾νñ̤ "motifeme" ȸƤФ롥 motifeme ˤ͡ variation ѰդƤꡤޤ motifeme ֤ν֤ϷޤäƤ롥ήफΤ褦˾̤Ƥ椯ˡּλפȤ̤켫Τ礭ʹñ "type-scene" ȤʤꡤּפȤ⤦1Ĥ type-scene ȹ蘆äơ礭ʹñ "type-episode" Ȥʤ롥εϤñ̤ˤƤָزǽ椫פȤƱ츶§ŬѤƤꡤñ̤Ѥ߽ŤͤˤǽŪʪ줬Ȥ̣ǡƹ¤ŪʹͤȤ롥
Wittig ϡ"Dame," he said Τ褦ñ formula ʬϤϤᡤ礭ñ̤ؤʬϤؤѤ߾夲Ƥ椭ȤѸޥ˶̤2Ф type-episode Ϣͤߤ"love-marriage" Ϣ "separation-restoration" ϢǤ롥Wittig (177) ϡѸޥηϤ2ФϢȤ߹蘆äƤȤȤǤȸڤ롥
ѸޥǤϡlove marriage δ֤ɬȼseparation ˤ륢ǥƥƥӼˤ restoration ʤβˤˤտ魯롥2ФϢѸޥμפ "generating forces" Ǥꡤع¤顤ʪĤġɽع¤ФƤ椯ưϤʤΤǤ롥
ǸˡWittig ε speculation ؤȵڤ֡Ѹޥİδؿκ love-marriage separation-restoration äȲꤹȡϤʤʤΤ1ĤȤơlove-marriage ħϲ² separation-restoration ħ˷ϲ²Ȥͻ¤礭ʴؿäǤϤʤ
formula θŪʬϤɤβ²ѤؤŸ Wittig εɤǡ¤ȤΤϡʤ1ĤθȤ߹碌礭ʵꤢ뤳ȤʤΤȳؤ
Wittig, Susan. Stylistic and Narrative Structures in the Middle English Romances. Austin and London: U of Texas P, 1978.
ε[2011-02-26-1]ǡѸޥθˤ formula 礭ʳѤƤ뤫ޥ formula ¿ѤطʤˤϡĤƤƤ롥1Ĥϡͭ̾ The Auchinleck Manuscript Υޥ˴Ϣä˸Ƥ뤳Ȥǡɥμ꤬ܡפ뤿ˡformula Ū¿ѤȤ "a theory of bookshop composition and extensive textual borrowing" Ǥ (Wittig 13) ⤦1ĤϡޥϡͷͤƬİȤտޤǺ줿ΤǤꡤθ̤ȰžΤ˷֤¿ʤΤϼȤ "the oral-transmission theory" Ǥ (Wittig 14)
Wittig Ͼ2ĤǤϤʤȼĥ롥ޥɤİ˼Τϡʬ꤭äʪζڤͽ¬ǽ formula ٤ʹ뤳Ȥˤꡤʪ줬Ҳθǧǧ¿뤳ȤǤǤϤʤޥθʹϤȤ˼ҲФ뿮괶äƤꡤޥƤ뤳Ȥˤäơݼ餹뤳Ȥ˻դɽƤΤǤϤʤäơҲѳפХޥȤ뼫ΤƤ뤫ह뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ޥθϡʹΥθ "a language of stance" (Wittig 46) Ǥ롥Wittig Τμĥ줿
If the language does not serve to carry information, what then is its primary function? In addition to carrying a minimal amount of narrative information, the language carries at least one other level of social meaning as well. That is, it carries the additional messages which are encoded within the semiology of social gestures, the language of social ritual: leave-takings, greetings, meals and banquets, marriages and knightings and tournaments. Each one of the highly ritualized events to which the formulas themselves refer is also a kind of formulaic language, a complex system of significations which is as thoroughly understood and articulated in its own culture as that culture's natural language and which is indeed a language even though it may not be a verbal one. In the romances the language of the verse refers much of the time to this second-order system, and its message-bearing function is then doubled. The language of these narratives functions not only as a medium of narrative, but as a powerful social force which supports, reinforces, and perpetuates the social beliefs and customs held by the culture, perhaps long past their normal time of decline. (Wittig 45)
ǿ줿 The Auckinleck Manuscript ˤĤƤϰʲΥȤͭѤǤ롥
The Auchinleck Manuscript : National Library of Scotland
Auchinleck MS Home Page
Wittig, Susan. Stylistic and Narrative Structures in the Middle English Romances. Austin and London: U of Texas P, 1978.
