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latin - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-07-07 Tue

#6280. B&C 64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" (3) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][lexicology][borrowing][latin][loan_word][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][philology]



³ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable 6ǡˤ helwa Ǯ֤1ʸIJ˶ƤĶɲμ¶Ͽ꡼ǤVoicy heldio ۿϢưʤ顤̾ιԴ֤Ωˤ©Ƹߤ³Ƥޤ
ī heldio ǿǤϡ64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" ᤯ȤʤȾʬ (p. 85) ɤϤƤޤ⡤ɤΥ꡼ϡhelwa/heldio ߥ˥ƥ˷礫ʤإᥤȤǤꡤƱ֤Ǥ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤǤ
ޤǤ˸Ƥ褦ˡ٥ͥǥȲ״˱ѸήƥѸ¿ϡܤ̤Ƴ줿ʪŪؽŪѸǤΥåȤȤʤʸǤϡñ줬θűѸθηϤˤƤɤΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤäΤʸŪʻѻɤΤ褦ꡦꤹ٤ʤΤȤơޤޤƥΤޤѤƤ괰ƱʤäñΥꥹȤįʤ顤ʸۤɤΤ褦˲᤹٤Ȥʸؤ˸ؤˡ˴ؤˤޤƧ߹ǵƤޤҤդ礤

It would be possible to extend these lists considerably by including words that were taken over in their foreign form and not assimilated. Such words as epactas, corporale, confessores, columba (dove), columne, cathedra, catacumbas, apostata, apocalipsin, acolitus, absolutionem, invitatorium, unguentum, cristalla, cometa, bissexte, bibliothece, basilica, adamans, and prologus show at once by their form their foreign character. Although many of them were later reintroduced into the language, they do not constitute an integral part of the vocabulary at this time. In general, the later borrowings of the Christian period come through books. An occasional word assigned to this later period may have been in use earlier, but there is nothing in the form to indicate it, and in the absence of any instance of its use in the literature before Alfred it is safer to put such borrowings in the latter part of the Old English period.


B&C Ķɥ꡼βΥ󥯽ؤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) 饢ǤޤҲޤƤİˤʤꡤܽɤ̤ơ˭ʤѸˤ­ƧƤС


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2026-07-06 Mon

#6279. B&C 64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" (2) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][lexicology][borrowing][latin][loan_word][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][helwa]



δϢ ([2026-06-19-1]) ˰³Voicy heldio μϿηȤʤ顤Ѹˤ̾Baugh and Cable Υƥȡ6ǡˤhelwa λֹ⤭֤ȤȤŰŪɤƤεϿϤޤǮդɽβ򤽤ΤޤޤϤ heldio ۿ꡼ϡʥꥹʡγα˻٤ơäȤǤϤޤĴ˿ʤǤޤ
īۿ heldio ǿǤϡ³64ɤʤƤޤΥ֥Ϥβۿȥ󥯤ƤȤʤޤ⡤helwa/heldio Υߥ˥ƥǮ夲ƤäƤإᥤȤǤꡤꥹʡ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤˡɤ꡼ɤƤޤ
heldio ۿ#1846. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (64-1) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղǤϡ٥ͥǥȲפ⤿餷طΥƥѸ˾ƤޤϤˤγ¦˹ʪŪؽŪʸäؤޤűѸμѸȤСꥹȶȼŪŪʥƥѸ줬۵ޤ٥ͥǥȲ״˥ƥ줫ήäϤȤϰ褷ƤޤƳؽŪѸ줬ΩĤ褦ˤʤΤǤɤΥåȤȤʤäʸʲ˷Ǥޤ (p. 85) ʪ̾Ѹ졤ưʪ̾Τʤɡμ餬ܤ̤Ƴäο̣襤ޤ

But we miss the group of words relating to everyday life characteristic of the earlier period. Literary and learned words predominate. Of the former kind are accent, brief (the verb), decline (as a term of grammar), history, paper, pumice, quatern (a quire or gathering of leaves in a book), and term(inus), title. A great number of plant names are recorded in this period. Many of them are familiar only to readers of old herbals. Some of the better known include celandine, centaury, coriander, cucumber, ginger, hellebore, lovage, periwinkle, petersili (parsley), and verbena.9 A few names of trees might be added, such as cedar, cypress, fig, laurel, and magdala (almond).10 Medical terms, like cancer, circulādl (shingles), paralysis, scrofula, plaster, and words relating to the animal kingdom, like aspide (viper), camel, lamprey, scorpion, and tiger, belong apparently to the same category of learned and literary borrowings.

9 A number of interesting words of this class have not survived in modern usage, such as aprotane (wormwood), armelu (wild rue), caric (dry fig), elehtre (lupin), mānrūfie (horehound), nepte (catnip), pollegie (pennyroyal), and hymele (hop-plant).
10 Most of these words were apparently bookish at this time and had to be reintroduced later from French.


B&C Ķɥ꡼β­פˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ夵ƤꡤĤǤХåʥС˥ǽǤƲؤΥʥӥϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) Ķɥ꡼̤Ū񿴤򤯤줿ϡܽ򤪼긵ˤѰդξ塤βƻ٤θ̣äƤйǤˡ֤İǤʤʬ̤䥪饤θӹǥꥢ륿˵ؤ˲äꤿפȤǮ̤򤪻ϡ Voicy ΥץߥꥹʡۿͥǤֱѸˤ (helwa)ؤΤä򤴸Ƥ800ߡ̵Υ֥Ǥ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-06-19 Fri

#6262. B&C 64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" (1) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][lexicology][borrowing][latin][loan_word][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



˰³Ѹˤ̾Baugh and Cable Υƥȡ6ǡˤhelwa λֹ⤭֤ŰŪ祤ȤƤĶɲפεϿǤǮդ븽β򤽤ΤޤޤϤ Voicy heldio ۿ꡼⡤ޤ©Ĺ³Ƥޤ
īۿ heldio ǿǤϡƬɤϤƤޤ#1846. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (64-1) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ ǤΥ֥Ϥκǿ̩ܤ˥󥯤¶ѤȤʤޤ
⡤helwa/heldio Υߥ˥ƥǮ夲ƤäƤץإᥤȤǤꡤꥹʡ Taku 󤳤https://www.ntu.ac.jp/research/kyoin/kodomo/gakoukyouiku/kaneta_t.html">󤵤ʳءˤˡͤȤɤ꡼ɤƤޤ
ơ󤫤Ϥ褤 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" ꤵ줿ޤޤɤäƤ֥٥ͥǥȲספȤŪ꤬ͤºݤαѸθäˤɤΤ褦Ѳ⤿餷ΤŪʼѸ (loan_word) ΥꥹȤȤȤ˸ڤƤȤˤʤޤɤΥåȤȤʤäʸʲ˷ǤޤBaugh and Cable, pp. 84--85ˡ64Ƭ顤褽30ʬ򤫤Ʒ6ʸκ˶Ƥޤ

The influence of Latin upon the English language rose and fell with the fortunes of the church and the state of learning so intimately connected with it. As a result of the renewed literary activity just described, a new series of Latin importations took place. These differed somewhat from the earlier Christian borrowings in being words of a less popular kind and expressing more often ideas of a scientific and learned character. They are especially frequent in the works of Ælfric and reflect not only the theological and pedagogical nature of his writings but also his classical tastes and attainments. His literary activity and his vocabulary are equally representative of the movement. As in the earlier Christian borrowings, a considerable number of words have to do with religious matters: alb, Antichrist, antiphoner, apostle, canticle, cantor, cell, chrism, cloister, collect, creed, dalmatic, demon, dirge, font, idol, nocturn, prime, prophet, sabbath, synagogue, troper.


