ε#4312. ָƳʡפǧ뤫ݤ ([2021-02-15-1]) ˤ褦ˡƳ (vocative) ϡŪʰӸؤǤ1ĤΩʤȤǧƤƥʤɤθŵǤ顤2Ѥ -us ǽñˤΤΩƳʷǧˤʳǤϷŪ˼ʤͻ (syncretism) Ƥ롥ָƳʡפȤּʤθƤӤˡפȹͤۤåꤹȤΤ¤Ǥ롥
Τ褦˸ƳʤŪ˼ʤͻ礷ƤȤǧǡŪǽδָƤӤפȶᤤطˤȤܤִò (exclamation) ˤƤϡषгʤͳ褹֤Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥħ˴ؿƤ롥Poor me! Lucky you! Τ褦ɽǤ롥
ٹ (157--58) ꡤŪ˲餫ξάؤ7Ĥδòʸʸ̾ϷŪˤ̳ʤȤ٤ǽŪˤƤʤСʤгʤ³ơٹβѤ롥
How unlike their Belgic sires of old!---Goldsmith.
Wonderful civility this!---Charlotte Brontë.
A lively lad that!---Lord Lytton.
A theatrical people, the French?---Galsworthy.
Strange institution, the English club.---Albington.
This wish I have, then ten times happy me!---Shakespeare.
κǸ me ϸʸμǤ٤Τɽ魯ΤǤ뤬;ñ̾ϴưʸǤϼʤгʤѤ뤳ȤΤǡˤϼͳ餷ʡ130ȡˤƥθˡޤͤȤ츶Ǥäȸ롥ȤС
Me miserable!---Milton, Paradise Lost, IV. 73.
ƥ Me miserum! (Ovid, Heroides, V. 149) Ȱפ롥
ѺǸΥƥ me miserum ȴϢơBlake γʤ˴ؤ "ungoverned case" ꤹ1ѤƤ (9)
In case languages one sometimes encounters phrases in an oblique case used as interjections, i.e. apart from sentence constructions. Mel'cuk (1986: 46) gives a Russian example Aristokratov na fonar! 'Aristocrats on the street-lamps!' where Aristokratov is accusative. One would guess that some expressions of this type have developed from governed expressions, but that the governor has been lost. A standard Latin example is mē miserum (1SG.ACC miserable.ACC) 'Oh, unhappy me!' As the translation illustrates, English uses the oblique form of pronouns in exclamations, and outside constructions generally.
˵Τ褦ʷʸˤäƤ#4284. ʸϤۤȤ̵ ([2021-01-18-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ¿ϡŪˤϼư줬ά졤гʤ̾礫ʤäƤΤ
ŪǽδǴϢȤܤƤӤòȤ롼פǤꡤ˷Ū˶̤ƳʡʡгʤȤФ륰롼פ¾Ǥ롥դδطʣˤơ⤷
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.
I wish you a merry Christmas! Ȥά Merry Christmas! ȤʤꡤI wish you a good morning. ά Good morning! Ȥʤ롥ȶ᤹Ƶα뤳Ȥʤ⤷ʤΤ褦ʷʸ (formula) ̾ؾάˤϡڤȤȤ¿ֻʤɤȼ A merry Christmas to you! Τ褦˴줬Ĥ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤϳ餵̥롼ǤϤʤΤΡʸ⤱й⤤ۤɴޤǴޤƾά褦òŪ Charming couple!, Dirty place!, Excellent meal!, Poor thing!, Good idea!, Lovely evening! Ȥ̤礦¾ Cigarette?, Good flight?, Next slide? ʤɤεˤ̤봧ξάȤ롥ɽŪʷʸQuirk et al (11.54) 褦
GREETINGS: Good morning, Good afternoon, Good evening <all formal>; Hello; Hi <familiar>
FAREWELLS: Goodbye, Good night, All the best <informal>, Cheers, Cheerio <BrE, familiar>, See you <familiar>, Bye(-bye) <familiar>, So long <familiar>
INTRODUCTIONS: How do you do? <formal>, How are you?, Glad to meet you, Hi <familiar>
REACTION SIGNALS:
(a) assent, agreement: Yes, Yeah /je/; All right, OK <informal>, Certainly, Absolutely, Right, Exactly, Quite <BrE>, Sure <esp AmE>
(b) denial, disagreement: No, Certainly not, Definitely not, Not at all, Not likely
THANKS: Thank you (very much), Thanks (very much), Many thanks, Ta <BrE slang>, Thanks a lot, Cheers <familiar BrE>
TOASTS: Good health <formal>, Your good health <formal>, Cheers <familiar>, Here's to you, Here's to the future, Here's to your new job
SEASONAL GREETINGS: Merry Christmas, Happy New Year, Happy Birthday, Many happy returns (of your birthday), Happy Anniversary
ALARM CALLS: Help! Fire!