ޥθ礭ħ1Ĥˡformula ¿Ѥ롥stock phrase Ȥַޤʸ硤פؤformula ˤϡɽꤷƶΤ顤äΥ٥ǤηŬ礷ƤФ褤Ȥ빭ΤޤǤ뤬¿ formula Milman Parry μȯƤ롥
A formula is "a group of words which is regularly employed under the same metrical conditions to express a given essential idea." (qtd in Wittig, p. 15 as from "Studies in the Epic Technique of Oral Verse-Making. I: Homer and Homeric Style." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 41 (1930). page 80.)
formula ζФ꤬ʤ"'Dame,' he said", "that hendi knight", "feyre and free" ʤɤûΤ顤"He was a bolde man and a stowt", "And he were neuer so blythe of mode", "For to make the lady glade / That was bothe gentyll and small" ʤɤĹΤޤ͡Ǥ롥Wittig ˤСѸαʸޥ25ʤ Parry ξ̩ formula ޤԤȴФȤʲΤ褦ʷ̤줿
| POEM | LENGTH | VERSE TYPE | FORMULA RATE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lai le freine | 340 lines | couplet | 10% |
| Sir Landeval | 500 | couplet | 11 |
| Sir Launfal | 1044 | tail-rhyme | 16 |
| King Horn | 1644 | couplet | 18 |
| Sir Degare | 1076 | couplet | 21 |
| Havelok | 2822 | couplet | 21 |
| Sir Isumbras | 804 | tail-rhyme | 22 |
| Sir Amadace | 864 | tail-rhyme | 22 |
| Sir Perceval | 2288 | tail-rhyme | 22 |
| Horn Child | 1138 | tail-rhyme | 24 |
| Roswall and Lillian | 885 | couplet | 25 |
| Ocatvian (southern) | 1962 | tail-rhyme | 25 |
| Sir Triamour | 1719 | tail-rhyme | 25 |
| Earl of Toulous | 1224 | tail-rhyme | 26 |
| Ywain and Gawayn | 4032 | couplet | 27 |
| Sir Eglamour | 1377 | tail-rhyme | 29 |
| Squyr of Lowe Degre | 1131 | couplet | 30 |
| Lebeaus Desconus | 2131 | tail-rhyme | 30 |
| Sir Torrent | 2669 | tail-rhyme | 31 |
| Bevis of Hampton | 4332 | couplet | 34 |
| Eger and Grime | 1474 | couplet | 35 |
| Sir Degrevant | 1920 | tail-rhyme | 38 |
| Octavian (northern) | 1731 | tail-rhyme | 39 |
| Floris and Blancheflur | 1083 | couplet | 41 |
| Emare | 1030 | tail-rhyme | 42 |
[2010-11-06-1]ε romance Ȥθ츻 romance ȤʸإȯȤδطȤƤ romance 12ȾΥե˻ϤޤꡤʸؤǤ13ˤʤäƤ褦䤯줿եǤ⥤ꥹǤ romans 뤤 romaunce ϡȤĹˤĤ졤¿ŪˤʤäƤäդˤиȯŸλ뤳ȤǡȤƤɤΤ褦ȯŸƤäʬȤȤǤ롥