B&C Ķɥ꡼β­פˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ夵ƤꡤĤǤХåʥС˥ǽǤƲؤΥʥӥϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ϥ֤ȤƤѤѸˤΥޥŪ񿴤򤯤줿ϡܽ򤪼긵ˤѰդξ塤βƻ٤˿ɽθ̣äƤйǤˡ֤İǤʤʬ̤䥪饤θӹǥꥢ륿˵ؤ˲äꤿפȤǮ̤򤪻ϡ Voicy ΥץߥꥹʡۿͥǤֱѸˤ (helwa)ؤΤä򤴸ƤŪʤפȤ˳ڤ֤򡤤ĤǤ⤪ԤƤޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-07-06-1]

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2026-05-09 Sat

#6221. Ȥȡذرñϥɥ֥å١ʸҡ2026ǯˤˤĤ̤ޤ [heldio][helwa][review][notice][kenkyusha][etymology][vocabulary][latin][greek][lexicology][scientific_english][word_formation][combining_form][etymology][grimms_law]


 ˡ Ƿˡڲ ȡʴƽˡظ츻dzؤ رñϥɥ֥å١ҡ2026ǯ



ǽˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ#6209. 423ҤѸ츻ܤ2 --- إѥñҿǡӡ٤ȡذرñϥɥ֥å١ ([2026-04-27-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ޤǾƤ褦ˡθ塤ܤᤰäơȤ heldio/helwa ΥꥹʡΡ̵פȡ״ٻ̤뵡ޤβ heldio ̤ȤƸƤޤΤǡ#1800. ذرñϥɥ֥å١ʸҡ2026ǯˤҼˡ̵פ̡İ53ʬۤɤ̤Ǥˡ



̤ǤϡȤǤ̵λ顤ܽβŪħˤĤ¿Ū˸äƤޤޤä줿ΤϡΰإƥζܤϡѲʤɤʸˡफΤ¿糰γˤϤƥϡɥ뤬⤫äȤ֤ǤФܽϡ츻 (etymology) Ϣ (combining_form) òƤꡤϿʹ֤ˤȤäߤ䤹ȤäĤ䤹ˤʤäƤȤΤȤǤ
ѸǤϡ˶Ѹϥƥ졤̾ϥꥷ줬ήǤȤ̣ʬˤĤƤڤӤޤ̵ˤС˶ѸϹŪ˥ƥ줵Ƥͥ󥹴ʹߤȯã̾ʤɤˤϥꥷͳθäήȤطʤ褦ǤΤ褦ʱѸ˸Ԥλϡ餬ѸʹߤβʳظäȯŪäȤɤΤ褦˴ؤäƤΤȤδؿȤʤޤΰؤθǤϡñʤ뵭ȤơִݰŵפƤȤ¾⤭Ħˤʤޤ
̥ܽϤΰĤȤơꥷä᤿ν¤󤲤ޤ 㤨̲ο Hypnos hypnosisʺ̲ˤδطʤɡäȤʹֽʪ줫⤭츻ϡΤ褦ʸϿʹ֤ˤȤäƤɤʪȤƤ⤷ΤǤ̵⡤ब뤳Ȥܤ򳫤Ūɤꡤؽη³ˤĤʤȽ򲡤Ƥޤ
ǡȤΩ줫˾Ȥơȯ䥢ɽ̵ͭ뤤 dent- tooth Τ褦ʰ̸ηӤĤƤ֥ˡ§ (grimms_law) β⤬ФͭյäΤǤϤʤȤäʥĥåߤӽФޤΤȤƤϡ̵ΰѸǤ­ǸΨ褯ؤ٤롤ޤǤˤʤηŪʥϥɥ֥å˻ž夬äƤȤɾǰפޤ
رѸϤ󡤲ʳرѸ (scientific_english) (word_formation) ˶̣ΤϤ󡤱ѸˤδäιͤƤߤˤȤäƤ⡤ܽϼ٤ǤشطԤʤ餺Ȥ⡤Ҽ˼äơνŸʸ츻˿ƤߤƤ
ޤ״֤󤴼ȤˤϢ note ֡ظ츻dzؤְرñϥɥ֥å٤˸롤رѸ춵οʿƤޤ⤼Ҥɤߤ

ˡ Ƿˡڲ ȡʴƽˡظ츻dzؤ رñϥɥ֥å١ҡ2026ǯ

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2026-04-27 Mon

#6209. 423ҤѸ츻ܤ2 --- إѥñҿǡӡ٤ȡذرñϥɥ֥å [notice][kenkyusha][review][hee][etymology][vocabulary][latin][greek][renaissance][heldio][combining_form][word_formation][lexicology][scientific_english][neologism]

423ˡҤñθ츻˴ؤҤƱ2ȯ䤵ޤҤϡǯ6ˡޤ⤴ɾƤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åФƤޤΤǡ1ǯδ֤3ֱѸ츻ܡפ尴줿ȤˤʤޤѸ츻趷褷ƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Ԥ줿Τϼ2ǤڡֻɤߡפǤޤ

ظ캬dzФ ѥñҿǡӡʻɤߤ
ظ츻dzؤ رñϥɥ֥åʻɤߤ

ʲơˤĤƴñˤҲ𤷤ޤ


ظ캬dzФ ѥñҿǡӡ



ޤ׻ˤظ캬dzФ륳ѥñҿǡӡ٤Ǥܽ2019ǯ˴Ԥ칥ɾǤ򿷤ˤΤǡָ̤̾캬פ˥եñ콸Ǥ١ȤʤäƤΤƱҤΡإѥ¼ŵ٤θ츻ǤܽǤϤ200ʾιܤ˲ɮƤꡤ300Ρ֡ʺǡ˽׸캬פ夵Ƥޤ
ɮ٤ϡóؽˤ츻μͤǼƤǤ1001٥ʾñ7ʾϸ츻μΩĤȤƤꡤȤ櫓ԤˤȤäƤΥܥӥˤϸ캬ؽˤͭǤ뤳ȤĴƤޤɥӥ䡤ߤΡ֥ȡפⴰƤꡤк̤γؤľޤб롤ޤ˸츻ؽδǤȤǤ