WARNINGS: Mind, (Be) careful!, Watch out!, Watch it! <familiar>
APOLOGIES: (I'm) sorry, (I beg your) pardon <formal>, My mistake
RESPONSES TO APOLOGIES: That's OK <informal>, Don't mention it, Not matter <formal>, Never mind, No hard feelings <informal>
CONGRATULATIONS: Congratulations, Well done, Right on <AmE slang>
EXPRESSIONS OF ANGER OR DISMISSAL (familiar; graded in order from expressions of dismissal to taboo curses): Beat it <esp AmE>, Get lost, Blast you <BrE>, Damn you, Go to hell, Bugger off <BrE>, Fuck off, Fuck you
EXPLETIVES (familiar; likewise graded in order of increasing strength): My Gosh, (By) Golly, (Good) Heavens, Doggone (it) <AmE>, Darn (it), Heck, Blast (it) <BrE>, Good Lord, (Good) God, Christ Almighty, Oh hell, Damn (it), Bugger (it) <esp BrE>, Shit, Fuck (it)
MISCELLANEOUS EXCLAMATIONS: Shame <familiar>, Encore, Hear, hear, Over my dead body <familiar>, Nothing doing <informal>, Big deal <familiar, ironic>, Oh dear, Goal, Checkmate
ʸ¿ϲ餫ŪάФΤǤꡤǤԵ§ȸ뤬ä͡ŪݤȤħ⤢롥㤨Сˤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ̤ο;ΤѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤܵळȤǤʤĤΤ¿ʸȤΤǡ(A) happy new year! Τ褦ˡ괧̵ͭʤɤ˴ؤ variation ĤΤ⤢ȹͤƤ롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
[2011-02-26-1], [2011-02-27-1]εǻȤ Wittig ϡѸޥ formula ǽŪñ̤Ȥư֤ŤԤǤ롥Wittig εˤϹ¤λǻȿǤƤꡤä˼2ˤƸ롥
1Ĥϡformula "a kind of mental template, in the mind of the poet, a pattern-making device which generates a series of derivative forms" (Wittig 29) ȤߤʤƤǤ롥ιͤˤȡformula Ȥط ( syntagm ) ɽ魯ַפΤȤǤꡤط ( paradigm ) ˤزǽʸ緲1ĤήǤ椯ȤˤäƤɽ¸Ȥ롥㤨 al thus in boke as as we rede ȤޤʸϡʲΡַפγƥåȤŬʸƤϤƤä̤Ǥȹͤ롥

⤦1Ĥƹ¤ŪʤΤϡ嵭Τ褦٥η "syntagmeme" ̾դƥޥι¤ʤǾñ̤Ȱ֤ŤȤǡָزǽ椫פȤͤ礭ñ̤ؤȳĥƤ椯Ǥ롥㤨СޥˤϡּλפȤ̤롥ξ̤ΤϡְԤˤ뻦δߡסоסŨĩסŨȤ襤סֻפȤϢνǤꡤ줾νñ̤ "motifeme" ȸƤФ롥 motifeme ˤ͡ variation ѰդƤꡤޤ motifeme ֤ν֤ϷޤäƤ롥ήफΤ褦˾̤Ƥ椯ˡּλפȤ̤켫Τ礭ʹñ "type-scene" ȤʤꡤּפȤ⤦1Ĥ type-scene ȹ蘆äơ礭ʹñ "type-episode" Ȥʤ롥εϤñ̤ˤƤָزǽ椫פȤƱ츶§ŬѤƤꡤñ̤Ѥ߽ŤͤˤǽŪʪ줬Ȥ̣ǡƹ¤ŪʹͤȤ롥
Wittig ϡ"Dame," he said Τ褦ñ formula ʬϤϤᡤ礭ñ̤ؤʬϤؤѤ߾夲Ƥ椭ȤѸޥ˶̤2Ф type-episode Ϣͤߤ"love-marriage" Ϣ "separation-restoration" ϢǤ롥Wittig (177) ϡѸޥηϤ2ФϢȤ߹蘆äƤȤȤǤȸڤ롥
ѸޥǤϡlove marriage δ֤ɬȼseparation ˤ륢ǥƥƥӼˤ restoration ʤβˤˤտ魯롥2ФϢѸޥμפ "generating forces" Ǥꡤع¤顤ʪĤġɽع¤ФƤ椯ưϤʤΤǤ롥
ǸˡWittig ε speculation ؤȵڤ֡Ѹޥİδؿκ love-marriage separation-restoration äȲꤹȡϤʤʤΤ1ĤȤơlove-marriage ħϲ² separation-restoration ħ˷ϲ²Ȥͻ¤礭ʴؿäǤϤʤ
formula θŪʬϤɤβ²ѤؤŸ Wittig εɤǡ¤ȤΤϡʤ1ĤθȤ߹碌礭ʵꤢ뤳ȤʤΤȳؤ
Wittig, Susan. Stylistic and Narrative Structures in the Middle English Romances. Austin and London: U of Texas P, 1978.