ޤեǤϤɤΤ褦ª줿[2010-11-06-1]εǸȤꡤromans ʸ̤ˤϡ֥ޥפȤŪˤϥƥФ ( vernacular language ) ȤƤθťե ( Old French ) ؤեνꤿϡStatius Thebaid, Virgil Aeneid, Benoît de Sainte-Maure ΥȥWace Υ֥ƥˤʤɡ˥ƥ줿ʪ ( romans d'antiquité ) ƥʤ͡ˤǤ褦 romans Υեˤǽľ顤romans ϡ֥եǽ줿ʪפ̣褦ˤʤäν romans νꤿϡ˥ȤƤΥޥȷӤĤħä˰տޤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäоʪο̯ԻĤʽȤä˸ƤƤΤϳΤǤ롥romans θħäʪμؤ褦ˤʤΤ12νꡤޥΥΤڤ곫 Chrétien de Troyes դ꤫ȹͤ롥ˡȻδ⡤Τ chançon ǤϤʤʪȤơ laisse ǤϤʤ8 ( octosyllabic ) Ȥơromans ȼӤӤƤ褦ˤʤ롥ơե romans ϡ֥եס֥եǽ줿ʪסŪˤħäʪסַŪˤħäʪפؤỌ̇̄ȯŸʸإɽ魯̸ƾΤȤƽ夷Ƥä
̣ѲѸȡָפ֤θǽ줿Ρפؤδ ( metonymy ) ȡ֤θǽ줿ΡפŪˤħäʪפؤΰ̣ü첽 ( specialisation ) Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ˡꥹˤ romaunce θȯŸϤɤäե romans ʤϡAnglo-Norman ȤΤ̤饤ꥹˤ⤿餵ƤѸȤΤ˾褻Τ13⽪꺢ΤȤǤ롥ۤܤ٤Ƥե줫ǤäΤǡѸ romaunce ϡ֥եǽ줿ʪפؤ̣Ȥƽȯ֤ˡθǤϤʤܤ뿷ʸθ줬ѸǤäƤ⡤ʪ˾ƤʪϹ romaunce ȸƤФ褦ˤʤäʪοݤˡФиŪʵӿ俧ղä줿ⶵʸؤϤ夲 romaunce ¯ŪʤΤȤ̣Ȥˡⶵʸؤ romaunce Ωδ romaunce ȤʸؤħŤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤ롥ʤƸˤˤޥʸؤ¯Ūʿ͵ͤȡʤȤǤ롥ơѸ romaunce ϡ֥եǽ줿ʪס֤ʪ˾ƤʪסŪˤħäʪפؤȸȯŸƤäǤ⡤̣ü첽 ( specialisation ) Ƥ롥
Strohm, Paul. "The Origin and Meaning of Middle English Romaunce." Genre 10.1 (1977): 1--28.
ܸǡ֥ޥפȤäưŪ۵ΤʪʸؤΥȤƤΥޥϡ͡ȯŸ뤲ʤ鸽ˤޤǶƶϤڤܤƤ롥ǡӸؤʬǡ֥ޥפȤСɥ衼åѸ²ΥåɤμפʽޤޥɤΤȤؤŪˤϡƥȤե졤ڥ졤ݥȥ졤ꥢ졤ץХ졤ȡޥ졤롼ޥ˥졤˥ʤɤΤǤ롥Ǥϡ֥ޥפΤ2ĤθϴϢƤΤ
Yes ϢƤ롥Ѹ romance ϸťե romanz μѸǡԤ¯ƥ *Rōmānicē ֥ޥǡס˥ƥ Rōmānicus ֥ޤΡפ̤Ȥ롥ťեǤϡθϥƥФƥƥ줫ȯãǤեؤɽȤѤ줿Υե ( = Romance ) ǽ줿ʸؤϵƻۡĶȤˤ䤫ʤޤȤޤƤꡤʸإȯã뤳Ȥˤʤäơ֥ޥפϡƥ줫ؤȤȤˡƱˤǽ줿äʸؤؤȤˤʤä
ʸإȤƤΥޥ12ȾФ˥եޤ줿ѸäƤΤ1ʾ٤ƤΤȤǤ롥٤ϡΥޥˤäƥɤˤѸμҲŪϰ̤դȤƤαѸ줬Ƥ褹ޤǤˤФ餯֤äȤˤ롥ɤǤϱѸ˥ƥ졤ե졤ΥޥˤޥʤޤƤꡤˤȯκʤȤDZѸΥޥо줷Ƥ13Ⱦ15ˤƱѸΥޥʤ蘆뤳ȤȤʤäޥήԤ϶äƿह롥ޥϥȤѤ뤳ȤϤʤ̮ȸߤˤޤǼѤƤ롥18ˤϥåޥȤ̤20ʹߤ J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, J. K. Rowling ʤɤκʤɽեǤϥޥηߤƤ롥
ޥŪɽ䵳ƻۤȤäǶǤäʤνΤȤߤ뤳ȤϤǤ뤬ζŪʸϹϰȤȤ˼¤¿ˤ錄롥¿ޥ͵©ĹƤ褦˻פ롥Chism (57) ޥˤĤƤ Cooper θڤҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
Helen Cooper suggests that romance is best conceived as a family, branching and evolving in different directions, rather than as manifestations or "clones of a single Platonic idea," and this family metaphor is useful because it stresses the genre's existence in time.
ޥϡȤƾ˿ʲդŸƤ餳ĶɼԤ椭ĤΤ
Chism, Christine. "Romance." Chapter 4 of The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Literature 1100-1500. Ed. Larry Scanlon. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 57--69.
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