 ˡ Ƿˡڲ ȡʴƽˡظ츻dzؤ رñϥɥ֥å١ҡ2026ǯ



³ơڲȻʴƽˡᡦľǷˤˤظ츻dzؤ رñϥɥ֥å٤Ǥ츫Ūʰ̸ν˸ޤѸˤδⶽ̣Ǥرñϡͥ󥹴ʹߤ̤ήƤƥ졦ꥷǤˤǤꡤСϢ (combining_form) θܻԤΤ褦Ǥ
ܽιϸؤδؤδŪǤƬܸ캬פȤѡʬβ˻ϤޤꡤȾǤϡBody System ̡סǾСƵ۴ʤɡˡפ˸äƤޤѸ줬¿ѤŪĹʸդƤꡤɤѤ뤳ȤǡʹΥȤΨŪ˽Ǥ褦פƤޤϿΡֽѸפʤɤϡؤ糰λˤȤäƤϡڤǤޤԤΩظäƳʣڤܤΤʤˤ֤ƤȤˤĤƹͤƤߤΤ⡤⤷θȤʤޤؤˤĤƤϲʬʤǤ̤¿̩٤ι⤤رñϥɥ֥åǤ뤳ȤϳǧǤޤ

ʾ塤2ñˤҲ𤷤ޤ424ˤϡheldio Ǥ#1790. Ҥ2αѸ츻ܤФޤ --- إѥñҿǡӡ٤ȡظ츻dzؤְرñϥɥ֥å١ꤹۿǤäƤޤΤǡ碌ƤİйǤޤȤ櫓ذرñϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƤϡ᡹ܽᤰ̤ heldio ۿͽꤷƤޤΤǡҤԤ
ơرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å⤪˺ʤ

סظ캬dzФ ѥñҿǡӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
ˡ Ƿˡڲ ȡʴƽˡظ츻dzؤ رñϥɥ֥å١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-05-09-1]

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2026-04-23 Thu

#6205. Scots ˤܤ٤ͳ [scottish_english][scots][standard_english][sociolinguistics][variety][dialect][language_shift][contact][gvs][oe][literature][aureate_diction][old_norse][french][latin][celtic]

䤿ѸȸƤǤΤϡƤ󥰥˴ŤȯŸƤɸѸ (Standard English) ˤۤʤޤ󡥤̤žåȥɤäƤѸѼ (Scots or Scottish English) ܤȡˤɸѸΥѥɤȤ٤ˤäƤޤ
ܵǤϡåȥɤ餷餷ƤиΤܤƤ뤳ȤǧĤġʤ Scots ȤˤˤĤΤäƤȤ褤ΤݥȤƤߤȻפޤ
Scots Ȥˤܤ٤1ͳϡScots ɸѸв뤿ζˤʤȤǤScots ϡ󥰥ɤαѸѼСűѸľͳ褹ͣαѸѼǤ٤ɾСScots ӸŪ English ȺǤᤤȤΤǤ䤿ؽɸȤƤѸ줬ߤλѤˤʤäΤϡˤɬǤϤʤη̤ˤޤ㤨СScots Ǥ첻 (gvs) ʬŪˤäƤ餺house űѸβ˶ᤤ [huːs] ȯꡤĹɽΤ <i> 첻źȼֻäƤꤷޤޤ߷ưˤϡο;Τ˸¤餺¤ -is ʤɡScots ʸˡ̤ǤȼѲ뤲ƤƤޤˤۤʤäƤСɸѸ⤢뤤ϤʤäƤ⤷ʤȤλѤ Scots ˸뤳Ȥǡ䤿ɸѸл뤻Фᤫį뤳ȤǤΤǤ
2ˡScots ˤ English ˤ餱餺ܿθ̤ɾʹκǤ롤ȤǤScots θäɽˤϡ8Ⱦ11Υ󥰿ȴϢťΥɸαƶ13--14ΥåȥΩưȴطοե󥹤ȤΡָƱסAuld Allianceˤ⤿餷ȼΥե󥹼Ѹ졤15˲ֺ餤ƥȤʸ (aureate diction) ߹ޤƤޤ˸Ťϡȸδפ⤢櫓ǡScots ϤϤˤѸˤʣθ¸ߤȤʤäƤΤǤ
3ˡScots ˤ˭ʸŪޤRobert the Bruce William Wallace Ȥäαͺ˴ؤʪ줫顤Ǥ15--16 Robert Henryson William Dunbar ʤɤΥåȥɤˤ硼ͤƸι̱Ū Burns Scott ˻ޤǡOlder/Modern Scots ǽ񤫤줿̤κʤĤäƤޤScots ؤ֤ȤǡΤ褦ʸդΤḷ̌臘ȤǤӤϳ̤ǤScots ͭβŪʶϡñʤãƻĶ̥Ϥ򡤻䤿˶Ƥޤ
ˤСScots ˤϥåȥɤȤȤĶˤȤĤʤäƤޤScots-Irish ꥫ̱ˤ˲̤ϡޤǤʤפǤޤܤ˷פΤʤŪкŪƶͿThomas Blake Glover ϤȤ륹åȥɤεȲȤ­פͤȤطʤˤäŪǥƥƥ̵뤹뤳ȤϤǤޤScots ȤѸѼˤϡȥǥƥƥȸδط뤤Ͻ񤭸դäդۤʤǥȤƤ˵ǽ뤫ȤҲŪ꤬Ž̤ƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Scots Ȥˤؤ֤Ȥϡñ1ĤɸѸѼ˾ܤʤ뤳ȤǤϤޤ󡥤ϡѸȤ줬̤βǽѥɤ˻פڤܿءϲβȽŪªľǤ⤢ΤǤ
ʾ塤åȥ񤭤ޤܤܤ򡥴Ϣơ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-24-1]

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2026-02-15 Sun

#6138. Rome 첻ŪѲ [latin][french][italian][pronunciation][vowel][mond]

#6128. 1 mond 10䤤˲ޤ ([2026-02-05-1]) ΥꥹȤǿ줿μͭץåȥե mond ˤƼμ򤤤

Ѹ Rome o 첻 [ou] äƤޤűѸĹ첻oϸ [u:] ˤʤϤʤΤǡθϸűѸ줫ȯ줿ΤǤϤʤѸʹߤκ٤μѸʤΤǤ礦

ɤߤʬȤꡤʤʤä𤬤롥β뤿˼դĴ١ĤƤΤǡ򤳤˻ĤƤ
ޤ Rome ȯ /rəʊm || roʊm/ LPD3 Ǥ "Formerly also /ruːm/" ȤäޤOED ˤȡΤ褦ˤä

This pronunciation [= /ruːm/] survived in regional speech into the 20th cent. (compare quots. 1873, 1909 at sense 2a; Sc. National Dict. (at Room) records the pronunciation /rum/ as still in use in Banffshire in 1968). It shows the regular reflex of Middle English long close ō, in turn reflecting Old English ō. By contrast, the modern standard pronunciation was influenced by the pronunciation of the Latin and Italian forms of the place name.