ε[2011-02-26-1]ǡѸޥθˤ formula 礭ʳѤƤ뤫ޥ formula ¿ѤطʤˤϡĤƤƤ롥1Ĥϡͭ̾ The Auchinleck Manuscript Υޥ˴Ϣä˸Ƥ뤳Ȥǡɥμ꤬ܡפ뤿ˡformula Ū¿ѤȤ "a theory of bookshop composition and extensive textual borrowing" Ǥ (Wittig 13) ⤦1ĤϡޥϡͷͤƬİȤտޤǺ줿ΤǤꡤθ̤ȰžΤ˷֤¿ʤΤϼȤ "the oral-transmission theory" Ǥ (Wittig 14)
Wittig Ͼ2ĤǤϤʤȼĥ롥ޥɤİ˼Τϡʬ꤭äʪζڤͽ¬ǽ formula ٤ʹ뤳Ȥˤꡤʪ줬Ҳθǧǧ¿뤳ȤǤǤϤʤޥθʹϤȤ˼ҲФ뿮괶äƤꡤޥƤ뤳Ȥˤäơݼ餹뤳Ȥ˻դɽƤΤǤϤʤäơҲѳפХޥȤ뼫ΤƤ뤫ह뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ޥθϡʹΥθ "a language of stance" (Wittig 46) Ǥ롥Wittig Τμĥ줿
If the language does not serve to carry information, what then is its primary function? In addition to carrying a minimal amount of narrative information, the language carries at least one other level of social meaning as well. That is, it carries the additional messages which are encoded within the semiology of social gestures, the language of social ritual: leave-takings, greetings, meals and banquets, marriages and knightings and tournaments. Each one of the highly ritualized events to which the formulas themselves refer is also a kind of formulaic language, a complex system of significations which is as thoroughly understood and articulated in its own culture as that culture's natural language and which is indeed a language even though it may not be a verbal one. In the romances the language of the verse refers much of the time to this second-order system, and its message-bearing function is then doubled. The language of these narratives functions not only as a medium of narrative, but as a powerful social force which supports, reinforces, and perpetuates the social beliefs and customs held by the culture, perhaps long past their normal time of decline. (Wittig 45)
ǿ줿 The Auckinleck Manuscript ˤĤƤϰʲΥȤͭѤǤ롥
The Auchinleck Manuscript : National Library of Scotland
Auchinleck MS Home Page
Wittig, Susan. Stylistic and Narrative Structures in the Middle English Romances. Austin and London: U of Texas P, 1978.
ޥθ礭ħ1Ĥˡformula ¿Ѥ롥stock phrase Ȥַޤʸ硤פؤformula ˤϡɽꤷƶΤ顤äΥ٥ǤηŬ礷ƤФ褤Ȥ빭ΤޤǤ뤬¿ formula Milman Parry μȯƤ롥
A formula is "a group of words which is regularly employed under the same metrical conditions to express a given essential idea." (qtd in Wittig, p. 15 as from "Studies in the Epic Technique of Oral Verse-Making. I: Homer and Homeric Style." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 41 (1930). page 80.)
formula ζФ꤬ʤ"'Dame,' he said", "that hendi knight", "feyre and free" ʤɤûΤ顤"He was a bolde man and a stowt", "And he were neuer so blythe of mode", "For to make the lady glade / That was bothe gentyll and small" ʤɤĹΤޤ͡Ǥ롥Wittig ˤСѸαʸޥ25ʤ Parry ξ̩ formula ޤԤȴФȤʲΤ褦ʷ̤줿
| POEM | LENGTH | VERSE TYPE | FORMULA RATE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lai le freine | 340 lines | couplet | 10% |
| Sir Landeval | 500 | couplet | 11 |
| Sir Launfal | 1044 | tail-rhyme | 16 |
| King Horn | 1644 | couplet | 18 |
| Sir Degare | 1076 | couplet | 21 |
| Havelok | 2822 | couplet | 21 |
| Sir Isumbras | 804 | tail-rhyme | 22 |
| Sir Amadace | 864 | tail-rhyme | 22 |
| Sir Perceval | 2288 | tail-rhyme | 22 |
| Horn Child | 1138 | tail-rhyme | 24 |
| Roswall and Lillian | 885 | couplet | 25 |
| Ocatvian (southern) | 1962 | tail-rhyme | 25 |
| Sir Triamour | 1719 | tail-rhyme | 25 |
| Earl of Toulous | 1224 | tail-rhyme | 26 |
| Ywain and Gawayn | 4032 | couplet | 27 |
| Sir Eglamour | 1377 | tail-rhyme | 29 |
| Squyr of Lowe Degre | 1131 | couplet | 30 |
| Lebeaus Desconus | 2131 | tail-rhyme | 30 |
| Sir Torrent | 2669 | tail-rhyme | 31 |
| Bevis of Hampton | 4332 | couplet | 34 |
| Eger and Grime | 1474 | couplet | 35 |
| Sir Degrevant | 1920 | tail-rhyme | 38 |
| Octavian (northern) | 1731 | tail-rhyme | 39 |
| Floris and Blancheflur | 1083 | couplet | 41 |
| Emare | 1030 | tail-rhyme | 42 |
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