ơǤϤۤʹʤ /ruːm/ ϡĤѤƤΤWalker μ1827ǯǤǤϡθȯ /ruːm/ ȤƼĤġεҤͿƤ롥

The o in this word is irrevocably fixed in the English sound of that letter in move, prove, &c. Pope, indeed, rhymes it with dome,
"Thus when we view some well-proprition'd dome,
"The word's just wonder, and ev'n thine, O Rome!"
But, as Mr. Nares observes, it is most probable that he pronounced this word as if written doom, as he rhymes Rome with doom afterwards in the same poem.
"From the same foes at last both felt their doom;
"And the same age saw learning fall and Rome."
                              Essay on Criticism, v. 685.
The truth is, nothing certain can be concluded from the rhyming of poets. It may serve to confirm an established usage, but can never direct us where usage is various and uncertain. But the pun which Shakespeare puts into the mouth of Cassius in Julius Cæsar decidedly shows what was the pronunciation of this word in his time:
  "Now it is Rome, indeed, and rom enough,
  "When there is in it but one only man."
And the Grammar in Queen Anne's time, recommended by Steele, says the city Rome is pronounced like Room; and Dr. Jones, in his Spelling Dictionary, 1704, gives it the same sound.


Dobson μƤڵȡ˴Ť̯ (Vol. 2, §154)

A special case of this variation is Rome, from OE Rōm reinforced by OF Rome. In this word [u:] is normal in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as in Bullokar, Robinson (see further below), Willis, Price (contrast his 'homophone' list; see below), Poole, Lye (following Price), WSC-RS, Brown's 'phonetically spelt' list, and the 'homophone' lists from Butler's onwards, including those of Hodges, Coles's Schoolmaster, and Cooper (which are the best), but with two exceptions (see below). The word has [o:] only in Hart, Price's 'homophone' list (paired with roam; contrast his text, which gives [u:]), and Coles's least selective list, that of the Engl.-Lati. Dict. Cooper in 'editing' the material of earlier 'homophone' lists removes the pairing of Rome with roam to a list of words which are pronounced 'differently' (and not even 'near alike'). Robinson, though he gives [u:] in transcribing Rome in an English text, gives [o:] in Romam in his Latin poem; this important evidence shows that the usual view, that the [o] pronunciation (whence PresE [ou]) in Rome is due to French or Italian influence, is inexact; it is more immediately derived from the English pronunciation of Latin, in which [o] in Roma may show ME substitution of ǭ for ō even in the neighbourhood of a labial, but is more likely to be due to the 'reformed pronunciation', which was based to some extent on foreign models.


mond βǤҤ٤ȤꡤDobson Τ 'reformed pronunciation' ʲȯˤؤΤϻˤʬʤΤǡŬڤɾ뤳ȤǤʤ̾Ի̾ᤰȯˤĤơΤ褦Ǯ蘆Ƥ뤳ȤΤ뤳ȤǤ

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Walker, John. Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language. London: 1827.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-02-10 Tue

#6133. ѸΡָä3ع¤פ򤷤ޤ [word_play][lexical_stratification][lexicology][japanese][twitter][loan_word][old_english][middle_english][french][latin][synonym][heldio][notice][kochushoho][kenkyusha][kochukoneta30][hel_ogiri]



26ʶˤꡤVoicy heldio ˤ֡ۿѸָä3ع¤󤫤ηȯɽϤޤ
ܲ225˸Ҥ괩ͽظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ夲٤ X @chariderryu ꡤȥָѸ30ϢȯŸƤޤ No. 11 ȤֱѸθäϡ3ơפι¤Ҳ𤷤Ȥ¿ȿ򤤤ޤ
ѸΡֱѡʩפ3ع¤ϡܸΡ¸졦졦פ˴ˤбޤǡX ƤӤơܸǤѸǤ֤줤3ع¤פ򤪴󤻤äȤ쥻󥹤θ³ȴ󤻤ޤηɤ߾夲Τ嵭ۿǤ䤬ǤиǤ⤷Ȼפäʶޡޡ̾ޤˤ夲Ƥޤ hellog ˤ⵭ϿȤƻĤƤȻפޤܸ3ع¤λ㤬濴ȤʤޤѸˤĤƤ⤤Ĥ󤻤ޤ

ڡǰݸ硡

㤰㡦𡦥
졦ݡѥ˥å
ʤˡ/𡦥

ڡ衦ƻ硡

졦Ͽ쥳ʶޡTAKAHASHI

ػҡ
ʤŤŴȡϥޡ
ꡦ͹ء᡼
ޤʤӤ䡦饹롼
Ĥ줢۶ԡѡȥ

ڡΡ硡

Ρܥǥ
ޡƬإå
ŷϡ饯
Ф롦ץ쥢ǥ
顦ʪȥ쥸㡼ʶޡmozhi gengo

ڡư硡

ĥ롦ƻ뤹롦˥󥰤ʥ⡼֤
֤˾롦ž롦ɥ饤֤
֤롦ԡȤ
ǤࡦϤ롦פ

ڡðۤʻءʤ뤤Ϥʾ硡

ѥڡʤˡĥꥢɥ̾ޡ夵
IJꡦåڡ¯ΡؽѸ졦㡼νŤʤ

ڡѸ3ع¤

hurly-burly - confusion - chaos
fear - terror - panic/phobia
love - affection - eros/philia
grasp - seize - capture
hallow - deify - consecrate
say - mention - refer
teacher - tutor - evangelist
old - ancient - senior
wonderful - surprising - terrific
bright - sparkling - splendid
great - excellent - superb

Ǥ礦֤줤פõΤϰճ񤷤ΤǤñʤǤϤʤؤؤظˤĤơפָŪסơŪפ뤤ϡ֥פؤȸ촶ѤäƤǡ󤬴뤫ɤݥȤˤʤޤ⡼ΰ㤤ʤɤռȤ⤷Ǥ͡
Ѹˤδ餤СΤ褦ʸäؤθߤϡθ줬ǤˤθߤΤΤǤ⤢ޤĤƸűѸˤ1ƤääβȤѸ˥ե󥹸Ȥ2ʬۤ졤˶ѸˤƤϥƥʤ䥮ꥷˤ3Ѥ߾夬äƤޤ
رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ5ϤǤܤ⤷ƤޤѸϤޤ12äƤʥߥѻǤǤᴩظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤̤ơҤˤθθƤߤƤ

δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-02-21-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-01-27 Tue

#6119. falcon l ȯ뤫ʤ [sobokunagimon][notice][l][silent_letter][etymological_respelling][emode][renaissance][french][latin][spelling_pronunciation_gap][eebo][pronunciation]

ε#6118. salmon l ϤʤȯʤΤǤ --- mond μ ([2026-01-26-1]) Ǥϡsalmon ʺˤۻ l طʤˤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 夲ޤϡδϢǡ褯аޤ򤿤ɤʤ⸽Ǥϰۤʤ̤ȤʤäƤ falcon ʥϥ֥ˤˤĤä򤷤ޤ礦
falcon salmon Ʊ͡ƥ (falcōnem) ͳ褷ťե󥹸 (faucon) ν֤ФѸäƤޤäơϱѸǤ l ʸȯ⤢ޤǤȤ16˥ƥֻ򻲾Ȥ <l> ֻͰŪޤޤǤ salmon ȤޤäƱƻڤǤ
ѸɸŪȯˤơsalmon <l> ۻǤΤФfalcon l /ˈfælkən/ /ˈfɔːlkən/ Τ褦ˡֻ̤ /l/ ȯΤ̤ǤϡֻȯϤȤʤäȯΤΤѲȤʤޤ
Ȥ֤ϤñǤϤޤ󡥸ȯ֤ܤĴ٤Ƥߤȡ̣¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤޤLPD3 ˷ǺܤƤ롤ƤΰüԤоݤȤ Preference Poll η̤򸫤Ƥߤޤ礦


falcon_LPD.png



Ū¿ /l/ ȯƤޤƤȤ3%ۤɤüԤϡߤǤ /l/ ʤ /ˈfɔːkən/ ʤɤθŤפȯѤƤ뤳Ȥǧޤξ <l> ۻȤʤޤ˶̣ΤϡCEPD17 εҤǤμˤϡΥߥ˥ƥˤ봷ѤˤĤƤ᤬ޤ

Note: /ˈfɔː-/ is the usual British pronunciation among people who practise the sport of falconry, with /ˈfɔː-/ and /ˈfɔːl-/ most usual among them in the US.


뾢δ֤ǤϡꥹǤ /l/ ȯʤ̤ǤꡤꥫǤ⤽ηȤΤǤȤδ֤ǤϡŪȯֶȳѸפΤ褦˲вƻĤäƤȤΤ϶̣ݤǤ
ǤϡŪ˸Ƥ <l> ֻϤĺ夷ΤǤ礦Hotta and Iyeiri ǤϡEEBO corpus (Early English Books Online) ѤơѸˤ falcon ֻѰۤܺ٤ĴޤĴˤСñʣޤơʲΤ褦37̤ΰ۷ǧޤ (147) <l> ̵ͭܤƤ

falcon, falcons, faulcon, faucon, fawcons, faucons, fawcon, faulcons, falkon, falcone, faukon, faulcone, faukons, falkons, faulcones, faulkon, faulkons, falcones, faulken, fawlcon, fawkon, faucoun, fauken, fawcoun, fawken, falken, fawkons, fawlkon, falcoun, faucone, faulcens, faulkens, faulkone, fawcones, fawkone, fawlcons, fawlkons


ޤɴǤʬϤΤʷƤޤʸǤϼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤޤ (152)

FALCON is one of the most helpful items for us in that it occurs frequently enough both in non-etymological spellings without <l> and etymological spellings with <l>. The critical point in time for the item was apparently the middle of the sixteenth century. Until the 1550s and 1560s, the non-etymological type (e.g., <faucon> and <fawcon>) was by far the more common form, whereas in the following decades the etymological type (e.g., <faulcon> and <falcon>) displaced its non-etymological counterpart so quickly that it would be the only spelling in effect at the end of the century.


Ĥޤꡤ16ȾС1550ǯ~1560ǯˤžǤޤǤ faucon Τ褦ŪֻͥǤθ塤® falcon ʤɤθ츻ŪֻäꡤˤϤܴ֤ۤäΤǤ
salmon falconƱƱ褦ư l ʤ顤ۻȤʤꡤ¾ϡȤСۤܡȯ褦ˤʤäѸˤϡͽ¬ԲǽʸġñΥɥޤƤޤ
falcon ˤĤƿƤ¾ε⤴Ȥ

#192. etymological respelling (2) ([2009-11-05-1])
#488. ȯɤ򼨤ΰ ([2010-08-28-1])
#2099. fault l ([2015-01-25-1])
#5981. ˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ʸҡ2011ǯˡ ([2025-09-11-1])

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Roach, Peter, James Hartman, and Jane Setter, eds. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 17th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
Hotta, Ryuichi and Iyeiri Yoko. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus." Chapter 8 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 143--63.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-01-26 Mon

#6118. salmon l ϤʤȯʤΤǤ --- mond μ [mond][sobokunagimon][notice][l][silent_letter][etymological_respelling][emode][renaissance][french][latin][spelling_pronunciation_gap][eebo][pronunciation]

salmon ϤĤŤ l Τ l ȯʤȤ餷ơ16~17ΤĤŤȯκ𤬱ƶƤ뽭ޤsalmonȯɽˤˤĤƶƤ


μͭץåȥե mond ˤơ嵭μ򤤤ޤŪʱñֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؤ뵿Ǥ
СԤο仡äƤޤsalmon l ϡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ŵǤꡤѹͥ󥹴γؼԤθŵ󵢤ؤƴ줬񸽲ΤǤ
hellog Ǥ⤿ӤӼ夲ƤޤѸθä¿ϥե󥹸ͳäƤޤƥ salmō (acc. salmōnem) ϡťե󥹸 l æ saumon ʤɤηˤʤޤѸˤñ줬Ѥ줿ȤʤѸǤ l ֤줺ȯ⤵ޤǤʸ򸫤Сsamon samoun ȤäֻŪäΤǤ
Ȥ16濴ȤѸȡƥ䥮ꥷܤμͤѸֻͳƥη᤹٤ȹͤϤޤϥե󥹸첽ơ¤äֻ츻Ǥƥη򻲾ȤơͰŪʸΤǤ
debt doubt breceipt p salmon l ʤɤϡ٤ƤλλʪǤθŪֻϡѸ¿ۻ (silent_letter) ĤȤˤʤޤ
DZѸˤΤ⤷ʤʡ꤬ޤֻѤäȤơȯϤɤʤΤȤǤֻ˰ȯѲñfault assault ʤɡˤ⤢СֻѤȯϸŤޤ޼Ĥ줿ñdebt doubt ʤɡˤ⤢ޤsalmon ϸԤΥ롼פ°ޤֻȯΤͤ줿бط夷ΤϡĺΤȤäΤǤ礦
ǤϡEEBO corpus (Early English Books Online) ΥѥǡȤơsalmon ֻ l 夷ƤŪʻ10ǯߤοܡˤ򥰥դǼޤĴη̡1530ǯ夫1590ǯˤƤѲ濴äȤʬޤ1590ǯʹߡбطΩȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Ǥϡ1635ǯʸ˸롤Ҳ𤷤ƤޤޤäΥȤơֺפΤΤǤϤޤ󤬡ñ˴Ϣ뤢ٶݡʿǤθȤͭ̾ʥǤˤ̾ˤĤƤ⿨Ƥޤ
ʤ salmon l ȯʤޤޤʤΤظˤ˥ɥޤȶŪʥǡˤĤƤϡҰʲΥβ


mond_20260117.png



Hotta, Ryuichi and Iyeiri Yoko. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus." Chapter 8 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 143--63.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-31-1] [2026-01-27-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-01-08 Thu

#6100. ƥե󥹸̿ͳ褹ñ [latin][french][borrowing][loan_word][imperative]

Ѹäˤϥƥե󥹸줫μѸ줬¿ޤޤƤ뤬ư̿ΤޤޱѸäƤȤѤ郎Ĥ¸ߤ롥
褯ΤƤΤϡtennis ե󥹸ǡּäơפ̣ tenez tenetz ʤɤθѸ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥嵻ǤγݤΤޤޥ̾ˤʤäƤ롥
ʲŤϰǤĤҲ𤷤

recipe Ĵˡ䵡: ƥǡּסѤפۤɤ̣ư̿ͳ褹롥14ʹߤαѸǡν䵤Ƭ Recipe Ƚ񤫤褦ˤʤäȤ顥ˤĤƤϡmond βǾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
permit ʵġʾڡˡˡرѸ츻ŵ٤ˤС̾ˡư̿ǡǧκǽθͳ褹 (cf. F Iaissez-passer a permit) פȤΤȡ
ave ʥ٥ޥꥢεꡨޡ̤ΰˡƥΡָǤפ̣ avēre ̿ avē ͳ褹Ȥ롥
occupy ͭ: رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤСָ -y (ME -ie(n)) 츻ŪμưȤƤϡbandy (<- F bander, levy (<- lever), parry (<- parer) ʤɤ뤬ϲʬޤ̿μѤȹͤƤפȤ롥OED Ϥθ񤷤ȤƤ롥

ѸǤϤʤθǤϤ뤬riddlemeree ʤʤäˤ Riddle me a riddle! ʻΤ򤤤ƤˤȤ̿ʸͳ褹ȤΤä Addison (1719) ˽С
Τ褦ñϰճ¿¸ߤΤ⤷ʤ褤Ϥ

ʰʲ嵭2026/01/09(Fri)
ܵ塤ɼԤ X ̤memento, facsimile, Audi λ򶵤Ƥޤ꤬Ȥޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-12-12 Fri

#6073. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (5) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][loan_word][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe]



ī Voicy heldio ˤ#1657. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-5) with Taku --- 饤ĶɲϤޤܥ֥Ǥ3ˤ⤷#6070. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (4) --- Taku ȤĶɲ ([2025-12-09-1]) ³ԤȤʤޤ
³إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤοʹԤΤȡB&C 62κǸ3ʸ򤸤äɤƤޤŪñ줬¿󤵤ƤսʤΤǡرѸ츻ŵ٤ʤɤʤɤٶˤʤϤǤ
ǤϡоݤαʸǺܤޤ礦Baugh and Cable, p. 82)

Finally, we may mention a number of words too miscellaneous to admit of profitable classification, like anchor, coulter, fan (for winnowing), fever, place (cf. market-place), spelter (asphalt), sponge, elephant, phoenix, mancus (a coin), and some more or less learned or literary words, such as calend, circle, legion, giant, consul, and talent. The words cited in these examples are mostly nouns, but Old English borrowed also a number of verbs and adjectives such as āspendan (to spend; L. expendere), bemūtian (to exchange; L. mūtāre), dihtan (to compose; L. dictāre), pīnian (to torture; L. poena), pīnsian (to weigh; L. pēnsāre), pyngan (to prick; L. pungere), sealtian (to dance; L. saltāre), temprian (to temper; L. temperāre), trifolian (to grind; L. trībulāre), tyrnan (to turn; L. tornāre), and crisp (L. crispus, 'curly'). But enough has been said to indicate the extent and variety of the borrowings from Latin in the early days of Christianity in England and to show how quickly the language reflected the broadened horizon that the English people owed to the church.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) B&C ΤǤߤСޤޤĶɥ꡼פȤäƤ褤Ǥäڡ³ƤĤǤҳܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-13-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-12-09 Tue

#6070. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (4) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][loan_word][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe]



Voicy heldio ˤ#1654. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-4) with Taku --- 饤ĶɲϤޤ127ˤθ˥饤dzŤĶɲͻҤϿΤΰǤ
˰³إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤ˿ʹ̳Ƥ˥إᥤȿ̾ˤ⤪Ω񤤤ޤޤǡī˭ǽ¤֤ᤴȤǤޤ꤬ȤޤĶɲԤ1Ⱦۤɡθο֤Ǥ1ĶȤĹǤ heldio/helwa ʣʬۿƤͽǤ
ơīۿǥСƤΤϡB&C 62θȾλϤޤȤʤ "But the church . . ." 4ʸǤʲˡоݤαʸǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, p. 82)

But the church also exercised a profound influence on the domestic life of the people. This is seen in the adoption of many words, such as the names of articles of clothing and household use: cap, sock, silk, purple, chest, mat, sack;6 words denoting foods, such as beet, caul (cabbage), lentil (OE lent), millet (OE mil), pear, radish, doe, oyster (OE ostre), lobster, mussel, to which we may add the noun cook;7 names of trees, plants, and herbs (often cultivated for their medicinal properties), such as box, pine,8 aloes, balsam , fennel, hyssop, lily, mallow, marshmallow, myrrh, rue, savory (OE sæperige), and the general word plant. A certain number of words having to do with education and learning reflect another aspect of the church's influence. Such are school, master, Latin (possibly an earlier borrowing), grammatic(al), verse, meter, gloss, and notary (a scribe).


6 Other words of this sort, which have not survived in Modern English, are cemes (shirt), swiftlere (slipper), sūtere (shoemaker), byden (tub, bushel), bytt (leather bottle), cēac (jug), læfel (cup), orc (pitcher), and strǣl (blanket, rug).
7 Cf. also OE cīepe (onion, ll. cēpa), nǣp (turnip; L. nāpus), and sigle (rye, V.L. sigale).
8 Also sæppe (spruce-fir) and mōrbēam (mulberry tree).


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-13-1] [2025-12-12-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-09-19 Fri

#5989. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (3) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe][hellive2025][loan_word]



Voicy heldio ǤϤ#1548. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-2) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary³Ԥ򡤺īۿޤ#1573. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-3) with Taku --- ֱѸ˥饤2025פǤϵ913ڡˤֱѸ˥饤2025ˤơī7᤮ۿǤϤΤǤ
ĶɲƱͤˡإᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤ˻ʲ̳ƤޤˤϡΤۤ̾ΥإᥤȤ⥮꡼ȤƻäƤꡤīǮɲȤʤäƤޤ40ʬۤɤλ֤򤫤ơ18ʸۤɤɤ߿ʤޤ2ͤɤˤǮۤ߼ĤġҤդ礤С
ʲˡоݤαʸǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, pp. 81--82)

It is obvious that the most typical as well as the most numerous class of words introduced by the new religion would have to do with that religion and the details of its external organization. Words are generally taken over by one language from another in answer to a definite need. They are adopted because they express ideas that are new or because they are so intimately associated with an object or a concept that acceptance of the thing involves acceptance also of the word. A few words relating to Christianity such as church and bishop were, as we have seen, borrowed earlier. The Anglo-Saxons had doubtless plundered churches and come in contact with bishops before they came to England. But the great majority of words in Old English having to do with the church and its services, its physical fabric and its ministers, when not of native origin were borrowed at this time. Because most of these words have survived in only slightly altered form in Modern English, the examples may be given in their modern form. The list includes abbot, alms, altar, angel, anthem, Arian, ark, candle, canon, chalice, cleric, cowl, deacon, disciple, epistle, hymn, litany, manna, martyr, mass, minster, noon, nun, offer, organ, pall, palm, pope, priest, provost, psalm, psalter, relic, rule, shrift, shrive, shrive, stole, subdeacon, synod, temple, and tunic. Some of these were reintroduced later.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2025-08-25 Mon

#5964. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (2) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe]



Voicy heldio ǤϤ#1546. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-1) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary³Ԥ򡤺īΥۿޤ
Ʊ621θȾʬBut ǻϤޤʬޤǤ򡤥إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤĶɤƤޤ21ʬۤɤλ֤򤫤ơä10Ⱦۤɤ߿ʤޤ2ͤΤ٤ꡤߡɤˤǮۤ߼äƤйǤ
оݤαʸ夲սޤƷǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, p. 81) Ķɤˤդ礤

62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary.
From the introduction of Christianity in 597 to the close of the Old English period is a stretch of more than 500 years. During all this time Latin words must have been making their way gradually into the English language. It is likely that the first wave of religious feeling that resulted from the missionary zeal of the seventh century, and that is reflected in intense activity in church building and the establishing of monasteries during this century, was responsible also for the rapid importation of Latin words into the vocabulary. The many new conceptions that followed in the train of the new religion would naturally demand expression and would at times find the resources of the language inadequate. But it would be a mistake to think that the enrichment of the vocabulary that now took place occurred overnight. Some words came in almost immediately, others only at the end of this period. In fact, it is fairly easy to divide the Latin borrowings of the Second Period into two groups, more or less equal in size but quite different in character. The one group represents words whose phonetic form shows that they were borrowed early and whose early adoption is attested also by the fact that they had found their way into literature by the time of Alfred. The other contains words of a more learned character first recorded in the tenth and eleventh centuries and owing their introduction clearly to the religious revival that accompanied the Benedictine Reform. It will be well to consider them separately.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.


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2025-08-23 Sat

#5962. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (1) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe]



ī Voicy heldio #1546. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-1) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the VocabularyۿޤإᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤȤȤˡפ֤ Baugh and Cable Ķɲ򳫤ޤ1֤ۤǮɽȤʤޤ1ְʾ򤫤ɤ߿ʤ᤿Τ621ΤߤǤ˭ɲλ֤ heldio ϿƤޤͻҤԤȸԤ2ʬơheldio Ȥۿޤ
62ǤϡűѸŪᤤˤƥ줫θŪƶˤĤơȤȤƤޤɤ̣臘ȤȤˡ2ͤΤ٤ڤߤʤ顤űѸȥƥδط˻פڤƤߤƤ
īۿоݤȤʬΥƥȡBaugh and Cable, p. 81) ʲ˷ǺܤޤΤǡĶɤˤդ礤С

62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary.
From the introduction of Christianity in 597 to the close of the Old English period is a stretch of more than 500 years. During all this time Latin words must have been making their way gradually into the English language. It is likely that the first wave of religious feeling that resulted from the missionary zeal of the seventh century, and that is reflected in intense activity in church building and the establishing of monasteries during this century, was responsible also for the rapid importation of Latin words into the vocabulary. The many new conceptions that followed in the train of the new religion would naturally demand expression and would at times find the resources of the language inadequate.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-14 Thu

#5953. ꥷ ei αѸؤμޤ [digraph][vowel][diphthong][greek][latin][loan_word][borrowing]

Ϣ crocodile θֻˤĤĴ٤Ƥ뤬βɽ˴ؿäꥷ κροκόδειλος 3ˤߤ ει 2Ż (digraph) ƥ˼ޤݤˤ crocodīlus Τ褦1Ĥ첻ݻƤ롥ѸֻǤ⡤Τ crocodile i 1ʸΤߤɽ
Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡꥷñ줬Ū뤤ľŪ˱Ѹ˼ޤݤˤϡĤΥѥ󤬤ȤǤϤ뤬Upward and Davidson (220--21) ˤСѸֻ˴ؤƴˤʤŪʿ񤤡ˤߤ롥

          Gr EI transliterated as E or I

Although a digraph, Gr EI perhaps represented a simple vowel sound rather than a diphthong, and was liable to misspelling in classical Gr as just iota or eta.
   Latin transliterated Gr EI as either E or I, not as EI. Direct transliteration from Gr to Eng giving EI, as in eirenic, kaleidoscope, pleistocene, seismic, protein, Pleiades typically date from the 19th or 20th centuries, and have therefore not come via Lat. The contrast between such modern transliterations and the older Lat-derived ones is seen in pairs such as apodeictic/apodictic 'demonstrably true' (< Latin apodicticus < Gr apodeiktikos), cheiropractic/chiropractic, Eirene/Irene.
   Lat gave Eng an arbitrary spelling variation by tending to transliterate Gr EI as E before a vowel and as I before a consonant: thus panacea, truchea (< Gr panakeia, tracheia) but icon, idol, lichen (< Gr eikōn, eidōlon, leichēn), and similarly with crocodile, dinosaur, empirical, idyll, pirate. Note, however, angiosperm (< Gr aggeion) with I before O, and hygiene (< Gr hugieinē) with E before N preventing a repetition of I in *hygiine.
   Underlying the Y of therapy, idolatry is Gr -EIA (Gr latreia 'worship', therapeia) whereas Gr -IA underlies the Y of theory, history (< Gr theōria, historia).


ۤñʷǤʤʬ뤬Ⱦˤäơꥷ줫ľܼѤʤΤƥͳƤδܼѤʤΤ뤳ȤȤΤ϶̣#3373. ּáס ([2018-07-22-1]) ۵롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2025-08-12 Tue

#5951. crocodile αѸ --- OED Ǹ츻ֻǧ [spelling][etymological_respelling][french][latin][greek][italian][spanish][loan_word][borrowing][metathesis][me][animal][oed]

#5948. crocodile αѸ --- lacolaco 󤫤Υ󥹥ԥ졼 ([2025-08-09-1]) ³crocodile θֻܤ롥ޤ OED crocodile (n.)θ츻ΤƤߤ롥

Middle English cocodrille, cokadrill, etc. < Old French cocodrille (13--17th cent.) = Provençal cocodrilh, Spanish cocodrilo, Italian coccodrillo, medieval Latin cocodrillus, corruption of Latin crocodīlus (also corcodilus), < Greek κροκόδειλος, found from Herodotus downward. The original form after Greek and Latin was restored in most of the modern languages in the 16--17th cent.: French crocodile (in Paré), Italian crocodillo (in Florio), Spanish crocodilo (in Percival).


ŵΥꥷƥˤƤ crocodīlus ϤθäƥˤƸ cocodrillus ϤȤʤꡤ줬ޥ󥹽ˤƤ夷Ѹؤե󥹸ͳƤηθäƤȤζȾˤơ16--17θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δˤꡤcrocodile Ϥز󵢤ȤΤޤήǤ롥
ñȤƤ crocodile νиϡľܤˤϥե󥹸 cocodrille Ѹ˼ѤȤ̤롥OED ν1300ǯȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ4򼨤

c1300 What best is the cokadrille. (Kyng Alisaunder 6597)
1382 A cokedril..that is a beest of foure feete, hauynge the nether cheke lap vnmeuable, and meuynge the ouere. (Bible (Wycliffite, early version) Leviticus xi. 29)
c1400 In that contre..ben gret plentee of Cokadrilles..Theise Serpentes slen men, and thei eten hem wepynge. (Mandeville's Travels (1839) xxviii. 288)
1483 The cockadrylle is so stronge and so grete a serpent. (W. Caxton, translation of Caton E viii b)


θ塤16ȾʹߤǤϡ٤ crocodile ֻѤƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-29-1] [2025-08-13-1]

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2025-06-01 Sun

#5879. ΰͤ [tense][sequence_of_tenses][backshift][terminology][agreement][aspect][category][preterite][latin]

ܥ֥ǤϡޤǡֻΰספˤĤƹͤ뵡񤬤ʤäʸˡˤ뤳̾ˤĤơ塤ŪʻޤĤġޤޤ˹ͤƤȻפ
ֻ̾ξȱ (sequence_of_tenses)뤤ä˻ˤ餹Ǥϡָžܡ (backshift) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢롥
ˤѸѸ켭ŵΤĤäƤߤŪʴͻäƤΤϤʤޤ Bussmann βɤǡhellog ˤͻϵȤ

sequence of tenses
Fixed order of tenses in complex sentences. This 'relative' use of tenses is strictly regulated in Latin. If the actions depicted in the main and relative clauses are simultaneous, the tense o the dependent clause depends on the tense in the independent clause: present in the main clauses requires present subjunctive in the dependent Cal's; preterite or past perfect in the main clause requires perfect subjunctive in the dependent clause. This strict ordering also occurs in English, such as in conditional sentences: If I knew the answer I wouldn't ask vs If I had known the answerer I wouldn't have asked.


ֻΰספˤĤƤϺä긡ƤƤ (tense) Ȥʸˡ (category) ΤΤˤĤƤϵƤȤ櫓ε򻲾Ȥ줿

#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])
#2747. Reichenbach λ ([2016-11-03-1])
#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ ([2019-06-06-1])
#3693. ˤȤϲ ([2019-06-07-1])
#3718. Ѹ̤ʤȹͤͳ ([2019-07-02-1])
#4523. --- ޸ο򤯤̤ĤäưΥƥ꡼ ([2021-09-14-1])
#5159. Ѹˤ̤ƻϤɽƤ ([2023-06-12-1])

Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1] [2025-06-02-1]

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2025-04-20 Sun

#5837. ito DZѸ --- helito Τ [helito][helgame][hel_education][helkatsu][lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][lexical_stratification][french][latin][greek][germanic][etymology][borrowing]

#5826. رȤ helito ץ쥤ޤ --- ϡֱѸѸס ([2025-04-09-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ɥ ito ʥȡhel賦ήԤäƤƤޤ
heldio/helwa Υꥹʡ lacolaco note ֱѸˡߥܡɥ "helito" äƤߤ helwa ꥪղǤΥҲ𤵤줿塤䤬嵭 hellog 񤭡˥ꥹʡ夵 note ֹ⹻ΡֱѸΤʤפäƤޤֳ̿1 itoɽޤ΢Ǥ߷ѸμȤǻѤߡ umisio ito ƥХǤƤ֤ǤϳʹƤޤơ⤦1Ĥ̤μȤ helito 褦ȻװǤ
ito ϡץ쥤䡼Ƽۤ줿 (1--100) ˱äɽ礤ʹѤͭ礤ǤѸǤС֥ץȥס (prototype) ǧȤΤΤڤॲȤɽǤ뤫⤷ޤ󡥱Ѹˤ helito ˤϡɤΤ褦ʤ꤬դ路AIϤڤʤ顤ĤƤͤƤߤޤ

(1) űѸäݤѸäݤ

ñΤʷϵȯֻʤɤ顤űѸ1˶ᤤˤѸ100˶ᤤˤȽǤޤ㤨С(ge)wyrd ʱ̿ˤϸűѸ餷1ˤglobalization ʥХ벽ˤϸѸ餷100ˤ򴶤뤫⤷ޤ󡥸űѸѸμޤ

(2) Ѹ줬Ѥ줿

ѸäѸ (loan_word) ˤĤơμθŤȽꤷޤ㤨Сƥͳ street ťΥɸͳ sky ϸŤ1˶ᤤˡܸͳ sushi anime ˿100˶ᤤ˼ѤȤޤñθ츻μޤ

(3)

Ѹθä򡤼פʷʤʤˤ˴Ťʬषޤޥ (germanic)ե󥹸 (french)ƥ (latin)ꥷ (greek)ʤɤҤȤޤꤷޤ礦man Τ褦ʥޥϤδܸǤ1˶᤯justice Τ褦ʥե󥹼Ѹ50նᡤphilosophy Τ褦ʳؽѸ100˶Ťʤɤμ٤ͤޤѸäΡ3ع¤פ򤷤ƤɬפޤɬϢ³ΤˤʤʤΤǡȤƤϾ줷⤷ޤ

(4) ֿפ˴ؤ
(3) αԤȤ⤤ޤäΥơޤֿפ˹ʤäԤǤޥϤѤʿɽ魯bread ʤɡˤȡե󥹸ͳ줿ʸθcuisine ʤɡˤ椵ޤ̾ cow (ưʪޥ) vs. beef (ե󥹷) Τ褦Ω⤳ΤǰǤΤ褦ʥơ̤θä˴Ť helito Ǥϡäȸ츻˭٤μɬפǤꡤ٤Ϥʤ⤤⤷ޤ

¾helito ˤϤɤΤ褦ʤ꤬ͤǤ礦

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